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Tian S, Wang B, Ding Y, Zhang Y, Yu P, Chang YZ, Gao G. The role of iron transporters and regulators in Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease: Pathophysiological insights and therapeutic prospects. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 179:117419. [PMID: 39245001 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2024.117419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2024] [Revised: 09/02/2024] [Accepted: 09/04/2024] [Indexed: 09/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Brain iron homeostasis plays a vital role in maintaining brain development and controlling neuronal function under physiological conditions. Many studies have shown that the imbalance of brain iron homeostasis is closely related to the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases (NDs), such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD). Recent advances have revealed the importance of iron transporters and regulatory molecules in the pathogenesis and treatment of NDs. This review summarizes the research progress on brain iron overload and the aberrant expression of several key iron transporters and regulators in AD and PD, emphasizes the pathological roles of these molecules in the pathogenesis of AD and PD, and highlights the therapeutic prospects of targeting these iron transporters and regulators to restore brain iron homeostasis in the treatment of AD and PD. A comprehensive understanding of the pathophysiological roles of iron, iron transporters and regulators, and their regulations in NDs may provide new therapeutic avenues for more targeted neurotherapeutic strategies for treating these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siqi Tian
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology; Hebei Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Environment; Hebei Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Hebei Research Center of the Basic Discipline of Cell Biology; College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050024, China
| | - Bing Wang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology; Hebei Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Environment; Hebei Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Hebei Research Center of the Basic Discipline of Cell Biology; College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050024, China
| | - Yiqian Ding
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology; Hebei Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Environment; Hebei Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Hebei Research Center of the Basic Discipline of Cell Biology; College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050024, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology; Hebei Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Environment; Hebei Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Hebei Research Center of the Basic Discipline of Cell Biology; College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050024, China
| | - Peng Yu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology; Hebei Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Environment; Hebei Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Hebei Research Center of the Basic Discipline of Cell Biology; College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050024, China.
| | - Yan-Zhong Chang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology; Hebei Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Environment; Hebei Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Hebei Research Center of the Basic Discipline of Cell Biology; College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050024, China.
| | - Guofen Gao
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology; Hebei Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Environment; Hebei Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Hebei Research Center of the Basic Discipline of Cell Biology; College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050024, China.
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Boinska J, Słomka A, Sury M, Wiszniewska M, Pisarek E, Żekanowska E. Insights into Iron Metabolism Parameters in Ischemic Stroke: A Single-Center Prospective Cohort Study. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:9352. [PMID: 39273300 PMCID: PMC11395666 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25179352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2024] [Revised: 08/19/2024] [Accepted: 08/21/2024] [Indexed: 09/15/2024] Open
Abstract
The hemojuvelin-hepcidin regulatory axis may play a key role in the iron metabolism both systemically and locally. There is a pressing need to evaluate this tightly regulated network of iron parameters and their potential impact on the development of ischemic stroke (IS). We aimed to assess iron metabolism biomarkers in patients after IS, evaluating changes over time and considering their clinical features. We studied 45 patients diagnosed with IS. We assessed major iron metabolism parameters, such as hepcidin, soluble hemojuvelin (sHJV), soluble transferrin receptor (sTfR), and ferritin, using immunoenzymathic methods at two time points: on admission and on the 7th day post IS. We found increased ferritin levels on the 7th day post IS compared to admission, and this was observed in the entire study group (p = 0.03) and in the subgroup treated with thrombolysis (p = 0.02). The hepcidin levels, on the other hand, showed a significant decrease on the 7th day, though this difference was only evident in the entire study group (p = 0.04). We also discovered significantly elevated sHJV levels in patients with PACI stroke compared to other stroke locations, both on admission and on the 7th day post IS (p < 0.05). Significantly higher sHJV levels were observed in patients treated with thrombolysis compared to those receiving conventional treatment, regardless of the time point (p < 0.0001 and p = 0.0002, respectively). Our study revealed changes in the iron metabolism parameters during stroke. The patients with anterior cerebral infarction and those treated with thrombolysis presented significantly elevated sHJV levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Boinska
- Department of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, 9 Marii Curie-Skłodowskiej Street, 85-094 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Artur Słomka
- Department of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, 9 Marii Curie-Skłodowskiej Street, 85-094 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Magdalena Sury
- Neurological Department with Stroke Unit, Specialist Hospital, 64-920 Piła, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Wiszniewska
- Neurological Department with Stroke Unit, Specialist Hospital, 64-920 Piła, Poland
- Faculty of Nursing, Stanisław Staszic State University of Applied Sciences, 64-920 Piła, Poland
| | - Ewa Pisarek
- Faculty of Nursing, Stanisław Staszic State University of Applied Sciences, 64-920 Piła, Poland
| | - Ewa Żekanowska
- Department of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, 9 Marii Curie-Skłodowskiej Street, 85-094 Bydgoszcz, Poland
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3
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Wei B, Liu W, Jin L, Huang Y, Cheng W, Fan H, Su S, Jin F, Zhang X, Yang Z, Liang S, Li L, Wu Y, Liu Y, Duan C, Li X. Hepcidin depending on astrocytic NEO1 ameliorates blood-brain barrier dysfunction after subarachnoid hemorrhage. Cell Death Dis 2024; 15:569. [PMID: 39107268 PMCID: PMC11303805 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-024-06909-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2024] [Revised: 07/03/2024] [Accepted: 07/10/2024] [Indexed: 08/09/2024]
Abstract
Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) significantly compromises the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and impairs patient recovery. This study elucidates the critical role of astrocytic Neogenin-1 (NEO1) in BBB integrity post-SAH and examines the regulatory effects of hepcidin on endothelial cell (EC) function amid NEO1-mediated disruptions in iron homeostasis. Proteomic analyses of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from SAH patients revealed a substantial decrease in NEO1 expression, identifying it as a key factor in BBB integrity. 111 CSF proteins were significantly reduced in early SAH stages (days 1-3), with NEO1 among the most significantly altered. This dysregulation was linked to poorer patient outcomes, as indicated by a negative correlation between NEO1 levels and Modified Rankin Scale scores six months post-SAH (R = -0.4743, P < 0.0001). Experimental models further highlighted the importance of NEO1: SAH model and NEO1GFAP-Cre mice exhibited exacerbated EC dysfunction and increased BBB permeability, evidenced by significant Evans Blue retention and dextran leakage in the parietal cortex, effects that were mitigated by hepcidin administration. Our findings highlight the complex interplay between astrocytic signaling and endothelial function in SAH pathophysiology. The loss of astrocytic NEO1 led to increased EC proliferation and altered BBB structure, as confirmed by transmission electron microscopy and immunostaining for PECAM-1, indicating heightened blood vessel density in the affected cortex. Hepcidin treatment effectively reversed the EC dysfunction and BBB disruption in both NEO1-cKO mice and the SAH model, highlighting its potential as a therapeutic agent to enhance recovery and improve prognosis following SAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boyang Wei
- Neurosurgery Center, Department of Cerebrovascular Surgery, The National Key Clinical Specialty, The Engineering Technology Research Center of Education Ministry of China on Diagnosis and Treatment of Cerebrovascular Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory on Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, The Neurosurgery Institute of Guangdong Province, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510282, China
| | - Wenchao Liu
- Neurosurgery Center, Department of Cerebrovascular Surgery, The National Key Clinical Specialty, The Engineering Technology Research Center of Education Ministry of China on Diagnosis and Treatment of Cerebrovascular Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory on Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, The Neurosurgery Institute of Guangdong Province, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510282, China
| | - Lei Jin
- Neurosurgery Center, Department of Cerebrovascular Surgery, The National Key Clinical Specialty, The Engineering Technology Research Center of Education Ministry of China on Diagnosis and Treatment of Cerebrovascular Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory on Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, The Neurosurgery Institute of Guangdong Province, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510282, China
| | - Yaxian Huang
- Neurosurgery Center, Department of Cerebrovascular Surgery, The National Key Clinical Specialty, The Engineering Technology Research Center of Education Ministry of China on Diagnosis and Treatment of Cerebrovascular Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory on Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, The Neurosurgery Institute of Guangdong Province, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510282, China
| | - Wenping Cheng
- Neurosurgery Center, Department of Cerebrovascular Surgery, The National Key Clinical Specialty, The Engineering Technology Research Center of Education Ministry of China on Diagnosis and Treatment of Cerebrovascular Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory on Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, The Neurosurgery Institute of Guangdong Province, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510282, China
| | - Haiyan Fan
- Neurosurgery Center, Department of Cerebrovascular Surgery, The National Key Clinical Specialty, The Engineering Technology Research Center of Education Ministry of China on Diagnosis and Treatment of Cerebrovascular Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory on Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, The Neurosurgery Institute of Guangdong Province, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510282, China
| | - Shixing Su
- Neurosurgery Center, Department of Cerebrovascular Surgery, The National Key Clinical Specialty, The Engineering Technology Research Center of Education Ministry of China on Diagnosis and Treatment of Cerebrovascular Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory on Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, The Neurosurgery Institute of Guangdong Province, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510282, China
| | - Fa Jin
- Neurosurgery Center, Department of Cerebrovascular Surgery, The National Key Clinical Specialty, The Engineering Technology Research Center of Education Ministry of China on Diagnosis and Treatment of Cerebrovascular Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory on Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, The Neurosurgery Institute of Guangdong Province, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510282, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Neurosurgery Center, Department of Cerebrovascular Surgery, The National Key Clinical Specialty, The Engineering Technology Research Center of Education Ministry of China on Diagnosis and Treatment of Cerebrovascular Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory on Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, The Neurosurgery Institute of Guangdong Province, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510282, China
| | - Zeyu Yang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Shuyin Liang
- Neurosurgery Center, Department of Cerebrovascular Surgery, The National Key Clinical Specialty, The Engineering Technology Research Center of Education Ministry of China on Diagnosis and Treatment of Cerebrovascular Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory on Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, The Neurosurgery Institute of Guangdong Province, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510282, China
| | - Longxiang Li
- Neurosurgery Center, Department of Cerebrovascular Surgery, The National Key Clinical Specialty, The Engineering Technology Research Center of Education Ministry of China on Diagnosis and Treatment of Cerebrovascular Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory on Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, The Neurosurgery Institute of Guangdong Province, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510282, China
| | - Yu Wu
- Neurosurgery Center, Department of Cerebrovascular Surgery, The National Key Clinical Specialty, The Engineering Technology Research Center of Education Ministry of China on Diagnosis and Treatment of Cerebrovascular Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory on Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, The Neurosurgery Institute of Guangdong Province, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510282, China
| | - Yanchao Liu
- Neurosurgery Center, Department of Cerebrovascular Surgery, The National Key Clinical Specialty, The Engineering Technology Research Center of Education Ministry of China on Diagnosis and Treatment of Cerebrovascular Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory on Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, The Neurosurgery Institute of Guangdong Province, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510282, China.
| | - Chuanzhi Duan
- Neurosurgery Center, Department of Cerebrovascular Surgery, The National Key Clinical Specialty, The Engineering Technology Research Center of Education Ministry of China on Diagnosis and Treatment of Cerebrovascular Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory on Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, The Neurosurgery Institute of Guangdong Province, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510282, China.
| | - Xifeng Li
- Neurosurgery Center, Department of Cerebrovascular Surgery, The National Key Clinical Specialty, The Engineering Technology Research Center of Education Ministry of China on Diagnosis and Treatment of Cerebrovascular Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory on Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, The Neurosurgery Institute of Guangdong Province, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510282, China.
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McWilliams S, Hill O, Ipsiroglu OS, Clemens S, Weber AM, Chen M, Connor J, Felt BT, Manconi M, Mattman A, Silvestri R, Simakajornboon N, Smith SM, Stockler S. Iron Deficiency and Sleep/Wake Behaviors: A Scoping Review of Clinical Practice Guidelines-How to Overcome the Current Conundrum? Nutrients 2024; 16:2559. [PMID: 39125438 PMCID: PMC11314179 DOI: 10.3390/nu16152559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2024] [Revised: 07/28/2024] [Accepted: 07/29/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Current evidence suggests that iron deficiency (ID) plays a key role in the pathogenesis of conditions presenting with restlessness such as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and restless legs syndrome (RLS). In clinical practice, ID and iron supplementation are not routinely considered in the diagnostic work-up and/or as a treatment option in such conditions. Therefore, we conducted a scoping literature review of ID guidelines. Of the 58 guidelines included, only 9 included RLS, and 3 included ADHD. Ferritin was the most frequently cited biomarker, though cutoff values varied between guidelines and depending on additional factors such as age, sex, and comorbidities. Recommendations surrounding measurable iron biomarkers and cutoff values varied between guidelines; moreover, despite capturing the role of inflammation as a concept, most guidelines often did not include recommendations for how to assess this. This lack of harmonization on the interpretation of iron and inflammation biomarkers raises questions about the applicability of current guidelines in clinical practice. Further, the majority of ID guidelines in this review did not include the ID-associated disorders, ADHD and RLS. As ID can be associated with altered movement patterns, a novel consensus is needed for investigating and interpreting iron status in the context of different clinical phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scout McWilliams
- H-Behaviours Research Lab (Previously Sleep/Wake-Behaviours Research Lab), BC Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4H4, Canada; (S.M.); (O.H.); (S.S.)
| | - Olivia Hill
- H-Behaviours Research Lab (Previously Sleep/Wake-Behaviours Research Lab), BC Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4H4, Canada; (S.M.); (O.H.); (S.S.)
| | - Osman S. Ipsiroglu
- H-Behaviours Research Lab (Previously Sleep/Wake-Behaviours Research Lab), BC Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4H4, Canada; (S.M.); (O.H.); (S.S.)
- Divisions of Developmental Pediatrics, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Respirology, BC Children’s Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Stefan Clemens
- Department of Physiology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27834, USA;
| | - Alexander Mark Weber
- Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada;
- BC Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4H4, Canada
| | - Michael Chen
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada; (M.C.); (A.M.)
| | - James Connor
- Department of Neurosurgery, Penn State Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA 17033, USA;
| | - Barbara T. Felt
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA;
| | - Mauro Manconi
- Sleep Medicine Unit, Neurocenter of the Southern Switzerland, Regional Hospital of Lugano, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Università della Svizzera Italiana, 6900 Lugano, Switzerland;
- Department of Neurology, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Andre Mattman
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada; (M.C.); (A.M.)
| | - Rosalia Silvestri
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Sleep Medicine Center, University of Messina, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria “Gaetano Martino”, 98122 Messina, Italy;
| | - Narong Simakajornboon
- Sleep Center, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA;
| | - Susan M. Smith
- Department of Nutrition, UNC-Nutrition Research Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Kannapolis, NC 28081, USA;
| | - Sylvia Stockler
- H-Behaviours Research Lab (Previously Sleep/Wake-Behaviours Research Lab), BC Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4H4, Canada; (S.M.); (O.H.); (S.S.)
- Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada;
- Division of Biochemical Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, BC Children’s Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
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Sokkar MF, Hamdy M, Taher MB, El-Sayed H, Bayomi EA, Amr KS, El-Kamah GY. Genetic Correlation of HBB, HFE and HAMP Genes to Endocrinal Complications in Egyptian Beta Thalassemia Major Patients. Biochem Genet 2024:10.1007/s10528-024-10868-5. [PMID: 38954212 DOI: 10.1007/s10528-024-10868-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
Iron loading is regarded as the primary cause of endocrine abnormalities in thalassemia major patients. Thus, the purpose of the current research was to explore the impact of thalassemia genotypes, hepcidin antimicrobial peptide (HAMP) and hereditary hemochromatosis (HFE) gene variants, and hepcidin expression on serum ferritin and endocrinal complications in thalassemia patients. The study comprised fifty beta-thalassemia cases and fifty age- and sex-matched controls. Genotyping of the Beta-globin gene (HBB), HAMP, and exon 2 of the HFE gene was performed using Sanger sequencing. C282Y (c.845G > A) variant of the HFE gene was determined by PCR-RFLP. Hepcidin mRNA expression was assessed by qRT-PCR. Biochemical and hormonal studies were done for all patients. Hypogonadism and short stature were found in 56% and 20% of the investigated cases, respectively. Molecular studies reported a statistically higher frequency of the HAMP variant c.-582A > G in thalassemic patients than controls. Significant downregulation of hepcidin expression was found in cases compared to healthy subjects that was significantly associated with short stature. Considering the thalassemia alleles, the IVSI.1G > A (β0) allele was statistically related to hypogonadism. Our results proposed that thalassemia genotypes and downregulated hepcidin expression were the potential risk factors for endocrinopathies in our cases. We also demonstrated an increased incidence of the HAMP promoter variant c.- 582A > G that might have a role in the pathogenesis of iron overload in thalassemic cases. Significant downregulation of hepcidin expression, that contributes to increased iron burden, could be used as a future therapeutic target in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona F Sokkar
- Molecular Genetics and Enzymology Department, Human Genetics and Genome Research Institute, National Research Centre (NRC), Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Mona Hamdy
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mohamed B Taher
- Clinical Genetics Department, Human Genetics and Genome Research Institute, National Research Centre (NRC), Cairo, Egypt
| | - Heba El-Sayed
- Clinical Genetics Department, Human Genetics and Genome Research Institute, National Research Centre (NRC), Cairo, Egypt
| | - Eman Abdelmotaleb Bayomi
- Medical Molecular Genetics Department, Human Genetics and Genome Research Institute, National Research Centre (NRC), Cairo, Egypt
| | - Khalda S Amr
- Medical Molecular Genetics Department, Human Genetics and Genome Research Institute, National Research Centre (NRC), Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ghada Y El-Kamah
- Clinical Genetics Department, Human Genetics and Genome Research Institute, National Research Centre (NRC), Cairo, Egypt
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Liu Y, Hu S, Shi B, Yu B, Luo W, Peng S, Du X. The Role of Iron Metabolism in Sepsis-associated Encephalopathy: a Potential Target. Mol Neurobiol 2024; 61:4677-4690. [PMID: 38110647 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03870-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023]
Abstract
Sepsis-associated encephalopathy (SAE) is an acute cerebral dysfunction secondary to infection, and the severity can range from mild delirium to deep coma. Disorders of iron metabolism have been proven to play an important role in a variety of neurodegenerative diseases by inducing cell damage through iron accumulation in glial cells and neurons. Recent studies have found that iron accumulation is also a potential mechanism of SAE. Systemic inflammation can induce changes in the expression of transporters and receptors on cells, especially high expression of divalent metal transporter1 (DMT1) and low expression of ferroportin (Fpn) 1, which leads to iron accumulation in cells. Excessive free Fe2+ can participate in the Fenton reaction to produce reactive oxygen species (ROS) to directly damage cells or induce ferroptosis. As a result, it may be of great help to improve SAE by treatment of targeting disorders of iron metabolism. Therefore, it is important to review the current research progress on the mechanism of SAE based on iron metabolism disorders. In addition, we also briefly describe the current status of SAE and iron metabolism disorders and emphasize the therapeutic prospect of targeting iron accumulation as a treatment for SAE, especially iron chelator. Moreover, drug delivery and side effects can be improved with the development of nanotechnology. This work suggests that treating SAE based on disorders of iron metabolism will be a thriving field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinuo Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi, China
- The Clinical Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi, China
| | - Shengnan Hu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi, China
- The Clinical Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi, China
| | - Bowen Shi
- The Clinical Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi, China
| | - Bodong Yu
- The Clinical Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi, China
| | - Wei Luo
- Department of Sports Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Shengliang Peng
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi, China.
| | - Xiaohong Du
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi, China.
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Chomyk A, Kucinski R, Kim J, Christie E, Cyncynatus K, Gossman Z, Chen Z, Richardson B, Cameron M, Turner T, Dutta R, Trapp B. Transcript Profiles of Microglia/Macrophage Cells at the Borders of Chronic Active and Subpial Gray Matter Lesions in Multiple Sclerosis. Ann Neurol 2024; 95:907-916. [PMID: 38345145 PMCID: PMC11060930 DOI: 10.1002/ana.26877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Microglia/macrophages line the border of demyelinated lesions in both cerebral white matter and the cortex in the brains of multiple sclerosis patients. Microglia/macrophages associated with chronic white matter lesions are thought to be responsible for slow lesion expansion and disability progression in progressive multiple sclerosis, whereas those lining gray matter lesions are less studied. Profiling these microglia/macrophages could help to focus therapies on genes or pathways specific to lesion expansion and disease progression. METHODS We compared the morphology and transcript profiles of microglia/macrophages associated with borders of white matter (WM line) and subpial gray matter lesions (GM line) using laser capture microscopy. We performed RNA sequencing on isolated cells followed by immunocytochemistry to determine the distribution of translational products of transcripts increased in WM line microglia. RESULTS Cells in the WM line appear activated, with shorter processes and larger cell bodies, whereas those in the GM line appear more homeostatic, with smaller cell bodies and multiple thin processes. Transcript profiling revealed 176 genes in WM lines and 111 genes in GM lines as differentially expressed. Transcripts associated with immune activation and iron homeostasis were increased in WM line microglia, whereas genes belonging to the canonical Wnt signaling pathway were increased in GM line microglia. INTERPRETATION We propose that the mechanisms of demyelination and dynamics of lesion expansion are responsible for differential transcript expression in WM lines and GM lines, and posit that increased expression of the Fc epsilon receptor, spleen tyrosine kinase, and Bruton's tyrosine kinase, play a key role in regulating microglia/macrophage function at the border of chronic active white matter lesions. ANN NEUROL 2024;95:907-916.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Chomyk
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Rikki Kucinski
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Jihye Kim
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Emilie Christie
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Kaitlyn Cyncynatus
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Zachary Gossman
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Zhihong Chen
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Brian Richardson
- Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Mark Cameron
- Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | | | - Ranjan Dutta
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Bruce Trapp
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
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8
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Ueno M, Chiba Y, Murakami R, Miyai Y, Matsumoto K, Wakamatsu K, Nakagawa T, Takebayashi G, Uemura N, Yanase K, Ogino Y. Transporters, Ion Channels, and Junctional Proteins in Choroid Plexus Epithelial Cells. Biomedicines 2024; 12:708. [PMID: 38672064 PMCID: PMC11048166 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12040708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2024] [Revised: 03/16/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The choroid plexus (CP) plays significant roles in secreting cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and forming circadian rhythms. A monolayer of epithelial cells with tight and adherens junctions of CP forms the blood-CSF barrier to control the movement of substances between the blood and ventricles, as microvessels in the stroma of CP have fenestrations in endothelial cells. CP epithelial cells are equipped with several kinds of transporters and ion channels to transport nutrient substances and secrete CSF. In addition, junctional components also contribute to CSF production as well as blood-CSF barrier formation. However, it remains unclear how junctional components as well as transporters and ion channels contribute to the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disorders. In this manuscript, recent findings regarding the distribution and significance of transporters, ion channels, and junctional proteins in CP epithelial cells are introduced, and how changes in expression of their epithelial proteins contribute to the pathophysiology of brain disorders are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Ueno
- Department of Pathology and Host Defense, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan; (Y.C.); (R.M.); (Y.M.); (K.M.); (K.W.)
| | - Yoichi Chiba
- Department of Pathology and Host Defense, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan; (Y.C.); (R.M.); (Y.M.); (K.M.); (K.W.)
| | - Ryuta Murakami
- Department of Pathology and Host Defense, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan; (Y.C.); (R.M.); (Y.M.); (K.M.); (K.W.)
| | - Yumi Miyai
- Department of Pathology and Host Defense, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan; (Y.C.); (R.M.); (Y.M.); (K.M.); (K.W.)
| | - Koichi Matsumoto
- Department of Pathology and Host Defense, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan; (Y.C.); (R.M.); (Y.M.); (K.M.); (K.W.)
| | - Keiji Wakamatsu
- Department of Pathology and Host Defense, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan; (Y.C.); (R.M.); (Y.M.); (K.M.); (K.W.)
| | - Toshitaka Nakagawa
- Division of Research Instrument and Equipment, Research Facility Center, Kagawa University, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan;
| | - Genta Takebayashi
- Department of Anesthesiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan; (G.T.); (N.U.); (K.Y.); (Y.O.)
| | - Naoya Uemura
- Department of Anesthesiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan; (G.T.); (N.U.); (K.Y.); (Y.O.)
| | - Ken Yanase
- Department of Anesthesiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan; (G.T.); (N.U.); (K.Y.); (Y.O.)
| | - Yuichi Ogino
- Department of Anesthesiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan; (G.T.); (N.U.); (K.Y.); (Y.O.)
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9
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Volk Robertson K, Schleh MW, Harrison FE, Hasty AH. Microglial-specific knockdown of iron import gene, Slc11a2, blunts LPS-induced neuroinflammatory responses in a sex-specific manner. Brain Behav Immun 2024; 116:370-384. [PMID: 38141840 PMCID: PMC10874246 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2023.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation and microglial iron load are significant hallmarks found in several neurodegenerative diseases. In in vitro systems, microglia preferentially upregulate the iron importer, divalent metal transporter 1 (DMT1, gene name Slc11a2) in response to inflammatory stimuli, and it has been shown that iron can augment cellular inflammation, suggesting a feed-forward loop between mechanisms involved in iron import and inflammatory signaling. However, it is not understood how microglial iron import mechanisms contribute to inflammation in vivo, or whether altering a microglial iron-related gene affects the inflammatory response. These studies aimed to determine the effect of knocking down microglial iron import gene Slc11a2 on the inflammatory response in vivo. We generated a novel model of tamoxifen-inducible, microglial-specific Slc11a2 knockdown using Cx3cr1Cre-ERT2 mice. Transgenic male and female mice were administered intraperitoneal saline or lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and assessed for sickness behavior post-injection. Plasma cytokines and microglial bulk RNA sequencing (RNASeq) analyses were performed at 4 h post-LPS, and microglia were collected for gene expression analysis after 24 h. A subset of mice was assessed in a behavioral test battery following LPS-induced sickness recovery. Control male, but not female, mice significantly upregulated microglial Slc11a2 at 4 and 24 h following LPS. In Slc11a2 knockdown mice, we observed an improvement in the acute behavioral sickness response post-LPS in male, but not female, animals. Microglia from male, but not female, knockdown animals exhibited a significant decrease in LPS-provoked pro-inflammatory cytokine expression after 24 h. RNASeq data from male knockdown microglia 4 h post-LPS revealed a robust downregulation in inflammatory genes including Il6, Tnfα, and Il1β, and an increase in anti-inflammatory and homeostatic markers (e.g., Tgfbr1, Cx3cr1, and Trem2). This corresponded with a profound decrease in plasma pro-inflammatory cytokines 4 h post-LPS. At 4 h, male knockdown microglia also upregulated expression of markers of iron export, iron recycling, and iron homeostasis and decreased iron storage and import genes, along with pro-oxidant markers such as Cybb, Nos2, and Hif1α. Overall, this work elucidates how manipulating a specific gene involved in iron import in microglia alters acute inflammatory signaling and overall cell activation state in male mice. These data highlight a sex-specific link between a microglial iron import gene and the pro-inflammatory response to LPS in vivo, providing further insight into the mechanisms driving neuroinflammatory disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrina Volk Robertson
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Michael W Schleh
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Fiona E Harrison
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.
| | - Alyssa H Hasty
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA; VA Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, TN, USA.
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10
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Schiera G, Di Liegro CM, Schirò G, Sorbello G, Di Liegro I. Involvement of Astrocytes in the Formation, Maintenance, and Function of the Blood-Brain Barrier. Cells 2024; 13:150. [PMID: 38247841 PMCID: PMC10813980 DOI: 10.3390/cells13020150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a fundamental structure that protects the composition of the brain by determining which ions, metabolites, and nutrients are allowed to enter the brain from the blood or to leave it towards the circulation. The BBB is structurally composed of a layer of brain capillary endothelial cells (BCECs) bound to each other through tight junctions (TJs). However, its development as well as maintenance and properties are controlled by the other brain cells that contact the BCECs: pericytes, glial cells, and even neurons themselves. Astrocytes seem, in particular, to have a very important role in determining and controlling most properties of the BBB. Here, we will focus on these latter cells, since the comprehension of their roles in brain physiology has been continuously expanding, even including the ability to participate in neurotransmission and in complex functions such as learning and memory. Accordingly, pathological conditions that alter astrocytic functions can alter the BBB's integrity, thus compromising many brain activities. In this review, we will also refer to different kinds of in vitro BBB models used to study the BBB's properties, evidencing its modifications under pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriella Schiera
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (Dipartimento di Scienzee Tecnologie Biologiche, Chimiche e Farmaceutiche) (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, 90128 Palermo, Italy; (G.S.); (C.M.D.L.)
| | - Carlo Maria Di Liegro
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (Dipartimento di Scienzee Tecnologie Biologiche, Chimiche e Farmaceutiche) (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, 90128 Palermo, Italy; (G.S.); (C.M.D.L.)
| | - Giuseppe Schirò
- Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy; (G.S.); (G.S.)
- Neurology and Multiple Sclerosis Center, Unità Operativa Complessa (UOC), Foundation Institute “G. Giglio”, 90015 Cefalù, Italy
| | - Gabriele Sorbello
- Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy; (G.S.); (G.S.)
| | - Italia Di Liegro
- Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy; (G.S.); (G.S.)
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11
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Yang XY, An JR, Dong Q, Gou YJ, Jia CL, Song JX, Tan M, Sun MF, Li BL, Zhang Z, Ji ES, Zhao Y. Banxia-Houpu decoction inhibits iron overload and chronic intermittent hypoxia-induced neuroinflammation in mice. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 318:117078. [PMID: 37625604 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2023.117078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE The Banxia-Houpu decoction (BHD), a renowned prescription documented in the Chinese medical book "The Synopsis of the Golden Chamber," has been proven to effectively mitigate inflammation within the central nervous system. Previous studies have demonstrated the efficacy of BHD in ameliorating symptoms in patients with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). Nevertheless, the precise mechanisms and comprehensive effects of BHD on central system injury in OSA models have not been fully investigated. AIM OF THE STUDY To investigate whether BHD could inhibit neuroinflammation to decrease iron-induced neurotoxic injury in CIH mice. MATERIALS AND METHODS C57BL/6N mice were divided into the Con, CIH, and BHD groups. Mice were exposed to CIH (21%-5% FiO2, 3 min/cycle, 8 h/d), and BHD was administered by gavage (3.51, 7.01, and 14.02 g/kg). The polarization of microglia, inflammatory factors, hepcidin, and brain iron levels were determined. RESULTS The administration of BHD at a dosage of 7.01 g/kg demonstrated a significant reduction in neurobehavioral abnormalities, neuronal damage, and degeneration caused by CIH. BHD exhibited the ability to inhibit the transition of microglial polarization from M2 to M1 by upregulating CD163 expression and downregulating iNOS levels. Furthermore, BHD decreased pro-inflammatory factor levels and increased anti-inflammatory factor levels. Additionally, BHD was found to decrease hepcidin expression in astrocytes through the TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB signaling pathway. BHD reduced the total and neuronal iron levels by elevating FPN1 and reducing TfR1 levels. BHD exhibited positive effects on synapse and synaptic spine abnormalities, as well as an increase in the Bcl-2/Bax ratio, thereby mitigating neuronal damage induced by CIH. CONCLUSIONS Based on these findings, BHD holds potential as a therapeutic intervention for neural damage injuries, which offers a theoretical foundation for the treatment of patients with OSA in clinical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Yue Yang
- Hebei Technology Innovation Center of TCM Combined Hydrogen Medicine, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, 050200, China
| | - Ji-Ren An
- Hebei Technology Innovation Center of TCM Combined Hydrogen Medicine, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, 050200, China; Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang, 110847, China
| | - QianBo Dong
- The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050004, China
| | - Yu-Jing Gou
- Hebei Technology Innovation Center of TCM Combined Hydrogen Medicine, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, 050200, China
| | - Cui-Ling Jia
- Hebei Technology Innovation Center of TCM Combined Hydrogen Medicine, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, 050200, China
| | - Ji-Xian Song
- Hebei Technology Innovation Center of TCM Combined Hydrogen Medicine, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, 050200, China
| | - Miao Tan
- The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050011, China
| | - Meng-Fan Sun
- Hebei Technology Innovation Center of TCM Combined Hydrogen Medicine, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, 050200, China
| | - Bo-Liang Li
- Hebei Technology Innovation Center of TCM Combined Hydrogen Medicine, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, 050200, China
| | - Zhi Zhang
- Hebei Technology Innovation Center of TCM Combined Hydrogen Medicine, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, 050200, China
| | - En-Sheng Ji
- Hebei Technology Innovation Center of TCM Combined Hydrogen Medicine, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, 050200, China.
| | - Yashuo Zhao
- Hebei Technology Innovation Center of TCM Combined Hydrogen Medicine, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, 050200, China.
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12
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Gao SQ, Wang X, Li T, Gao CC, Han YL, Qiu JY, Miao SH, Sun Y, Zhao R, Zheng XB, Zhou ML. Astrocyte-derived hepcidin aggravates neuronal iron accumulation after subarachnoid hemorrhage by decreasing neuronal ferroportin1. Free Radic Biol Med 2024; 210:318-332. [PMID: 38052274 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2023.11.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
Iron accumulation is one of the most essential pathological events after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Ferroportin1 (FPN1) is the only transmembrane protein responsible for exporting iron. Hepcidin, as the major regulator of FPN1, is responsible for its degradation. Our study investigated how the interaction between FPN1 and hepcidin contributes to iron accumulation after SAH. We found that iron accumulation aggravated after SAH, along with decreased FPN1 in neurons and increased hepcidin in astrocytes. After knocking down hepcidin in astrocytes, the neuronal FPN1 significantly elevated, thus attenuating iron accumulation. After SAH, p-Smad1/5 and Smad4 tended to translocate into the nucleus. Moreover, Smad4 combined more fragments of the promoter region of Hamp after OxyHb stimulation. By knocking down Smad1/5 or Smad4 in astrocytes, FPN1 level restored and iron overload attenuated, leading to alleviated neuronal cell death and improved neurological function. However, the protective role disappeared after recombinant hepcidin administration. Therefore, our study suggests that owing to the nuclear translocation of transcription factors p-Smad1/5 and Smad4, astrocyte-derived hepcidin increased significantly after SAH, leading to a decreased level of neuronal FPN1, aggravation of iron accumulation, and worse neurological outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Qing Gao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nanjing Jinling Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xue Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nanjing Jinling Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Tao Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jinling Hospital, Jinling School of Clinical Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chao-Chao Gao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jinling Hospital, Jinling School of Clinical Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yan-Ling Han
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nanjing Jinling Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jia-Yin Qiu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nanjing Jinling Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shu-Hao Miao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jinling Hospital, Jinling School of Clinical Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yan Sun
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jinling Hospital, Jinling School of Clinical Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ran Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nanjing Jinling Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiao-Bo Zheng
- Jinling Clinical Medical College, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Meng-Liang Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nanjing Jinling Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.
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13
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Singh G, Singh A, Mishra S, Singh D, Kumar A. Intracellular Iron Accumulation Induces Inflammatory and Oxidative Status of the Host After Japanese Encephalitis Viral Infection. Mol Neurobiol 2024; 61:175-187. [PMID: 37594653 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03538-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
The factors mitigating the microglia/macrophage activation and inflammatory damage in Japanese encephalitis (JE) virus infected CNS are still being ascertained. We aim to characterize the changes in iron transporter and iron storage proteins along with inflammatory and oxidative stress-mediated signaling during the JE viral infection. Cortical tissue samples from mice with JE viral infection were processed for biochemical, histological, and molecular analysis. Iron storage protein, i.e., ferritin, was found significantly increased post-JE viral infection, and iron accumulation was noted in cortical tissue. Key proinflammatory associated markers, such as TNF-α, IL-6, and its regulator TLR4, were found to be increased, while SOCS1 (anti-inflammatory regulator) transcription decreased with increased levels of oxidative stress markers NOX2-mediated NF-ΚB/p65 and protein carbonyl. Furthermore, it is noted that hepcidin level increased and ferroportin level decreased, and iron transporter gene expression got imbalanced after JE viral infection. This observation was further confirmed by deferoxamine (DFO) treatment to JE viral infection mice model, where the decline in hepcidin transcription level and iron load in cortical tissue of JE viral infected animals was noted. However, no change was found in the ferroportin level compared to JE viral infected animals. Together, these findings suggest that iron overload and hepcidin-ferroportin regulation are involved in JE viral infection disease pathologies and associated with the inflammatory and oxidative status of the host during infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gajendra Singh
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Biotechnology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, 226014, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Anjali Singh
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Biotechnology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, 226014, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sanjay Mishra
- Department of Pathology, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, 226003, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Devendra Singh
- Department of Pathology, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, 226003, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Alok Kumar
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Biotechnology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, 226014, Uttar Pradesh, India.
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14
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Rah B, Farhat NM, Hamad M, Muhammad JS. JAK/STAT signaling and cellular iron metabolism in hepatocellular carcinoma: therapeutic implications. Clin Exp Med 2023; 23:3147-3157. [PMID: 36976378 DOI: 10.1007/s10238-023-01047-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
Iron metabolism plays a crucial role in the development and progression of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), the most common type of primary liver cancer. Iron is an essential micronutrient that is involved in many physiological processes, including oxygen transport, DNA synthesis, and cellular growth and differentiation. However, excessive iron accumulation in the liver has been linked to oxidative stress, inflammation, and DNA damage, which can increase the risk of HCC. Studies have shown that iron overload is common in patients with HCC and that it is associated with a poor prognosis and reduced survival rates. Various iron metabolism-related proteins and signaling pathways such as the JAK/STAT pathway are dysregulated in HCC. Moreover, reduced hepcidin expression was reported to promote HCC in a JAK/STAT pathway-dependent manner. Therefore, it is important to understand the crosstalk between iron metabolism and the JAK/STAT pathway to prevent or treat iron overload in HCC. Iron chelators can bind to iron and remove it from the body, but its effect on JAK/STAT pathway is unclear. Also, HCC can be targeted by using the JAK/STAT pathway inhibitors, but their effect on hepatic iron metabolism is not known. In this review, for the first time, we focus on the role of the JAK/STAT signaling pathway in regulating cellular iron metabolism and its association with the development of HCC. We also discuss novel pharmacological agents and their therapeutic potential in manipulating iron metabolism and JAK/STAT signaling in HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bilal Rah
- Iron Biology Group, Research Institute of Medical & Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Nada Mazen Farhat
- Iron Biology Group, Research Institute of Medical & Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Mawieh Hamad
- Iron Biology Group, Research Institute of Medical & Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, P.O. Box 27272, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.
| | - Jibran Sualeh Muhammad
- Iron Biology Group, Research Institute of Medical & Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, P.O. Box 27272, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.
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15
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Zierfuss B, Wang Z, Jackson AN, Moezzi D, Yong VW. Iron in multiple sclerosis - Neuropathology, immunology, and real-world considerations. Mult Scler Relat Disord 2023; 78:104934. [PMID: 37579645 DOI: 10.1016/j.msard.2023.104934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2023] [Revised: 07/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/16/2023]
Abstract
Iron is an essential element involved in a multitude of bodily processes. It is tightly regulated, as elevated deposition in tissues is associated with diseases such as multiple sclerosis (MS). Iron accumulation in the central nervous system (CNS) of MS patients is linked to neurotoxicity through mechanisms including oxidative stress, glutamate excitotoxicity, misfolding of proteins, and ferroptosis. In the past decade, the combination of MRI and histopathology has enhanced our understanding of iron deposition in MS pathophysiology, including in the pro-inflammatory and neurotoxicity of iron-laden rims of chronic active lesions. In this regard, iron accumulation may not only have an impact on different CNS-resident cells but may also promote the innate and adaptive immune dysfunctions in MS. Although there are discordant results, most studies indicate lower levels of iron but higher amounts of the iron storage molecule ferritin in the circulation of people with MS. Considering the importance of iron, there is a need for evidence-guided recommendation for dietary intake in people living with MS. Potential novel therapeutic approaches include the regulation of iron levels using next generation iron chelators, as well as therapies to interfere with toxic consequences of iron overload including antioxidants in MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bettina Zierfuss
- The Research Center of the Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal H2X 0A9, Québec, Canada
| | - Zitong Wang
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2B7, Canada
| | - Alexandra N Jackson
- School of Rehabilitation Therapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Dorsa Moezzi
- The Hotchkiss Brain Institute and the Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Dr NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - V Wee Yong
- The Hotchkiss Brain Institute and the Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Dr NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada.
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16
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Xu L, Liu R, Qin Y, Wang T. Brain metabolism in Alzheimer's disease: biological mechanisms of exercise. Transl Neurodegener 2023; 12:33. [PMID: 37365651 DOI: 10.1186/s40035-023-00364-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a major subtype of neurodegenerative dementia caused by long-term interactions and accumulation of multiple adverse factors, accompanied by dysregulation of numerous intracellular signaling and molecular pathways in the brain. At the cellular and molecular levels, the neuronal cellular milieu of the AD brain exhibits metabolic abnormalities, compromised bioenergetics, impaired lipid metabolism, and reduced overall metabolic capacity, which lead to abnormal neural network activity and impaired neuroplasticity, thus accelerating the formation of extracellular senile plaques and intracellular neurofibrillary tangles. The current absence of effective pharmacological therapies for AD points to the urgent need to investigate the benefits of non-pharmacological approaches such as physical exercise. Despite the evidence that regular physical activity can improve metabolic dysfunction in the AD state, inhibit different pathophysiological molecular pathways associated with AD, influence the pathological process of AD, and exert a protective effect, there is no clear consensus on the specific biological and molecular mechanisms underlying the advantages of physical exercise. Here, we review how physical exercise improves crucial molecular pathways and biological processes associated with metabolic disorders in AD, including glucose metabolism, lipid metabolism, Aβ metabolism and transport, iron metabolism and tau pathology. How metabolic states influence brain health is also presented. A better knowledge on the neurophysiological mechanisms by which exercise improves AD metabolism can contribute to the development of novel drugs and improvement of non-pharmacological interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longfei Xu
- Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Academy of Military Sciences, Tianjin, 300050, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Exercise Physiology & Sports Medicine, Tianjin University of Sport, Tianjin, 301617, China
| | - Ran Liu
- Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Academy of Military Sciences, Tianjin, 300050, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Exercise Physiology & Sports Medicine, Tianjin University of Sport, Tianjin, 301617, China
| | - Yingkai Qin
- Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Academy of Military Sciences, Tianjin, 300050, China.
| | - Tianhui Wang
- Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Academy of Military Sciences, Tianjin, 300050, China.
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Exercise Physiology & Sports Medicine, Tianjin University of Sport, Tianjin, 301617, China.
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17
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Baringer SL, Palsa K, Spiegelman VS, Simpson IA, Connor JR. Apo- and holo-transferrin differentially interact with hephaestin and ferroportin in a novel mechanism of cellular iron release regulation. J Biomed Sci 2023; 30:36. [PMID: 37277838 PMCID: PMC10243088 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-023-00934-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Apo- (iron free) and holo- (iron bound) transferrin (Tf) participate in precise regulation of brain iron uptake at endothelial cells of the blood-brain barrier. Apo-Tf indicates an iron-deficient environment and stimulates iron release, while holo-Tf indicates an iron sufficient environment and suppresses additional iron release. Free iron is exported through ferroportin, with hephaestin as an aid to the process. Until now, the molecular mechanisms of apo- and holo-Tf influence on iron release was largely unknown. METHODS Here we use a variety of cell culture techniques, including co-immunoprecipitation and proximity ligation assay, in iPSC-derived endothelial cells and HEK 293 cells to investigate the mechanism by which apo- and holo-Tf influence cellular iron release. Given the established role of hepcidin in regulating cellular iron release, we further explored the relationship of hepcidin to transferrin in this model. RESULTS We demonstrate that holo-Tf induces the internalization of ferroportin through the established ferroportin degradation pathway. Furthermore, holo-Tf directly interacts with ferroportin, whereas apo-Tf directly interacts with hephaestin. Only pathophysiological levels of hepcidin disrupt the interaction between holo-Tf and ferroportin, but similar hepcidin levels are unable to interfere with the interaction between apo-Tf and hephaestin. The disruption of the holo-Tf and ferroportin interaction by hepcidin is due to hepcidin's ability to more rapidly internalize ferroportin compared to holo-Tf. CONCLUSIONS These novel findings provide a molecular mechanism for apo- and holo-Tf regulation of iron release from endothelial cells. They further demonstrate how hepcidin impacts these protein-protein interactions, and offer a model for how holo-Tf and hepcidin cooperate to suppress iron release. These results expand on our previous reports on mechanisms mediating regulation of brain iron uptake to provide a more thorough understanding of the regulatory mechanisms mediating cellular iron release in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie L Baringer
- Department of Neurosurgery, Penn State College of Medicine, 500 University Drive, Hershey, PA, 17033, USA
| | - Kondaiah Palsa
- Department of Neurosurgery, Penn State College of Medicine, 500 University Drive, Hershey, PA, 17033, USA
| | | | - Ian A Simpson
- Department of Neural and Behavioral Sciences, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - James R Connor
- Department of Neurosurgery, Penn State College of Medicine, 500 University Drive, Hershey, PA, 17033, USA.
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An JR, Liu JT, Gao XM, Wang QF, Sun GY, Su JN, Zhang C, Yu JX, Yang YF, Shi Y. Effects of liraglutide on astrocyte polarization and neuroinflammation in db/db mice: focus on iron overload and oxidative stress. Front Cell Neurosci 2023; 17:1136070. [PMID: 37323581 PMCID: PMC10267480 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2023.1136070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation plays a crucial role in the occurrence and development of cognitive impairment in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), but the specific injury mechanism is not fully understood. Astrocyte polarization has attracted new attention and has been shown to be directly and indirectly involved in neuroinflammation. Liraglutide has been shown to have beneficial effects on neurons and astrocytes. However, the specific protection mechanism still needs to be clarified. In this study, we assessed the levels of neuroinflammation and A1/A2-responsive astrocytes in the hippocampus of db/db mice and examined their relationships with iron overload and oxidative stress. First, in db/db mice, liraglutide alleviated the disturbance of glucose and lipid metabolism, increased the postsynaptic density, regulated the expression of NeuN and BDNF, and partially restored impaired cognitive function. Second, liraglutide upregulated the expression of S100A10 and downregulated the expression of GFAP and C3, and decreased the secretion of IL-1β, IL-18, and TNF-α, which may confirm that it regulates the proliferation of reactive astrocytes and A1/A2 phenotypes polarize and attenuate neuroinflammation. In addition, liraglutide reduced iron deposition in the hippocampus by reducing the expression of TfR1 and DMT1 and increasing the expression of FPN1; at the same time, liraglutide by up-regulating the levels of SOD, GSH, and SOD2 expression, as well as downregulation of MDA levels and NOX2 and NOX4 expression to reduce oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation. The above may attenuate A1 astrocyte activation. This study preliminarily explored the effect of liraglutide on the activation of different astrocyte phenotypes and neuroinflammation in the hippocampus of a T2DM model and further revealed its intervention effect on cognitive impairment in diabetes. Focusing on the pathological consequences of astrocytes may have important implications for the treatment of diabetic cognitive impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Ren An
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Combining Disease and Syndrome of Diabetes, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang, China
| | - Jun-Tong Liu
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Combining Disease and Syndrome of Diabetes, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang, China
| | - Xiao-Meng Gao
- College of Integrative Chinese and Western Medicine, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Qing-Feng Wang
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Combining Disease and Syndrome of Diabetes, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang, China
| | - Gui-Yan Sun
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Combining Disease and Syndrome of Diabetes, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang, China
| | - Jia-Nan Su
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Combining Disease and Syndrome of Diabetes, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang, China
| | - Chi Zhang
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Combining Disease and Syndrome of Diabetes, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang, China
| | - Jia-Xiang Yu
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Combining Disease and Syndrome of Diabetes, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang, China
| | - Yu-Feng Yang
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Combining Disease and Syndrome of Diabetes, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang, China
| | - Yan Shi
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Combining Disease and Syndrome of Diabetes, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang, China
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Autolysis Affects the Iron Cargo of Ferritins in Neurons and Glial Cells at Different Rates in the Human Brain. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2023:10.1007/s10571-023-01332-w. [PMID: 36920627 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-023-01332-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
Abstract
Iron is known to accumulate in neurological disorders, so a careful balance of the iron concentration is essential for healthy brain functioning. An imbalance in iron homeostasis could arise due to the dysfunction of proteins involved in iron homeostasis. Here, we focus on ferritin-the primary iron storage protein of the brain. In this study, we aimed to improve a method to measure ferritin-bound iron in the human post-mortem brain, and to discern its distribution in particular cell types and brain regions. Though it is known that glial cells and neurons differ in their ferritin concentration, the change in the number and distribution of iron-filled ferritin cores between different cell types during autolysis has not been revealed yet. Here, we show the cellular and region-wide distribution of ferritin in the human brain using state-of-the-art analytical electron microscopy. We validated the concentration of iron-filled ferritin cores to the absolute iron concentration measured by quantitative MRI and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. We show that ferritins lose iron from their cores with the progression of autolysis whereas the overall iron concentrations were unaffected. Although the highest concentration of ferritin was found in glial cells, as the total ferritin concentration increased in a patient, ferritin accumulated more in neurons than in glial cells. Summed up, our findings point out the unique behaviour of neurons in storing iron during autolysis and explain the differences between the absolute iron concentrations and iron-filled ferritin in a cell-type-dependent manner in the human brain. The rate of loss of the iron-filled ferritin cores during autolysis is higher in neurons than in glial cells.
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Baringer S, Palsa K, Simpson IA, Connor JR. Apo- and holo- transferrin differentially interact with ferroportin and hephaestin to regulate iron release at the blood-brain barrier. RESEARCH SQUARE 2023:rs.3.rs-2429356. [PMID: 36711476 PMCID: PMC9882672 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-2429356/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Background : Apo- (iron free) and holo- (iron bound) transferrin (Tf) participate in precise regulation of brain iron uptake at endothelial cells of the blood-brain barrier. Apo-Tf indicates an iron deficient environment and stimulates iron release, while holo-Tf indicates an iron sufficient environment and suppresses additional iron release. Free iron is exported through ferroportin, with hephaestin as an aid to the process. Until now, the molecular mechanism of apo- and holo-Tf's influence on iron release was largely unknown. Methods : Here we use a variety of cell culture techniques, including co-immunoprecipitation and proximity ligation assay, in iPSC-derived endothelial cells and HEK 293 cells to investigate the mechanism of apo- and holo-Tf's influence over iron release. We placed our findings in physiological context by further deciphering how hepcidin played a role in this mechanism as well. Results : We demonstrate that holo-Tf induces the internalization of ferroportin through the established ferroportin degradation pathway. Furthermore, holo-Tf directly binds to ferroportin, whereas apo-Tf directly binds to hephaestin. Only pathological levels of hepcidin disrupt the interaction between holo-Tf and ferroportin, and no amount of hepcidin disrupts the interaction between apo-Tf and hephaestin. The disruption of the holo-Tf and ferroportin interaction by hepcidin is due to hepcidin's ability to rapidly internalize ferroportin compared to holo-Tf. Conclusions : These novel findings provide a molecular mechanism for apo- and holo-Tf regulation of iron release from endothelial cells. They further demonstrate how hepcidin impacts these protein-protein interactions, and offer a model for how holo-Tf and hepcidin corporate to suppress iron release. We have established a more thorough understanding of the mechanisms behind iron release regulation with great clinical impact for a variety of neurological conditions in which iron release is dysregulated.
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21
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Baringer SL, Palsa K, Simpson IA, Connor JR. Apo- and holo- transferrin differentially interact with ferroportin and hephaestin to regulate iron release at the blood-brain barrier. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.01.10.522344. [PMID: 36712094 PMCID: PMC9882075 DOI: 10.1101/2023.01.10.522344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Background Apo- (iron free) and holo- (iron bound) transferrin (Tf) participate in precise regulation of brain iron uptake at endothelial cells of the blood-brain barrier. Apo-Tf indicates an iron deficient environment and stimulates iron release, while holo-Tf indicates an iron sufficient environment and suppresses additional iron release. Free iron is exported through ferroportin, with hephaestin as an aid to the process. Until now, the molecular mechanism of apo- and holo-Tf's influence on iron release was largely unknown. Methods Here we use a variety of cell culture techniques, including co-immunoprecipitation and proximity ligation assay, in iPSC-derived endothelial cells and HEK 293 cells to investigate the mechanism of apo- and holo-Tf's influence over iron release. We placed our findings in physiological context by further deciphering how hepcidin played a role in this mechanism as well. Results We demonstrate that holo-Tf induces the internalization of ferroportin through the established ferroportin degradation pathway. Furthermore, holo-Tf directly binds to ferroportin, whereas apo-Tf directly binds to hephaestin. Only pathological levels of hepcidin disrupt the interaction between holo-Tf and ferroportin, and no amount of hepcidin disrupts the interaction between apo-Tf and hephaestin. The disruption of the holo-Tf and ferroportin interaction by hepcidin is due to hepcidin's ability to rapidly internalize ferroportin compared to holo-Tf. Conclusions These novel findings provide a molecular mechanism for apo- and holo-Tf regulation of iron release from endothelial cells. They further demonstrate how hepcidin impacts these protein-protein interactions, and offer a model for how holo-Tf and hepcidin corporate to suppress iron release. We have established a more thorough understanding of the mechanisms behind iron release regulation with great clinical impact for a variety of neurological conditions in which iron release is dysregulated.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kondaiah Palsa
- Department of Neurosurgery, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Ian A. Simpson
- Department of Neural and Behavioral Sciences, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - James R. Connor
- Department of Neurosurgery, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
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22
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Singh G, Wallin DJ, Abrahante Lloréns JE, Tran PV, Feldman HA, Georgieff MK, Gisslen T. Dose- and sex-dependent effects of phlebotomy-induced anemia on the neonatal mouse hippocampal transcriptome. Pediatr Res 2022; 92:712-720. [PMID: 34775474 PMCID: PMC9098692 DOI: 10.1038/s41390-021-01832-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Phlebotomy-induced anemia (PIA) is universal and variable in degree among preterm infants and may contribute to neurodevelopmental risk. In mice, PIA causes brain tissue hypoxia, iron deficiency, and long-term sex-dependent neurobehavioral abnormalities. The neuroregulatory molecular pathways disrupted by PIA underlying these effects are unknown. METHODS Male and female pups were phlebotomized daily from postnatal day (P)3-P14 via facial venipuncture to target hematocrits of 25% (moderate, mPIA) and 18% (severe, sPIA). P14 hippocampal RNA from non-bled control and PIA mice was sequenced by next-generation sequencing to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs) that were analyzed using Ingenuity Pathway Analysis. RESULTS mPIA females showed the least DEGs (0.5% of >22,000 genes) whereas sPIA females had the most (8.6%), indicating a dose-dependent effect. mPIA and sPIA males showed similar changes in gene expression (5.3% and 4.7%, respectively), indicating a threshold effect at mPIA. The pattern of altered genes induced by PIA indicates sex-specific and anemia-dose-dependent effects with increased pro-inflammation in females and decreased neurodevelopment in males. CONCLUSION These gene-expression changes may underlie the reduced recognition memory function in male and abnormal social-cognitive behavior in female adult mice following neonatal PIA. These results parallel clinical studies demonstrating sex-specific behavioral outcomes as a function of neonatal anemia. IMPACT Phlebotomy-induced anemia (PIA) in neonatal mice results in an altered hippocampal transcriptome and the severity of changes are dependent upon degree of anemia and sex of neonatal mice. The reported findings provide context to the sex-specific outcomes that have been reported in transfusion threshold clinical trials of preterm infants and therefore may inform treatment strategies that may be based on sex. These data advance the field by showing that consequences of PIA may be based in sex-specific transcriptomic alterations. Such changes may also result from other causes of neonatal anemia that also affect term infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garima Singh
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Diana J. Wallin
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | | | - Phu V. Tran
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Henry A. Feldman
- Division of Newborn Medicine, Institutional Centers for Clinical and Translational Research, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Michael K. Georgieff
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Tate Gisslen
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
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23
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Smith KJ, Gwyer Findlay E. Expression of antimicrobial host defence peptides in the central nervous system during health and disease. DISCOVERY IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 1:kyac003. [PMID: 38566904 PMCID: PMC10917193 DOI: 10.1093/discim/kyac003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Antimicrobial host defence peptides (HDP) are critical for the first line of defence against bacterial, viral, and fungal pathogens. Over the past decade we have become more aware that, in addition to their antimicrobial roles, they also possess the potent immunomodulatory capacity. This includes chemoattracting immune cells, activating dendritic cells and macrophages, and altering T-cell differentiation. Most examinations of their immunomodulatory roles have focused on tissues in which they are very abundant, such as the intestine and the inflamed skin. However, HDP have now been detected in the brain and the spinal cord during a number of conditions. We propose that their presence in the central nervous system (CNS) during homeostasis, infection, and neurodegenerative disease has the potential to contribute to immunosurveillance, alter host responses and skew developing immunity. Here, we review the evidence for HDP expression and function in the CNS in health and disease. We describe how a wide range of HDP are expressed in the CNS of humans, rodents, birds, and fish, suggesting a conserved role in protecting the brain from pathogens, with evidence of production by resident CNS cells. We highlight differences in methodology used and how this may have resulted in the immunomodulatory roles of HDP being overlooked. Finally, we discuss what HDP expression may mean for CNS immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie J Smith
- Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, EH16 4TJ, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Emily Gwyer Findlay
- Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, EH16 4TJ, Edinburgh, UK
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24
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Activation of the Hepcidin-Ferroportin1 pathway in the brain and astrocytic-neuronal crosstalk to counteract iron dyshomeostasis during aging. Sci Rep 2022; 12:11724. [PMID: 35810203 PMCID: PMC9271044 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-15812-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
During physiological aging, iron accumulates in the brain with a preferential distribution in regions that are more vulnerable to age-dependent neurodegeneration such as the cerebral cortex and hippocampus. In the brain of aged wild-type mice, alteration of the Brain Blood Barrier integrity, together with a marked inflammatory and oxidative state lead to increased permeability and deregulation of brain-iron homeostasis. In this context, we found that iron accumulation drives Hepcidin upregulation in the brain and the inhibition of the iron exporter Ferroportin1. We also observed the transcription and the increase of NCOA4 levels in the aged brain together with the increase of light-chain enriched ferritin heteropolymers, more efficient as iron chelators. Interestingly, in cerebral cortex and hippocampus, Ferroportin1 is mainly expressed by astrocytes, while the iron storage protein ferritin light-chain by neurons. This differential distribution suggests that astrocytes mediate iron shuttling in the nervous tissue and that neurons are unable to metabolize it. Our findings highlight for the first time that Hepcidin/Ferroportin1 axis and NCOA4 are directly involved in iron metabolism in mice brain during physiological aging as a response to a higher brain iron influx.
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Dysregulation of iron homeostasis and methamphetamine reward behaviors in Clk1-deficient mice. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2022; 43:1686-1698. [PMID: 34811513 PMCID: PMC9253021 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-021-00806-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic administration of methamphetamine (METH) leads to physical and psychological dependence. It is generally accepted that METH exerts rewarding effects via competitive inhibition of the dopamine transporter (DAT), but the molecular mechanism of METH addiction remains largely unknown. Accumulating evidence shows that mitochondrial function is important in regulation of drug addiction. In this study, we investigated the role of Clk1, an essential mitochondrial hydroxylase for ubiquinone (UQ), in METH reward effects. We showed that Clk1+/- mutation significantly suppressed METH-induced conditioned place preference (CPP), accompanied by increased expression of DAT in plasma membrane of striatum and hippocampus due to Clk1 deficiency-induced inhibition of DAT degradation without influencing de novo synthesis of DAT. Notably, significantly decreased iron content in striatum and hippocampus was evident in both Clk1+/- mutant mice and PC12 cells with Clk1 knockdown. The decreased iron content was attributed to increased expression of iron exporter ferroportin 1 (FPN1) that was associated with elevated expression of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) in response to Clk1 deficiency both in vivo and in vitro. Furthermore, we showed that iron played a critical role in mediating Clk1 deficiency-induced alteration in DAT expression, presumably via upstream HIF-1α. Taken together, these data demonstrated that HIF-1α-mediated changes in iron homostasis are involved in the Clk1 deficiency-altered METH reward behaviors.
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26
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Stachowska L, Koziarska D, Karakiewicz B, Kotwas A, Knyszyńska A, Folwarski M, Dec K, Stachowska E, Hawryłkowicz V, Kulaszyńska M, Sołek-Pastuszka J, Skonieczna-Żydecka K. Hepcidin (rs10421768), Transferrin (rs3811647, rs1049296) and Transferrin Receptor 2 (rs7385804) Gene Polymorphism Might Be Associated with the Origin of Multiple Sclerosis. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19116875. [PMID: 35682458 PMCID: PMC9180173 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19116875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Revised: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a demyelinating disease of the central nervous system in which there is a multifocal damage to the nerve tissue. Additionally, the literature emphasizes the excessive accumulation of iron in the central nervous system of patients, which is negatively correlated with their psychophysical fitness. Iron metabolism genes polymorphisms may modulate iron deposition in the body and thus affect the clinical course of MS. We aimed to assess the frequency of HAMP, TFR2, and TF polymorphisms in MS patients and their impact on the clinical course of the disease. The studied polymorphisms were identified by the Real-Time PCR using TaqMan technology. Neurological assessment by means of EDSS scale was conducted. This cross-sectional study included 176 patients, with the mean age of onset of symptoms at 30.6 years. The frequency of alleles of the studied polymorphisms was as follows: (a) HAMP rs10421768: A 75.9% (n = 267), G 24.1% (n = 65), (b) TF rs1049296: C 89.2% (n = 314), T 10.8% (n = 38), (c) TF rs3811647: A 39.8% (n = 140), G 60.2% (n = 212), (d) TFR2 rs7385804: A 59.1% (n = 59.1%), C 40.9% (n = 144). In the codominant inheritance model of TF rs1049269, it was shown that people with the CT genotype scored statistically significantly lower points in the EDSS scale at the time of diagnosis than those with the CC genotype (CC Me = 1.5, CT Me = 1.0 p = 0.0236). In the recessive model of TF inheritance rs3811647, it was noticed that the primary relapses were significantly more frequent in patients with at least one G allele compared with those with the AA genotype (AG + GG = 81.2%, AA = 18.8%, p = 0.0354). In the overdominant model rs7385804 TFR2, it was shown that among patients with the AA genotype, multiple sclerosis occurs significantly more often in relatives in a straight line compared with people with the AC and CC genotypes (AA = 100.0%, AC + CC = 0.0%, p = 0.0437). We concluded that the studied polymorphisms might affect the clinical course of MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Stachowska
- Department of Human Nutrition and Metabolomics, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Broniewskiego 24, 71-460 Szczecin, Poland; (L.S.); (K.D.); (E.S.); (V.H.)
| | - Dorota Koziarska
- Department of Neurology, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Unii Lubelskiej 1, 72-252 Szczecin, Poland;
| | - Beata Karakiewicz
- Subdepartment of Social Medicine and Public Health Department of Social Medicine, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Żołnierska 48, 71-210 Szczecin, Poland; (B.K.); (A.K.)
| | - Artur Kotwas
- Subdepartment of Social Medicine and Public Health Department of Social Medicine, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Żołnierska 48, 71-210 Szczecin, Poland; (B.K.); (A.K.)
| | - Anna Knyszyńska
- Department of Functional Diagnostics and Physical Medicine, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 71-210 Szczecin, Poland;
| | - Marcin Folwarski
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-211 Gdańsk, Poland;
| | - Karolina Dec
- Department of Human Nutrition and Metabolomics, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Broniewskiego 24, 71-460 Szczecin, Poland; (L.S.); (K.D.); (E.S.); (V.H.)
| | - Ewa Stachowska
- Department of Human Nutrition and Metabolomics, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Broniewskiego 24, 71-460 Szczecin, Poland; (L.S.); (K.D.); (E.S.); (V.H.)
| | - Viktoria Hawryłkowicz
- Department of Human Nutrition and Metabolomics, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Broniewskiego 24, 71-460 Szczecin, Poland; (L.S.); (K.D.); (E.S.); (V.H.)
| | - Monika Kulaszyńska
- Department of Biochemical Science, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Broniewskiego 24, 71-460 Szczecin, Poland;
| | - Joanna Sołek-Pastuszka
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Therapy, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Unii Lubelskiej 1, 72-252 Szczecin, Poland;
| | - Karolina Skonieczna-Żydecka
- Department of Biochemical Science, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Broniewskiego 24, 71-460 Szczecin, Poland;
- Correspondence:
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Petano-Duque JM, Lozano-Villegas KJ, Céspedes-Rubio ÁE, Rondón-Barragán IS. Molecular characterization of HEPCIDIN-1 (HAMP1) gene in red-bellied pacu (Piaractus brachypomus). DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 130:104353. [PMID: 35065954 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2022.104353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Hepcidins are cysteine-rich peptides, which participate in iron metabolism regulation, the inflammatory and antimicrobial response. This study characterizes the hepcidin-1 (HAMP1) gene, its transcript expression in different tissues, as well as its regulation in a model of brain injury in Piaractus brachypomus. Bioinformatic analysis was carried out to determine conserved domains, glycosylation sites and protein structure of HAMP1, and probability that HAMP1 corresponds to an antimicrobial peptide (AMP). Relative gene expression of the P. brachypomus HAMP1 gene was determined by qPCR from cDNA of several tissues, a brain injury model, an organophosphate sublethal toxicity model and anesthetic experiment using the 2-ΔΔCt method. HAMP1 ORF encodes for a 91 aa pre-prohepcidin conformed for a prodomain with 42 aa and mature peptide of 25 aa. Mature domain was determined as an AMP. HAMP1 transcript is expressed in all the tissues, being higher in the spleen and liver. HAMP1 mRNA level was upregulated in the brain injury group, as well as in the olfactory bulb, optic chiasm and telencephalon of red-bellied pacu brain exposed to an organophosphate. In anesthetic experiment, HAMP1 mRNA level was upregulated in the liver and gills. HAMP1 gene of P. brachypomus may be involved in the inflammatory, antimicrobial, hypoxia and stress oxidative response.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ángel Enrique Céspedes-Rubio
- Research Group in Neurodegenerative Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnics, Universidad of Tolima, Santa Helena Highs, 730006299, Ibagué-Tolima, Colombia.
| | - Iang Schroniltgen Rondón-Barragán
- Research Group in Immunobiology and Pathogenesis, Laboratory of Immunology and Molecular Biology, Colombia; Research Group in Neurodegenerative Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnics, Universidad of Tolima, Santa Helena Highs, 730006299, Ibagué-Tolima, Colombia.
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Wang F, Wang J, Shen Y, Li H, Rausch WD, Huang X. Iron Dyshomeostasis and Ferroptosis: A New Alzheimer’s Disease Hypothesis? Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:830569. [PMID: 35391749 PMCID: PMC8981915 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.830569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Iron plays a crucial role in many physiological processes of the human body, but iron is continuously deposited in the brain as we age. Early studies found iron overload is directly proportional to cognitive decline in Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Amyloid precursor protein (APP) and tau protein, both of which are related to the AD pathogenesis, are associated with brain iron metabolism. A variety of iron metabolism-related proteins have been found to be abnormally expressed in the brains of AD patients and mouse models, resulting in iron deposition and promoting AD progression. Amyloid β (Aβ) and hyperphosphorylated tau, two pathological hallmarks of AD, can also promote iron deposition in the brain, forming a vicious cycle of AD development-iron deposition. Iron deposition and the subsequent ferroptosis has been found to be a potential mechanism underlying neuronal loss in many neurodegenerative diseases. Iron chelators, antioxidants and hepcidin were found useful for treating AD, which represents an important direction for AD treatment research and drug development in the future. The review explored the deep connection between iron dysregulation and AD pathogenesis, discussed the potential of new hypothesis related to iron dyshomeostasis and ferroptosis, and summarized the therapeutics capable of targeting iron, with the expectation to draw more attention of iron dysregulation and corresponding drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feixue Wang
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Geriatric Institute of Integrated Traditional and Western Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Jiandong Wang
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Geriatric Institute of Integrated Traditional and Western Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Shen
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Geriatric Institute of Integrated Traditional and Western Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Hao Li
- Department of General Diseases, Wangjing Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wolf-Dieter Rausch
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Medical Biochemistry, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Xiaobo Huang
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Geriatric Institute of Integrated Traditional and Western Medicine, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Xiaobo Huang,
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Rosenblum SL, Kosman DJ. Aberrant Cerebral Iron Trafficking Co-morbid With Chronic Inflammation: Molecular Mechanisms and Pharmacologic Intervention. Front Neurol 2022; 13:855751. [PMID: 35370907 PMCID: PMC8964494 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.855751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The redox properties that make iron an essential nutrient also make iron an efficient pro-oxidant. Given this nascent cytotoxicity, iron homeostasis relies on a combination of iron transporters, chaperones, and redox buffers to manage the non-physiologic aqueous chemistry of this first-row transition metal. Although a mechanistic understanding of the link between brain iron accumulation (BIA) and neurodegenerative diseases is lacking, BIA is co-morbid with the majority of cognitive and motor function disorders. The most prevalent neurodegenerative disorders, including Alzheimer's Disease (AD), Parkinson's Disease (PD), Multiple System Atrophy (MSA), and Multiple Sclerosis (MS), often present with increased deposition of iron into the brain. In addition, ataxias that are linked to mutations in mitochondrial-localized proteins (Friedreich's Ataxia, Spinocerebellar Ataxias) result in mitochondrial iron accumulation and degradation of proton-coupled ATP production leading to neuronal degeneration. A comorbidity common in the elderly is a chronic systemic inflammation mediated by primary cytokines released by macrophages, and acute phase proteins (APPs) released subsequently from the liver. Abluminal inflammation in the brain is found downstream as a result of activation of astrocytes and microglia. Reasonably, the iron that accumulates in the brain comes from the cerebral vasculature via the microvascular capillary endothelial cells whose tight junctions represent the blood-brain barrier. A premise amenable to experimental interrogation is that inflammatory stress alters both the trans- and para-cellular flux of iron at this barrier resulting in a net accumulation of abluminal iron over time. This review will summarize the evidence that lends support to this premise; indicate the mechanisms that merit delineation; and highlight possible therapeutic interventions based on this model.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniel J. Kosman
- Department of Biochemistry, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States
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Cheng R, Dhorajia VV, Kim J, Kim Y. Mitochondrial iron metabolism and neurodegenerative diseases. Neurotoxicology 2022; 88:88-101. [PMID: 34748789 PMCID: PMC8748425 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2021.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Revised: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Iron is a key element for mitochondrial function and homeostasis, which is also crucial for maintaining the neuronal system, but too much iron promotes oxidative stress. A large body of evidence has indicated that abnormal iron accumulation in the brain is associated with various neurodegenerative diseases such as Huntington's disease, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and Friedreich's ataxia. However, it is still unclear how irregular iron status contributes to the development of neuronal disorders. Hence, the current review provides an update on the causal effects of iron overload in the development and progression of neurodegenerative diseases and discusses important roles of mitochondrial iron homeostasis in these disease conditions. Furthermore, this review discusses potential therapeutic targets for the treatments of iron overload-linked neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiying Cheng
- Department of Biomedical and Nutritional Sciences, University of Massachusetts Lowell, USA
| | | | - Jonghan Kim
- Department of Biomedical and Nutritional Sciences, University of Massachusetts Lowell, USA.
| | - Yuho Kim
- Department of Physical Therapy and Kinesiology, University of Massachusetts Lowell, USA.
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Belaya I, Kucháriková N, Górová V, Kysenius K, Hare DJ, Crouch PJ, Malm T, Atalay M, White AR, Liddell JR, Kanninen KM. Regular Physical Exercise Modulates Iron Homeostasis in the 5xFAD Mouse Model of Alzheimer's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22168715. [PMID: 34445419 PMCID: PMC8395833 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22168715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Dysregulation of brain iron metabolism is one of the pathological features of aging and Alzheimer's disease (AD), a neurodegenerative disease characterized by progressive memory loss and cognitive impairment. While physical inactivity is one of the risk factors for AD and regular exercise improves cognitive function and reduces pathology associated with AD, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. The purpose of the study is to explore the effect of regular physical exercise on modulation of iron homeostasis in the brain and periphery of the 5xFAD mouse model of AD. By using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry and a variety of biochemical techniques, we measured total iron content and level of proteins essential in iron homeostasis in the brain and skeletal muscles of sedentary and exercised mice. Long-term voluntary running induced redistribution of iron resulted in altered iron metabolism and trafficking in the brain and increased iron content in skeletal muscle. Exercise reduced levels of cortical hepcidin, a key regulator of iron homeostasis, coupled with interleukin-6 (IL-6) decrease in cortex and plasma. We propose that regular exercise induces a reduction of hepcidin in the brain, possibly via the IL-6/STAT3/JAK1 pathway. These findings indicate that regular exercise modulates iron homeostasis in both wild-type and AD mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Belaya
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland; (I.B.); (N.K.); (V.G.); (T.M.)
| | - Nina Kucháriková
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland; (I.B.); (N.K.); (V.G.); (T.M.)
| | - Veronika Górová
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland; (I.B.); (N.K.); (V.G.); (T.M.)
| | - Kai Kysenius
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia; (K.K.); (P.J.C.); (J.R.L.)
| | - Dominic J. Hare
- School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia;
- Atomic Medicine Initiative, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Peter J. Crouch
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia; (K.K.); (P.J.C.); (J.R.L.)
| | - Tarja Malm
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland; (I.B.); (N.K.); (V.G.); (T.M.)
| | - Mustafa Atalay
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland;
| | - Anthony R. White
- Mental Health Program, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD 4006, Australia;
| | - Jeffrey R. Liddell
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia; (K.K.); (P.J.C.); (J.R.L.)
| | - Katja M. Kanninen
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland; (I.B.); (N.K.); (V.G.); (T.M.)
- Correspondence:
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Involvement of Hepcidin in Cognitive Damage Induced by Chronic Intermittent Hypoxia in Mice. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2021; 2021:8520967. [PMID: 34394834 PMCID: PMC8357469 DOI: 10.1155/2021/8520967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 07/03/2021] [Accepted: 07/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) patients exhibit different degrees of cognitive impairment, which is related to the activation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production by chronic intermittent hypoxia (CIH) and the deposition of iron in the brain. As a central regulator of iron homeostasis, whether hepcidin is involved in OSA-induced cognitive impairment has not been clarified. In order to simulate OSA, we established the mouse model by reducing the percentage of inspired O2 (FiO2) from 21% to 5%, 20 times/h for 8 h/day. We found hepcidin was rising during CIH, along with increasing iron levels and neuron loss. Then, we constructed a mouse with astrocyte-specific knockdown hepcidin gene (shHamp). During CIH exposure, the shHamp mice showed a lower level of total iron and neuronal iron in the hippocampus, via stabilizing ferroportin 1 (FPN1) and decreasing L-ferritin (FTL) levels, when compared with wild-type (WT) mice. Furthermore, the shHamp mice showed a decrease of ROS by downregulating the elevated NADPH oxidase (NOX2) and 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE) levels mediated by CIH. In addition, the shHamp mice presented improved cognitive deficit by improving synaptic plasticity and BDNF expression in the hippocampus when subjected to CIH. Therefore, our data revealed that highly expressed hepcidin might promote the degradation of FPN1, resulting in neuronal iron deposition, oxidative stress damage, reduced synaptic plasticity, and impaired cognitive performance during CIH exposure.
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Ndevahoma F, Nkambule BB, Dludla PV, Mukesi M, Natanael KN, Nyambuya TM. The effect of underlying inflammation on iron metabolism, cardiovascular risk and renal function in patients with type 2 diabetes. EJHAEM 2021; 2:357-365. [PMID: 35844722 PMCID: PMC9176139 DOI: 10.1002/jha2.257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Revised: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/19/2021] [Indexed: 04/11/2023]
Abstract
Aim To investigate the impact of inflammation on iron metabolism, cardiovascular risk and renal function in type 2 diabetes (T2D). Methods A total of 50 patients with T2D were included in this study. The patients were stratified into two groups based on their levels of C-reactive protein (CRP), namely normal and high levels (n = 25/group). All laboratory tests were measured using standardised methods. Results Fasting plasma glucose levels were elevated in patients with high CRP when compared to those with normal levels (p = 0.0413). Total serum iron levels were lower in patients with high CRP levels (12.78 ± 3.50) when compared to those with normal levels (15.26 ± 4.64), p = 0.0381. However, ferritin and transferrin levels were comparable between the groups (p > 0.05). The mean cell volume (MCV) in the high CRP group was lower (87.66 ± 3.62) than the normal level group (90.79 ± 4.52), p = 0.0096, whilst the lipograms were similar (p > 0.05). The estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) was lower in the high CRP group (98.06 ± 11.64) than the normal level group (104.7 ± 11.11), p = 0.046. Notably, CRP levels were negatively associated with serum iron levels (r = -0.38, p = 0.0061), MCV (r = -0.41, p = 0.0031), potassium (r = -0.37, p = 0.0086) and sodium levels (r = -0.28, p = 0.0471). Regression analyses showed that only CRP (β = -0.16, standard error [SE]: 0.06, p = 0.0125) and sodium (β = 0.51, SE: 0.25, p = 0.0434) levels contributed significantly to the prediction of serum iron levels. Conclusion Underlying inflammation in T2D is associated with increased incidence of hypertension and reduced levels of serum iron, MCV and renal function. Although there was no apparent clinical anaemia or renal dysfunction in these patients, mitigating inflammation may be effective in circumventing the ultimate development of iron deficiency anaemia and chronic kidney disease in T2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fransina Ndevahoma
- Department of Health SciencesFaculty of Health and Applied SciencesNamibia University of Science and TechnologyWindhoekNamibia
| | - Bongani B. Nkambule
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical SciencesCollege of Health SciencesUniversity of KwaZulu‐NatalDurbanSouth Africa
| | - Phiwayinkosi V. Dludla
- Biomedical Research and Innovation PlatformSouth African Medical Research CouncilCape TownSouth Africa
- Department of Life and Environmental SciencesPolytechnic University of MarcheAnconaItaly
| | - Munyaradzi Mukesi
- Department of Health SciencesFaculty of Health and Applied SciencesNamibia University of Science and TechnologyWindhoekNamibia
| | - Kandiwapa N. Natanael
- Division of Primary Healthcare at Katutura Community Health CentreMinistry of Health and Social ServicesWindhoekNamibia
| | - Tawanda M. Nyambuya
- Department of Health SciencesFaculty of Health and Applied SciencesNamibia University of Science and TechnologyWindhoekNamibia
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Crake RLI, Burgess ER, Royds JA, Phillips E, Vissers MCM, Dachs GU. The Role of 2-Oxoglutarate Dependent Dioxygenases in Gliomas and Glioblastomas: A Review of Epigenetic Reprogramming and Hypoxic Response. Front Oncol 2021; 11:619300. [PMID: 33842321 PMCID: PMC8027507 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.619300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Gliomas are a heterogeneous group of cancers that predominantly arise from glial cells in the brain, but may also arise from neural stem cells, encompassing low-grade glioma and high-grade glioblastoma. Whereas better diagnosis and new treatments have improved patient survival for many cancers, glioblastomas remain challenging with a highly unfavorable prognosis. This review discusses a super-family of enzymes, the 2-oxoglutarate dependent dioxygenase enzymes (2-OGDD) that control numerous processes including epigenetic modifications and oxygen sensing, and considers their many roles in the pathology of gliomas. We specifically describe in more detail the DNA and histone demethylases, and the hypoxia-inducible factor hydroxylases in the context of glioma, and discuss the substrate and cofactor requirements of the 2-OGDD enzymes. Better understanding of how these enzymes contribute to gliomas could lead to the development of new treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebekah L. I. Crake
- Mackenzie Cancer Research Group, Department of Pathology and Biomedical Science, University of Otago Christchurch, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Eleanor R. Burgess
- Mackenzie Cancer Research Group, Department of Pathology and Biomedical Science, University of Otago Christchurch, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Janice A. Royds
- Department of Pathology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Elisabeth Phillips
- Mackenzie Cancer Research Group, Department of Pathology and Biomedical Science, University of Otago Christchurch, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Margreet C. M. Vissers
- Centre for Free Radical Research, Department of Pathology and Biomedical Science, University of Otago Christchurch, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Gabi U. Dachs
- Mackenzie Cancer Research Group, Department of Pathology and Biomedical Science, University of Otago Christchurch, Christchurch, New Zealand
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Gupta R, Gupta R, Kumar N, Rawat VS, Ulfberg J, Allen RP. Restless legs syndrome among subjects having chronic liver disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Sleep Med Rev 2021; 58:101463. [PMID: 33836477 DOI: 10.1016/j.smrv.2021.101463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Sleep disturbances are commonly reported in patients with chronic liver disease (CLD). Changes in quality of sleep in patients with CLD could be related to multiple factors viz., elevated levels of tryptophan, histamine, and increased turnover of dopamine in caudate-putamen and cingulate cortex. Also, iron metabolism disturbances are reported in patients with CLD. These changes may result in restless legs syndrome (RLS) that worsens sleep-quality. There have been reports suggesting an increased prevalence of RLS among patients with CLD. Literature was searched in PubMed, EMBASE, and Google Scholar. A total of twenty-two relevant articles were found. Out of these, nine studies have assessed the prevalence of RLS among patients with chronic liver disease or cirrhosis in the clinical population. Population prevalence reported from various studies was used to calculate odds ratio. Having included studies using various methods for diagnosis (clinical as well as questionnaires) pooled odds-ratio for the RLS was 8.62. It remains unaffected by study-method, gender, age, and geographical-area. However, studies using clinical diagnosis for RLS had lower odds compared to questionnaire based diagnosis. Studies varied with regards to diagnostic methods, age, gender, etiology, and severity of liver dysfunction. The severity and etiology of CLD and biochemical correlate of CLD were not found to be associated with RLS. Possible pathophysiological mechanisms are discussed for the occurrence of RLS in this population. In conclusion, the prevalence of RLS is higher among patients with CLD, however, the correlates are unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravi Gupta
- Department of Pyshciatry, Division of Sleep Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Rishikesh, 249203, India
| | - Rohit Gupta
- Department of Gastroenterology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Rishikesh, 249203, India.
| | - Niraj Kumar
- Department of Neurology and Division of Sleep Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Rishikesh, 249203, India
| | - Vikram Singh Rawat
- Department of Pyshciatry, Division of Sleep Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Rishikesh, 249203, India
| | - Jan Ulfberg
- Sleep Clinic, Capio Medical Center, Hamnplan, Örebro, Sweden
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The Effect of TCM-Induced HAMP on Key Enzymes in the Hydrolysis of AD Model Cells. Neurochem Res 2021; 46:1068-1080. [PMID: 33683629 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-021-03235-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2020] [Revised: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) process is characterized classically by two hallmark pathologies: β-amyloid (Aβ) plaque deposition and neurofibrillary tangles of hyperphosphorylated tau. Aβ peptides play an important role in AD, but despite much effort the molecular mechanisms of how Aβ contributes to AD remain unclear. The present study evaluated the effects of the active components of Epimedium, Astragalus and Radix Puerariae induced HAMP on key enzymes in the hydrolysis of APP in HT22 cells. The active components of Epimedium, Astragalus and Radix Puerariae could effectively up-regulate the expression of HAMP, alleviate the iron overload in the brain tissues of mice, significantly improve the learning and memory ability of AD, down-regulate the expression of Aβ and reduce the deposition of SP in an APPswe/PS1ΔE9 transgenic mouse model of AD. HAMP and Aβ25-35 induced HT22 cells are used as AD cell models in this study to investigate the effect of the compound consisting of the effective components of Epimedium, Astragalus and Pueraria on the key enzymes in the hydrolysis of APP. After the administration of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), the expression levels of ADAM10 and ADAM17 were increased while the expression level of BACE1 decreased. This indicates that TCM can promote the expression level of ADAM10 and ADAM17, inhibit the expression level of BACE1, thus further inhibiting the production of amyloid protein and reducing the production of Aβ and SP. Compared with RNAi group, the expression level of ADAM10 and ADAM17 in Aβ + RNAi group was decreased while the expression level of BACE1 increased. Compared with the Aβ + RNAi group the expression level of ADAM10 and ADAM17 in the Aβ + RNAi + TCM group was increased while the expression level of BACE1 was decreased. The present study indicated the effects of the active components of Epimedium, Astragalus and Radix Puerariae may alleviate AD by up-regulating the expression of HAMP, thus reducing brain iron overload, promoting the expression of ADAM10 and ADAM17, inhibiting the expression of BACE1, and reducing the deposition of Aβ.
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Ndevahoma F, Mukesi M, Dludla PV, Nkambule BB, Nepolo EP, Nyambuya TM. Body weight and its influence on hepcidin levels in patients with type 2 diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical studies. Heliyon 2021; 7:e06429. [PMID: 33748488 PMCID: PMC7966995 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e06429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Iron profiles in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) are inconsistent. In this study, we assessed the levels of hepcidin, a regulatory protein involved in iron homoeostasis, in patients with T2D. We further evaluated the surrogate markers of hepcidin action, particularly those associated with erythropoiesis. METHODS This systematic review and meta-analysis was reported following the Meta-analysis Of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (MOOSE) guidelines. We searched for relevant studies in electronic databases from inception until 31 October 2020 without any language restriction. The random effects model was used to calculate effect estimates, and outcomes were reported as either standardised mean difference (SMD) or mean differences (MD), 95 percent confidence interval (95% CI). RESULTS Eleven studies involving 2 620 participants were included in this study. Patients with T2D had a slight increase in hepcidin levels when compared to controls SMD: 0.07 [95% CI: -0.30, 0.44]. The subgroup analysis showed that studies involving patients with T2D who were overweight reported elevated hepcidin levels SMD: 0.35 [95% CI: 0.07, 0.62] whilst those with grade I obesity described reduced levels SMD: -0.42 [95% CI: -1.21, 0.38]. All T2D patients had low levels of haemoglobin MD: -0.23 g/dl [95% CI: -0.46, -0.01] irrespective of body weight. CONCLUSION The levels of hepcidin are altered in patients with T2D and are disproportionately influenced by weight. Moreover, patients with T2D present with subclinical anaemia despite elevated iron stores. The regulation of hepcidin in patients with T2D is dependent on several factors and vary greatly, thus its sole use in clinical settings may be less beneficial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fransina Ndevahoma
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health and Applied Sciences, Namibia University of Science and Technology, Windhoek 9000, Namibia
| | - Munyaradzi Mukesi
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health and Applied Sciences, Namibia University of Science and Technology, Windhoek 9000, Namibia
| | - Phiwayinkosi V. Dludla
- Biomedical Research and Innovation Platform, South African Medical Research Council, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona 60131, Italy
| | - Bongani B. Nkambule
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4000, South Africa
| | - Elina P. Nepolo
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health and Applied Sciences, Namibia University of Science and Technology, Windhoek 9000, Namibia
| | - Tawanda M. Nyambuya
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health and Applied Sciences, Namibia University of Science and Technology, Windhoek 9000, Namibia
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4000, South Africa
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The Role of Butyrylcholinesterase and Iron in the Regulation of Cholinergic Network and Cognitive Dysfunction in Alzheimer's Disease Pathogenesis. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22042033. [PMID: 33670778 PMCID: PMC7922581 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22042033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Revised: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD), the most common form of dementia in elderly individuals, is marked by progressive neuron loss. Despite more than 100 years of research on AD, there is still no treatment to cure or prevent the disease. High levels of amyloid-β (Aβ) plaques and neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) in the brain are neuropathological hallmarks of AD. However, based on postmortem analyses, up to 44% of individuals have been shown to have high Aβ deposits with no clinical signs, due to having a “cognitive reserve”. The biochemical mechanism explaining the prevention of cognitive impairment in the presence of Aβ plaques is still unknown. It seems that in addition to protein aggregation, neuroinflammatory changes associated with aging are present in AD brains that are correlated with a higher level of brain iron and oxidative stress. It has been shown that iron accumulates around amyloid plaques in AD mouse models and postmortem brain tissues of AD patients. Iron is required for essential brain functions, including oxidative metabolism, myelination, and neurotransmitter synthesis. However, an imbalance in brain iron homeostasis caused by aging underlies many neurodegenerative diseases. It has been proposed that high iron levels trigger an avalanche of events that push the progress of the disease, accelerating cognitive decline. Patients with increased amyloid plaques and iron are highly likely to develop dementia. Our observations indicate that the butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) level seems to be iron-dependent, and reports show that BChE produced by reactive astrocytes can make cognitive functions worse by accelerating the decay of acetylcholine in aging brains. Why, even when there is a genetic risk, do symptoms of the disease appear after many years? Here, we discuss the relationship between genetic factors, age-dependent iron tissue accumulation, and inflammation, focusing on AD.
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Heinsberg LW, Arockiaraj AI, Crago EA, Ren D, Shaffer JR, Sherwood PR, Sereika SM, Weeks DE, Conley YP. Genetic Variability and Trajectories of DNA Methylation May Support a Role for HAMP in Patient Outcomes After Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage. Neurocrit Care 2021; 32:550-563. [PMID: 31346934 DOI: 10.1007/s12028-019-00787-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVE Preclinical evidence suggests that iron homeostasis is an important biological mechanism following aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH); however, this concept is underexplored in humans. This study examined the relationship between patient outcomes following aSAH and genetic variants and DNA methylation in the hepcidin gene (HAMP), a key regulator of iron homeostasis. METHODS In this exploratory, longitudinal observational study, participants with verified aSAH were monitored for acute outcomes including cerebral vasospasm (CV) and delayed cerebral ischemia (DCI) and evaluated post-discharge at 3 and 12 months for long-term outcomes of death and functional status using the Modified Rankin Scale (mRS; poor = 3-6) and Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS; poor = 1-3). Participants were genotyped for two genetic variants, and DNA methylation data were collected from serial cerebrospinal fluid over 14 days post-aSAH at eight methylation sites within HAMP. Participants were grouped based on their site-specific DNA methylation trajectory, with and without correcting for cell-type heterogeneity (CTH), and the associations between genetic variants and inferred DNA methylation trajectory groups and patient outcomes were tested. To correct for multiple testing, an empirical significance threshold was computed using permutation testing. RESULTS Genotype data for rs10421768 and rs7251432 were available for 241 and 371 participants, respectively, and serial DNA methylation data were available for 260 participants. Acute outcome prevalence included CV in 45% and DCI in 37.1% of the overall sample. Long-term outcome prevalence at 3 and 12 months included poor GOS in 23% and 21%, poor mRS in 31.6% and 27.3%, and mortality in 15.1% and 18.2%, respectively, in the overall sample. Being homozygous for the rs7251432 variant allele was significantly associated with death at 3 months (p = 0.003) and was the only association identified that passed adjustment for multiple testing mentioned above. Suggestive associations (defined as trending toward significance, p value < 0.05, but not meeting empirical significance thresholds) were identified between the homozygous variant allele for rs7251432 and poor GOS and mRS at 3 months (both p = 0.04) and death at 12 months (p = 0.02). For methylation trajectory groups, no associations remained significant after correction for multiple testing. However, for methylation trajectory groups not adjusted for CTH, suggestive associations were identified between cg18149657 and poor GOS and mRS at 3 months (p = 0.003 and p = 0.04, respectively) and death at 3 months (p = 0.04), and between cg26283059 and DCI (p = 0.01). For methylation trajectory groups adjusted for CTH, suggestive associations were identified between cg02131995 and good mRS at 12 months (p = 0.02), and between cg26283059 and DCI (p = 0.01). CONCLUSIONS This exploratory pilot study offers preliminary evidence that HAMP may play a role in patient outcomes after aSAH. Replication of this study and mechanistic investigation of the role of HAMP in patient outcomes after aSAH are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lacey W Heinsberg
- Department of Health Promotion and Development, School of Nursing, University of Pittsburgh, 440 Victoria Building, 3500 Victoria Street, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA.
| | - Annie I Arockiaraj
- Department of Human Genetics, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Crago
- Department of Acute and Tertiary Care, School of Nursing, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Dianxu Ren
- Department of Health and Community Systems, School of Nursing, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - John R Shaffer
- Department of Human Genetics, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Paula R Sherwood
- Department of Acute and Tertiary Care, School of Nursing, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Susan M Sereika
- Department of Health and Community Systems, School of Nursing, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Daniel E Weeks
- Department of Human Genetics, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Department of Biostatistics, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Yvette P Conley
- Department of Health Promotion and Development, School of Nursing, University of Pittsburgh, 440 Victoria Building, 3500 Victoria Street, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA.,Department of Human Genetics, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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Pursuing Orally Bioavailable Hepcidin Analogues via Cyclic N-Methylated Mini-Hepcidins. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9020164. [PMID: 33567510 PMCID: PMC7915682 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9020164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The peptide hormone hepcidin is one of the key regulators of iron absorption, plasma iron levels, and tissue iron distribution. Hepcidin functions by binding to and inducing the internalisation and subsequent lysosomal degradation of ferroportin, which reduces both iron absorption in the gut and export of iron from storage to ultimately decrease systemic iron levels. The key interaction motif in hepcidin has been localised to the highly conserved N-terminal region, comprising the first nine amino acid residues, and has led to the development of mini-hepcidin analogs that induce ferroportin internalisation and have improved drug-like properties. In this work, we have investigated the use of head-to-tail cyclisation and N-methylation of mini-hepcidin as a strategy to increase oral bioavailability by reducing proteolytic degradation and enhancing membrane permeability. We found that backbone cyclisation and N-methylation was well-tolerated in the mini-hepcidin analogues, with the macrocylic analogues often surpassing their linear counterparts in potency. Both macrocyclisation and backbone N-methylation were found to improve the stability of the mini-hepcidins, however, there was no effect on membrane-permeabilizing activity.
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Shi H, Almutairi M, Moskovitz J, Xu YG. Recent advances in iron homeostasis and regulation - a focus on epigenetic regulation and stroke. Free Radic Res 2021; 55:375-383. [PMID: 33345646 DOI: 10.1080/10715762.2020.1867314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Iron is an element with redox properties. It is active sites of many enzymes and plays an important role in various cellular and biological functions including ATP production and DNA synthesis. However, as a redox element, iron promotes free radical generation and lipid peroxidation, causing oxidative damage and cell death. Iron-mediated oxidation is a central player in ferroptosis, a type of cell death process that is different from apoptosis and necrosis. Thus, iron metabolism and homeostasis are sophisticatedly regulated. There has been exciting progress in understanding iron metabolism and regulation since hepcidin was recognized as the central regulator of iron homeostasis. Hepcidin mainly regulates the iron export function of the ferrous iron permease, ferroportin, which is the only known iron exporter expressed by mammalian cells. Particularly, epigenetic regulation has been a recent focus on iron homeostasis. Epigenetic phenomena have been demonstrated to modulate key proteins including hepcidin in iron metabolism. Here, we review the rapid progress in recent years in understanding molecular mechanisms of iron homeostasis with a focus on epigenetic regulation of hepcidin, ferritin, and ferroptosis. Interactions between methionine oxidation and iron is also discussed. Furthermore, many studies have suggested that the severity of neuronal damage after stroke is proportional to the magnitude of brain iron accumulation. Recent discoveries regarding iron metabolism in stroke is briefly discussed. Understanding the underlying mechanism in iron regulation could provide insight into the treatment of various intractable diseases including stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Honglian Shi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
| | - Mohammed Almutairi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
| | - Jackob Moskovitz
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
| | - Yuexian G Xu
- Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, University of Kansas, Kansas City, KS, USA
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42
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Urrutia PJ, Bórquez DA, Núñez MT. Inflaming the Brain with Iron. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10010061. [PMID: 33419006 PMCID: PMC7825317 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10010061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Iron accumulation and neuroinflammation are pathological conditions found in several neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD). Iron and inflammation are intertwined in a bidirectional relationship, where iron modifies the inflammatory phenotype of microglia and infiltrating macrophages, and in turn, these cells secrete diffusible mediators that reshape neuronal iron homeostasis and regulate iron entry into the brain. Secreted inflammatory mediators include cytokines and reactive oxygen/nitrogen species (ROS/RNS), notably hepcidin and nitric oxide (·NO). Hepcidin is a small cationic peptide with a central role in regulating systemic iron homeostasis. Also present in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), hepcidin can reduce iron export from neurons and decreases iron entry through the blood-brain barrier (BBB) by binding to the iron exporter ferroportin 1 (Fpn1). Likewise, ·NO selectively converts cytosolic aconitase (c-aconitase) into the iron regulatory protein 1 (IRP1), which regulates cellular iron homeostasis through its binding to iron response elements (IRE) located in the mRNAs of iron-related proteins. Nitric oxide-activated IRP1 can impair cellular iron homeostasis during neuroinflammation, triggering iron accumulation, especially in the mitochondria, leading to neuronal death. In this review, we will summarize findings that connect neuroinflammation and iron accumulation, which support their causal association in the neurodegenerative processes observed in AD and PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela J. Urrutia
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad de Chile, 7800024 Santiago, Chile;
| | - Daniel A. Bórquez
- Center for Biomedical Research, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Diego Portales, 8370007 Santiago, Chile;
| | - Marco Tulio Núñez
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad de Chile, 7800024 Santiago, Chile;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +56-2-29787360
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43
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Mintz J, Mirza J, Young E, Bauckman K. Iron Therapeutics in Women's Health: Past, Present, and Future. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2020; 13:E449. [PMID: 33302392 PMCID: PMC7762600 DOI: 10.3390/ph13120449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2020] [Revised: 11/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Iron plays a unique physiological role in the maintenance of homeostasis and the pathological outcomes of the female reproductive tract. The dual nature of elemental iron has created an evolutionary need to tightly regulate its biological concentration. The female reproductive tract is particularly unique due to the constant cycle of endometrial growth and shedding, in addition to the potential need for iron transfer to a developing fetus. Here, iron regulation is explored in a number of physiologic states including the endometrial lining and placenta. While iron dysregulation is a common characteristic in many women's health pathologies there is currently a lack of targeted therapeutic options. Traditional iron therapies, including iron replacement and chelation, are common treatment options for gynecological diseases but pose long term negative health consequences; therefore, more targeted interventions directed towards iron regulation have been proposed. Recent findings show potential benefits in a therapeutic focus on ferritin-hepcidin regulation, modulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and iron mediated cell death (ferroptosis). These novel therapeutics are the direct result of previous research in iron's complex signaling pathway and show promise for improved therapy, diagnosis, and prognosis in women's health.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Kyle Bauckman
- Department of Academic Affairs, Dr. Kiran C. Patel College of Allopathic Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, Davie, FL 33314, USA; (J.M.); (J.M.); (E.Y.)
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44
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Zhang X, Gou YJ, Zhang Y, Li J, Han K, Xu Y, Li H, You LH, Yu P, Chang YZ, Gao G. Hepcidin overexpression in astrocytes alters brain iron metabolism and protects against amyloid-β induced brain damage in mice. Cell Death Discov 2020; 6:113. [PMID: 33298837 PMCID: PMC7603348 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-020-00346-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Progressive iron accumulation in the brain and iron-induced oxidative stress are considered to be one of the initial causes of Alzheimer’s disease (AD), and modulation of brain iron level shows promise for its treatment. Hepcidin expressed by astrocytes has been speculated to regulate iron transport across the blood–brain barrier (BBB) and control the whole brain iron load. Whether increasing the expression of astrocyte hepcidin can reduce brain iron level and relieve AD symptoms has yet to be studied. Here, we overexpressed hepcidin in astrocytes of the mouse brain and challenged the mice with amyloid-β25–35 (Aβ25–35) by intracerebroventricular injection. Our results revealed that hepcidin overexpression in astrocytes significantly ameliorated Aβ25–35-induced cell damage in both the cerebral cortex and hippocampus. This protective role was also attested by behavioral tests of the mice. Our data further demonstrated that astrocyte-overexpressed hepcidin could decrease brain iron level, possibly by acting on ferroportin 1 (FPN1) on the brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMVECs), which in turn reduced Aβ25–35-induced oxidative stress and apoptosis, and ultimately protected cells from damage. This study provided in vivo evidences of the important role of astrocyte hepcidin in the regulation of brain iron metabolism and protection against Aβ-induced cortical and hippocampal damages and implied its potential in the treatment of oxidative stress-related brain disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinwei Zhang
- Laboratory of Molecular Iron Metabolism, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, No. 20, Nan Er Huan East Road, 050024, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Yu-Jing Gou
- Chengde Medical University, Shuang Qiao District, An Yuan Road, 067000, Chengde, China
| | - Yating Zhang
- Laboratory of Molecular Iron Metabolism, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, No. 20, Nan Er Huan East Road, 050024, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Jie Li
- Laboratory of Molecular Iron Metabolism, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, No. 20, Nan Er Huan East Road, 050024, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Kang Han
- Laboratory of Molecular Iron Metabolism, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, No. 20, Nan Er Huan East Road, 050024, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Yong Xu
- Laboratory of Molecular Iron Metabolism, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, No. 20, Nan Er Huan East Road, 050024, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Haiyan Li
- Laboratory of Molecular Iron Metabolism, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, No. 20, Nan Er Huan East Road, 050024, Shijiazhuang, China.,Chengde Medical University, Shuang Qiao District, An Yuan Road, 067000, Chengde, China
| | - Lin-Hao You
- Laboratory of Molecular Iron Metabolism, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, No. 20, Nan Er Huan East Road, 050024, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Peng Yu
- Laboratory of Molecular Iron Metabolism, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, No. 20, Nan Er Huan East Road, 050024, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Yan-Zhong Chang
- Laboratory of Molecular Iron Metabolism, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, No. 20, Nan Er Huan East Road, 050024, Shijiazhuang, China.
| | - Guofen Gao
- Laboratory of Molecular Iron Metabolism, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, No. 20, Nan Er Huan East Road, 050024, Shijiazhuang, China.
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45
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Retinal Degeneration and Alzheimer's Disease: An Evolving Link. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21197290. [PMID: 33023198 PMCID: PMC7582766 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21197290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and glaucoma are degenerative conditions of the retina and a significant cause of irreversible blindness in developed countries. Alzheimer’s disease (AD), the most common dementia of the elderly, is often associated with AMD and glaucoma. The cardinal features of AD include extracellular accumulation of amyloid β (Aβ) and intracellular deposits of hyper-phosphorylated tau (p-tau). Neuroinflammation and brain iron dyshomeostasis accompany Aβ and p-tau deposits and, together, lead to progressive neuronal death and dementia. The accumulation of Aβ and iron in drusen, the hallmark of AMD, and Aβ and p-tau in retinal ganglion cells (RGC), the main retinal cell type implicated in glaucoma, and accompanying inflammation suggest overlapping pathology. Visual abnormalities are prominent in AD and are believed to develop before cognitive decline. Some are caused by degeneration of the visual cortex, while others are due to RGC loss or AMD-associated retinal degeneration. Here, we review recent information on Aβ, p-tau, chronic inflammation, and iron dyshomeostasis as common pathogenic mechanisms linking the three degenerative conditions, and iron chelation as a common therapeutic option for these disorders. Additionally discussed is the role of prion protein, infamous for prion disorders, in Aβ-mediated toxicity and, paradoxically, in neuroprotection.
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46
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Xu Y, Zhang Y, Zhang JH, Han K, Zhang X, Bai X, You LH, Yu P, Shi Z, Chang YZ, Gao G. Astrocyte hepcidin ameliorates neuronal loss through attenuating brain iron deposition and oxidative stress in APP/PS1 mice. Free Radic Biol Med 2020; 158:84-95. [PMID: 32707154 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2020.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Iron overload in the brain and iron-induced oxidative damage have been considered to play key roles in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Hepcidin is a peptide that regulates systemic iron metabolism by interacting with iron exporter ferroportin 1 (FPN1). Studies have indicated that the astrocyte hepcidin could regulate brain iron intake at the blood-brain barrier and injection of hepcidin into brain attenuated iron deposition in the brain. However, whether overexpression of hepcidin in astrocytes of APP/PS1 transgenic mice can alleviate AD symptoms by reducing iron deposition has not been evaluated. In this study, we overexpressed hepcidin in astrocytes of APP/PS1 mice and investigated its effects on β-amyloid (Aβ) aggregation, neuronal loss, iron deposition and iron-induced oxidative damages. Our results showed that the elevated expression of astrocyte hepcidin in APP/PS1 mice significantly improved their cognitive decline, and partially alleviated the formation of Aβ plaques in cortex and hippocampus. Further investigations revealed that overexpression of hepcidin in astrocytes significantly reduced iron levels in cortex and hippocampus of APP/PS1 mice, especially iron content in neurons, which led to the reduction of iron accumulation-induced oxidative stress and neuroinflammation, and finally decreased neuronal cell death in the cortex and hippocampus of APP/PS1 mice. This study demonstrated that overexpression of hepcidin in astrocytes of APP/PS1 mice could partially alleviate AD symptoms and delay the pathological process of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Xu
- Laboratory of Molecular Iron Metabolism, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, No. 20, Nan Er Huan East Road, Shijiazhuang, 050024, China
| | - Yating Zhang
- Laboratory of Molecular Iron Metabolism, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, No. 20, Nan Er Huan East Road, Shijiazhuang, 050024, China
| | - Jian-Hua Zhang
- Laboratory of Molecular Iron Metabolism, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, No. 20, Nan Er Huan East Road, Shijiazhuang, 050024, China
| | - Kang Han
- Laboratory of Molecular Iron Metabolism, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, No. 20, Nan Er Huan East Road, Shijiazhuang, 050024, China
| | - Xinwei Zhang
- Laboratory of Molecular Iron Metabolism, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, No. 20, Nan Er Huan East Road, Shijiazhuang, 050024, China
| | - Xue Bai
- Laboratory of Molecular Iron Metabolism, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, No. 20, Nan Er Huan East Road, Shijiazhuang, 050024, China
| | - Lin-Hao You
- Laboratory of Molecular Iron Metabolism, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, No. 20, Nan Er Huan East Road, Shijiazhuang, 050024, China
| | - Peng Yu
- Laboratory of Molecular Iron Metabolism, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, No. 20, Nan Er Huan East Road, Shijiazhuang, 050024, China
| | - Zhenhua Shi
- Laboratory of Molecular Iron Metabolism, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, No. 20, Nan Er Huan East Road, Shijiazhuang, 050024, China
| | - Yan-Zhong Chang
- Laboratory of Molecular Iron Metabolism, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, No. 20, Nan Er Huan East Road, Shijiazhuang, 050024, China.
| | - Guofen Gao
- Laboratory of Molecular Iron Metabolism, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, No. 20, Nan Er Huan East Road, Shijiazhuang, 050024, China.
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47
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Guo XW, Lu Y, Zhang H, Huang JQ, Li YW. PIEZO1 might be involved in cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury through ferroptosis regulation: a hypothesis. Med Hypotheses 2020; 146:110327. [PMID: 33277104 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2020.110327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/27/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Stroke is associated with high mortality and extremely high disability rate. Regulating ferroptosis seems to be a promising way to treat ischemic stroke. After stroke, vasogenic edema exerts a mechanical force on surrounding structures, which could activate the mechanosensitive PIEZO1 channel. Our previous research has found that brain cortex PIEZO1 expression was increased in the rat model of middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO), and PIEZO1 regulated oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation (OGD/R) injury in neurons through the calcium signaling. Considering recent studies has identified HIF1α as an essential protein in PIEZO1/calcium signaling, ferroptosis regulation and cerebral ischemia, we herein hypothesize that PIEZO1 might be involved in cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury through ferroptosis regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Wei Guo
- Postgraduate Training Base of Jinzhou Medical University, the PLA Rocket Force Characteristic Medical Center, Beijing 100088, PR China; Department of Anesthesiology, the PLA Rocket Force Characteristic Medical Center, Beijing 100088, PR China
| | - Yan Lu
- Department of Neurology, the PLA Rocket Force Characteristic Medical Center, Beijing 100088, PR China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, the PLA Rocket Force Characteristic Medical Center, Beijing 100088, PR China
| | - Jia-Qi Huang
- Postgraduate Training Base of Jinzhou Medical University, the PLA Rocket Force Characteristic Medical Center, Beijing 100088, PR China; Department of Anesthesiology, the PLA Rocket Force Characteristic Medical Center, Beijing 100088, PR China
| | - Yong-Wang Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, the PLA Rocket Force Characteristic Medical Center, Beijing 100088, PR China.
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48
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Grubić Kezele T, Ćurko-Cofek B. Age-Related Changes and Sex-Related Differences in Brain Iron Metabolism. Nutrients 2020; 12:E2601. [PMID: 32867052 PMCID: PMC7551829 DOI: 10.3390/nu12092601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Iron is an essential element that participates in numerous cellular processes. Any disruption of iron homeostasis leads to either iron deficiency or iron overload, which can be detrimental for humans' health, especially in elderly. Each of these changes contributes to the faster development of many neurological disorders or stimulates progression of already present diseases. Age-related cellular and molecular alterations in iron metabolism can also lead to iron dyshomeostasis and deposition. Iron deposits can contribute to the development of inflammation, abnormal protein aggregation, and degeneration in the central nervous system (CNS), leading to the progressive decline in cognitive processes, contributing to pathophysiology of stroke and dysfunctions of body metabolism. Besides, since iron plays an important role in both neuroprotection and neurodegeneration, dietary iron homeostasis should be considered with caution. Recently, there has been increased interest in sex-related differences in iron metabolism and iron homeostasis. These differences have not yet been fully elucidated. In this review we will discuss the latest discoveries in iron metabolism, age-related changes, along with the sex differences in iron content in serum and brain, within the healthy aging population and in neurological disorders such as multiple sclerosis, Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, and stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanja Grubić Kezele
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Braće Branchetta 20, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia;
- Clinical Department for Clinical Microbiology, Clinical Hospital Center Rijeka, Krešimirova 42, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Božena Ćurko-Cofek
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Braće Branchetta 20, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia;
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49
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Petrova E, Pavlova E, Tinkov AA, Ajsuvakova OP, Skalny AV, Rashev P, Vladov I, Gluhcheva Y. Cobalt accumulation and iron-regulatory protein profile expression in immature mouse brain after perinatal exposure to cobalt chloride. Chem Biol Interact 2020; 329:109217. [PMID: 32750324 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2020.109217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Developing brain is very sensitive to the influence of environmental factors during gestation and the neonatal period. The aim of the study is to assess cobalt and iron accumulation in the brain as well as changes in the expression of iron-regulatory proteins transferrin receptor 1, hepcidin, and ferroportin in suckling mice. Perinatal exposure to cobalt chloride increased significantly cobalt content in brain tissue homogenates of 18-day-old (d18) and 25-day-old (d25) mice inducing alterations in brain iron homeostasis. Higher degree of transferrin receptor 1 expression was demonstrated in cobalt chloride-exposed mice with no substantial changes between d18 and d25 mice. A weak ferroportin expression was found in 18-day-old control and cobalt-treated mouse brain. Cobalt exposure of d25 mice resulted in increased ferroportin expression in brain compared to the untreated age-matched control group. Hepcidin level in cobalt-exposed groups was decreased in d18 mice and slightly increased in d25 mice. The obtained data contribute for the better understanding of metal toxicity impact on iron homeostasis in the developing brain with further possible implications in neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilia Petrova
- Institute of Experimental Morphology, Pathology and Anthropology with Museum, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. Georgi Bonchev Str., Bl. 25, 1113, Sofia, Bulgaria.
| | - Ekaterina Pavlova
- Institute of Experimental Morphology, Pathology and Anthropology with Museum, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. Georgi Bonchev Str., Bl. 25, 1113, Sofia, Bulgaria.
| | - Alexey A Tinkov
- P G Demidov Yaroslavl State University, Sovetskaya Str., 14, Yaroslavl, 150000, Russia; I M Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, 119146, Russia.
| | - Olga P Ajsuvakova
- P G Demidov Yaroslavl State University, Sovetskaya Str., 14, Yaroslavl, 150000, Russia; Federal Research Centre of Biological Systems and Agro-technologies of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Orenburg, 460000, Russia.
| | - Anatoly V Skalny
- I M Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, 119146, Russia; Federal Research Centre of Biological Systems and Agro-technologies of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Orenburg, 460000, Russia.
| | - Pavel Rashev
- Institute of Biology and Immunology of Reproduction "Acad. Kiril Bratanov", Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Tsarigradsko shose Blvd 73, 1113, Sofia, Bulgaria.
| | - Ivelin Vladov
- Institute of Experimental Morphology, Pathology and Anthropology with Museum, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. Georgi Bonchev Str., Bl. 25, 1113, Sofia, Bulgaria.
| | - Yordanka Gluhcheva
- Institute of Experimental Morphology, Pathology and Anthropology with Museum, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. Georgi Bonchev Str., Bl. 25, 1113, Sofia, Bulgaria.
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Oxidative Stress-Mediated Blood-Brain Barrier (BBB) Disruption in Neurological Diseases. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2020. [DOI: 10.1155/2020/4356386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB), as a crucial gate of brain-blood molecular exchange, is involved in the pathogenesis of multiple neurological diseases. Oxidative stress is caused by an imbalance between the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the scavenger system. Since oxidative stress plays a significant role in the production and maintenance of the BBB, the cerebrovascular system is especially vulnerable to it. The pathways that initiate BBB dysfunction include, but are not limited to, mitochondrial dysfunction, excitotoxicity, iron metabolism, cytokines, pyroptosis, and necroptosis, all converging on the generation of ROS. Interestingly, ROS also provide common triggers that directly regulate BBB damage, parameters including tight junction (TJ) modifications, transporters, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) activation, inflammatory responses, and autophagy. We will discuss the role of oxidative stress-mediated BBB disruption in neurological diseases, such as hemorrhagic stroke, ischemic stroke (IS), Alzheimer’s disease (AD), Parkinson’s disease (PD), traumatic brain injury (TBI), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), and cerebral small vessel disease (CSVD). This review will also discuss the latest clinical evidence of potential biomarkers and antioxidant drugs towards oxidative stress in neurological diseases. A deeper understanding of how oxidative stress damages BBB may open up more therapeutic options for the treatment of neurological diseases.
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