1
|
McIntosh MC, Ruple BA, Kontos NJ, Mattingly ML, Lockwood CM, Roberts MD. The effects of a sugar-free amino acid-containing electrolyte beverage on 5-kilometer performance, blood electrolytes, and post-exercise cramping versus a conventional carbohydrate-electrolyte sports beverage and water. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2024; 21:2296888. [PMID: 38131124 PMCID: PMC10763896 DOI: 10.1080/15502783.2023.2296888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to examine the acute effects of a multi-ingredient, low calorie dietary supplement (MIDS, XTEND® Healthy Hydration) on 5-kilometer (5-km) time trial performance and blood electrolyte concentrations compared to a carbohydrate-electrolyte beverage (CE, GATORADE® Thirst Quencher) and distilled water (W). METHODS During visit 1 (V1), participants (10 men and 10 women, 20-35 years old, BMI ≤ 29 kg/m2, recreationally active) reported to the laboratory whereby the following tests were performed: i) height and weight measurements, ii) body composition analysis, iii) treadmill testing to measure maximal aerobic capacity, and iv) 5-km time trial familiarization. The second visit (V2) was one week after V1 in the morning (0600 - 0900) and participants arrived 12-14 h fasted (no food or drink). The first battery of assessments (V2-T1) included nude body mass, urine specific gravity (USG), a profile of mood states (POMS) questionnaire, and the completion of a visual analogue scale (VAS) questionnaire to quantify cramping. Then heart rate (HR), blood pressure (BP), total body hydration (via bioelectrical impedance spectroscopy [BIS]) were examined. Finally, a measurement of blood markers via finger stick was performed. Participants consumed a randomized beverage (16 fl. oz. of MIDS, 16 fl. oz. of W, or 16 fl. oz. of CE) within 3 min followed by a 45-min rest. Following the rest period, a second battery (V2-T2) was performed whereby participants' USG was assessed and they completed the POMS and VAS questionnaires, and HR, BP, and blood markers were measured. The participants then performed a 5-km treadmill time trial. Immediately following the 5-km time trial, participants completed a third testing battery (V2-T3) that began with blood markers, HR and BP assessments, followed by nude body weight assessment, and the POMS and VAS questionnaires. After 60 min, a fourth battery (V2-T4) was performed that included HR, BP, and blood markers. After sitting quietly for another 60 min a fifth battery assessment was performed (V2-T5) that included participants' USG, POMS and VAS questionnaires, HR, BP, blood markers, and total body hydration. Visits 3 (V3) and 4 (V4) followed the same protocol except a different randomized drink (16 oz. of CE, MIDS, or W) was consumed; all of which were separated by approximately one week. RESULTS No differences occurred between conditions for 5-km time trial completion, indirect calorimetry outcomes during 5-km time trials, USG, or nude mass measurements (p > 0.05 for all relevant statistical tests). However, blood potassium and the sodium/potassium ratio displayed significant interactions (p < 0.05), and post hoc testing indicated these values were better maintained in the MIDS versus other conditions. Post-exercise cramp prevalence was greater in the CE (p < 0.05) and trended higher with W (p = 0.083) compared to the MIDS condition. Post-exercise cramp severity was also elevated with the W and CE beverages (p < 0.05) but not the MIDS (p = 0.211). CONCLUSIONS The MIDS did not affect 5-km time trial performance but exhibited favorable effects on blood electrolyte and post-exercise self-reporting cramp outcomes compared to the CE and W drinks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mason C. McIntosh
- Nutrabolt Applied and Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Auburn University, School of Kinesiology, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Bradley A. Ruple
- Nutrabolt Applied and Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Auburn University, School of Kinesiology, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Nicholas J. Kontos
- Nutrabolt Applied and Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Auburn University, School of Kinesiology, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Madison L. Mattingly
- Nutrabolt Applied and Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Auburn University, School of Kinesiology, Auburn, AL, USA
| | | | - Michael D. Roberts
- Nutrabolt Applied and Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Auburn University, School of Kinesiology, Auburn, AL, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Penna DBDS, Gumiéro Costa S, Dos Santos-Rodrigues A, Pandolfo P. The association of caffeine and nandrolone decanoate modulates aversive memory and nociception in rats. Brain Res 2024; 1837:148937. [PMID: 38615923 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2024.148937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Revised: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
Caffeine and anabolic-androgenic steroids (AAS) are commonly used to improve muscle mass and athletic performance. Nandrolone Decanoate (ND) is one of the most abused AAS worldwide, leading to behavioral changes in both humans and rodents. Caffeine, the most widely consumed psychostimulant globally, is present in various thermogenic and gym supplements. Low and moderate doses of caffeine antagonize adenosine receptors and have been linked to improved memory and pain relief. We have previously demonstrated that consuming caffeine prevents the risk-taking behavior triggered by nandrolone. In this study, we aimed to investigate the long-term effects of ND and caffeine, either alone or in combination, on passive avoidance memory and nociception. We used the step-down and hot-plate tasks in male and female Lister Hooded rats. Our results confirmed the antinociceptive effect of caffeine and indicated that chronic administration of the ND-caffeine association promotes the evocation of aversive memory in female rats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Bussinger de Souza Penna
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Program of Biomedical Sciences: Physiology and Pharmacology, Federal Fluminense University, Niteroi, Brazil; Institute of Biology, Program of Neurosciences, Federal Fluminense University, Niteroi, Brazil
| | - Samara Gumiéro Costa
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Program of Biomedical Sciences: Physiology and Pharmacology, Federal Fluminense University, Niteroi, Brazil
| | | | - Pablo Pandolfo
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Program of Biomedical Sciences: Physiology and Pharmacology, Federal Fluminense University, Niteroi, Brazil; Institute of Biology, Program of Neurosciences, Federal Fluminense University, Niteroi, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Pallangyo P, Bhalia SV, Komba M, Mkojera ZS, Manji ES, Millinga J, Gandye Y, Kisenge PR. Acute myocardial infarction following "dry scooping" of a pre-workout supplement in a healthy young man of African origin: A case report. SAGE Open Med Case Rep 2024; 12:2050313X241261157. [PMID: 38881969 PMCID: PMC11179451 DOI: 10.1177/2050313x241261157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Dry scooping, a rather risky act of consuming undiluted pre-workout protein powder hoping for a more pronounced energy surge, is increasingly becoming a fitness trend worldwide. A previously healthy 25-year-old man of African origin presented with acute onset of crushing mid-sternal chest pain for 4 h. His symptoms began about an hour following completion of his 2-h exercise regimen at the gym. He had an unremarkable past medical history except for an 8-month consumption of a pre-workout supplement as part of his gym routine. He claimed to have adhered to the manufacturer's recommended method of using the supplement, except for 3 days prior to presentation when he started "dry scooping" following the viewing of a video advocating such practice from his fitness WhatsApp group. Cardiac evaluation revealed features in keeping with diagnosis of anterolateral ST-elevation myocardial infarction. Emergency coronary angiography revealed a thrombotic lesion completely occluding the proximal left anterior descending coronary artery with TIMI 0 flow distally. After successful balloon angioplasty, a drug-eluting stent was implanted successfully, restoring TIMI 3 flow to the proximal left anterior descending coronary artery. This case report aims to raise awareness among both clinicians and the general public regarding the pervasiveness of pre-workout supplements, improper methods of consumption, and the potential life-threatening repercussions of misuse.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Pallangyo
- Department of Research and Training, Jakaya Kikwete Cardiac Institute, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
- Department of Cardiology, Jakaya Kikwete Cardiac Institute, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Smita V Bhalia
- Department of Cardiology, Jakaya Kikwete Cardiac Institute, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Makrina Komba
- Department of Research and Training, Jakaya Kikwete Cardiac Institute, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Zabella S Mkojera
- Department of Research and Training, Jakaya Kikwete Cardiac Institute, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Eva S Manji
- Department of Clinical Support Services, Jakaya Kikwete Cardiac Institute, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Jalack Millinga
- Department of Nursing, Jakaya Kikwete Cardiac Institute, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Yona Gandye
- Department of Cardiology, Jakaya Kikwete Cardiac Institute, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Peter R Kisenge
- Department of Cardiology, Jakaya Kikwete Cardiac Institute, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Drwal A, Pałka T, Tota L, Wiecha S, Čech P, Strzała M, Maciejczyk M. Acute effects of multi-ingredient pre-workout dietary supplement on anaerobic performance in untrained men: a randomized, crossover, single blind study. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil 2024; 16:128. [PMID: 38853269 PMCID: PMC11163698 DOI: 10.1186/s13102-024-00918-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multi-ingredient pre-workout dietary supplements (MIPS), which are combinations of different ingredients acting on different physiological mechanisms, can have a synergistic effect and improve performance. The aim of the study was to determine the acute effects of a multi-ingredient pre-workout supplement containing: beta-alanine, taurine, caffeine, L-tyrosine, and cayenne pepper (capsaicin) on anaerobic performance. METHODS A randomized, crossover, single-blind study was designed. Twelve young, healthy, untrained men aged 22.4 ± 1.44 years participated in the study. The participants performed a supramaximal all-out test (20 s Wingate test) twice, day by day, in random order: test after placebo or MIPS consumption. In both trials, the following variables were measured in the exercise test: total work performed, peak power, mean power, time to reach peak power, and power decrease. RESULTS MIPS was found to be effective in improving peak power (p = 0.009, ES = 0.77) and mean power (p = 0.04, ES = 0.62) in the Wingate test. However, the supplement consumption did not affect the amount of total work done (p = 0.10, ES = 0.48) in the test or power decrease (p = 0.07, ES = 0.53). The data indicate, that the improvement in anaerobic power was due to a significant improvement in pedaling speed, which was manifested in a significant improvement (i.e. shortening) in time to peak power (p = 0.003, ES = 0.88). CONCLUSION A multi-ingredient pre-workout dietary supplement was found to be effective in improving Wingate (anaerobic) performance. TRIAL REGISTRATION NCT06363669, retrospectively registered on 11.04.2024 (ClinicalTrials.gov).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aleksander Drwal
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, University of Physical Education, Kraków, Poland
| | - Tomasz Pałka
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, University of Physical Education, Kraków, Poland
| | - Lukasz Tota
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, University of Physical Education, Kraków, Poland
| | - Szczepan Wiecha
- Department of Physical Education and Health, Faculty in Biala Podlaska, Józef Piłsudski University of Physical Education, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Pavol Čech
- Department of Educology and Sport, University of Presov, Presov, Slovakia
| | - Marek Strzała
- Department of Water Sports, University of Physical Education, Kraków, Poland
| | - Marcin Maciejczyk
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, University of Physical Education, Kraków, Poland.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Douligeris A, Methenitis S, Stavropoulos-Kalinoglou A, Panayiotou G, Vogazianos P, Lazou A, Feidantsis K, Giaginis C, Papanikolaou K, Arnaoutis G, Manios Y, Jamurtas AZ, Papadopoulou SK. Effects of Four Weeks of In-Season Pre-Workout Supplementation on Performance, Body Composition, Muscle Damage, and Health-Related Markers in Basketball Players: A Randomized Controlled Study. J Funct Morphol Kinesiol 2024; 9:85. [PMID: 38804451 PMCID: PMC11130865 DOI: 10.3390/jfmk9020085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2024] [Revised: 05/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
This randomized, double-blinded, experimental study investigated the effects of a four-week daily pre-workout supplementation (200 mg caffeine, 3.3 g creatine monohydrate, 3.2 g β-alanine, 6 g citrulline malate, and 5 g BCAA) vs. placebo (isocaloric maltodextrin) on anaerobic (jumping, sprinting, agility, and the running-based anaerobic sprint test: RAST) and aerobic (Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test level 1) performance, as well as on body composition and selective muscle damage/health-related blood markers in well-trained basketball players during the in-season period. Eighteen basketball players (age: 24.4 ± 6.3 years, height: 185.7 ± 8.0 cm, weight: 85.7 ± 12.8 kg, body fat: 16.5 ± 4.2%) were randomly assigned into two groups: pre-workout supplement (PWS, n = 10) or placebo (PL, n = 8). PWS consumption increased aerobic performance (PWS: 8 ± 6%; PL: -2 ± 6%; p = 0.004) compared to PL. A significant decrease was observed in peak (F = 7.0; p = 0.017), average (F = 10.7; p = 0.005), and minimum power (F = 5.1; p = 0.039) following 4 weeks of supplementation in both groups. No other significant changes were observed between groups (p > 0.05). In conclusion, the consumption of the current PWS over a four-week period appears to positively influence the aerobic performance of well-trained basketball players during the in-season period. However, it does not appear to mitigate the observed decline in anaerobic power, nor does it affect performance in jumping, sprinting, and agility, or alter body composition or selective muscle damage/health-related blood markers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Athanasios Douligeris
- Department of Nutrition Sciences and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, International Hellenic University, GR-57400 Thessaloniki, Greece; (A.D.); (S.M.); (K.F.)
| | - Spyridon Methenitis
- Department of Nutrition Sciences and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, International Hellenic University, GR-57400 Thessaloniki, Greece; (A.D.); (S.M.); (K.F.)
- Sports Performance Laboratory, School of Physical Education & Sports Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, GR-15772 Athens, Greece
- Theseus, Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Center, GR-17671 Athens, Greece
| | - Antonios Stavropoulos-Kalinoglou
- Carnegie School of Sports, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds LS1 3HE, UK;
- Department of Physical Education & Sport Science, University of Thessaly, GR-42100 Trikala, Greece; (K.P.); (A.Z.J.)
| | - George Panayiotou
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Sciences, European University Cyprus, 1516 Nicosia, Cyprus;
| | - Paris Vogazianos
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, School of Humanities, Social and Education Sciences, European University Cyprus, 2404 Nicosia, Cyprus;
| | - Antonia Lazou
- Department of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, GR-11527 Athens, Greece;
| | - Konstantinos Feidantsis
- Department of Nutrition Sciences and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, International Hellenic University, GR-57400 Thessaloniki, Greece; (A.D.); (S.M.); (K.F.)
- Department of Fisheries and Aquaculture, School of Agricultural Sciences, University of Patras, GR-26504 Mesolonghi, Greece
| | - Constantinos Giaginis
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, School of Environment, University of the Aegean, GR-81400 Myrina, Greece;
| | - Konstantinos Papanikolaou
- Department of Physical Education & Sport Science, University of Thessaly, GR-42100 Trikala, Greece; (K.P.); (A.Z.J.)
| | - Giannis Arnaoutis
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Health Sciences and Education, Harokopio University, GR-17671 Athens, Greece; (G.A.); (Y.M.)
| | - Yannis Manios
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Health Sciences and Education, Harokopio University, GR-17671 Athens, Greece; (G.A.); (Y.M.)
- Institute of Agri-Food and Life Sciences, Hellenic Mediterranean University Research Centre, GR-71410 Heraklion, Greece
| | - Athanasios Z. Jamurtas
- Department of Physical Education & Sport Science, University of Thessaly, GR-42100 Trikala, Greece; (K.P.); (A.Z.J.)
| | - Sousana K. Papadopoulou
- Department of Nutrition Sciences and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, International Hellenic University, GR-57400 Thessaloniki, Greece; (A.D.); (S.M.); (K.F.)
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Gurley BJ. Clinically Relevant Herb-Drug Interactions: A 30-Year Historical Assessment. J Diet Suppl 2024:1-27. [PMID: 38504455 DOI: 10.1080/19390211.2024.2327544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
The Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act, a legislative measure ushering in a novel class of complementary healthcare products known as dietary supplements, will mark its 30th anniversary in October 2024. Over this 30-year period, dietary supplement usage evolved from a few hundred products made up mostly of vitamins, minerals, and select botanical extracts to more than 75,000 single- and multi-ingredient products that are now regular staples in the American healthcare system and used by half of all U.S. consumers. One of the fastest-growing segments of the dietary supplement market during this 3-decade interval has been those products formulated with botanical extracts. Coincident with the growing popularity of botanical dietary supplements (BDS) has been their concomitant ingestion with conventional prescription medications. BDS are complex mixtures of phytochemicals oftentimes exhibiting complex pharmacology. Formulated as concentrated phytochemical extracts, BDS are vehicles for a host of plant secondary metabolites rarely encountered in the typical diet. When taken with prescription drugs, BDS may give rise to clinically significant herb-drug interactions (HDI). Pharmacodynamic HDI describe interactions between phytochemicals and conventional medications at the drug receptor level, while pharmacokinetic HDI stem from phytochemical-mediated induction and/or inhibition of human drug metabolizing enzymes and/or transporters. This review summarizes BDS identified over the last 30 years that pose clinically relevant HDI and whose mechanisms are either pharmacodynamically or pharmacokinetically mediated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bill J Gurley
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, University of MS, University, MS, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Pfender E, Bleakley A. An Elicitation Study to Understand Young Adults' Beliefs About Seeking Health Information From Social Media Influencers. QUALITATIVE HEALTH RESEARCH 2024; 34:205-216. [PMID: 37933624 DOI: 10.1177/10497323231208391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2023]
Abstract
Social media influencers increasingly make health recommendations on social media. Research on influencer health messaging is mixed in that some studies show it can result in misleading or harmful health information, and others demonstrate it can lead to beneficial behavioral outcomes. However, there is little research on young adults' beliefs about following health guidance from influencers. Guided by the reasoned action approach, this study examined young adults' attitudes, normative beliefs, and control in seeking health information from social media influencers using focus groups (n = 31). Results suggest that young adults obtain health information from influencers and perceive them as a source of health education. Several barriers to getting health information from influencers were mentioned, including sponsorship, lack of credibility, and perceived normative pressure to critically analyze influencer content from peers and family. Practical and theoretical implications for future research are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emily Pfender
- Department of Communication, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
| | - Amy Bleakley
- Department of Communication, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Beyer KS, Gadsden M, Patterson-Zuber P, Gonzalez AM. A single dose multi-ingredient pre-workout supplement enhances upper body resistance exercise performance. Front Nutr 2024; 11:1323408. [PMID: 38321990 PMCID: PMC10846641 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2024.1323408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Multi-ingredient pre-workout supplements (MIPS) are commonly used by individuals looking to enhance exercise performance and augment adaptations to training. However, the efficacy of commercially available MIPS is largely dependent on the ingredient profile, and new formulations should be investigated to determine their effectiveness. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine the effects of a commercially available MIPS product on performance during an upper body resistance exercise protocol. Methods Twenty resistance-trained participants (10 men, 10 women) volunteered to complete this double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study consisting of 3 visits. Visit 1 consisted of body composition, 1-repetition maximum (1RM) testing, and familiarization. Visits 2 and 3 consisted of supplementation with either MIPS or placebo (PLA) 1 h prior to completion of an upper body resistance exercise workout during which power output, repetitions completed, rating of perceived exertion (RPE), and perceived recovery were recorded. Assessments of reaction time, isometric mid-thigh pull, and perceived levels of focus, energy, fatigue, and "muscle pump" were also completed before supplementation, 1 h after supplementation, and immediately after exercise. Results Statistical analysis revealed significant main effects of trial for reaction time (p < 0.001) and bench press peak power (p = 0.026) indicating better performance during the MIPS trial. Furthermore, total number of repetitions completed significantly increased (p = 0.003) during the MIPS (96.90 ± 21.31 repetitions) trial compared to PLA (89.50 ± 18.37 repetitions). Additionally, overall session RPE was significantly lower (p = 0.002) during the MIPS (7.6 ± 1.2) trial compared to PLA (8.3 ± 0.9). Discussion These findings suggest that acute supplementation with this MIPS improved upper body resistance exercise performance while reducing participant RPE. Further research should investigate the efficacy of chronic supplementation with this MIPS as the acute response provided an ergogenic benefit.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kyle S. Beyer
- Resistance Exercise, Physiology, and Sport Laboratory, Department of Health and Exercise Physiology, Ursinus College, Collegeville, PA, United States
| | - Max Gadsden
- Resistance Exercise, Physiology, and Sport Laboratory, Department of Health and Exercise Physiology, Ursinus College, Collegeville, PA, United States
| | - Patrick Patterson-Zuber
- Resistance Exercise, Physiology, and Sport Laboratory, Department of Health and Exercise Physiology, Ursinus College, Collegeville, PA, United States
| | - Adam M. Gonzalez
- Department of Allied Health and Kinesiology, Hofstra University, Hempstead, NY, United States
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Jagim AR, Harty PS, Tinsley GM, Kerksick CM, Gonzalez AM, Kreider RB, Arent SM, Jager R, Smith-Ryan AE, Stout JR, Campbell BI, VanDusseldorp T, Antonio J. International society of sports nutrition position stand: energy drinks and energy shots. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2023; 20:2171314. [PMID: 36862943 PMCID: PMC9987737 DOI: 10.1080/15502783.2023.2171314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 03/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Position Statement: The International Society of Sports Nutrition (ISSN) bases the following position stand on a critical analysis of the literature regarding the effects of energy drink (ED) or energy shot (ES) consumption on acute exercise performance, metabolism, and cognition, along with synergistic exercise-related performance outcomes and training adaptations. The following 13 points constitute the consensus of the Society and have been approved by the Research Committee of the Society: Energy drinks (ED) commonly contain caffeine, taurine, ginseng, guarana, carnitine, choline, B vitamins (vitamins B1, B2, B3, B5, B6, B9, and B12), vitamin C, vitamin A (beta carotene), vitamin D, electrolytes (sodium, potassium, magnesium, and calcium), sugars (nutritive and non-nutritive sweeteners), tyrosine, and L-theanine, with prevalence for each ingredient ranging from 1.3 to 100%. Energy drinks can enhance acute aerobic exercise performance, largely influenced by the amount of caffeine (> 200 mg or >3 mg∙kg bodyweight [BW-1]) in the beverage. Although ED and ES contain several nutrients that are purported to affect mental and/or physical performance, the primary ergogenic nutrients in most ED and ES based on scientific evidence appear to be caffeine and/or the carbohydrate provision. The ergogenic value of caffeine on mental and physical performance has been well-established, but the potential additive benefits of other nutrients contained in ED and ES remains to be determined. Consuming ED and ES 10-60 minutes before exercise can improve mental focus, alertness, anaerobic performance, and/or endurance performance with doses >3 mg∙kg BW-1. Consuming ED and ES containing at least 3 mg∙kg BW-1 caffeine is most likely to benefit maximal lower-body power production. Consuming ED and ES can improve endurance, repeat sprint performance, and sport-specific tasks in the context of team sports. Many ED and ES contain numerous ingredients that either have not been studied or evaluated in combination with other nutrients contained in the ED or ES. For this reason, these products need to be studied to demonstrate efficacy of single- and multi-nutrient formulations for physical and cognitive performance as well as for safety. Limited evidence is available to suggest that consumption of low-calorie ED and ES during training and/or weight loss trials may provide ergogenic benefit and/or promote additional weight control, potentially through enhanced training capacity. However, ingestion of higher calorie ED may promote weight gain if the energy intake from consumption of ED is not carefully considered as part of the total daily energy intake. Individuals should consider the impact of regular coingestion of high glycemic index carbohydrates from ED and ES on metabolic health, blood glucose, and insulin levels. Adolescents (aged 12 through 18) should exercise caution and seek parental guidance when considering the consumption of ED and ES, particularly in excessive amounts (e.g. > 400 mg), as limited evidence is available regarding the safety of these products among this population. Additionally, ED and ES are not recommended for children (aged 2-12), those who are pregnant, trying to become pregnant, or breastfeeding and those who are sensitive to caffeine. Diabetics and individuals with preexisting cardiovascular, metabolic, hepatorenal, and/or neurologic disease who are taking medications that may be affected by high glycemic load foods, caffeine, and/or other stimulants should exercise caution and consult with their physician prior to consuming ED. The decision to consume ED or ES should be based upon the beverage's content of carbohydrate, caffeine, and other nutrients and a thorough understanding of the potential side effects. Indiscriminate use of ED or ES, especially if multiple servings per day are consumed or when consumed with other caffeinated beverages and/or foods, may lead to adverse effects. The purpose of this review is to provide an update to the position stand of the International Society of Sports Nutrition (ISSN) integrating current literature on ED and ES in exercise, sport, and medicine. The effects of consuming these beverages on acute exercise performance, metabolism, markers of clinical health, and cognition are addressed, as well as more chronic effects when evaluating ED/ES use with exercise-related training adaptions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew R. Jagim
- Sports Medicine, Mayo Clinic Health System, La Crosse, WI, USA
- Exercise & Sport Science, University of Wisconsin – La Crosse, La Crosse, WI, USA
| | - Patrick S. Harty
- Exercise & Performance Nutrition Laboratory, Lindenwood University, St. Charles, MO, USA
| | - Grant M. Tinsley
- Energy Balance and Body Composition Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology & Sport Management, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Chad M. Kerksick
- Sports Medicine, Mayo Clinic Health System, La Crosse, WI, USA
- Exercise & Performance Nutrition Laboratory, Lindenwood University, St. Charles, MO, USA
| | - Adam M. Gonzalez
- Department of Allied Health and Kinesiology, Hofstra University, Hempstead, NY, USA
| | - Richard B. Kreider
- Exercise & Sport Nutrition Lab, Department of Kinesiology and Sport Management, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Shawn M Arent
- Department of Exercise Science, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | | | - Abbie E. Smith-Ryan
- Applied Physiology Laboratory, Department of Exercise & Sport Science, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Jeffrey R. Stout
- School of Kinesiology and Rehabilitation Science, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Bill I. Campbell
- Performance & Physique Enhancement Laboratory, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Trisha VanDusseldorp
- Bonafede Health, LLC, JDS Therapeutics, Harrison, NY, USA
- Department of Health and Exercise Sciences, Jacksonville University, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Jose Antonio
- Department of Health and Human Performance, Nova Southeastern University, Davie, FL, USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Rodriguez C, Stratton MT, Harty PS, Siedler MR, Boykin JR, Green JJ, Keith DS, White SJ, DeHaven B, Brojanac A, Tinoco E, Taylor LW, Tinsley GM. Effects of a ready-to-drink thermogenic beverage on resting energy expenditure, hemodynamic function, and subjective outcomes. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2023; 20:2211958. [PMID: 37162193 PMCID: PMC10173796 DOI: 10.1080/15502783.2023.2211958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Thermogenic supplements are often consumed by individuals seeking to improve energy levels and reduce body fat. These supplements are sold in powdered or ready-to-drink (RTD) forms and consist of a blend of ingredients such as caffeine, green tea extract, and other botanical compounds. While there is evidence that thermogenic supplements can positively affect resting energy expenditure (REE), the effect varies based on the combination of active ingredients. Additionally, there is some concern that thermogenic supplements may cause unwanted side effects on hemodynamic variables, like heart rate (HR) and blood pressure (BP). Therefore, further investigation into the efficacy and safety of commercially available products is warranted. METHODS Twenty-eight individuals (14 F, 14 M; age: 23.3 ± 3.9 yrs; height: 169.4 ± 8.6 cm; body mass: 73.3 ± 13.1 kg) completed two visits in a randomized, double-blind, crossover fashion. Each visit began with baseline REE, HR, and BP assessments, which were followed by ingestion of an active RTD thermogenic beverage (RTD; OxyShred Ultra Energy) or placebo (PL). Assessments were repeated at the intervals of 35-50- and 85-100-minutes post-ingestion. In addition, subjective outcomes of energy, focus, concentration, alertness, and mood were collected five times throughout each visit. Repeated-measures analysis of variance was performed with condition and time specified as within-subjects factors and sex and resistance training (RT) status as between-subjects factors. Statistical significance was accepted at p < 0.05. RESULTS A significant condition × time interaction was observed for REE (p < 0.001). Higher REE values were demonstrated at 35-50 min (0.08 ± 0.02 kcal/min; p = 0.001; 5.2% difference) and 85-100 min (0.08 ± 0.02 kcal/min; p = 0.001; 5.5% difference) after RTD ingestion as compared to PL. No significant condition × time interactions were observed for respiratory quotient, HR, or BP. Condition main effects indicated lower HR (3.0 ± 0.9 bpm; p = 0.003), higher SBP (3.5 ± 1.1 mm Hg; p = 0.003) and higher DBP (3.5 ± 0.9 mm Hg; p < 0.001) in RTD as compared to PL, irrespective of time. Condition × time interactions were observed for all subjective outcomes (p ≤ 0.02). Post hoc tests indicated statistically significant benefits of the RTD over PL for energy, focus, concentration, and alertness, without significant differences for mood after correction for multiple comparisons. Sex and RT status were not involved in interactions for any outcomes, except for a Sex × RT status interaction for energy, indicating higher energy ratings in non-resistance-trained vs. resistance-trained males. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that acute ingestion of a thermogenic RTD beverage significantly increases REE, and this elevated caloric expenditure is sustained for at least 100 minutes following ingestion. Furthermore, the RTD beverage increased measures of energy, focus, concentration, and alertness as compared to placebo. While minor differences in hemodynamic variables were observed between conditions, all values stayed within normal ranges. Individuals aiming to increase energy expenditure may benefit from acute ingestion of an RTD thermogenic supplement.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christian Rodriguez
- Texas Tech University, Energy Balance & Body Composition Laboratory; Department of Kinesiology & Sport Management, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Matthew T Stratton
- Texas Tech University, Energy Balance & Body Composition Laboratory; Department of Kinesiology & Sport Management, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Patrick S Harty
- Texas Tech University, Energy Balance & Body Composition Laboratory; Department of Kinesiology & Sport Management, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Madelin R Siedler
- Texas Tech University, Energy Balance & Body Composition Laboratory; Department of Kinesiology & Sport Management, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Jake R Boykin
- Texas Tech University, Energy Balance & Body Composition Laboratory; Department of Kinesiology & Sport Management, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Jacob J Green
- Texas Tech University, Energy Balance & Body Composition Laboratory; Department of Kinesiology & Sport Management, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Dale S Keith
- Texas Tech University, Energy Balance & Body Composition Laboratory; Department of Kinesiology & Sport Management, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Sarah J White
- Texas Tech University, Energy Balance & Body Composition Laboratory; Department of Kinesiology & Sport Management, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Brielle DeHaven
- Texas Tech University, Energy Balance & Body Composition Laboratory; Department of Kinesiology & Sport Management, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Alexandra Brojanac
- Texas Tech University, Energy Balance & Body Composition Laboratory; Department of Kinesiology & Sport Management, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Ethan Tinoco
- Texas Tech University, Energy Balance & Body Composition Laboratory; Department of Kinesiology & Sport Management, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Lem W Taylor
- University of Mary Hardin-Baylor, Human Performance Laboratory, School of Exercise and Sport Science, Belton, TX, USA
| | - Grant M Tinsley
- Texas Tech University, Energy Balance & Body Composition Laboratory; Department of Kinesiology & Sport Management, Lubbock, TX, USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Siedler MR, Rodriguez C, White SJ, Tinoco E, DeHaven B, Brojanac A, LaValle C, Rasco J, Taylor LW, Tinsley GM. Chronic Thermogenic Dietary Supplement Consumption: Effects on Body Composition, Anthropometrics, and Metabolism. Nutrients 2023; 15:4806. [PMID: 38004200 PMCID: PMC10674526 DOI: 10.3390/nu15224806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Multi-ingredient thermogenic supplements can acutely increase resting energy expenditure (REE) and subjective energy. However, less is understood about the effects of chronic consumption on body composition, metabolism, and subjective variables such as mood, sleep quality, and eating behaviors. Fifty-two healthy, exercise-trained participants (50% female; mean ± SD age: 23.5 ± 3.0 years; body fat percentage: 27.3 ± 8.0%) were randomized 2:2:1 to take a whey protein supplement alone (PRO; n = 20), in combination with a thermogenic supplement (PRO + FB; n = 19), or no supplement at all (CON; n = 13) for four weeks. Body composition, anthropometric, metabolic, hemodynamic, and subjective outcomes were collected before and after the intervention. Greater changes in REE occurred in PRO + FB as compared to CON (111.2 kcal/d, 95% CI 2.4 to 219.9 kcal/d, p = 0.04), without significant differences between PRO and CON (42.7 kcal/d, 95% CI -65.0 to 150.3 kcal/d, p = 0.61) or between PRO + FB and PRO (68.5 kcal/d, 95% CI -28.3, 165.3, p = 0.21). No changes in hemodynamic outcomes (blood pressure and heart rate) were observed. In exercising adults, four weeks of supplementation with protein and a multi-ingredient thermogenic product maintained fasted REE as compared to no supplementation, for which a decrease in REE was observed, without differential effects on body composition, anthropometrics, or subjective variables.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Madelin R. Siedler
- Energy Balance & Body Composition Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology & Sport Management, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA; (M.R.S.); (C.R.); (S.J.W.); (E.T.); (B.D.); (A.B.); (C.L.); (J.R.)
| | - Christian Rodriguez
- Energy Balance & Body Composition Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology & Sport Management, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA; (M.R.S.); (C.R.); (S.J.W.); (E.T.); (B.D.); (A.B.); (C.L.); (J.R.)
| | - Sarah J. White
- Energy Balance & Body Composition Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology & Sport Management, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA; (M.R.S.); (C.R.); (S.J.W.); (E.T.); (B.D.); (A.B.); (C.L.); (J.R.)
| | - Ethan Tinoco
- Energy Balance & Body Composition Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology & Sport Management, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA; (M.R.S.); (C.R.); (S.J.W.); (E.T.); (B.D.); (A.B.); (C.L.); (J.R.)
| | - Brielle DeHaven
- Energy Balance & Body Composition Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology & Sport Management, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA; (M.R.S.); (C.R.); (S.J.W.); (E.T.); (B.D.); (A.B.); (C.L.); (J.R.)
| | - Alexandra Brojanac
- Energy Balance & Body Composition Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology & Sport Management, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA; (M.R.S.); (C.R.); (S.J.W.); (E.T.); (B.D.); (A.B.); (C.L.); (J.R.)
| | - Christian LaValle
- Energy Balance & Body Composition Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology & Sport Management, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA; (M.R.S.); (C.R.); (S.J.W.); (E.T.); (B.D.); (A.B.); (C.L.); (J.R.)
| | - Jaylynn Rasco
- Energy Balance & Body Composition Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology & Sport Management, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA; (M.R.S.); (C.R.); (S.J.W.); (E.T.); (B.D.); (A.B.); (C.L.); (J.R.)
| | - Lem W. Taylor
- Human Performance Laboratory, School of Exercise and Sport Science, University of Mary Hardin-Baylor, Belton, TX 76513, USA;
| | - Grant M. Tinsley
- Energy Balance & Body Composition Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology & Sport Management, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA; (M.R.S.); (C.R.); (S.J.W.); (E.T.); (B.D.); (A.B.); (C.L.); (J.R.)
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Townsend JR, Kirby TO, Sapp PA, Gonzalez AM, Marshall TM, Esposito R. Nutrient synergy: definition, evidence, and future directions. Front Nutr 2023; 10:1279925. [PMID: 37899823 PMCID: PMC10600480 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1279925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Nutrient synergy refers to the concept that the combined effects of two or more nutrients working together have a greater physiological impact on the body than when each nutrient is consumed individually. While nutrition science traditionally focuses on isolating single nutrients to study their effects, it is recognized that nutrients interact in complex ways, and their combined consumption can lead to additive effects. Additionally, the Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs) provide guidelines to prevent nutrient deficiencies and excessive intake but are not designed to assess the potential synergistic effects of consuming nutrients together. Even the term synergy is often applied in different manners depending on the scientific discipline. Considering these issues, the aim of this narrative review is to investigate the potential health benefits of consuming different nutrients and nutrient supplements in combination, a concept we define as nutrient synergy, which has gained considerable attention for its impact on overall well-being. We will examine how nutrient synergy affects major bodily systems, influencing systemic health. Additionally, we will address the challenges associated with promoting and conducting research on this topic, while proposing potential solutions to enhance the quality and quantity of scientific literature on nutrient synergy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy R. Townsend
- Research, Nutrition, and Innovation, Athletic Greens International, Carson City, NV, United States
- Health & Human Performance, Concordia University Chicago, River Forest, IL, United States
| | - Trevor O. Kirby
- Research, Nutrition, and Innovation, Athletic Greens International, Carson City, NV, United States
| | - Philip A. Sapp
- Research, Nutrition, and Innovation, Athletic Greens International, Carson City, NV, United States
| | - Adam M. Gonzalez
- Department of Allied Health and Kinesiology, Hofstra University, Hempstead, NY, United States
| | - Tess M. Marshall
- Research, Nutrition, and Innovation, Athletic Greens International, Carson City, NV, United States
| | - Ralph Esposito
- Research, Nutrition, and Innovation, Athletic Greens International, Carson City, NV, United States
- Department of Nutrition, Food Studies, and Public Health, New York University-Steinhardt, New York, NY, United States
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Haugen ME, Vårvik FT, Grgic J, Studsrud H, Austheim E, Zimmermann EM, Falch HN, Larsen S, van den Tillaar R, Bjørnsen T. Effect of isolated and combined ingestion of caffeine and citrulline malate on resistance exercise and jumping performance: a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled crossover study. Eur J Nutr 2023; 62:2963-2975. [PMID: 37450275 PMCID: PMC10468939 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-023-03212-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study was to explore the isolated and combined effects of caffeine and citrulline malate (CitMal) on jumping performance, muscular strength, muscular endurance, and pain perception in resistance-trained participants. METHODS Using a randomized and double-blind study design, 35 resistance-trained males (n = 18) and females (n = 17) completed four testing sessions following the ingestion of isolated caffeine (5 mg/kg), isolated CitMal (12 g), combined doses of caffeine and CitMal, and placebo. Supplements were ingested 60 min before performing a countermovement jump (CMJ) test (outcomes included jump height, rate of force development, peak force, and peak power), one-repetition maximum (1RM) squat and bench press, and repetitions to muscular failure in the squat and bench press with 60% of 1RM. Pain perception was evaluated following the repetitions to failure tests. The study was registered at ISRCTN (registration number: ISRCTN11694009). RESULTS Compared to the placebo condition, isolated caffeine ingestion and co-ingestion of caffeine and CitMal significantly enhanced strength in 1RM bench press (Cohen's d: 0.05-0.06; 2.5-2.7%), muscular endurance in the squat (d: 0.46-0.58; 18.6-18.7%) and bench press (d: 0.48-0.64; 9.3-9.5%). However, there was no significant difference between isolated caffeine ingestion and caffeine co-ingested with CitMal, and isolated CitMal supplementation did not have an ergogenic effect in any outcome. No main effect of condition was found in the analysis for CMJ-derived variables, 1RM squat and pain perception. CONCLUSION Caffeine ingestion appears to be ergogenic for muscular strength and muscular endurance, while adding CitMal does not seem to further enhance these effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Fredrik Tonstad Vårvik
- Department of Sport Science and Physical Education, Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Agder, Kristiansand, Norway
- Norwegian Olympic and Paralympic Committee and Confederation of Sports, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jozo Grgic
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Henrik Studsrud
- Department of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, Nord University, Levanger, Norway
| | - Espen Austheim
- Department of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, Nord University, Levanger, Norway
| | | | | | - Stian Larsen
- Department of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, Nord University, Levanger, Norway
| | | | - Thomas Bjørnsen
- Department of Sport Science and Physical Education, Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Agder, Kristiansand, Norway
- Norwegian Olympic and Paralympic Committee and Confederation of Sports, Oslo, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Teece AR, Beaven M, Argus CK, Gill N, Driller MW. Comparing Perceived Sleep Quality, Practices, and Behaviors of Male and Female Elite Rugby Union Athletes with the Use of Sleep Questionnaires. Sleep Sci 2023; 16:e271-e277. [PMID: 38196769 PMCID: PMC10773513 DOI: 10.1055/s-0043-1772788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective To evaluate the differences in subjective sleep quality, quantity, and behaviors among male and female elite rugby union athletes through two common sleep questionnaires. Materials and Methods A sample of 38 male and 27 female elite rugby union athletes filled out the Athlete Sleep Behavior Questionnaire (ASBQ) and the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI). Global scores and individual items for each questionnaire were compared to assess differences between sexes. Results Male athletes reported significantly longer sleep duration (7 h 50 m ± 50 m versus 7h 12 m ± 58 m respectively; p ≤ 0.01; d = 0.70) and higher habitual sleep efficiency (88% versus 83% respectively; p < 0.05; d = 0.54) when compared with female athletes. Individual items of the ASBQ revealed significant differences between male and female athletes for five questions. Male athletes displayed higher instances of taking stimulants before training or competition and consuming alcohol within 4 hours of going to bed. Conversely, female athletes expressed greater thought or worry while in bed and a higher instance of training late at night. Discussion Male athletes displayed better self-reported sleep quality and quantity than female athletes; however, the present study highlighted that male and female elite rugby union athletes face specific challenges that differ. It appears that the differences observed between male and female elite rugby union athletes may be due to differing levels of professionalism or differences in training or competition schedules.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Angus R. Teece
- Te Huataki Waiora School of Health, University of Waikato, Hamilton, Waikato, New Zealand
| | - Martyn Beaven
- Te Huataki Waiora School of Health, University of Waikato, Hamilton, Waikato, New Zealand
| | | | | | - Matthew W. Driller
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Nutrition Science, School of Allied Health, Human Services and Sport, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Kovács I, Liska F, Veres Z. Motivational Drivers behind the Consumption of Dietary Supplements by Leisure-Time Athletes. Foods 2023; 12:3044. [PMID: 37628043 PMCID: PMC10453596 DOI: 10.3390/foods12163044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of dietary supplement use has been growing continuously worldwide. Nevertheless, limited research evidence is available on dietary supplement usage related to the segment of leisure-time athletes with the determinants of motivational drivers, sport types, and demographic characteristics. This research, which was conducted in Hungary among leisure-time athletes, aims to learn about the demographic and sports characteristics of consumers who identified themselves as active dietary supplement consumers in the survey. The motivational drivers for consuming dietary supplements and their differences, as well as the frequency of dietary supplement consumption in each sports category, are examined. The findings of the study provide valuable insights into the key motivational drivers, among which health preservation, improvement in physical well-being, and cartilage protection are predominant. The results show that there are significant differences between segments taking part in different leisure-time sport activities and age groups when it comes to dietary supplement usage. Three different segments were identified based on the motivational drivers examined. As a limitation, to note is that due to the sample size, the study can be considered as prospective. In practical terms, the results of the study can be used to support marketing projects that aim to reach leisure-time sport athletes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ildikó Kovács
- Department of Marketing, Faculty of International Management and Business, Budapest Business School, University of Applied Sciences, Markó utca 29-31, 1055 Budapest, Hungary;
| | - Fanny Liska
- Department of Marketing, Faculty of Business and Economics, University of Pannonia, Egyetem utca 10, 8200 Veszprém, Hungary;
| | - Zoltán Veres
- Department of Marketing, Faculty of Business and Economics, University of Pannonia, Egyetem utca 10, 8200 Veszprém, Hungary;
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Campanelli-Morais Y, Silva CHF, Dantas MRDN, Sabry DA, Sassaki GL, Moreira SMG, Rocha HAO. A Blend Consisting of Agaran from Seaweed Gracilaria birdiae and Chromium Picolinate Is a Better Antioxidant Agent than These Two Compounds Alone. Mar Drugs 2023; 21:388. [PMID: 37504919 PMCID: PMC10381178 DOI: 10.3390/md21070388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2023] [Revised: 06/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
A blend refers to the combination of two or more components to achieve properties that are superior to those found in the individual products used for their production. Gracilaria birdiae agaran (SPGb) and chromium picolinate (ChrPic) are both antioxidant agents. However, there is no documentation of blends that incorporate agarans and ChrPic. Hence, the objective of this study was to generate blends containing SPGb and ChrPic that exhibit enhanced antioxidant activity compared to SPGb or ChrPic alone. ChrPic was commercially acquired, while SPGb was extracted from the seaweed. Five blends (B1; B2; B3; B4; B5) were produced, and tests indicated B5 as the best antioxidant blend. B5 was not cytotoxic or genotoxic. H2O2 (0.6 mM) induced toxicity in fibroblasts (3T3), and this effect was abolished by B5 (0.05 mg·mL-1); neither ChrPic nor SPGb showed this effect. The cells also showed no signs of toxicity when exposed to H2O2 after being incubated with B5 and ChrPic for 24 h. In another experiment, cells were incubated with H2O2 and later exposed to SPGb, ChrPic, or B5. Again, SPGb was not effective, while cells exposed to ChrPic and B5 reduced MTT by 100%. The data demonstrated that B5 has activity superior to SPGb and ChrPic and points to B5 as a product to be used in future in vivo tests to confirm its antioxidant action. It may also be indicated as a possible nutraceutical agent.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yara Campanelli-Morais
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquimica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Natal 59078-900, Brazil
| | - Cynthia Haynara Ferreira Silva
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquimica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Natal 59078-900, Brazil
| | - Marina Rocha do Nascimento Dantas
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquimica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Natal 59078-900, Brazil
| | - Diego Araujo Sabry
- Dapartamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Natal 59078-900, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Lanzi Sassaki
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Setor de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba 81531-980, Brazil
| | - Susana Margarida Gomes Moreira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquimica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Natal 59078-900, Brazil
- Departamento de Biologia Celular e Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Natal 59078-900, Brazil
| | - Hugo Alexandre Oliveira Rocha
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquimica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Natal 59078-900, Brazil
- Dapartamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Natal 59078-900, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Rukstela A, Lafontant K, Helms E, Escalante G, Phillips K, Campbell BI. Bodybuilding Coaching Strategies Meet Evidence-Based Recommendations: A Qualitative Approach. J Funct Morphol Kinesiol 2023; 8:84. [PMID: 37367248 DOI: 10.3390/jfmk8020084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Bodybuilding is a sport where coaches commonly recommend a variety of nutrition and exercise protocols, supplements, and, sometimes, performance-enhancing drugs (PEDs). The present study sought to gain an understanding of the common decisions and rationales employed by bodybuilding coaches. Focusing on coaches of the more muscular divisions in the National Physique Committee/IFBB Professional League federations (men's classic physique, men's bodybuilding, women's physique, women's bodybuilding) for both natural and enhanced athletes, coaches were recruited via word of mouth and social media, and 33 responded to an anonymous online survey. Survey responses indicated that participant coaches recommend three-to-seven meals per day and no less than 2 g/kg/day of protein regardless of sex, division, or PED usage. During contest preparation, participant coaches alter a natural competitor's protein intake by -25% to +10% and an enhanced competitor's protein intake by 0% to +25%. Regarding cardiovascular exercise protocols, approximately two-thirds of participant coaches recommend fasted cardiovascular exercise, with the common rationale of combining the exercise with thermogenic supplements while considering the athlete's preference. Low- and moderate-intensity steady state were the most commonly recommended types of cardiovascular exercise among participant coaches; high-intensity interval training was the least popular. Creatine was ranked in the top two supplements for all surveyed categories. Regarding PEDs, testosterone, growth hormone, and methenolone were consistently ranked in the top five recommended PEDs by participant coaches. The results of this study provide insight into common themes in the decisions made by bodybuilding coaches, and highlight areas in which more research is needed to empirically support those decisions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexa Rukstela
- Performance and Physique Enhancement Laboratory, Exercise Science Program, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA
| | - Kworweinski Lafontant
- Performance and Physique Enhancement Laboratory, Exercise Science Program, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA
| | - Eric Helms
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
- Muscle Physiology Laboratory, Department of Exercise Science and Health Promotion, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL 33431, USA
| | - Guillermo Escalante
- Department of Kinesiology, California State University, San Bernardino, CA 92407, USA
| | - Kara Phillips
- Performance and Physique Enhancement Laboratory, Exercise Science Program, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA
- Department of Kinesiology, Nutrition, and Dietetics, University of Northern Colorado, Greeley, CO 80639, USA
| | - Bill I Campbell
- Performance and Physique Enhancement Laboratory, Exercise Science Program, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Douligeris A, Methenitis S, Lazou A, Panayiotou G, Feidantsis K, Voulgaridou G, Manios Y, Jamurtas AZ, Giaginis C, Papadopoulou SK. The Effect of Acute Pre-Workout Supplement Ingestion on Basketball-Specific Performance of Well-Trained Athletes. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15102304. [PMID: 37242187 DOI: 10.3390/nu15102304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
A pre-workout supplement's (PWS; 200 mg caffeine, 3.3 g creatine monohydrate, 3.2 g β-alanine, 6 g citrulline malate and 5 g branched chained amino acid (BCAA) per dose) acute effects on the alactic (jumping, sprinting, agility), lactic (Running-Based Anaerobic Sprint Test, RAST) and aerobic performance (Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test Level 1, Yo-Yo IRL1 VO2max) of well-trained basketball players was investigated in this double-blind placebo-controlled study. Thirty players (age 18-31 years, height 166-195 cm, weight 70.2-116.7 kg, body fat 10.6-26.4%) were allocated to pre-workout (PWS, n = 15) or placebo (PL, n = 15) groups. Half of the participants in each group performed the evaluations without PWS or PL, while the rest consumed PWS or PL 30 min before the assessments (1st trial) and vice versa (2nd trial). Significant improvements in counter-movement jump (CMJ) (PWS: 4.3 ± 2.1%; PL: 1.2 ± 1.0%), agility (PWS: -2.9 ± 1.8%; PL: 1.8 ± 1.7%), RAST average (PWS: 18.3 ± 9.1%; PL: -2.2 ± 2.0%), minimum power (PWS: 13.7 ± 8.9%; PL: -7.5 ± 5.9%), and fatigue index (PWS: -25.0 ± 0.9%; PL: -4.6 ± 0.6%) were observed in the PWS group vs. the PL group (p < 0.05). No differences were found regarding sprinting, aerobic performance, and blood lactate concentrations. Thus, although players' alactic and lactic anaerobic performance could be improved, peak power, sprinting and aerobic performance are not.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Athanasios Douligeris
- Department of Nutrition Sciences and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, International Hellenic University, 57400 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Spyridon Methenitis
- Department of Nutrition Sciences and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, International Hellenic University, 57400 Thessaloniki, Greece
- Sports Performance Laboratory, School of Physical Education & Sports Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15772 Athens, Greece
- Theseus, Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Center, 17671 Athens, Greece
| | - Antonia Lazou
- Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield AL109AB, UK
| | - George Panayiotou
- Laboratory of Exercise, Health and Human Performance, Applied Sport Science Postgraduate Program, Department of Life Sciences, School of Sciences, European University Cyprus, 1516 Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Konstantinos Feidantsis
- Department of Nutrition Sciences and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, International Hellenic University, 57400 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Gavriela Voulgaridou
- Department of Nutrition Sciences and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, International Hellenic University, 57400 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Yannis Manios
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Health Sciences and Education, Harokopio University, 17671 Athens, Greece
- Institute of Agri-food and Life Sciences, Hellenic Mediterranean University Research Centre, 71410 Heraklion, Greece
| | - Athanasios Z Jamurtas
- Department of Physical Education & Sport Science, University of Thessaly, 42100 Trikala, Greece
| | - Constantinos Giaginis
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, School of Environment, University of the Aegean, 81400 Myrina, Greece
| | - Sousana K Papadopoulou
- Department of Nutrition Sciences and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, International Hellenic University, 57400 Thessaloniki, Greece
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Gorska M, Weiss J, Pohl P. Fast and simple analysis of the content of Zn, Mg, Ca, Na, and K in selected beverages widely consumed by athletes by flowing liquid cathode atmospheric pressure glow discharge optical emission spectrometry. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2023; 15:1775-1789. [PMID: 36987853 DOI: 10.1039/d3ay00092c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
An atmospheric pressure glow discharge (APGD) system, generated between a flowing liquid cathode (FLC) and a gas (He) jet anode, was applied for the determination of Zn, Mg, Ca, Na, and K in selected beverages commonly chosen by athletes (namely Coca-Cola Zero, energy and vitamin drinks, pre-workout, branched-chain amino acids, almond drink, and whey protein) by optical emission spectrometry (OES). In some cases (i.e., Coca-Cola, energy drink, and almond drink), sugared and sugar-free versions of the beverages were analyzed with the purpose of establishing the impact of added sugar on the analyte signal intensities. The analysis was performed after a simplified sample preparation procedure, which involved only their dilution and acidification with HNO3 to a concentration of 0.2 mol L-1. To determine the most suitable conditions for performing the analysis, optimization of the crucial operating parameters and sample dilution was carried out. Under the compromise conditions, the instrumental detection limits (DLs) were established and found to be 21, 0.91, 20, 0.062, and 0.14 μg L-1 for Zn, Mg, Ca, Na, and K, respectively. Due to the relatively low detection limits, the analyte content could be determined for a fairly high dilution, being concurrently the same for all analytes, which further simplified the whole procedure. It was found that the vast majority of samples could be determined using external calibration with simple standard solutions. The standard addition technique used for calibration was only required for the determination of Mg in three samples. The analysis results were consistent (in the majority of cases the recovery values were in the range of 88-111%) with the values obtained for the reference method (inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry, ICP-OES), which proved the reliability of the results obtained from the developed FLC-APGD-OES system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Monika Gorska
- Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Division of Analytical Chemistry and Chemical Metallurgy, Wybrzeze Stanislawa Wyspianskiego 27, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland.
| | - Joanna Weiss
- Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Division of Analytical Chemistry and Chemical Metallurgy, Wybrzeze Stanislawa Wyspianskiego 27, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland.
| | - Pawel Pohl
- Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Division of Analytical Chemistry and Chemical Metallurgy, Wybrzeze Stanislawa Wyspianskiego 27, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Lauritzen F, Gjelstad A. Trends in dietary supplement use among athletes selected for doping controls. Front Nutr 2023; 10:1143187. [PMID: 37006918 PMCID: PMC10050343 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1143187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BackgroundDietary supplements (DS) may be beneficial for athletes in certain situations, whereas incorrect or excessive use may impair performance, pose a risk to the athlete's health and cause positive doping tests by containing prohibited substances. To provide athletes with relevant and tailored information on safe supplement use, a better knowledge about DS trends over time and between sport disciplines are needed.MethodsThis study examines the use of DS among athletes who have participated in doping controls by extracting information derived from 10,418 doping control forms (DCF) collected by Anti-Doping Norway from 2015 to 2019.ResultsOverall, 51% of the DCFs contained information about at least one DS. National level athletes (NLA) more often reported using DS than recreational athletes (RA) (53 vs. 47%, p < 0.001). Athletes in strength and power (71%), VO2max endurance (56%) and muscular endurance sports (55%) had the highest proportion of DCFs with information about DS. Medical supplements were the most used supplement category for both genders and across all sports. Dietary supplements with a high risk of containing doping substances were most common among male, RA in strength and power sports. There were small and non-significant year-to-year variations in the prevalence of athletes using DS, while the number of products used concomitantly peaked in 2017 before declining in 2019 (2.30 vs. 2.08, p < 0.01). The use of medical supplements and ergogenic substances increased slightly for both NLA and RA from 2015 to 2019, while the use of all other supplement categories declined.ConclusionHalf of the 10,418 DCFs contained information about DS, with variations within the athlete population. DS with high risk of containing prohibited substances were mostly seen in sport disciplines requiring a high degree of specialization in strength/power, including powerlifting and weightlifting, as well as in some team sports, such as cheerleading and american football.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fredrik Lauritzen
- Science and Medicine, Anti-Doping Norway, Oslo, Norway
- *Correspondence: Fredrik Lauritzen
| | - Astrid Gjelstad
- Science and Medicine, Anti-Doping Norway, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Pharmacy, The Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Supplementation with Nitric Oxide Precursors for Strength Performance: A Review of the Current Literature. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15030660. [PMID: 36771366 PMCID: PMC9921013 DOI: 10.3390/nu15030660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Nitric-oxide-stimulating dietary supplements are widely available and marketed to strength athletes and weightlifters seeking to increase muscle performance and augment training adaptations. These supplements contain ingredients classified as nitric oxide (NO) precursors (i.e., "NO boosters"). Endogenous NO is generated via a nitric oxide synthase (NOS)-dependent pathway and a NOS-independent pathway that rely on precursors including L-arginine and nitrates, with L-citrulline serving as an effective precursor of L-arginine. Nitric oxide plays a critical role in endothelial function, promoting relaxation of vascular smooth muscle and subsequent dilation which may favorably impact blood flow and augment mechanisms contributing to skeletal muscle performance, hypertrophy, and strength adaptations. The aim of this review is to describe the NO production pathways and summarize the current literature on the effects of supplementation with NO precursors for strength and power performance. The information will allow for an informed decision when considering the use of L-arginine, L-citrulline, and nitrates to improve muscular function by increasing NO bioavailability.
Collapse
|
22
|
Effects of acute taurine consumption on single bout of muscular endurance resistance exercise performance and recovery in resistance trained young male adults. BIOMEDICAL HUMAN KINETICS 2023. [DOI: 10.2478/bhk-2023-0010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Study aim: This study investigated the effect of taurine supplementation on exercise performance and recovery from resistance exercise. The study was conducted with a cross-over design in a double-blind manner.
Material and methods: Ten resistance trained males (age 21.4 ± 2.01 years; BMI: 23.6 ± 2.5 kg/m²) ingested either a taurine (0.1g/kg) supplement or placebo (18 mg aspartame) prior to resistance exercise. Vertical jump, flexibility, balance, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, heart rate (HR), maximal voluntary muscle contraction, speed, lactate, glucose and perceived soreness and strain were assessed. The subjects performed two exercise trials with 1 week wash out interval. Blood samples were collected at baseline and before each exercise (chest press, abdominal crunch and leg extension) to analyse plasma levels of lactate and glucose.
Results: Paired-T test results showed statistically significant increment (p < 0.05) in total volume (kg × #repetitions), chest press volume and leg extension volume. Repeated measure ANOVA results demonstrated statistically significant differences (p < 0.05) in lactate and flexibility in trial and time, and in maximal voluntary isometric muscle contraction (MVIC) test in time, trial and trial × time in favour taurine group. No statistically significant differences were found in cardiovascular parameters, glucose, and balance parameters (p > 0.05).
Conclusion: In conclusion, 0.1 g/kg of taurine consumption before resistance exercise could positively affect exercise performance by increasing exercise volume and reducing lactate levels.
Collapse
|
23
|
Ganson KT, Hallward L, Testa A, Jackson DB, Nagata JM. Prevalence and correlates of dry scooping: Results from the Canadian Study of Adolescent Health Behaviors. Eat Behav 2023; 48:101705. [PMID: 36764046 DOI: 10.1016/j.eatbeh.2023.101705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Dry scooping is a novel dietary practice characterized by consuming pre-workout powders without mixing with a liquid as directed. Despite purported benefits of this practice, such as increased energy due to the high concentration of caffeine, there are potential harms of engagement. To date, no known empirical research has investigated dry scooping in epidemiological research. Therefore, the aim of this study was to characterize the prevalence and correlates of dry scooping among a sample of Canadian adolescents and young adults. Data from the Canadian Study of Adolescent Health Behaviors (N = 2731) were analyzed. Prevalence of any dry scooping in the past 12 months among the overall sample, and by gender, was estimated. Modified Poisson regression analysis was used to determine the adjusted associations between sociodemographic and descriptive characteristics and dry scooping. Overall, 16.9 % of the sample reported dry scooping in the past 12 months, which was significantly more common among men (21.8 %) compared to women (14.2 %) and transgender/gender non-confirming participants (8.0 %). Participants who reported weight training, greater time spent on social media, and clinically significant symptoms of muscle dysmorphia were more likely to report dry scooping, while sexual minorities, relative to heterosexual participants, and those with higher education were less likely to report dry scooping. This study is the first known epidemiological study of dry scooping, underscoring the common nature of this contemporary dietary behavior. Findings emphasize the need for future research and prevention and intervention efforts to protect the health and well-being of young people.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kyle T Ganson
- Factor-Inwentash Faculty of Social Work, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Laura Hallward
- School of Kinesiology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Alexander Testa
- Department of Management, Policy and Community Health, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Dylan B Jackson
- Department of Population, Family, and Reproductive Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jason M Nagata
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Muacevic A, Adler JR, Shaban M, Matos Noboa C, Trinh T. Pre-workout Induced Demand Ischemia. Cureus 2023; 15:e33694. [PMID: 36793833 PMCID: PMC9925028 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.33694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Pre-workout supplement use has increased in recent years. Multiple side effects and off-labeled substances have been reported. We report a case of a 35-year-old patient who recently started a pre-workout and was found to have sinus tachycardia, elevated troponin, and subclinical hyperthyroidism. The echocardiogram showed normal ejection fraction and no wall motion abnormality. Beta-blockade therapy with propranolol was offered, but she refused, and her symptoms and troponin levels improved after proper hydration within 36 hours. A cautious and accurate assessment of young, fitness-enthusiastic patients experiencing unusual chest pain is essential to identify a reversible cardiac injury and possible off-label substances in over-the-counter supplements.
Collapse
|
25
|
Renziehausen JM, Bergquist AM, Stout JR, Wells AJ, Fukuda DH. Effects of a Multi-Ingredient Oral Supplement on Multiple Object Tracking, Reaction Time, and Reactive Agility. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2022; 19:638-649. [DOI: 10.1080/15502783.2022.2140014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Justine M. Renziehausen
- Physiology of Work & Exercise Response (POWER) Laboratory, Institute of Exercise Physiology and Rehabilitation Science, School of Kinesiology and Physical Therapy, College of Health Professions and Sciences, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Amy M. Bergquist
- Physiology of Work & Exercise Response (POWER) Laboratory, Institute of Exercise Physiology and Rehabilitation Science, School of Kinesiology and Physical Therapy, College of Health Professions and Sciences, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Jeffrey R. Stout
- Physiology of Work & Exercise Response (POWER) Laboratory, Institute of Exercise Physiology and Rehabilitation Science, School of Kinesiology and Physical Therapy, College of Health Professions and Sciences, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Adam J. Wells
- Exercise Physiology Intervention and Collaboration (EPIC) Laboratory, Institute of Exercise Physiology and Rehabilitation Science, School of Kinesiology and Physical Therapy, College of Health Professions and Sciences, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - David H. Fukuda
- Physiology of Work & Exercise Response (POWER) Laboratory, Institute of Exercise Physiology and Rehabilitation Science, School of Kinesiology and Physical Therapy, College of Health Professions and Sciences, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Rodriguez-Lopez P, Rueda-Robles A, Sánchez-Rodríguez L, Blanca-Herrera RM, Quirantes-Piné RM, Borrás-Linares I, Segura-Carretero A, Lozano-Sánchez J. Analysis and Screening of Commercialized Protein Supplements for Sports Practice. Foods 2022; 11:foods11213500. [PMID: 36360118 PMCID: PMC9658000 DOI: 10.3390/foods11213500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent years have seen a rise in the popularity of the consumption of sports-related supplements. However, the hypothesis is raised that it is necessary to analyze the quality aspects of these supplements in relation to the information provided on the label, to avoid associated risks and obtain the greatest possible benefit from their consumption. Therefore, the aim of this study has been to carry out an analysis or screening of the protein supplements that are currently marketed in Spain. We analyzed the labels of 52 protein sports supplements available both in physical stores and online. The analysis consisted of addressing three relevant aspects considering the labeling: (a) the legislative framework in which the supplements are marketed, (b) the quality of the protein, and (c) the presence of other ingredients according to the specifications of the label. In the legislative context, there do not seem to be any specific regulations to guarantee consumer protection, which can lead to unfair practices and misleading advertising. Most of the supplements analyzed to comply with the requirements of their current regulations. However, claims about their benefits that are not allowed under European legislation have been found in some of them. Regarding composition and according to label information, the supplements have been found to provide a sufficient dose of protein in terms of recommended protein intake per serving. Regarding the presence of other ingredients and according to the information on the label, most of them, except for egg supplements, contain other ingredients. Colostrum was also found in one of the supplements evaluated. The conclusions of the study reveal that, due to a lack of knowledge or misleading advertising practices, supplements are often not used properly. The information provided is essential for both professionals and consumers to avoid the risks associated with consumption, such as unintentional doping, interactions between ingredients that reduce the quality of the supplement, and consumption of supplements inappropriately, among others.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paloma Rodriguez-Lopez
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Campus Universitario s/n, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Ascensión Rueda-Robles
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Campus Universitario s/n, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
- Correspondence: (A.R.-R.); or (I.B.-L.); Tel.: +34-958241000 (ext. 20702) (A.R.-R.); +34-958637083 (I.B.-L.)
| | - Leticia Sánchez-Rodríguez
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Campus Universitario s/n, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Rosa María Blanca-Herrera
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Campus Universitario s/n, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Rosa María Quirantes-Piné
- Research and Development Functional Food Centre (CIDAF), Health Science Technological Park, Edificio BioRegión, Avenida del Conocimiento 37, 18016 Granada, Spain
| | - Isabel Borrás-Linares
- Research and Development Functional Food Centre (CIDAF), Health Science Technological Park, Edificio BioRegión, Avenida del Conocimiento 37, 18016 Granada, Spain
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
- Correspondence: (A.R.-R.); or (I.B.-L.); Tel.: +34-958241000 (ext. 20702) (A.R.-R.); +34-958637083 (I.B.-L.)
| | - Antonio Segura-Carretero
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Jesús Lozano-Sánchez
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Campus Universitario s/n, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Cerqueira HSC, Filho HT, Corrêa Junior M, Martinelli Junior CE. Effects of Theacrine as a Pre-Workout Supplement. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:14037. [PMID: 36360914 PMCID: PMC9654377 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192114037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The search to increase physical performance is inherent to physical activity practitioners, and nutrition features are among the alternatives to seeking such an increase. The literature from the area has shown that different substances can promote beneficial effects over physical performance. One substance that has come into the spotlight is theacrine, an alkaloid similar to caffeine, which aims to increase physical performance. However, the studies on this supplement are scarce. Therefore, this study is a randomized, controlled trial that aimed to verify the effects of theacrine supplementation over physical performance in young male athletes, by applying a battery of physical tests. Twenty-two male amateur flag-football athletes were recruited. Subjects were divided into two groups and assessed at two moments, which were 72 h apart. The first assessment served as a basal measurement. In the second, the subjects ingested the supplement or a placebo 60 min before the following tests: sextuple jump, agility T test, 30 m sprint, 40 s run test (Matsudo test), and 12 min run test (Cooper test). There was no difference between the groups in any of the tests. Therefore, the findings of this study do not support the use of theacrine to increase physical performance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Hugo Tourinho Filho
- School of Physical Education and Sport of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto 14040-900, Brazil
| | - Marcos Corrêa Junior
- Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto 14876-018, Brazil
| | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Effects on Spirulina Supplementation on Immune Cells' Parameters of Elite College Athletes. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14204346. [PMID: 36297029 PMCID: PMC9612057 DOI: 10.3390/nu14204346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: To identify the effect of spirulina supplementation on the immune cells’ indicators of young soccer players during the preparation period of a tournament. Methods: 39 undergraduate male soccer players were recruited and randomly allocated into a spirulina supplementation group (SP group, n = 20) and the placebo supplementation group (PB group, n = 19). Their elbow venous blood samples were collected before and after the preparation period of a tournament, which included 8 weeks total. The differences within the group and between groups were recorded and analyzed. Results: The ratio of the basophils in the SP group between the pre-test and post-test were statistically significantly different (p < 0.05). In the PB group, the percentage of before and after in leukocytes and monocytes were statistically significantly different (p < 0.05). In the data of the post-test, the percentage of monocytes and basophils between the SP group and PB group were statistically significantly different. The delta variations of monocytes between groups were significantly different (p < 0.05). Conclusions: Intense long-duration exercise can reduce the ratio of leukocytes and monocytes in young athletes, yet the spirulina supplement can inhibit the change. It also might improve immunity to parasites, pathogenic bacterium, and rapid-onset allergies.
Collapse
|
29
|
Nhean S, Tseng A, Sheehan NL, Bogoch II. Use and safety of appearance and performance enhancing supplements in gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men receiving daily tenofovir disoproxil fumarate/emtricitabine as HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis. AIDS Care 2022; 35:488-494. [PMID: 36102034 DOI: 10.1080/09540121.2022.2121958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Appearance- and performance-enhancing supplements (APES) may be associated with liver and renal toxicity, but use is often under-reported. This study describes the use and safety of APES among gay, bisexual, and other men-who-have-sex with men (gbMSM) attending an urban HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) clinic. A cross-sectional study was conducted between February 2018 to September 2018 to assess APES usage in gbMSM taking daily tenofovir disoproxil fumarate/emtricitabine for PrEP. Renal and liver function were assessed from electronic medical records. Among 50 participants (98% male, median 32 years, 52% White, on PrEP for a median 4.4 years), 72% reported lifetime APES use, with 52% currently using APES (median 1.5 products/person) and 28% never used APES. The most common products included whey protein, creatine supplements and anabolic steroids. The primary reason for APES use was to increase muscle mass. Three (12%) current APES users had elevated serum creatinine (stage 1) versus zero (0%) in the non-APES group. Two (8%) current APES users experienced grade 3-4 ALT/AST elevations versus zero (0%) in the non-APES group. APES usage among gbMSM taking PrEP was high and may be associated with liver/renal lab abnormalities. Increased awareness of APES use and potential toxicity is encouraged to enhance safety.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Salin Nhean
- Doctors Community Medical Center, Lanham, MD, USA.,Correct Rx Pharmacy Services, Hanover, MD, USA
| | - Alice Tseng
- Immunodeficiency Clinic, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada.,Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto Canada
| | - Nancy L Sheehan
- McGill University Health Center, Montréal, Canada.,Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada
| | - Isaac I Bogoch
- Immunodeficiency Clinic, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Negro M, Cerullo G, Perna S, Beretta-Piccoli M, Rondanelli M, Liguori G, Cena H, Phillips SM, Cescon C, D’Antona G. Effects of a Single Dose of a Creatine-Based Multi-Ingredient Pre-workout Supplement Compared to Creatine Alone on Performance Fatigability After Resistance Exercise: A Double-Blind Crossover Design Study. Front Nutr 2022; 9:887523. [PMID: 35799580 PMCID: PMC9255897 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.887523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background This study aims to investigate the acute effects of a single oral administration of a creatine-based multi-ingredient pre-workout supplement (MIPS) on performance fatigability and maximal force production after a resistance exercise protocol (REP). Methods Eighteen adult males (age: 23 ± 1 years; body mass: 76.4 ± 1.5 kg; height: 1.77 ± 0.01 m) were enrolled in a randomized, double-blind, crossover design study. Subjects received a single dose of a MIPS (3 g of creatine, 2 g of arginine, 1 g of glutamine, 1 g of taurine, and 800 mg of β-alanine) or creatine citrate (CC) (3 g of creatine) or a placebo (PLA) in three successive trials 1 week apart. In a randomized order, participants consumed either MIPS, CC, or PLA and performed a REP 2 h later. Before ingestion and immediately after REP, subjects performed isometric contractions of the dominant biceps brachii: two maximal voluntary contractions (MVCs), followed by a 20% MVC for 90 s and a 60% MVC until exhaustion. Surface electromyographic indices of performance fatigability, conduction velocity (CV), and fractal dimension (FD) were obtained from the surface electromyographic signal (sEMG). Time to perform the task (TtT), basal blood lactate (BL), and BL after REP were also measured. Results Following REP, statistically significant (P < 0.05) pre–post mean for ΔTtT between MIPS (−7.06 s) and PLA (+0.222 s), ΔCV slopes (20% MVC) between MIPS (0.0082%) and PLA (−0.0519%) and for ΔCV slopes (60% MVC) between MIPS (0.199%) and PLA (−0.154%) were found. A pairwise comparison analysis showed no statistically significant differences in other variables between groups and condition vs. condition. Conclusion After REP, a creatine-enriched MIPS resulted in greater improvement of sEMG descriptors of performance fatigability and TtT compared with PLA. Conversely, no statistically significant differences in outcomes measured were observed between CC and PLA or MIPS and CC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Negro
- Centro di Ricerca Interdipartimentale nelle Attività Motorie e Sportive (CRIAMS) – Sport Medicine Centre, University of Pavia, Voghera, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Cerullo
- Department of Movement Sciences and Wellbeing, University of Naples Parthenope, Naples, Italy
| | - Simone Perna
- Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Bahrain, Sakhir, Bahrain
| | - Matteo Beretta-Piccoli
- Rehabilitation Research Laboratory 2rLab, Department of Business Economics, Health and Social Care, University of Applied Sciences and Arts of Southern Switzerland, Manno, Switzerland
| | - Mariangela Rondanelli
- Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
- Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy
| | - Giorgio Liguori
- Department of Movement Sciences and Wellbeing, University of Naples Parthenope, Naples, Italy
| | - Hellas Cena
- Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
- Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics Service, Unit of Internal Medicine and Endocrinology, Istituti Clinici Scientifici (ICS) Maugeri Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Stuart M. Phillips
- Exercise Metabolism Research Group, Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Corrado Cescon
- Rehabilitation Research Laboratory 2rLab, Department of Business Economics, Health and Social Care, University of Applied Sciences and Arts of Southern Switzerland, Manno, Switzerland
| | - Giuseppe D’Antona
- Centro di Ricerca Interdipartimentale nelle Attività Motorie e Sportive (CRIAMS) – Sport Medicine Centre, University of Pavia, Voghera, Italy
- Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
- *Correspondence: Giuseppe D’Antona,
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Acute Effect of Caffeine-Based Multi-Ingredient Supplement on Reactive Agility and Jump Height in Recreational Handball Players. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14081569. [PMID: 35458131 PMCID: PMC9025764 DOI: 10.3390/nu14081569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Revised: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Pre-exercise caffeine and guarana-based multi-ingredient supplement (MS) consumption may be more effective for physical performance improvement than caffeine and guarana alone due to the synergistic effect of biologically active ingredients in multi-ingredient supplements. This study aimed to examine the acute effect of MS on the reactive agility and jump performance in recreational handball male players. A randomized, double-blind, crossover study involved twenty-four male handball players (body mass 74.6 ± 8.8 kg; body height 179 ± 7 cm; age 23.8 ± 1.4 years). Participants were tested under three conditions: placebo, caffeine + guarana (CAF + GUA), or MS ingestion 45 min before exercise tests. Participants performed a reactive agility test (Y-shaped test) and countermovement jump (CMJ). None of the supplements improved countermovement jump height (p = 0.06). The time needed to complete the agility test was significantly (p = 0.02) shorter in the MS condition than in the placebo. The differences in agility between PL vs. CAF + GUA and MS vs. CAF + GUA conditions were not statistically significant (p = 0.88 and p = 0.07, respectively). The results of this study indicate that the caffeine-based multi-ingredient performance was effective in improvement in reactive agility but not in jump height in recreational handball male players. A similar effect was not observed with CAF + GUA ingestion alone.
Collapse
|
32
|
Stratton MT, Siedler MR, Harty PS, Rodriguez C, Boykin JR, Green JJ, Keith DS, White SJ, DeHaven B, Williams AD, Tinsley GM. The influence of caffeinated and non-caffeinated multi-ingredient pre-workout supplements on resistance exercise performance and subjective outcomes. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2022; 19:126-149. [PMID: 35599920 PMCID: PMC9116396 DOI: 10.1080/15502783.2022.2060048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background There is substantial consumer and practitioner interest in an emerging supplement class known as multi-ingredient pre-workout supplements (MIPS), largely due to their prevalence in resistance training communities as well as research findings demonstrating the ergogenic impact of caffeine on muscular performance. However, limited research has examined the potential efficacy of non-caffeinated MIPS, despite their growing popularity among those who are caffeine-sensitive or who train later in the day. Methods Twenty-four resistance-trained college-aged males (n = 12) and females (n = 12) completed three visits in which they ingested either a caffeinated MIPS (C), an otherwise identical non-caffeinated MIPS (NC), or placebo in a double-blind, counterbalanced, crossover fashion. Squat isometric peak force (PFiso), rate of force development (RFD), and isokinetic performance were assessed. Upper and lower body maximal muscular strength and endurance were evaluated using the bench press and leg press, respectively. Visual analog scales for energy, focus, and fatigue were completed five times throughout the testing protocol. The effects of supplementation and biological sex on all variables were examined using linear mixed effects models. Results Significantly greater PFiso was observed in both C (b: 0.36 transformed units [0.09, 0.62]) and NC (b: 0.32 transformed units [95% CI: 0.05, 0.58]) conditions, relative to placebo. Early RFD (RFD50) may have been higher with supplementation, particularly in females, with no effects for late RFD (RFD200) or peak RFD. In addition, increases in subjective energy after supplement ingestion were noted for C, but not NC. No effects of supplementation on traditional resistance exercise performance or isokinetic squat performance were observed, other than a lower leg press one-repetition maximum for males in the NC condition. Conclusions These data indicate that acute ingestion of either a caffeinated or non-caffeinated pre-workout formulation improved maximal force production during an isometric squat test but did not provide additional benefit to leg press, bench press, or isokinetic squat performance over placebo, within the context of a laboratory environment. The consumption of a caffeinated, but not non-caffeinated, MIPS increased subjective ratings of energy over placebo when assessed as part of a testing battery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew T. Stratton
- Energy Balance & Body Composition Laboratory; Department of Kinesiology & Sport Management, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Madelin R. Siedler
- Energy Balance & Body Composition Laboratory; Department of Kinesiology & Sport Management, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Patrick S. Harty
- Energy Balance & Body Composition Laboratory; Department of Kinesiology & Sport Management, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Christian Rodriguez
- Energy Balance & Body Composition Laboratory; Department of Kinesiology & Sport Management, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Jake R. Boykin
- Energy Balance & Body Composition Laboratory; Department of Kinesiology & Sport Management, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Jacob J. Green
- Energy Balance & Body Composition Laboratory; Department of Kinesiology & Sport Management, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Dale S. Keith
- Energy Balance & Body Composition Laboratory; Department of Kinesiology & Sport Management, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Sarah J. White
- Energy Balance & Body Composition Laboratory; Department of Kinesiology & Sport Management, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Brielle DeHaven
- Energy Balance & Body Composition Laboratory; Department of Kinesiology & Sport Management, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Abegale D. Williams
- Energy Balance & Body Composition Laboratory; Department of Kinesiology & Sport Management, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Grant M. Tinsley
- Energy Balance & Body Composition Laboratory; Department of Kinesiology & Sport Management, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Lauritzen F. Dietary Supplements as a Major Cause of Anti-doping Rule Violations. Front Sports Act Living 2022; 4:868228. [PMID: 35399596 PMCID: PMC8990797 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2022.868228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Dietary supplements encompass a large heterogenic group of products with a wide range of ingredients and declared effects used by athletes for a multitude of reasons. The high prevalence of use across all sports and level of competition, combined with the well-documented risks of such products containing prohibited substances have led to several doping cases globally. Despite being a considerable concern and persistent focus of sport organizations and anti-doping agencies, the magnitude of anti-doping rule violations associated with supplement use is not well-known. This study examines 18-years of doping controls of a national anti-doping program to determine the relationship between the presence of prohibited substances in athlete's doping samples and the use of dietary supplements. In 26% (n = 49) of all the analytical anti-doping rule violation cases in the period 2003–2020 (n = 192), the athlete claimed that a dietary supplement was the source of the prohibited substance causing an adverse analytical finding. Evidence supporting this claim was found in about half of these cases (n = 27, i.e., 14% of all analytical ADRV's). Stimulants were the most prevalent substance group linked to supplements (n = 24), of which methylhexanamine was associated with 16 cases. High risk products were predominantly multi-ingredient pre-workout supplements (n = 20) and fat-burning products (n = 4). Anti-doping organizations should develop strategies on how to assist athletes to assess the need, assess the risk and assess the consequences of using various dietary supplements.
Collapse
|
34
|
Adverse Effects Associated with Multiple Classes of Dietary Supplements: The Military Dietary Supplement Use Study. J Acad Nutr Diet 2022; 122:1851-1863. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jand.2022.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
35
|
Girardi KG, Zheng T, Zhu Y. Can Muscle Building Supplements Increase Testicular Cancer Risk? Front Nutr 2022; 9:778426. [PMID: 35155536 PMCID: PMC8834066 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.778426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin G. Girardi
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale University School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Tongzhang Zheng
- Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, RI, United States
| | - Yong Zhu
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale University School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, United States
- *Correspondence: Yong Zhu
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
The use of Dietary and Protein Supplements by Women Attending Fitness Clubs on a Recreational Basis and an Analysis of the Factors Influencing their Consumption. CENTRAL EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF SPORT SCIENCES AND MEDICINE 2022. [DOI: 10.18276/cej.2022.3-03] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
|
37
|
Knapik JJ, Trone DW, Steelman RA, Farina EK, Lieberman HR. Prevalence of and Factors Associated with Dietary Supplement Use in a Stratified, Random Sample of US Military Personnel: The US Military Dietary Supplement Use Study. J Nutr 2021. [PMID: 34293133 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxab239.] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND About 50% of Americans and 70% of US military service members use dietary supplements (DSs). OBJECTIVES This cross-sectional survey examined current prevalence of and factors associated with DS use in service members. METHODS A stratified random sample of 200,000 service members from the Air Force, Army, Marine Corps, and Navy was obtained from military manpower records, and these service members were asked to complete a questionnaire on their DS use and personal characteristics. Chi-square statistics and multivariable logistic regression examined differences across various strata of demographic, lifestyle, and military characteristics. RESULTS About 18% of successfully contacted service members (n = 26,681) completed the questionnaire between December 2018 and August 2019 (mean ± SD age: 33 ± 8 y, 86% male). Overall, 74% reported using ≥1 DS/wk. Multivitamins/multiminerals were the most commonly used DSs (45%), followed by combination products (44%), proteins/amino acids (42%), individual vitamins/minerals (31%), herbals (20%), joint health products (9%), and purported prohormones (5%). In multivariable analysis, factors independently associated with DS use included female gender [OR (female/male): 1.91; 95% CI: 1.73, 2.11], older age [OR (≥40/18-24 y): 1.25; 95% CI: 1.08, 1.44], higher education level [OR (college degree/high school or less): 1.35; 95% CI: 1.19, 1.53], higher BMI [OR (≥30/<25 kg/m2): 1.37; 95% CI: 1.25, 1.52], more weekly resistance training [OR (>300/≤45 min/wk): 5.05; 95% CI: 4.55, 5.61], smokeless tobacco use [OR (user/nonuser): 1.30; 95% CI: 1.17, 1.44], higher alcohol intake [OR (≥72/0 mL/wk): 1.41; 95% CI: 1.29, 1.54], and higher military rank [OR (senior officer/junior enlisted): 1.26; 95% CI: 1.06, 1.51]. CONCLUSIONS Compared with civilian data from the NHANES, service members were much more likely to use DSs and used different types of DSs, especially combination products and proteins/amino acids often used to purportedly enhance physical performance. Comparisons with previous military data suggest DS use has increased over time.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph J Knapik
- Military Nutrition Division, US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA, USA
| | - Daniel W Trone
- Deployment Health Research Department, Naval Health Research Center, San Diego, CA, USA
| | | | - Emily K Farina
- Military Nutrition Division, US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA, USA
| | - Harris R Lieberman
- Military Nutrition Division, US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Fernández-Lázaro D, Mielgo-Ayuso J, del Valle Soto M, Adams DP, Gutiérrez-Abejón E, Seco-Calvo J. Impact of Optimal Timing of Intake of Multi-Ingredient Performance Supplements on Sports Performance, Muscular Damage, and Hormonal Behavior across a Ten-Week Training Camp in Elite Cyclists: A Randomized Clinical Trial. Nutrients 2021; 13:3746. [PMID: 34836002 PMCID: PMC8618318 DOI: 10.3390/nu13113746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Multi-ingredient performance supplements (MIPS), ingested pre- or post-workout, have been shown to increase physiological level effects and integrated metabolic response on exercise. The purpose of this study was to determine the efficacy of pre-and post-training supplementation with its own MIPS, associated with CHO (1 g·kg-1) plus protein (0.3 g·kg-1) on exercise-related benchmarks across a training camp for elite cyclists. Thirty elite male cyclists participated in a randomized non-placebo-controlled trial for ten weeks assigned to one of three groups (n = 10 each): a control group treated with CHO plus protein after training (CG); a group treated with MIPS before training and a CHO plus protein after training, (PRE-MIPS); a group treated with CHO plus protein plus MIPS after training, (POST-MIPS). Performance parameters included (VO2max, peak; median and minimum power (W) and fatigue index (%)); hormonal response (Cortisol; Testosterone; and Testosterone/Cortisol ratio); and muscle biomarkers (Creatine kinase (CK), Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and Myoglobin (Mb)) were assessed. MIPS administered before or after training (p ≤ 0.05) was significantly influential in attenuating CK, LDH, and MB; stimulating T response and modulating C; and improved on all markers of exercise performance. These responses were greater when MIPS was administered post-workout.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Diego Fernández-Lázaro
- Department of Cellular Biology, Histology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Valladolid, Campus of Soria, 42003 Soria, Spain
- Neurobiology Research Group, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valladolid, 47005 Valladolid, Spain
| | - Juan Mielgo-Ayuso
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Burgos, 09001 Burgos, Spain
| | - Miguel del Valle Soto
- Department of Morphology and Cell Biology, University of Oviedo, Health Research Institute of the Principality of Asturias (ISPA), 33003 Oviedo, Spain;
| | - David P. Adams
- Dual Enrollment Program, Point University, Savannah, GA 31419, USA;
| | - Eduardo Gutiérrez-Abejón
- Pharmacological Big Data Laboratory, University of Valladolid, 47005 Valladolid, Spain;
- Technical Direction of Pharmaceutical Assistance, Regional Health Management of Castilla y León, 47005 Valladolid, Spain
| | - Jesús Seco-Calvo
- Physiotherapy Department, Institute of Biomedicine (IBIOMED), University of Leon, Visiting Researcher of Basque Country University, Campus de Vegazana, 24071 Leon, Spain;
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Jones L, Johnstone I, Day C, Le Marquer S, Hulton AT. The Dose-Effects of Caffeine on Lower Body Maximal Strength, Muscular Endurance, and Rating of Perceived Exertion in Strength-Trained Females. Nutrients 2021; 13:3342. [PMID: 34684343 PMCID: PMC8539274 DOI: 10.3390/nu13103342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Caffeine supplementation has shown to be an effective ergogenic aid enhancing athletic performance, although limited research within female populations exists. Therefore, the aim of the investigation was to assess the effect of pre-exercise caffeine supplementation on strength performance and muscular endurance in strength-trained females. In a double-blind, randomised, counterbalanced design, fourteen strength-trained females using hormonal contraception consumed either 3 or 6 mg·kg-1 BM of caffeine or placebo (PLA). Following supplementation, participants performed a one-repetition maximum (1RM) leg press and repetitions to failure (RF) at 60% of their 1RM. During the RF test, rating of perceived exertion (RPE) was recorded every five repetitions and total volume (TV) lifted was calculated. Repeated measures ANOVA revealed that RF (p = 0.010) and TV (p = 0.012) attained significance, with pairwise comparisons indicating a significant difference between 3 mg·kg-1 BM and placebo for RF (p = 0.014), with an effect size of 0.56, and for 6 mg·kg-1 BM (p = 0.036) compared to the placebo, with an effect size of 0.65. No further significance was observed for 1RM or for RPE, and no difference was observed between caffeine trials. Although no impact on lower body muscular strength was observed, doses of 3 and 6 mg·kg-1 BM of caffeine improved lower body muscular endurance in resistance-trained females, which may have a practical application for enhancing resistance training stimuli and improving competitive performance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Andrew T. Hulton
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, UK; (L.J.); (I.J.); (C.D.); (S.L.M.)
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Knapik JJ, Trone DW, Steelman RA, Farina EK, Lieberman HR. Prevalence of and Factors Associated with Dietary Supplement Use in a Stratified, Random Sample of US Military Personnel: The US Military Dietary Supplement Use Study. J Nutr 2021; 151:3495-3506. [PMID: 34293133 PMCID: PMC8562080 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxab239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND About 50% of Americans and 70% of US military service members use dietary supplements (DSs). OBJECTIVES This cross-sectional survey examined current prevalence of and factors associated with DS use in service members. METHODS A stratified random sample of 200,000 service members from the Air Force, Army, Marine Corps, and Navy was obtained from military manpower records, and these service members were asked to complete a questionnaire on their DS use and personal characteristics. Chi-square statistics and multivariable logistic regression examined differences across various strata of demographic, lifestyle, and military characteristics. RESULTS About 18% of successfully contacted service members (n = 26,681) completed the questionnaire between December 2018 and August 2019 (mean ± SD age: 33 ± 8 y, 86% male). Overall, 74% reported using ≥1 DS/wk. Multivitamins/multiminerals were the most commonly used DSs (45%), followed by combination products (44%), proteins/amino acids (42%), individual vitamins/minerals (31%), herbals (20%), joint health products (9%), and purported prohormones (5%). In multivariable analysis, factors independently associated with DS use included female gender [OR (female/male): 1.91; 95% CI: 1.73, 2.11], older age [OR (≥40/18-24 y): 1.25; 95% CI: 1.08, 1.44], higher education level [OR (college degree/high school or less): 1.35; 95% CI: 1.19, 1.53], higher BMI [OR (≥30/<25 kg/m2): 1.37; 95% CI: 1.25, 1.52], more weekly resistance training [OR (>300/≤45 min/wk): 5.05; 95% CI: 4.55, 5.61], smokeless tobacco use [OR (user/nonuser): 1.30; 95% CI: 1.17, 1.44], higher alcohol intake [OR (≥72/0 mL/wk): 1.41; 95% CI: 1.29, 1.54], and higher military rank [OR (senior officer/junior enlisted): 1.26; 95% CI: 1.06, 1.51]. CONCLUSIONS Compared with civilian data from the NHANES, service members were much more likely to use DSs and used different types of DSs, especially combination products and proteins/amino acids often used to purportedly enhance physical performance. Comparisons with previous military data suggest DS use has increased over time.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniel W Trone
- Deployment Health Research Department, Naval Health Research Center, San Diego, CA, USA
| | | | - Emily K Farina
- Military Nutrition Division, US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA, USA
| | - Harris R Lieberman
- Military Nutrition Division, US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Abstract
ABSTRACT Creatine is a popular and widely used ergogenic dietary supplement among athletes, for which studies have consistently shown increased lean muscle mass and exercise capacity when used with short-duration, high-intensity exercise. In addition to strength gains, research has shown that creatine supplementation may provide additional benefits including enhanced postexercise recovery, injury prevention, rehabilitation, as well as a number of potential neurologic benefits that may be relevant to sports. Studies show that short- and long-term supplementation is safe and well tolerated in healthy individuals and in a number of patient populations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Hall
- Sports Medicine, UConn Primary Care Sports Medicine Fellowship, Department of Orthopedics, UConn Health, Farmington, CT
| | - Elizabeth Manetta
- Department of Family Medicine, University of Connecticut, St. Francis Hospital, Hartford, CT
| | - Kristofer Tupper
- Department of Family Medicine, University of Connecticut, St. Francis Hospital, Hartford, CT
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
The Effect of a Multi-Ingredient Pre-Workout Supplement on Time to Fatigue in NCAA Division I Cross-Country Athletes. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13061823. [PMID: 34071868 PMCID: PMC8228073 DOI: 10.3390/nu13061823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This investigation aimed to determine the effect of a multi-ingredient pre-workout supplement (MIPS) on heart rate (HR), perceived exertion (RPE), lactate concentration, and time to fatigue (TTF) during a running task to volitional exhaustion. Eleven NCAA Division I cross-country runners (20 ± 2 year; height: 171 ± 14 cm; weight: 63.5 ± 9.1 kg) participated in this randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled cross-over study. Bayesian statistical methods were utilized, and parameter estimates were interpreted as statistically significant if the 95% highest-density intervals (HDIs) did not include zero. TTF was increased in the MIPS condition with a posterior Meandiff = 154 ± 4.2 s (95% HDI: −167, 465) and a 0.84 posterior probability that the supplement would increase TTF relative to PL. Blood lactate concentration immediately post-exercise was also higher in the MIPS condition compared to PL with an estimated posterior Meandiff = 3.99 ± 2.1 mmol (95% HDI: −0.16, 7.68). There were no differences in HR or RPE between trials. These findings suggest that a MIPS ingested prior to sustained running at lactate threshold has an 84% chance of increasing TTF in highly trained runners and may allow athletes to handle a higher level of circulating lactate before reaching exhaustion.
Collapse
|
43
|
da Costa BRB, El Haddad LP, Freitas BT, Marinho PA, De Martinis BS. Pre-workout supplements marketed in Brazil: Caffeine quantification and caffeine daily intake assessment. Drug Test Anal 2021; 14:567-577. [PMID: 33835708 DOI: 10.1002/dta.3043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Revised: 04/04/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The stimulating and performance-enhancing properties of caffeine are often explored in one the most consumed types of supplements: the pre-workout supplements (PWS). However, despite the popularity of PWS, previous studies have reported incompatibilities between what is described in their labels and their actual caffeine content. This study aimed to develop, to optimize, and to validate a gas-chromatography coupled to nitrogen-phosphorus detector (GC-NPD) method to quantify caffeine in PWS and to analyze commercial PWS marketed in Brazil to estimate the caffeine daily intake. For this purpose, three different extraction procedures were evaluated: agitation in vortex, shaker, and sonication. Sonication yielded the best extraction results. Next, the parameters' temperature and time were optimized by using central composite rotatable design (CCRD) and response surface methodology, which revealed the optimal values of 70°C and 10 min. The method was validated and applied to quantify caffeine in 52 PWS. From the 36 PWS labels that specified the caffeine amount, seven (19%) presented more than 120% of the declared quantity, whereas 15 (42%) contained less than 80% of the labeled caffeine. Additionally, six products presented undeclared caffeine. Considering the label stated doses, five supplements exceeded the safe caffeine daily intake (400 mg). On the basis of these findings, supplement quality control remains an issue that deserves more attention from consumers, manufacturers, and regulatory agencies. Finally, we suggest that PWS consumers be careful of the habit of ingesting caffeine through other sources and avoid ingesting two or more different PWS products in the same day.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Lohanna Pereira El Haddad
- Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Bruno Toledo Freitas
- Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Pablo Alves Marinho
- Instituto de Criminalística da Polícia Civil do Estado de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Bruno Spinosa De Martinis
- Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Estevan Navarro P, Sospedra I, Perales A, González-Díaz C, Jiménez-Alfageme R, Medina S, Gil-Izquierdo A, Martínez-Sanz JM. Caffeine Health Claims on Sports Supplement Labeling. Analytical Assessment According to EFSA Scientific Opinion and International Evidence and Criteria. Molecules 2021; 26:2095. [PMID: 33917477 PMCID: PMC8038803 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26072095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Caffeine is a food supplement widely consumed by athletes, but it has not been established. So far, the veracity of their labeling in terms of the dosage and cause/effect relationship aimed at the consumer. The aim is to analyze the health claims and the dosage presented on the labeling of caffeine supplements and to evaluate if they follow the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) and international criteria. A descriptive cross-sectional study of a sample of caffeine supplements was carried out. The search was done through the Amazon and Google Shopping web portals. In order to assess the adequacy of the health claims, the guidelines of reference established by European Food Safety Authority were compared to the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, International Olympic Committee, and Australian Institute of Sport guidelines; in addition, recent systematic reviews were addressed. A review of labels of 42 caffeine supplements showed that, in less than 3% of the products were the health claims supported by the recommendations and by the labeled quantity of caffeine. The claims that fully complied the recommendations were, "improves or increases endurance performance", "improves strength performance", or "improves short-term performance". In most cases, the recommended dosage was 200 mg/day for these products, which is the minimum for the caffeine effects to be declared. The rest of the health claims were not adequate or need to be modified. Most of the health claims identified indicated an unproven cause and effect, which constitutes consumer fraud, and so must be modified or eliminated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Estevan Navarro
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Alicante, 03690 Alicante, Spain; (P.E.N.); (R.J.-A.)
| | - Isabel Sospedra
- Nursing Department, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Alicante, 03690 Alicante, Spain;
| | - Alejandro Perales
- Communication Sciences and Sociology, Faculty of Communication Sciences, Rey Juan Carlos University, 28933 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Cristina González-Díaz
- Psychology and Social Communication Department, Faculty of Economics and Business, University of Alicante, 03690 Alicante, Spain;
| | - Rubén Jiménez-Alfageme
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Alicante, 03690 Alicante, Spain; (P.E.N.); (R.J.-A.)
| | - Sonia Medina
- Quality, Safety, and Bioactivity of Plant Foods Group, Department of Food Science and Technology, CEBAS-CSIC, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain;
| | - Angel Gil-Izquierdo
- Quality, Safety, and Bioactivity of Plant Foods Group, Department of Food Science and Technology, CEBAS-CSIC, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain;
| | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Aziz SA. Attitude and health issue awareness of anabolic androgenic steroids use among male gym users in some gym centers in Sulaymaniyah city, Iraq. JOURNAL OF SUBSTANCE USE 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/14659891.2021.1879294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sadat Abdulla Aziz
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sulaimani, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Bobos P, Nazari G, Ziebart C, MacDermid JC, Kostopoulos N. A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of the Effect of Multi-ingredient Preworkout Supplementation on Strength, Exercise Volume, and Anaerobic Capacity in Healthy Resistance-Trained Individuals. Strength Cond J 2021. [DOI: 10.1519/ssc.0000000000000537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
47
|
Jędrejko K, Lazur J, Muszyńska B. Risk Associated with the Use of Selected Ingredients in Food Supplements. Chem Biodivers 2021; 18:e2000686. [PMID: 33410585 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202000686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
This review focuses on four new product categories of food supplements: pre-workout, fat burner/thermogenic, brain/cognitive booster, and hormone/testosterone booster. Many food supplements have been shown to be contaminated with unauthorized substances. In some cases, the ingredients in the new categories of dietary supplements were medicinal products or new synthetic compounds added without performing clinical trials. Some of the new ingredients in dietary supplements are plant materials that are registered in the pharmacopoeia as herbal medicines. In other cases, dietary supplements may contain plant materials that have no history of human use and are often used as materials to 'camouflage' stimulants. In the European Union, new ingredients of dietary supplements, according to European Food Safety Authority or unauthorized novel food. Furthermore, selected ingredients in dietary supplements may be prohibited in sports and are recognized as doping agents by World Anti-Doping Agency.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karol Jędrejko
- Jagiellonian University Medical College, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, Medyczna 9 Street, PL, 30-688, Kraków, Poland
| | - Jan Lazur
- Jagiellonian University Medical College, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, Medyczna 9 Street, PL, 30-688, Kraków, Poland
| | - Bożena Muszyńska
- Jagiellonian University Medical College, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, Medyczna 9 Street, PL, 30-688, Kraków, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
[Fraud in nutritional supplements for athletes: a narrative review]. NUTR HOSP 2021; 38:839-847. [PMID: 33966444 DOI: 10.20960/nh.03413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction The use of nutritional supplements (NSs) is a widespread practice in both professional and amateur athletes. Their choice must be based on criteria of safety, legality, and effectiveness. There are several risks that some of these products can trigger, this being a reason for fraud to the consumer. By way of example, the presence of a legal substance in doses higher than its recommendation may cause unwanted side effects; on the other hand, its presence in quantities lower than necessary (effective threshold) may not have the effect expected or announced by the product. Therefore, the objective of this review was to describe the existence of fraud in relation to nutritional labeling and/or to the content of NSs intended for athletes. A narrative review was conducted through PubMed in which 16 studies met the inclusion criteria. The results show that nutritional labeling differs from the actual amounts of ingredients. This type of fraud has been found in protein powder supplements, pre-workout mixtures, creatine, and beverages containing vitamins and minerals, among others. Fraud due to errors in the labeling by omission of substances present in the product or by errors in the analysis or declaration of quantities, is high. This lack of transparency in the actual composition of labels can contribute to sports performance and/or health problems in the athlete. Therefore, an improvement of the legislation on NS is necessary to ensure their safety, effectiveness, and legality.
Collapse
|
49
|
Nagata JM, Ganson KT, Cunningham ML, Mitchison D, Lavender JM, Blashill AJ, Gooding HC, Murray SB. Associations between legal performance-enhancing substance use and future cardiovascular disease risk factors in young adults: A prospective cohort study. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0244018. [PMID: 33320903 PMCID: PMC7737961 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0244018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Legal performance-enhancing substances (PES), such as creatine, are commonly used by adolescents and young adults. As PES are mostly unregulated by the US Food and Drug Administration, there has been limited empirical attention devoted to examining their long-term safety and health outcomes. Preliminary studies have demonstrated associations between PES use and severe medical events, including hospitalizations and death. PES could be linked to cardiovascular disease (CVD), the most common cause of mortality in the US, by altering the myocardium, vasculature, or metabolism. The objective of this study was to examine prospective associations between the use of legal PES in young adulthood and CVD risk factors at seven-year follow-up. MATERIALS AND METHODS Nationally representative longitudinal cohort data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health, Waves III (2001-2002) and IV (2008), were analyzed. Regression models determined the prospective association between the use of legal PES (e.g. creatine monohydrate) and CVD risk factors (e.g. body mass index, diabetes, hypertension, hyperlipidemia), adjusting for relevant covariates. RESULTS Among the diverse sample of 11,996 male and female participants, no significant differences by PES use in body mass index, diabetes, hypertension, or hyperlipidemia were noted at Wave III. In unadjusted comparisons, legal PES users (versus non-users) were more likely to be White, be male, be college educated, drink alcohol, and engage in weightlifting, exercise, individual sports, team sports, and other strength training. There were no significant prospective associations between legal PES use at Wave III and body mass index, hemoglobin A1c, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, and cholesterol (total, HDL, LDL, triglycerides) deciles at seven-year follow-up (Wave IV), adjusting for demographics, health behaviors, and Wave III CVD risk factors. Similarly, there were no significant prospective associations between legal PES use and diabetes, hypertension, or hyperlipidemia based on objective measures or self-reported medications and diagnoses, adjusting for demographics, health behaviors, and Wave III CVD risk. CONCLUSIONS We do not find evidence for a prospective association between legal PES use and CVD risk factors in young adults over seven years of follow-up, including BMI, diabetes, hypertension, or hyperlipidemia. It should be noted that legal PES use was operationalized dichotomously and as one broad category, which did not account for frequency, amount, or duration of use. Given the lack of regulation and clinical trials data, observational studies can provide much needed data to inform the safety and long-term health associations of legal PES use and, in turn, inform clinical guidance and policy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jason M. Nagata
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Kyle T. Ganson
- Factor-Inwentash Faculty of Social Work, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Deborah Mitchison
- Translational Health Research Institute, School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Department of Psychology, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jason M. Lavender
- Military Cardiovascular Outcomes Research Program (MiCOR), Department of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- The Metis Foundation, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Aaron J. Blashill
- Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, San Diego, California, United States of America
- San Diego Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology, San Diego State University, San Diego, California, United States of America
- San Diego Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology, University of California, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Holly C. Gooding
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Stuart B. Murray
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Maroufi K, Razavi R, Gaeini AA, Nourshahi M. The effects of acute consumption of carbohydrate-protein supplement in varied ratios on CrossFit athletes' performance in two CrossFit exercises: a randomized cross-over trial. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2020; 61:1362-1368. [PMID: 33314886 DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.20.11774-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND CrossFit is becoming popular over the past few years, and various supplementation ways have been utilized by exercise physiologists to enhance CrossFit athletes' performance. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of consuming preworkout carbohydrate-protein supplements on CrossFit athletes' performance. METHODS Well-trained CrossFit athletes (8 men; 25.62±3.02 years) were randomized to a single-blind, placebo controlled, crossover design (7-day washout) to performed six bouts of two CrossFit workouts: Fight Gone Bad (FGB) and Cindy (CI). One hour and immediately before the onset of each bout, the subjects consumed carbohydrate-protein supplement in two ratios (2:2 or 3:1) or placebo (P): FGB+2:2, FGB+3:1, FGB+P, CI+2:2, CI+3:1, and CI+P. To value the differentiation in performances, the performed each subject repetitions in FGB and CI were recorded in the bouts. RESULTS Repeated measure analysis of variance was used to analyze the data, and the level of significance set for the study was P≤0.05. No significant difference was observed in the total number of repetitions performed in FGB (P=0.275) or CI (P=0.789) workouts in supplements and placebo groups. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that acute consumption of preworkout carbohydrate-protein supplement may not enhance the CrossFit athletes' performance in FGB and CI workouts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Khashayar Maroufi
- Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran -
| | - Rashin Razavi
- Faculty of Sport Sciences and Health, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abbas A Gaeini
- Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Nourshahi
- Faculty of Sport Sciences and Health, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| |
Collapse
|