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Schubert S, Oppel E, Bauer A, Schröder-Kraft C, Löffler H, Strom K, Worm M, Brans R, Wagner N, Angela Y, Geier J. Epidemiology of patch tested patients with permanent tattoos-A comparative analysis of 9693 IVDK patients (2020-2022). Contact Dermatitis 2024. [PMID: 39021264 DOI: 10.1111/cod.14632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2024] [Revised: 06/10/2024] [Accepted: 06/23/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Permanent tattooing is the invasive introduction of tattoo ink (pigments) into the dermis. The ink and aftercare cosmetics applied on pre-damaged skin may contain skin sensitisers. OBJECTIVES To identify patient characteristics and the pattern of sensitisation in tattooed patients patch tested within the Information Network of Departments of Dermatology (IVDK). PATIENTS AND METHODS Comparative analysis of patient characteristics and reaction frequencies to baseline series allergens in 1648 consecutive patients with and 8045 consecutive patients without permanent tattoos. Non-overlapping 95%-confidence intervals were considered as significant. RESULTS Having permanent tattoos was related with female sex, age <40 years, tobacco smoking, atopic dermatitis, (occupational) hand dermatitis and being employed in particular occupational groups (e.g., healthcare workers, mechanics, hairdressers). Sensitisation to nickel was increased in tattooed patients and associated with female sex (OR 4.23 [95%-CI, 3.48-5.18]), age ≥40 years (OR 1.26 [95%-CI, 1.08-1.49]), tobacco smoking (OR 1.19 [95%-CI, 1.01-1.40]) and having permanent tattoos (OR 1.27 [95%-CI, 1.05-1.53]). CONCLUSIONS The association between nickel sensitisation and permanent tattoos is probably confounded by past reactions to pierced costume jewellery. Socio-economic factors most probably contribute to the connection between tattoos, tobacco smoking, occupational or hand dermatitis, and being employed in particular occupational groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Schubert
- Information Network of Department of Dermatology (IVDK), Institute at the University Medical Centre Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - E Oppel
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - A Bauer
- Department of Dermatology, University Allergy Center, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technical University Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - C Schröder-Kraft
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Dermatologic Prevention and Rehabilitation (iDerm) at the Osnabrück University and Dermatologic Center, BG Trauma Hospital Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - H Löffler
- Department of Dermatology, SLK Hospital Heilbronn, Heilbronn, Germany
| | - K Strom
- BG Klinik für Berufskrankheiten Bad Reichenhall gGmbH, Bad Reichenhall, Germany
| | - M Worm
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergy, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - R Brans
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Dermatologic Prevention and Rehabilitation (iDerm) at the Osnabrück University, Osnabrück, Germany
- Department of Dermatology, Environmental Medicine, and Health Theory, Osnabrück University, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - N Wagner
- Department of Dermatology, Uniklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Y Angela
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital, Johannes Wesling Klinikum, Minden, Germany
| | - J Geier
- Information Network of Department of Dermatology (IVDK), Institute at the University Medical Centre Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
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Nielsen C, Jerkeman M, Jöud AS. Tattoos as a risk factor for malignant lymphoma: a population-based case-control study. EClinicalMedicine 2024; 72:102649. [PMID: 38827888 PMCID: PMC11141277 DOI: 10.1016/j.eclinm.2024.102649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Revised: 04/25/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Background The popularity of tattoos has increased dramatically over the last few decades. Tattoo ink often contains carcinogenic chemicals, e.g., primary aromatic amines, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and metals. The tattooing process invokes an immunologic response that causes translocation of tattoo ink from the injection site. Deposition of tattoo pigment in lymph nodes has been confirmed but the long-term health effects remain unexplored. We used Swedish National Authority Registers with full population coverage to investigate the association between tattoo exposure and overall malignant lymphoma as well as lymphoma subtypes. Methods We performed a case-control study where we identified all incident cases of malignant lymphoma diagnosed between 2007 and 2017 in individuals aged 20-60 years in the Swedish National Cancer Register. Three random age- and sex-matched controls per case were sampled from the Total Population Register using incidence density sampling. We assessed exposure through a questionnaire in 2021, and data on potential confounders were retrieved from registers. We used multivariable logistic regression to estimate the incidence rate ratio (IRR) of malignant lymphoma in tattooed individuals. Findings The study population consisted of 11,905 individuals, and the response rate was 54% among cases (n = 1398) and 47% among controls (n = 4193). The tattoo prevalence was 21% among cases and 18% among controls. Tattooed individuals had a higher adjusted risk of overall lymphoma (IRR = 1.21; 95% CI 0.99-1.48). The risk of lymphoma was highest in individuals with less than two years between their first tattoo and the index year (IRR = 1.81; 95% CI 1.03-3.20). The risk decreased with intermediate exposure duration (three to ten years) but increased again in individuals who received their first tattoo ≥11 years before the index year (IRR = 1.19; 95% CI 0.94-1.50). We found no evidence of increasing risk with a larger area of total tattooed body surface. The risk associated with tattoo exposure seemed to be highest for diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (IRR 1.30; 95% CI 0.99-1.71) and follicular lymphoma (IRR 1.29; 95% CI 0.92-1.82). Interpretation Our findings suggested that tattoo exposure was associated with an increased risk of malignant lymphoma. More epidemiologic research is urgently needed to establish causality. Funding The Swedish Research Council for Health, Working Life and Welfare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christel Nielsen
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Mats Jerkeman
- Division of Oncology, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Department of Oncology, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
| | - Anna Saxne Jöud
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Division of Orthopaedics, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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Cambiaso-Daniel J, Luze H, Meschnark S, Fink J, Schreiver I, Rappl T, Goessler W, Kotzbeck P, Kamolz LP. Tattoo Pigment Biokinetics in vivo in a 28-Day Porcine Model: Elements Undergo Fast Distribution to Lymph Nodes and Reach Steady State after 7 Days. Dermatology 2024; 240:304-311. [PMID: 38402858 PMCID: PMC10997244 DOI: 10.1159/000536126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/27/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Pigments of tattoo inks may over time migrate to other parts of the body. Inks kinetics are still poorly understood and little studied. The aim of this first study was to investigate the kinetics of tattoo inks pigment in tattooed porcine skin, which is closer to human skin than mouse skin studied in the past. METHODS Three animals were tattooed on the inner thigh and one animal served as untreated control. Skin biopsies were taken on days 7, 14, and 28 after tattooing. Animals were sacrificed on day 28 and homogenate samples of the liver, spleen, kidney, and brain, as well the local lymph nodes were prepared. All samples were analyzed for ink components using inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry. The ink itself was characterized by dynamic light scattering and matrix-assisted laser desorption-ionization mass analysis. RESULTS Titanium (212 g/kg), copper (6 mg/kg), aluminum (1 mg/kg), zirconium (1 mg/kg), and chromium (3 mg/kg) were found in the ink. Significant deposits of ink elements were detected in the tattooed skin when compared to non-tattooed skin from the same animal (mean ± standard deviation: titanium 240 ± 81 mg/kg, copper 95 ± 39 mg/kg, aluminum 115 ± 63 mg/kg, zirconium 23 ± 12 mg/kg, and chromium 1.0 ± 0.2 mg/kg; p < 0.05). Lymph node concentrations of titanium, copper, aluminum, zirconium, and chromium were 42 ± 2 mg/kg, 69 ± 25 mg/kg, 49 ± 18 mg/kg, 0.3 ± 0.2 mg/kg, 0.5 ± 0.2 mg/kg, respectively. CONCLUSION Deposits in skin were unchanged from days 7-28 indicating no redistribution or elimination. No significant deposits of ink elements were found in the liver, spleen, kidney, and brain. In conclusion, our findings confirmed distribution of elements from tattoos to regional lymph nodes, but neither to excretory organs, e.g., liver and kidney, nor to spleen and brain. Thus systemic internal organ exposure was not found.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janos Cambiaso-Daniel
- Division of Plastic, Aesthetic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Hanna Luze
- Division of Plastic, Aesthetic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Silvia Meschnark
- Institute of Chemistry, Analytical Chemistry for Health and Environment, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Julia Fink
- COREMED – Centre for Regenerative and Precision Medicine, JOANNEUM RESEARCH Forschungsgesellschaft mbH, Graz, Austria
| | - Ines Schreiver
- Department of Chemical and Product Safety, Dermatotoxicology Study Centre, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas Rappl
- Division of Plastic, Aesthetic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Walter Goessler
- Institute of Chemistry, Analytical Chemistry for Health and Environment, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Petra Kotzbeck
- Division of Plastic, Aesthetic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
- COREMED – Centre for Regenerative and Precision Medicine, JOANNEUM RESEARCH Forschungsgesellschaft mbH, Graz, Austria
- Research Unit for Tissue Regeneration, Repair and Reconstruction, Division of Plastic, Aesthetic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Lars-Peter Kamolz
- Division of Plastic, Aesthetic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
- COREMED – Centre for Regenerative and Precision Medicine, JOANNEUM RESEARCH Forschungsgesellschaft mbH, Graz, Austria
- Research Unit for Tissue Regeneration, Repair and Reconstruction, Division of Plastic, Aesthetic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
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Liu S, Zhang L, Luo N, Wang M, Tang C, Jing J, Chen H, Hu Q, Tan L, Ma X, Zou Y. Metal mixture exposure and the risk for immunoglobulin A nephropathy: Evidence from weighted quantile sum regression. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:87783-87792. [PMID: 37434053 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-28706-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023]
Abstract
Immunoglobulin A nephropathy (IgAN) is the most common type of glomerulonephritis in adults worldwide. Environmental metal exposure has been reported to be involved in the pathogenic mechanisms of kidney diseases, yet no further epidemiological study has been conducted to assess the effects of metal mixture exposure on IgAN risk. In this study, we conducted a matched case‒control design with three controls for each patient to investigate the association between metal mixture exposure and IgAN risk. A total of 160 IgAN patients and 480 healthy controls were matched for age and sex. Plasma levels of arsenic, lead, chromium, manganese, cobalt, copper, zinc, and vanadium were measured using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. We used a conditional logistic regression model to assess the association between individual metals and IgAN risk, and a weighted quantile sum (WQS) regression model to analyze the effects of metal mixtures on IgAN risk. Restricted cubic splines were used to evaluate overall associations between plasma metal concentrations and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) levels. We observed that except for Cu, all the metals analyzed were nonlinearly associated with decreased eGFR, and higher concentrations of arsenic and lead were associated with elevated IgAN risk in both single-metal [3.29 (1.94, 5.57), 6.10 (3.39, 11.0), respectively] and multiple-metal [3.04 (1.66, 5.57), 4.70 (2.47, 8.97), respectively] models. Elevated manganese [1.76 (1.09, 2.83)] levels were associated with increased IgAN risk in the single-metal model. Copper was inversely related to IgAN risk in both single-metal [0.392 (0.238, 0.645)] and multiple-metal [0.357 (0.200, 0.638)] models. The WQS indices in both positive [2.04 (1.68, 2.47)] and negative [0.717 (0.603, 0.852)] directions were associated with IgAN risk. Lead, arsenic, and vanadium contributed significant weights (0.594, 0.195, and 0.191, respectively) in the positive direction; copper, cobalt, and chromium carried significant weights (0.538, 0.253, and 0.209, respectively). In conclusion, metal exposure was related to IgAN risk. Lead, arsenic, and copper were all significantly weighted factors of IgAN development, which may require further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaohui Liu
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, China
- Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Highly Prevalent Diseases, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Environment and Health Research, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, China
| | - Li'e Zhang
- Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Highly Prevalent Diseases, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Environment and Health Research, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, China
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, China
| | - Na Luo
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, China
- Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Highly Prevalent Diseases, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Environment and Health Research, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, China
- Department of Clinical Nutriology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shaoyang University, Shaoyang, 422000, China
| | - Mingjun Wang
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, China
| | - Chuanqiao Tang
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, China
- Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Highly Prevalent Diseases, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Environment and Health Research, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, China
| | - Jiajun Jing
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, China
- Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Highly Prevalent Diseases, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Environment and Health Research, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, China
| | - Hao Chen
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, China
| | - Qiuhua Hu
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, China
| | - Lina Tan
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, China
| | - Xiaoli Ma
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, China
- Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Highly Prevalent Diseases, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Environment and Health Research, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, China
| | - Yunfeng Zou
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, China.
- Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Highly Prevalent Diseases, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, China.
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Environment and Health Research, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, China.
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Blando JD, Guigni BA. Potential chemical risks from tattoos and their relevance to military health policy in the United States. J Public Health Policy 2023; 44:242-254. [PMID: 36914711 PMCID: PMC10232601 DOI: 10.1057/s41271-023-00403-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
Abstract
We summarize and consolidate disparate sources of information about the practice of tattooing and its potential implications for military population health and policy. Each branch of the United States military has policies about tattoos for service members, but these have varied over time and do not cover health protection. The number of veterans receiving disability payments and the cost of those payments has been rising over time; the broad category of skin conditions accounts for 11% of disability claims. Any additional factor, such as tattoos that may increase the occurrence of adverse skin reactions, can substantially impact veteran benefit expenses and budgets. This may be a consideration for the military as it evaluates its policies related to tattoos among service members.
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Affiliation(s)
- James D Blando
- School of Community and Environmental Health, Old Dominion University, 4608 Hampton Blvd, Norfolk, VA, 23529, USA.
| | - Blas A Guigni
- Toxicology Directorate, Army Public Health Center, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, 21010, USA
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Kurz B, Schreiver I, Siewert K, Haslböck B, Weiß KT, Hannemann J, Berner B, von Eichborn MI, Berneburg M, Bäumler W. Investigation of Adverse Reactions in Tattooed Skin through Histological and Chemical Analysis. Dermatology 2023; 239:782-793. [PMID: 37231944 PMCID: PMC10614264 DOI: 10.1159/000530949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Just as the number of tattooed people has increased in recent years, so has the number of adverse reactions in tattooed skin. Tattoo colourants contain numerous, partly unidentified substances, which have the potential to provoke adverse skin reactions like allergies or granulomatous reactions. Identification of the triggering substances is often difficult or even impossible. METHODS Ten patients with typical adverse reactions in tattooed skin were enrolled in the study. Skin punch biopsies were taken and the paraffin-embedded specimens were analysed by standard haematoxylin and eosin and anti-CD3 stainings. Tattoo colourants provided by patients and punch biopsies of patients were analysed with different chromatography and mass spectrometry methods and X-ray fluorescence. Blood samples of 2 patients were screened for angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) and soluble interleukin-2 receptor (sIL-2R). RESULTS Histology showed variable skin reactions such as eosinophilic infiltrate, granulomatous reactions, or pseudolymphoma. CD3+ T lymphocytes dominated the dermal cellular infiltrate. Most patients had adverse skin reactions in red tattoos (n = 7), followed by white tattoos (n = 2). The red tattooed skin areas predominantly contained Pigment Red (P.R.) 170, but also P.R. 266, Pigment Orange (P.O.) 13, P.O. 16, and Pigment Blue (P.B.) 15. The white colourant of 1 patient contained rutile titanium dioxide but also other metals like nickel and chromium and methyl dehydroabietate - known as the main ingredient of colophonium. None of the 2 patients showed increased levels of ACE and sIL-2R related to sarcoidosis. Seven of the study participants showed partial or complete remission after treatment with topical steroids, intralesional steroids, or topical tacrolimus. CONCLUSIONS The combination of the methods presented might be a rational approach to identify the substances that trigger adverse reactions in tattoos. Such an approach might help make tattoo colourants safer in the future if such trigger substances could be omitted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernadett Kurz
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Ines Schreiver
- Department of Chemical and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
| | - Katherina Siewert
- Department of Chemical and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
| | - Birgit Haslböck
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Katharina T. Weiß
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Julia Hannemann
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Bianca Berner
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | | | - Mark Berneburg
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Bäumler
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
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Serup J, Alsing KK, Olsen O, Koch CB, Hansen RH. On the mechanism of painful burn sensation in tattoos on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Magnetic substances in tattoo inks used for permanent makeup (PMU) identified: Magnetite, goethite, and hematite. Skin Res Technol 2023; 29:e13281. [PMID: 36973979 PMCID: PMC10155845 DOI: 10.1111/srt.13281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Persons with cosmetic tattoos occasionally experience severe pain and burning sensation on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). OBJECTIVE To explore the culprit magnetic substances in commonly used permanent makeup inks. MATERIAL AND METHODS 20 inks used for cosmetic tattooing of eyebrows, eyeliners, and lips were selected. Ink bottles were tested for magnetic behavior with a neodymium magnet. Eight iron oxide inks qualified for the final study. Metals were analyzed by Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS). The magnetic fraction of inks was isolated and analyzed by X-ray fluorescence (XRF). Magnetic iron compounds were characterized by Mössbauer spectroscopy and powder X-ray diffraction (XRD). RESULTS ICP-MS showed iron in all magnetic samples, and some nickel and chromium. Mössbauer spectroscopy and XRD detected ferromagnetic minerals, particularly magnetite, followed by goethite and hematite. CONCLUSION This original study of cosmetic ink stock products made with iron oxide pigments reports magnetic impurities in inks for cosmetic tattooing, e.g., magnetite, goethite, and hematite. These may be the main cause of MRI burn sensation in cosmetic tattoos. The mechanism behind sensations is hypothesized to be induction of electrical stimuli of axons from periaxonal pigment/impurity activated by magnetic force. Magnetite is considered the lead culprit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jørgen Serup
- The Tattoo Clinic, Department of DermatologyCopenhagen University Hospital, BispebjergCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Kasper Køhler Alsing
- The Tattoo Clinic, Department of DermatologyCopenhagen University Hospital, BispebjergCopenhagenDenmark
| | | | | | - Rasmus Hvass Hansen
- Section for Radiation Therapy, Department of Oncology, Center for Cancer and Organ DiseasesCopenhagen University Hospital, RigshospitaletCopenhagenDenmark
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8
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Schubert S, Kluger N, Schreiver I. Hypersensitivity to permanent tattoos: Literature summary and comprehensive review of patch tested tattoo patients 1997-2022. Contact Dermatitis 2023; 88:331-350. [PMID: 36772861 DOI: 10.1111/cod.14291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
We outline constituents of tattoo and permanent make-up ink with regard to inflammatory tattoo reactions and population-based confounders. The comprehensive review of patch-tested tattoo patients between 1997 and 2022 shows that tattoo allergy cannot be reliably diagnosed via patch testing with today's knowledge. Weak penetration and slow haptenization of pigments, unavailability of pigments as test allergens and a lack of knowledge concerning relevant epitopes hamper the diagnosis of tattoo allergy. Patch testing p-phenylenediamine and disperse (textile) dyes is not able to close this gap. Sensitization to metals was associated with all types of tattoo complications, although often not clinically relevant for the tattoo reaction. Binders and industrial biocides are frequently missing on ink declarations and should be patch tested. The pigment carbon black (C.I. 77266) is no skin sensitizer. Patch tests with culprit inks were usually positive with cheap ink products for non-professional use or with professionally used inks in patients with eczematous reactions characterized by papules and infiltration. Tape stripping before patch testing and patch test readings on Day 8 or 10 may improve the diagnostic quality. The meaningfulness of the categorical EU-wide ban of Pigment Green 7 and Pigment Blue 15:3 is not substantiated by the presented data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffen Schubert
- Information Network of Departments of Dermatology (IVDK), Institute at the University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Nicolas Kluger
- Department of Dermatology, 'Tattoo' Consultation, Bichat-Claude Bernard Hospital, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France.,Department of Dermatology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ines Schreiver
- Department of Chemical and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
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Kiszla BM, Elmets CA, Mayo TT. Quantitative analysis of restricted metals and metalloids in tattoo inks: A systematic review and meta-analysis. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 313:137291. [PMID: 36436582 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.137291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Revised: 10/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The various ingredients and impurities that can be detected within tattoo inks have been associated with a myriad of dermatologic complications. Legislation regarding these antigenic substances varies widely around the world, with Europe serving as both the research and regulatory center on these intradermal formulations. Although industry is said to be moving away from metallic and metalloid pigments in exchange for organic or organometallic dyes, surveys of commercially available inks continue to detect these elements at concentrations considered unsafe for application into the dermis. In order to better assess the formulation and safety of tattoo ink, we present a systematic review and meta-analysis of studies quantifying restricted metals and metalloids in commercially available tattoo ink products. Among the papers selected, inconsistencies were noted in the degree of specificity by which ink products were identified and the elements sampled for. In addition, the analytical targets' valency and/or solubility were not always considered in accordance with regulation criteria. Of note, chromium, by total content and that of its regulated +6 valency, exceeded its maximum allowed concentration in nearly every sample tested. Total copper content exceeded the limit for soluble copper in half of inks sampled. In descending order, concentrations of cadmium, barium, mercury, soluble copper, arsenic, zinc, antimony, and lead violated regulations in one-sixth or fewer of samples tested. Cobalt and tin levels never violated regulation. Overall, our findings indicate that unsafe levels of restricted elements continue to be detected across studies, warranting further investigation under a regulatory lens.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Matthew Kiszla
- UAB Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
| | - Craig A Elmets
- UAB Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA; Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA; Birmingham VA Medical Center, Birmingham, AL, USA.
| | - Tiffany T Mayo
- UAB Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA; Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
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10
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Karadagli SS, Cansever I, Armagan G, Sogut O. Are Some Metals in Tattoo Inks Harmful to Health? An Analytical Approach. Chem Res Toxicol 2022; 36:104-111. [PMID: 36584178 PMCID: PMC9846827 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.2c00323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Tattoo application is widely performed all over the world; however, injection of coloring substances into the skin as metals may pose a risk for allergies and other skin inflammations and systemic diseases. In this context, tattoo inks in green, black, and red colors of three brands were purchased. Before starting the analysis, the acid mixture suitable for microwave burning was determined, and according to these results, the inks were digested with nitric acid, hydrochloric acid, and hydrofluoric acid. Then, method validation was performed for tattoo inks using inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry. The relative contribution of metals to the tattoo ink composition was highly variable between colors and brands. Elements found in the main components of inks are as follows (in mg kg-1): Al, 1191.1-3424.9; Co, 0.04-1.07; Cu, 1.24-2523.4; Fe, 16.98-318.42; Ni, 0.63-17.53; and Zn, 2.6-46.9. It has been determined by the Environmental Protection Agency that in some products, especially the copper element is above the determined limit. The analysis results obtained were classified by chemometric analysis, and the color and brand relationship were determined. More toxicological studies are necessary to understand the effects of tattoo inks containing heavy metals and/or organic components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumru Sozer Karadagli
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ege University, Izmir 35040, Turkey,
| | - Islam Cansever
- Central
Research Laboratories, Katip Celebi University, Izmir 35620, Turkey
| | - Guliz Armagan
- Department
of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ege
University, Izmir 35040, Turkey
| | - Ozlem Sogut
- Department
of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ege University, Izmir 35040, Turkey
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11
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Colboc H, Bazin D, Reguer S, Lucas IT, Moguelet P, Amode R, Jouanneau C, Soria A, Chasset F, Amsler E, Pecquet C, Aractingi S, Bellot-Gurlet L, Deschamps L, Descamps V, Kluger N. Chemical characterization of inks in skin reactions to tattoo. JOURNAL OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION 2022; 29:1436-1445. [PMID: 36345752 PMCID: PMC9641572 DOI: 10.1107/s1600577522008165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Skin reactions are well described complications of tattooing, usually provoked by red inks. Chemical characterizations of these inks are usually based on limited subjects and techniques. This study aimed to determine the organic and inorganic composition of inks using X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (XRF), X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XANES) and Raman spectroscopy, in a cohort of patients with cutaneous hypersensitivity reactions to tattoo. A retrospective multicenter study was performed, including 15 patients diagnosed with skin reactions to tattoos. Almost half of these patients developed skin reactions on black inks. XRF identified known allergenic metals - titanium, chromium, manganese, nickel and copper - in almost all cases. XANES spectroscopy distinguished zinc and iron present in ink from these elements in endogenous biomolecules. Raman spectroscopy showed the presence of both reported (azo pigments, quinacridone) and unreported (carbon black, phtalocyanine) putative organic sensitizer compounds, and also defined the phase in which Ti was engaged. To the best of the authors' knowledge, this paper reports the largest cohort of skin hypersensitivity reactions analyzed by multiple complementary techniques. With almost half the patients presenting skin reaction on black tattoo, the study suggests that black modern inks should also be considered to provoke skin reactions, probably because of the common association of carbon black with potential allergenic metals within these inks. Analysis of more skin reactions to tattoos is needed to identify the relevant chemical compounds and help render tattoo ink composition safer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hester Colboc
- Sorbonne Université, Hôpital Rothschild, Service de Gériatrie-Plaies et Cicatrisation, Paris, France
- Sorbonne Université, UPMC Paris 06, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité Mixte de Recherche S 1155, F-75020 Paris, France
| | - Dominique Bazin
- Institut de Chimie Physique, Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay, France
| | - Solenn Reguer
- DiffAbs Beamline, Synchrotron SOLEIL, L’Orme des Merisiers, Départementale 128, 91190 Saint-Aubin, France
| | - Ivan T. Lucas
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire Lise UMR 8235, Paris, France
| | - Philippe Moguelet
- Sorbonne Université, Hôpital Tenon, Anatomie et Cytologie Pathologiques, Paris, France
| | | | - Chantal Jouanneau
- Sorbonne Université, UPMC Paris 06, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité Mixte de Recherche S 1155, F-75020 Paris, France
| | - Angèle Soria
- Sorbonne Université, Hôpital Tenon, Service de Dermatologie-Allergologie, Paris, France
| | - François Chasset
- Sorbonne Université, Hôpital Tenon, Service de Dermatologie-Allergologie, Paris, France
| | - Emmanuelle Amsler
- Sorbonne Université, Hôpital Tenon, Service de Dermatologie-Allergologie, Paris, France
| | - Catherine Pecquet
- Sorbonne Université, Hôpital Tenon, Service de Dermatologie-Allergologie, Paris, France
| | - Sélim Aractingi
- Université de Paris, Hôpital Cochin, Service de Dermatologie, Paris, France
| | | | - Lydia Deschamps
- Université de Paris, Hôpital Bichat, Service d’Anatomie et Cytologie Pathologique, Paris, France
| | - Vincent Descamps
- Université de Paris, Hôpital Bichat, Service de Dermatologie, Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Kluger
- Université de Paris, Hôpital Bichat, Service de Dermatologie, Paris, France
- Department of Dermatology, Allergology and Venereology, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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12
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Tattoo-Related Allergic Contact Dermatitis. CURRENT DERMATOLOGY REPORTS 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s13671-022-00371-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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13
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Bazin D. Nanomaterials in medicine: a concise review of nanomaterials intended to treat pathology, nanomaterials induced by pathology, and pathology provoked by nanomaterials. CR CHIM 2022. [DOI: 10.5802/crchim.194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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14
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Colboc H, Moguelet P, Letavernier E, Frochot V, Bernaudin JF, Weil R, Rouzière S, Senet P, Bachmeyer C, Laporte N, Lucas I, Descamps V, Amode R, Brunet-Possenti F, Kluger N, Deschamps L, Dubois A, Reguer S, Somogyi A, Medjoubi K, Refregiers M, Daudon M, Bazin D. Pathologies related to abnormal deposits in dermatology: a physico-chemical approach. CR CHIM 2022. [DOI: 10.5802/crchim.153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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15
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Bazin D, Foy E, Reguer S, Rouzière S, Fayard B, Colboc H, Haymann JP, Daudon M, Mocuta C. The crucial contribution of X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy in medicine. CR CHIM 2022. [DOI: 10.5802/crchim.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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16
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Yuan J, Mo Y, Zhang Y, Zhang Y, Zhang Q. Nickel nanoparticles induce epithelial-mesenchymal transition in human bronchial epithelial cells via the HIF-1α/HDAC3 pathway. Nanotoxicology 2022; 16:695-712. [PMID: 36345150 PMCID: PMC9892310 DOI: 10.1080/17435390.2022.2142169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
We and others have previously demonstrated that exposure to nickel nanoparticles (Nano-Ni) caused fibrogenic and carcinogenic effects; however, the underlying mechanisms are still not fully understood. This study aimed to investigate the effects of Nano-Ni on epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in human bronchial epithelial cells (BEAS-2B) and its underlying mechanisms since EMT is involved in both cancer pathogenesis and tissue fibrosis. Our results showed that exposure to Nano-Ni, compared to the control Nano-TiO2, caused a remarkable decrease in the expression of E-cadherin and an increase in the expression of vimentin and α-SMA, indicating an inducible role of Nano-Ni in EMT development in human bronchial epithelial cells. HIF-1α nuclear accumulation, HDAC3 upregulation, and decreased histone acetylation were also observed in the cells exposed to Nano-Ni, but not in those exposed to Nano-TiO2. Pretreatment of the cells with a specific HIF-1α inhibitor, CAY10585, or HIF-1α-specific siRNA transfection prior to Nano-Ni exposure resulted in the restoration of E-cadherin and abolished Nano-Ni-induced upregulation of vimentin and α-SMA, suggesting a crucial role of HIF-1α in Nano-Ni-induced EMT development. CAY10585 pretreatment also attenuated the HDAC3 upregulation and increased histone acetylation. Inhibition of HDAC3 with specific siRNA significantly restrained Nano-Ni-induced reduction in histone acetylation and restored EMT-related protein expression to near control levels. In summary, our findings suggest that exposure to Nano-Ni promotes the development of EMT in human bronchial epithelial cells by decreasing histone acetylation through HIF-1α-mediated HDAC3 upregulation. Our findings may provide information for further understanding of the molecular mechanisms of Nano-Ni-induced fibrosis and carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yuanbao Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, School of Public Health and Information Sciences, University of Louisville, 485 E. Gray Street, Louisville, KY 40209, USA
| | - Yue Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, School of Public Health and Information Sciences, University of Louisville, 485 E. Gray Street, Louisville, KY 40209, USA
| | - Qunwei Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, School of Public Health and Information Sciences, University of Louisville, 485 E. Gray Street, Louisville, KY 40209, USA
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17
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Homolak J. In vitro analysis of catalase and superoxide dismutase mimetic properties of blue tattoo ink. Free Radic Res 2022; 56:343-357. [PMID: 35848745 DOI: 10.1080/10715762.2022.2102976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Tattoo inks are comprised of different combinations of bioactive chemicals with combined biological effects that are insufficiently explored. Tattoos have been associated with oxidative stress; however, a recent N-of-1 study suggested that blue tattoos may be associated with suppressed local skin oxidative stress. The present study aimed to explore the attributes of the blue tattoo ink (BTI) that may explain its possible effects on redox homeostasis, namely the catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD)-mimetic properties that have been reported for copper(II) phthalocyanine (CuPC) - the main BTI constituent. Intenze™ Persian blue (PB) BTI has been used in the experiment. CAT and SOD-mimetic properties of PB and its pigment-enriched fractions were analyzed using the carbonato-cobaltate (III) formation-derived H2O2 dissociation and 1,2,3-trihydroxybenzene autoxidation rate assays utilizing simple buffers and biochemical matrix of normal skin tissue as chemical reaction environments. CuPC-based tattoo ink PB and both its blue and white pigment-enriched fractions demonstrate CAT and SOD-mimetic properties in vitro with effect sizes demonstrating a substantial dependence on the biochemical environment. PB constituents act as inhibitors of CAT but potentiate its activity in the biochemical matrix of the skin. CuPC-based BTI can mimic antioxidant enzymes, however chemical constituents other than CuPC (e.g. the photoreactive TiO2) seem to be at least partially responsible for the BTI redox-modulating properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Homolak
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia.,Croatian Institute for Brain Research, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia
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18
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Malik S, Kostakis GE. Tubular glassy carbon microneedles with fullerene-like tips for biomedical applications. BEILSTEIN JOURNAL OF NANOTECHNOLOGY 2022; 13:455-461. [PMID: 35655941 PMCID: PMC9127243 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.13.38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Glassy carbon, in general, is made by the pyrolysis of polymeric materials and has been the subject of research for at least fifty years. However, as understanding its microstructure is far from straightforward, it continues to be an area of active research. Glassy carbon adopts different allotropes depending on the hybridizations of the C-C bond, that is, sp, sp2, or sp3 . Furthermore, a variety of short-range ordering effects can interact with each other and this, along with the effects of microporosity, grain boundaries, and defects, render this a fascinating material. Following the nanoarchitectonics concept of bottom-up creation of functional materials, we use methane rather than a polymer to form glassy carbon. Here we show that tubular glassy carbon microneedles with fullerene-like tips form when methane undergoes pyrolysis on a curved alumina surface. X-ray diffraction of these glassy carbon tubules shows long-range order with a d-spacing of 4.89 Å, which is indicative of glassy carbon. Raman spectroscopy shows the material to be graphitic in nature, and SEM shows the fullerene-like structure of the material. This work provides new insights into the structure of glassy carbons relevant to the application of glassy carbons as a biomaterial, for example, as a new form of carbon-based microneedles. Since metallic needles can introduce toxic/allergenic species into susceptible subjects, this alternative carbon-based microneedle form has great potential as a replacement biomedical material for metallic needles in the field of neural engineering and as acupuncture needles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharali Malik
- Institute of Quantum Materials and Technology (IQMT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - George E Kostakis
- Chemistry Department, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, BN1 9QG, UK
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19
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Negi S, Bala L, Shukla S, Chopra D. Tattoo inks are toxicological risks to human health: A systematic review of its ingredients, fate inside skin, toxicity due to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, primary aromatic amines, metals, and overview of regulatory frameworks. Toxicol Ind Health 2022; 38:417-434. [PMID: 35592919 DOI: 10.1177/07482337221100870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Today, tattooing has become very popular among people all over the world. Tattooists, with the help of tiny needles, place tattoo ink inside the skin surface and unintentionally introduce a large number of unknown ingredients. These ingredients include polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), heavy metals, and primary aromatic amines (PAAs), which are either unintentionally introduced along with the ink or produced inside the skin by different types of processes for example cleavage, metabolism and photodecomposition. These could pose toxicological risks to human health, if present beyond permissible limits. PAH such as Benzo(a)pyrene is present in carbon black ink. PAAs could be formed inside the skin as a result of reductive cleavage of organic azo dyes. They are reported to be highly carcinogenic by environmental protection agencies. Heavy metals, namely, cadmium, lead, mercury, antimony, beryllium, and arsenic are responsible for cancer, neurodegenerative diseases, cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, lungs, kidneys, liver, endocrine, and bone diseases. Mercury, cobalt sulphate, other soluble cobalt salts, and carbon black are in Group 2B, which means they may cause cancer in humans. Cadmium and compounds of cadmium, on the other hand, are in Group 1 (carcinogenic to humans). The present article addresses the various ingredients of tattoo inks, their metabolic fate inside human skin and unintentionally added impurities that could pose toxicological risk to human health. Public awareness and regulations that are warranted to be implemented globally for improving the safety of tattooing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep Negi
- School of Dental Sciences, Department of Biochemistry, 301429Babu Banarasi Das University, Lucknow, India.,Photobiology Laboratory, Systems Toxicology and Health Risk Assessment Group, 538266CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Lucknow, India
| | - Lakshmi Bala
- School of Dental Sciences, Department of Biochemistry, 301429Babu Banarasi Das University, Lucknow, India
| | - Saumya Shukla
- School of Dental Sciences, Department of Biochemistry, 301429Babu Banarasi Das University, Lucknow, India.,Photobiology Laboratory, Systems Toxicology and Health Risk Assessment Group, 538266CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Lucknow, India
| | - Deepti Chopra
- Photobiology Laboratory, Systems Toxicology and Health Risk Assessment Group, 538266CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Lucknow, India
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20
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Lahouel I, Salah NB, Machghoul S, Belhadjali H, Youssef M, Zili J. Allergic contact dermatitis post microblading eyebrow tattooing: A manifestation of pre-existing nickel sensitization. J Cosmet Dermatol 2022; 21:5270-5271. [PMID: 35290705 DOI: 10.1111/jocd.14920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ines Lahouel
- Department of dermatology, Fattouma Bourguiba University Hospital, University of Monastir, Research Laboratory LR20SP03A, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Nesrine Ben Salah
- Department of dermatology, Fattouma Bourguiba University Hospital, University of Monastir, Research Laboratory LR20SP03A, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Samia Machghoul
- Department of dermatology, Fattouma Bourguiba University Hospital, University of Monastir, Research Laboratory LR20SP03A, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Hichem Belhadjali
- Department of dermatology, Fattouma Bourguiba University Hospital, University of Monastir, Research Laboratory LR20SP03A, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Monia Youssef
- Department of dermatology, Fattouma Bourguiba University Hospital, University of Monastir, Research Laboratory LR20SP03A, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Jameleddine Zili
- Department of dermatology, Fattouma Bourguiba University Hospital, University of Monastir, Research Laboratory LR20SP03A, Monastir, Tunisia
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21
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Laske J, Maschke J, Bauer A, Beissert S, Aschoff R. Operative Treatment of Severe Allergic Reactions to Red Tattoo Dye: Presentation and Comparison of Possible Surgical Procedures in Seven Patients. J Cutan Aesthet Surg 2022; 15:24-32. [PMID: 35655643 PMCID: PMC9153303 DOI: 10.4103/jcas.jcas_202_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Context The treatment of allergic reactions to red tattoo dye is challenging in most cases, as local therapy often does not offer long-term improvement and laser therapy is considered relatively contraindicated by many authors owing to the risk of generalized side effects. Therefore, surgical removal of these tattoos is favored; shave excision is the method of choice, particularly for the removal of the entire dye. Aims The aim of this article was to retrospectively analyze the best post-operative outcome after surgical removal of allergic tattoo reactions using different excision techniques. Materials and Methods We compared the different surgical procedures performed on seven patients with single and multiple allergic tattoo reactions treated between 2013 and 2018. Results The best aesthetic results were achieved by superficial ablation of the inflammatory reaction, partially leaving tattoo remains in the skin. Conclusion Based on our experience with this small number of patients, a superficial removal of the tattoo without complete removal of the dye is, in most cases, sufficient to achieve healing. The remaining dye residues seem to be better tolerated by the immune system afterwards. Furthermore, the tattoo is often preserved in large parts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joerg Laske
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital – Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | | | - Andrea Bauer
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital – Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Stefan Beissert
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital – Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Roland Aschoff
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital – Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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22
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Comparative Toxicological Evaluation of Tattoo Inks on Two Model Organisms. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:biology10121308. [PMID: 34943222 PMCID: PMC8698971 DOI: 10.3390/biology10121308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 12/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Tattooing is a technique that introduces colored substances under the skin in order to color it permanently. Decomposition products of tattoo pigments produce numerous damages for the skin and other organs. We studied the effects of a commercial red ink tattoo, PR170, on Xenopus laevis embryos and Daphnia magna nauplii using concentrations of 10, 20, and 40 mg/L. For Xenopus, we applied the FETAX protocol analyzing survival, malformations, growth, heart rate, and the expression of genes involved in the development. In D. magna, we evaluated the toxicity with an immobilization test. Moreover, we investigated the production of ROS, antioxidant enzymes, and the expression of the ATP-binding cassette in both models. Our results indicate that PR170 pigment has nanoparticle dimensions, modifies the survival and the ATP-binding cassette activity, and induces oxidative stress that probably produces the observed effects in both models. Deformed embryos were observed in Xenopus, probably due to the modification of expression of genes involved in development. The expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines was also modified in this amphibian. We think that these effects are due to the accumulation of PR170 and, in particular, to the presence of the azoic group in the chemical structure of this pigment. Further studies needed to better understand the effects of commercial tattoo inks.
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23
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Wang X, Josefsson L, Meschnark S, Lind ML, Emmer Å, Goessler W, Hedberg YS. Analytical survey of tattoo inks-A chemical and legal perspective with focus on sensitizing substances. Contact Dermatitis 2021; 85:340-353. [PMID: 34089526 DOI: 10.1111/cod.13913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tattoo inks have been reported to elicit allergic contact dermatitis. OBJECTIVES To investigate the labels and the contents of metals and pigments in tattoo inks, considering restrictions within the European Union. METHODS Seventy-three tattoo inks currently available on the market, either bought or donated (already used), were investigated for trace metals and pigments by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry and by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight tandem mass spectrometry. RESULTS Ninety-three percent of the bought tattoo inks violated European, legal requirements on labeling. Fifty percent of the tattoo inks declared at least one pigment ingredient incorrectly. Sixty-one percent of the inks contained pigments of concern, especially red inks. Iron, aluminium, titanium, and copper (most in green/blue inks) were the main metals detected in the inks. The level of metal impurities exceeded current restriction limits in only a few cases. Total chromium (0.35-139 μg/g) and nickel (0.1-41 μg/g) were found in almost all samples. The levels of iron, chromium, manganese, cobalt, nickel, zinc, lead, and arsenic were found to covary significantly. CONCLUSIONS To prevent contact allergy and toxic reactions among users it is important for tattoo ink manufacturers to follow the regulations and decrease nickel and chromium impurities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuying Wang
- Division of Surface and Corrosion Science, Department of Chemistry, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology, and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Leila Josefsson
- Division of Applied Physical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology, and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Marie-Louise Lind
- Centre for Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Åsa Emmer
- Division of Applied Physical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology, and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Yolanda S Hedberg
- Division of Surface and Corrosion Science, Department of Chemistry, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology, and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden.,Centre for Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada.,Lawson Health Research Institute, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
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24
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Weiß KT, Schreiver I, Siewert K, Luch A, Haslböck B, Berneburg M, Bäumler W. Tattoos – mehr als nur kolorierte Haut? Auf der Suche nach Tattoo‐Allergenen. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges 2021; 19:657-671. [PMID: 33979044 DOI: 10.1111/ddg.14436_g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Katharina T Weiß
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Dermatologie, Universitätsklinikum Regensburg
| | - Ines Schreiver
- Abteilung Chemikalien- und Produktsicherheit, Bundesinstitut für Risikobewertung (BfR), Berlin
| | - Katherina Siewert
- Abteilung Chemikalien- und Produktsicherheit, Bundesinstitut für Risikobewertung (BfR), Berlin
| | - Andreas Luch
- Abteilung Chemikalien- und Produktsicherheit, Bundesinstitut für Risikobewertung (BfR), Berlin
| | - Birgit Haslböck
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Dermatologie, Universitätsklinikum Regensburg
| | - Mark Berneburg
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Dermatologie, Universitätsklinikum Regensburg
| | - Wolfgang Bäumler
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Dermatologie, Universitätsklinikum Regensburg
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25
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Weiß KT, Schreiver I, Siewert K, Luch A, Haslböck B, Berneburg M, Bäumler W. Tattoos - more than just colored skin? Searching for tattoo allergens. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges 2021; 19:657-669. [PMID: 33955682 DOI: 10.1111/ddg.14436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
During tattooing, a high amount of ink is injected into the skin. Tattoo inks contain numerous substances such as the coloring pigments, impurities, solvents, emulsifiers, and preservatives. Black amorphous carbon particles (carbon black), white titanium dioxide, azo or polycyclic pigments create all varieties of color shades in the visible spectrum. Some ingredients of tattoo inks might be hazardous and allergenic chemicals of unknown potential. In Germany, about 20 % of the general population is tattooed and related adverse reactions are increasingly reported. Since tattoo needles inevitably harm the skin, microorganisms can enter the wound and may cause infections. Non-allergic inflammatory reactions (for example cutaneous granuloma and pseudolymphoma) as well as allergic reactions may emerge during or after wound healing. Especially with allergies occurring after weeks, months or years, it remains difficult to identify the specific ingredient(s) that trigger the reaction. This review summarizes possible adverse effects related to tattooing with a focus on the development of tattoo-mediated allergies. To date, relevant allergens were only identified in rare cases. Here we present established methods and discuss current experimental approaches to identify culprit allergens in tattoo inks - via testing of the patient and in vitro approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina T Weiß
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Ines Schreiver
- Department of Chemical and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
| | - Katherina Siewert
- Department of Chemical and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Luch
- Department of Chemical and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
| | - Birgit Haslböck
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Mark Berneburg
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Bäumler
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
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Kluger N. Nickel and tattoos: Where are we? Contact Dermatitis 2021; 85:136-140. [PMID: 33880790 DOI: 10.1111/cod.13869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Tattoos are not mentioned as a source of exposure to nickel. Traces of nickel are, however, almost inevitably found in tattoo inks as impurities and sometimes in tattooed skin. Whether nickel in tattoos has any health consequence is debated. We performed a narrative review of what is currently known about this topic. Today, nickel is frequently detected in inks, but at highly variable levels. It appears to be at higher concentrations in green, blue, and sometimes brown and violet inks. Only nickel allergy in tattooed individuals and nickel-associated tattoo ink allergy are addressed in the literature. Reports of tattoo ink allergy related to nickel are rare and heterogenous. Authors often neglect possible implications of other metals or dyes. A positive patch test is not enough to confirm the role of nickel in a reaction observed after tattooing. We found no report of any systemic complication attributed to nickel from tattoos. The Council of Europe ResAP(2008)1 bans the presence of nickel at high levels in tattoo inks, which is a safety net for individuals with nickel allergy. Large epidemiologic case-control studies with systematic biopsies on normal and inflamed tattoos and patch testing would help to understand the role of nickel in tattoo ink allergies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Kluger
- Department of Dermatology, Allergology and Venereology, Helsinki University Hospital & University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- "Tattoo" Consultation, Department of Dermatology, Bichat-Claude Bernard Hospital, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
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Scalia S, Bertoni S, Dozzo A, Rimessi A, Pinton P, Passerini N, Albertini B. Glyceryl Tristearate-Based Lipid Microparticles Loaded with the Tattoo Colorant, Acid Red 87: Colorant Retention Capacity in Excised Porcine Skin. Skin Pharmacol Physiol 2021; 33:323-330. [PMID: 33494089 DOI: 10.1159/000512643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND With the increasing diffusion of tattooing, the photolability of tattoo inks has become a critical issue, as available data indicated that several tattoo colorants are unstable under sunlight, generating potentially toxic photodegradation products. Therefore, it is desirable to enhance the photostability of coloring agents contained in tattoo inks. AIMS Lipid microparticles (LMs) highly loaded with Acid Red 87 (C.I. 45380), a colorant used in tattoo inks, were evaluated for their effect on the colorant photoinstability. In addition, the capacity of the LMs to retain the incorporated C.I. 45380 colorant after their intradermal administration in excised porcine skin was investigated. METHODS LMs loaded with C.I. 45380 were prepared using glyceryl tristearate as the lipidic material and phosphatidylcholine as the surfactant. Non-encapsulated C.I. 45380 or the colorant-loaded LMs were irradiated with a solar simulator for photodecomposition studies or introduced in the excised porcine skin mounted in Franz diffusion cells for stability evaluation in the dermal tissue. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION The colorant content of the microparticles was 17.7%, and their size ranged from 25 to 170 μm. The light-induced degradation of C.I. 45380 was significantly decreased by its incorporation in the LMs from 20.2 ± 5.8% to 1.9 ± 2.1%. Moreover, after intradermal injection of free or microencapsulated C.I. 45380 in the excised pig skin, the LMs reduced by 93.7% (from 24.6 to 1.5%) the quantity of the colorant diffused and hence lost in the Franz cell receptor fluid. Hence, the LM carrier efficiently retained the entrapped C.I. 45380 following incubation in the dermal region of the isolated porcine skin, which is in favor of a long-lasting tattoo. Based on these data, the incorporation of C.I. 45380 in the LMs could represent a potentially useful strategy to reduce the photodecomposition of the tattoo colorant and its harmful interactions with the skin tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santo Scalia
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy,
| | - Serena Bertoni
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | | | - Alessandro Rimessi
- Department of Medical Sciences and Laboratory for Technologies of Advanced Therapies (LTTA), University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Paolo Pinton
- Department of Medical Sciences and Laboratory for Technologies of Advanced Therapies (LTTA), University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Nadia Passerini
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Beatrice Albertini
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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Nelson K, Hesse B, Addison O, Morrell AP, Gross C, Lagrange A, Suárez VI, Kohal R, Fretwurst T. Distribution and Chemical Speciation of Exogenous Micro- and Nanoparticles in Inflamed Soft Tissue Adjacent to Titanium and Ceramic Dental Implants. Anal Chem 2020; 92:14432-14443. [PMID: 32970419 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c02416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Degradation of the implant surface and particle release/formation as an inflammation catalyst mechanism is an emerging concept in dental medicine that may help explain the pathogenesis of peri-implantitis. The aim of the present study was a synchrotron-based characterization of micro- and nanosized implant-related particles in inflamed human tissues around titanium and ceramic dental implants that exhibited signs of peri-implantitis. Size, distribution, and chemical speciation of the exogenous micro- and nanosized particle content were evaluated using synchrotron μ-X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (XRF), nano-XRF, and μ-X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES). Titanium particles, with variable speciation, were detected in all tissue sections associated with titanium implants. Ceramic particles were found in five out of eight tissue samples associated with ceramic implants. Particles ranged in size from micro- to nanoscale. The local density of both titanium and ceramic particles was calculated to be as high as ∼40 million particles/mm3. μ-XANES identified titanium in predominantly two different chemistries, including metallic and titanium dioxide (TiO2). The findings highlight the propensity for particle accumulation in the inflamed tissues around dental implants and will help in guiding toxicological studies to determine the biological significance of such exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja Nelson
- Department of Oral- and Craniomaxillofacial Surgery/Translational Implantology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Hugstetter Straße 55, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Bernhard Hesse
- Xploraytion GmbH, Bismarckstrasse 10-12, 10625 Berlin, Germany.,European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF), 71 avenue des Martyrs, 38043 Grenoble, France
| | - Owen Addison
- Centre for Oral, Clinical & Translational Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, Great Maze Pond, SE1 9RT London, U.K
| | - Alexander P Morrell
- Centre for Oral, Clinical & Translational Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, Great Maze Pond, SE1 9RT London, U.K
| | - Christian Gross
- Department of Oral- and Craniomaxillofacial Surgery/Translational Implantology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Hugstetter Straße 55, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Adrien Lagrange
- Xploraytion GmbH, Bismarckstrasse 10-12, 10625 Berlin, Germany
| | - Vanessa I Suárez
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF), 71 avenue des Martyrs, 38043 Grenoble, France
| | - Ralf Kohal
- Department of Prosthetic Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Hugstetter Straße 55, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Tobias Fretwurst
- Department of Oral- and Craniomaxillofacial Surgery/Translational Implantology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Hugstetter Straße 55, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
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Health Implications and Counseling Considerations for Individuals With Piercings and Tattoos. Nurs Womens Health 2020; 24:210-227. [PMID: 32505360 DOI: 10.1016/j.nwh.2020.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Body art has become common and mainstream. Tattoos and body piercings represent highly individual expressions of identity and personal values. Health care services are enhanced when clinicians understand the anatomy and physiology, common discomforts, and real but rare serious risks of body modification and are prepared to provide compassionate support for individuals' choices. Special consideration must be given to the needs of childbearing women. By opening channels of communication, clinicians can engage with clients in shared decision making to help those who possess or desire body art take steps to reduce the risk of adverse effects and obtain prompt and effective medical care when problems arise. Through respectful discussion of existing body art, the therapeutic relationship is strengthened, and greater insight into an individual's health needs may be achieved.
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Tatouage et réaction sarcoïdosique. BULLETIN DE L'ACADÉMIE NATIONALE DE MÉDECINE 2020; 204:611-615. [PMID: 32322103 PMCID: PMC7172666 DOI: 10.1016/j.banm.2020.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
La pratique du tatouage se développe de plus en plus dans le monde entier. Les infections sont connues, mais les réactions inflammatoires chroniques ont souvent donné lieu à des manifestations cliniques variées. À côté des réactions allergiques, les réactions non allergiques prévalent dans les tatouages noirs et se manifestent sous la forme de lésions « papulo-nodulaires ». L’importance de la biopsie des lésions papulo-nodulaires pour confirmer le diagnostic doit être soulignée. Les nanoparticules de noir de carbone s’agglomèrent dans le derme avec le temps pour former des granulomes sarcoïdosiques. Granulome à corps étranger lié au pigment et sarcoïdose sont souvent difficiles à distinguer. La couleur noire semble la plus fréquente. D’autres étiologies que le pigment sont évoquées, tel que le rôle d’un agent infectieux, mais à ce jour aucun n’a été identifié, un terrain génétique particulier, qu’il reste à définir. Des localisations systémiques étant possible, le bilan d’extension est important à réaliser. Le traitement est le même que la sarcoïdose classique. Certains médicaments favoriseraient le développement d’une sarcoïdose sur tatouage. Ils doivent donc être recherchés systématiquement. Il est aussi important à titre préventif, que les sujets et leur médecin traitant soient informés de ce risque potentiel lié à ces médicaments indiqués dans des pathologies graves spécifiques.
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Bagot M. [Complications of tattoos: Clinical and pathological classification, pathophysiology, particle kinetics]. BULLETIN DE L'ACADEMIE NATIONALE DE MEDECINE 2020; 204:607-610. [PMID: 32322105 PMCID: PMC7172802 DOI: 10.1016/j.banm.2020.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Tattoos are more and more frequent and their surface is increasing. They are also becoming more and more colorful. Complications are frequent and induce a wide variety of clinical and histological pictures. The inks, the composition of which is not always known, contain many pigments which degradation products can lead to chronic allergies. The long-term effects of the presence of carcinogenic products and nanoparticles justify the carrying out of prospective studies. The public should be made aware of these complications and of the difficulties of tattoo removal.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Bagot
- Unité Inserm U976, service de dermatologie, université de Paris, hôpital Saint-Louis, AP-HP, 1, avenue Claude-Vellefaux, 75010 Paris, France
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Wezynfeld NE, Frączyk T, Bonna A, Bal W. Peptide bond cleavage in the presence of Ni-containing particles. Metallomics 2020; 12:649-653. [PMID: 32393924 DOI: 10.1039/d0mt00070a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
NiO nanoparticles and non-stoichiometric black NiO were shown to be effective sources of Ni2+ ions causing sequence-selective peptide bond hydrolysis. NiO nanoparticles were as effective in this reaction as their molar equivalent of soluble Ni(ii) salt. These findings highlight the efficacy of delivery of toxic Ni2+ by these environmentally available particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Ewa Wezynfeld
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawińskiego 5a, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland.
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[Complications of cosmetic piercings and tattoos in the head and neck region]. HNO 2020; 68:131-140. [PMID: 32020243 DOI: 10.1007/s00106-019-00808-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Piercings and tattoos have gained popularity across all cultural environments during the past century, and one in ten Europeans are now pierced. While tattoos are often restricted to the rest of the body, piercings are common at facial sites such as ears, nose, lips, and tongue. Complications following piercings are not uncommon. Infections can rapidly spread across the auricular cartilage and require antibiotic and often surgical treatment. Mild trauma (i.e., piercing the earlobe) can lead to excessive scar formation due to fibroblast proliferation. Keloids have a particularly high rate of recurrence and are therefore difficult to treat. Due to recent developments in the field of permanent makeup, tattooing techniques are also increasingly applied in the head and neck region. Here, complications such as infection or allergic reactions can occur. Topical medication or laser procedures are the usual therapeutic options.
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Giulbudagian M, Schreiver I, Singh AV, Laux P, Luch A. Safety of tattoos and permanent make-up: a regulatory view. Arch Toxicol 2020; 94:357-369. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-020-02655-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe continuous increase in the popularity of tattoos and permanent make-up (PMU) has led to substantial changes in their societal perception. Besides a better understanding of pathological conditions associated with the injection of highly diverse substances into subepidermal layers of the skin, their regulation has occupied regulatory bodies around the globe. In that sense, current regulatory progress in the European Union is an exemplary initiative for improving the safety of tattooing. On one hand, the compilation of market surveillance data has provided knowledge on hazardous substances present in tattoo inks. On the other hand, clinical data gathered from patients enabled correlation of adverse reactions with certain substances. Nevertheless, the assessment of risks remains a challenge due to knowledge gaps on the biokinetics of highly complex inks and their degradation products. This review article examines the strategies for regulating substances in tattoo inks and PMU in light of their potential future restriction in the frame of the REACH regulation. Substance categories are discussed in terms of their risk assessment and proposed concentration limits.
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Thyssen JP, Ahlström MG, Bruze M, Rustemeyer T, Lidén C. Metals. Contact Dermatitis 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-72451-5_35-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Schreiver I, Luch A. Tattooing: overriding the skin barrier and the journey into the unknown. Arch Toxicol 2019; 94:647-648. [PMID: 31838564 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-019-02646-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ines Schreiver
- Department of Chemical and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Strasse 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Luch
- Department of Chemical and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Strasse 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany.
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Serup J, Hutton Carlsen K, Dommershausen N, Sepehri M, Hesse B, Seim C, Luch A, Schreiver I. Identification of pigments related to allergic tattoo reactions in 104 human skin biopsies. Contact Dermatitis 2019; 82:73-82. [PMID: 31626330 PMCID: PMC6973263 DOI: 10.1111/cod.13423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Revised: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Background Red tattoos are prone to allergic reactions. The identity of the allergen(s) is mostly unknown. Objectives Chemical analysis of human skin biopsies from chronic allergic reactions in red tattoos to identify culprit pigment(s) and metals. Material and methods One hundred four dermatome biopsies were analyzed by matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization tandem mass spectrometry (MALDI‐MS/MS) for identification of commonly used organic pigments. Metal concentrations were assessed by inductively coupled plasma (ICP)‐MS and x‐ray fluorescence (XRF). Fourteen patients had cross‐reactions in other red tattoos. Results In total, the identified pigments were mainly azo Pigment Red (P.R.) 22 (35%), P.R. 210 (24%), P.R. 170 (12%), P.R. 5 (0.9%), P.R. 112 (0.9%), and Pigment Orange (P.O.) 13 (11%). P.R. 122 (0.9%) and Pigment Violet (P.V.) 23 (8%) were also common. P.R. 22, P.R. 170, and P.R. 210 also dominated in patients with cross‐reactions. In 22% of the biopsies, no red pigment was detected. Element analysis indicated the presence of the sensitizers nickel and chromium. Conclusions P.R. 22, P.R. 170, and P.R. 210 were identified as the prevailing pigments behind chronic allergic reactions in red tattoos. The epitope causing the reaction might be a pigment‐degradation product. Metal contamination may derive from different sources, and its role in red tattoo allergy cannot be ascertained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jørgen Serup
- Department of Dermatology, The "Tattoo Clinic", Bispebjerg University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Katrina Hutton Carlsen
- Department of Dermatology, The "Tattoo Clinic", Bispebjerg University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Nils Dommershausen
- Department of Chemical and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
| | - Mitra Sepehri
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Herlev University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Bernhard Hesse
- The European Synchrotron (ESRF), Grenoble Cedex 9, France.,Xploraytion GmbH, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christian Seim
- Xploraytion GmbH, Berlin, Germany.,Institute for Optics and Atomic Physics, Technische Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Luch
- Department of Chemical and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
| | - Ines Schreiver
- Department of Chemical and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
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