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Cheung G, Lin YC, Papadopoulos V. Translocator protein in the rise and fall of central nervous system neurons. Front Cell Neurosci 2023; 17:1210205. [PMID: 37416505 PMCID: PMC10322222 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2023.1210205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Translocator protein (TSPO), a 18 kDa protein found in the outer mitochondrial membrane, has historically been associated with the transport of cholesterol in highly steroidogenic tissues though it is found in all cells throughout the mammalian body. TSPO has also been associated with molecular transport, oxidative stress, apoptosis, and energy metabolism. TSPO levels are typically low in the central nervous system (CNS), but a significant upregulation is observed in activated microglia during neuroinflammation. However, there are also a few specific regions that have been reported to have higher TSPO levels than the rest of the brain under normal conditions. These include the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus, the olfactory bulb, the subventricular zone, the choroid plexus, and the cerebellum. These areas are also all associated with adult neurogenesis, yet there is no explanation of TSPO's function in these cells. Current studies have investigated the role of TSPO in microglia during neuron degeneration, but TSPO's role in the rest of the neuron lifecycle remains to be elucidated. This review aims to discuss the known functions of TSPO and its potential role in the lifecycle of neurons within the CNS.
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Watling SE, Gill T, Gaudette EV, Richardson JD, McCluskey T, Tong J, Meyer JH, Warsh J, Jetly R, Hutchison MG, Rhind SG, Houle S, Kish SJ, Boileau I. Investigating TSPO levels in occupation-related posttraumatic stress disorder. Sci Rep 2023; 13:4970. [PMID: 36973385 PMCID: PMC10041517 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-31327-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Microglia are immune brain cells implicated in stress-related mental illnesses including posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Their role in the pathophysiology of PTSD, and on neurobiological systems that regulate stress, is not completely understood. We tested the hypothesis that microglia activation, in fronto-limbic brain regions involved in PTSD, would be elevated in participants with occupation-related PTSD. We also explored the relationship between cortisol and microglia activation. Twenty participants with PTSD and 23 healthy controls (HC) completed positron emission tomography (PET) scanning of the 18-kDa translocator protein (TSPO), a putative biomarker of microglia activation using the probe [18F]FEPPA, and blood samples for measurement of cortisol. [18F]FEPPA VT was non-significantly elevated (6.5-30%) in fronto-limbic regions in PTSD participants. [18F]FEPPA VT was significantly higher in PTSD participants reporting frequent cannabis use compared to PTSD non-users (44%, p = 0.047). Male participants with PTSD (21%, p = 0.094) and a history of early childhood trauma (33%, p = 0.116) had non-significantly higher [18F]FEPPA VT. Average fronto-limbic [18F]FEPPA VT was positively related to cortisol (r = 0.530, p = 0.028) in the PTSD group only. Although we did not find a significant abnormality in TSPO binding in PTSD, findings suggest microglial activation might have occurred in a subgroup who reported frequent cannabis use. The relationship between cortisol and TSPO binding suggests a potential link between hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal-axis dysregulation and central immune response to trauma which warrants further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E Watling
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Brain Health Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Talwinder Gill
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Brain Health Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Erin V Gaudette
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Brain Health Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - J Don Richardson
- The MacDonald Franklin OSI Research Centre, Lawson Health Research Institute, London, ON, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- St Joseph's, London OSI, Parkwood Institute, St. Joseph's Health Care, London, ON, Canada
| | - Tina McCluskey
- Brain Health Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Campbell Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Junchao Tong
- Brain Health Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Campbell Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jeffrey H Meyer
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Brain Health Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Campbell Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jerry Warsh
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Brain Health Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Campbell Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Rakesh Jetly
- Directorate of Mental Health, Canadian Forces Health Services, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Michael G Hutchison
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- David L. MacIntosh Sport Medicine Clinic, Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science of St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Shawn G Rhind
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Defence Research and Development Canada, Toronto Research Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Sylvain Houle
- Brain Health Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Campbell Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Stephen J Kish
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Brain Health Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Campbell Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Isabelle Boileau
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
- Brain Health Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada.
- Campbell Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada.
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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Tongta S, Daendee S, Kalandakanond-Thongsong S. Effects of estrogen receptor β or G protein-coupled receptor 30 activation on anxiety-like behaviors in relation to GABAergic transmission in stress-ovariectomized rats. Neurosci Lett 2022; 789:136885. [PMID: 36152742 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2022.136885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
For mental disorders such as anxiety and depression, stress and stressful events are considered as precipitating causes that may be enhanced by estrogen variability. This condition is proven by the higher vulnerability of women than men. Despite the complexity of underlying mechanisms, the gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) system piques interest as its receptor contains multiple psychoactive modulatory sites including neurosteroids. Moreover, according to clinical and experimental reports, GABA-associated genes can be altered by stress and hormonal status. Therefore, this study investigated the effects of estrogen receptor β (ERβ) or G protein-coupled receptor 30 (GPR30) activation on anxiety/depression-like behaviors and the alterations in the GABA-associated gene of ovariectomized rats under chronic mild stress (CMS). Mild stressors were focused on because they represent a realistic simulation of daily life stress. In this study, ovariectomized rats were treated with vehicle, estradiol (E2), diarylpropionitrile (DPN; ERβ agonist) or G1 (GPR30 agonist) and exposed to 4-week CMS. The results showed that E2, DPN, and G1 treatments reduced anxiety-like behaviors without affecting depression-like behaviors. Concurrently, the GABA level and most GABA- and neurosteroid-associated mRNAs were altered by E2. Similar mRNA profiles were observed in DPN- and E2-administrations but not in G1 treatment. Collectively, these data suggest that estrogen exerts an anxiolytic-like action through either ERβ and/or GPR30 activation, and the modulatory effects of estrogen on GABAergic system are likely to be modulated through ERβ. The findings of this study therefore further provide insights into the roles of estrogen and daily mild stressors in GABA-related activity and behavioral responses, especially anxiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sushawadee Tongta
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Suwaporn Daendee
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Ubon Ratchathani University, Ubon Ratchathani, Thailand
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Wang XS, Jiang YL, Lu L, Feng B, Ma X, Zhang K, Guan SY, Yang L, Fan QY, Zhu XC, Yang F, Qi JY, Yang LK, Li XB, Zhao MG, Jiang W, Tian Z, Liu SB. Activation of GIPR Exerts Analgesic and Anxiolytic-Like Effects in the Anterior Cingulate Cortex of Mice. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:887238. [PMID: 35712239 PMCID: PMC9196593 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.887238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic pain is defined as pain that persists typically for a period of over six months. Chronic pain is often accompanied by an anxiety disorder, and these two tend to exacerbate each other. This can make the treatment of these conditions more difficult. Glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) is a member of the incretin hormone family and plays a critical role in glucose metabolism. Previous research has demonstrated the multiple roles of GIP in both physiological and pathological processes. In the central nervous system (CNS), studies of GIP are mainly focused on neurodegenerative diseases; hence, little is known about the functions of GIP in chronic pain and pain-related anxiety disorders. METHODS The chronic inflammatory pain model was established by hind paw injection with complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) in C57BL/6 mice. GIP receptor (GIPR) agonist (D-Ala2-GIP) and antagonist (Pro3-GIP) were given by intraperitoneal injection or anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) local microinjection. Von Frey filaments and radiant heat were employed to assess the mechanical and thermal hypersensitivity. Anxiety-like behaviors were detected by open field and elevated plus maze tests. The underlying mechanisms in the peripheral nervous system and CNS were explored by GIPR shRNA knockdown in the ACC, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, western blot analysis, whole-cell patch-clamp recording, immunofluorescence staining and quantitative real-time PCR. RESULTS In the present study, we found that hind paw injection with CFA induced pain sensitization and anxiety-like behaviors in mice. The expression of GIPR in the ACC was significantly higher in CFA-injected mice. D-Ala2-GIP administration by intraperitoneal or ACC local microinjection produced analgesic and anxiolytic effects; these were blocked by Pro3-GIP and GIPR shRNA knockdown in the ACC. Activation of GIPR inhibited neuroinflammation and activation of microglia, reversed the upregulation of NMDA and AMPA receptors, and suppressed the enhancement of excitatory neurotransmission in the ACC of model mice. CONCLUSIONS GIPR activation was found to produce analgesic and anxiolytic effects, which were partially due to attenuation of neuroinflammation and inhibition of excitatory transmission in the ACC. GIPR may be a suitable target for treatment of chronic inflammatory pain and pain-related anxiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-shang Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
- Department of Neurology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Yong-li Jiang
- Precision Pharmacy and Drug Development Center, Department of Pharmacy, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Liang Lu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Ban Feng
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Xue Ma
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Kun Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Shao-yu Guan
- Precision Pharmacy and Drug Development Center, Department of Pharmacy, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Le Yang
- Precision Pharmacy and Drug Development Center, Department of Pharmacy, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Qing-yu Fan
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Xiao-chen Zhu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Fan Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Jing-yu Qi
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Liu-kun Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Xu-bo Li
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Ming-gao Zhao
- Precision Pharmacy and Drug Development Center, Department of Pharmacy, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Wen Jiang
- Department of Neurology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
- *Correspondence: Shui-bing Liu, ; Zhen Tian, ; Wen Jiang,
| | - Zhen Tian
- Precision Pharmacy and Drug Development Center, Department of Pharmacy, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- *Correspondence: Shui-bing Liu, ; Zhen Tian, ; Wen Jiang,
| | - Shui-bing Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
- *Correspondence: Shui-bing Liu, ; Zhen Tian, ; Wen Jiang,
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Wang D, Wu Z, Zhao C, Yang X, Wei H, Liu M, Zhao J, Qian M, Li Z, Xiao J. KP-10/Gpr54 attenuates rheumatic arthritis through inactivating NF-κB and MAPK signaling in macrophages. Pharmacol Res 2021; 171:105496. [PMID: 33609696 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2021.105496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disease mainly characterized as chronic inflammation of joint. Both genetic and environmental factors play important roles in RA progression. G protein-coupled receptor 54 (GPR54) and Kisspeptins (KPs), the natural GRP54 ligands encoded by Kiss-1 gene are known to play important roles in immune regulation but the precise role of KP-10/GPR54 in RA remains elusive. Kiss1/Gpr54 expression was determined by immunohistochemistry on protein and real-time PCR on RNA from isolated RA-patient synovial tissue and PBMC. Collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) mouse models were used to investigate the effect of KP-10/Gpr54 on the rheumatic arthritis severity in the mice. The signaling pathway involved in KP-10/GPR54 was assessed by western blot and immunofluorescence.In the present study, we demonstrated that GPR54 upregulation in bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDM) was associated with the severity of RA. In addition, Gpr54-/- increased the inflammatory cytokines induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in BMDM and diseased severity of CIA (n = 10), while KP-10 reduced the LPS-induced inflammatory cytokines in vitro and ameliorated the CIA symptoms in vivo. Furthermore, we demonstrated that KP-10/GPR54 binds to PP2A-C to suppressed LPS induced NF-κB and MAPK signaling in BMDM. All these findings suggest that KP-10/GPR54 may be a novel therapeutic target for the diagnosis and treatment of RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongsheng Wang
- Spinal Tumor Center, Department of Orthopedic Oncology, Changzheng Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, No. 415 Fengyang Road, Huangpu District, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhixiang Wu
- Spinal Tumor Center, Department of Orthopedic Oncology, Changzheng Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, No. 415 Fengyang Road, Huangpu District, Shanghai, China
| | - Chenglong Zhao
- Spinal Tumor Center, Department of Orthopedic Oncology, Changzheng Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, No. 415 Fengyang Road, Huangpu District, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinghai Yang
- Spinal Tumor Center, Department of Orthopedic Oncology, Changzheng Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, No. 415 Fengyang Road, Huangpu District, Shanghai, China
| | - Haifeng Wei
- Spinal Tumor Center, Department of Orthopedic Oncology, Changzheng Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, No. 415 Fengyang Road, Huangpu District, Shanghai, China
| | - Mingyao Liu
- East China Normal University and Shanghai Changzheng Hospital Joint Research Center for Orthopedic Oncology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Science and School of Life sciences, East China Normal University, 200241 Shanghai, China
| | - Jian Zhao
- Spinal Tumor Center, Department of Orthopedic Oncology, Changzheng Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, No. 415 Fengyang Road, Huangpu District, Shanghai, China.
| | - Ming Qian
- Spinal Tumor Center, Department of Orthopedic Oncology, Changzheng Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, No. 415 Fengyang Road, Huangpu District, Shanghai, China.
| | - Zhenxi Li
- Spinal Tumor Center, Department of Orthopedic Oncology, Changzheng Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, No. 415 Fengyang Road, Huangpu District, Shanghai, China.
| | - Jianru Xiao
- Spinal Tumor Center, Department of Orthopedic Oncology, Changzheng Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, No. 415 Fengyang Road, Huangpu District, Shanghai, China.
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Burek DJ, Massaly N, Doering M, Zec A, Gaelen J, Morón JA. Long-term inflammatory pain does not impact exploratory behavior and stress coping strategies in mice. Pain 2021; 162:1705-1721. [PMID: 33433146 PMCID: PMC8119306 DOI: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000002179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Pain puts patients at risk for developing psychiatric conditions such as anxiety and depression. Preclinical mouse models of pain-induced affective behavior vary widely in methodology and results, impairing progress towards improved therapeutics. To systematically investigate the effect of long-term inflammatory pain on exploratory behavior and stress coping strategy, we assessed male C57BL/6J mice in the forced swim test (FST), elevated zero maze, and open field test at 4 and 6 weeks postinjection of Complete Freund's Adjuvant, while controlling for testing order and combination. Inflammatory pain did not induce a passive stress coping strategy in the FST and did not reduce exploratory behavior in the elevated zero maze or the open field test. Using systematic correlational analysis and composite behavioral scores, we found no consistent association among measures for mice with or without inflammatory pain. A meta-analysis of similar studies indicated a modest, significant effect of Complete Freund's Adjuvant on exploratory behavior, but not immobility in the FST, and high heterogeneity among effect sizes in all 3 paradigms. Given the urgency for understanding the mechanisms of pain comorbidities and identifying novel therapies, these findings support the reallocation of our limited resources away from such unreliable assays and toward motivated and naturalistic behaviors. Future studies in pain and psychiatric translational research may benefit by considering outcomes beyond binary categorization, quantifying the associations between multiple measured behaviors, and agnostically identifying subtle yet meaningful patterns in behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominika J. Burek
- Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
- Washington University in St. Louis Pain Center, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Nicolas Massaly
- Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
- Washington University in St. Louis Pain Center, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Michelle Doering
- Bernard Becker Medical Library, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Azra Zec
- Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
- Washington University in St. Louis Pain Center, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Jordan Gaelen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
- Washington University in St. Louis Pain Center, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Jose A. Morón
- Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
- Washington University in St. Louis Pain Center, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
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Pharmacological Blockade of PPARα Exacerbates Inflammatory Pain-Related Impairment of Spatial Memory in Rats. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9060610. [PMID: 34072060 PMCID: PMC8227714 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9060610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are ligand-dependent transcription factors that exist in three isoforms: PPARα, PPARβ/δ and PPARγ. Studies suggest that the PPAR signalling system may modulate pain, anxiety and cognition. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether endogenous signalling via PPARs differentially modulates innate anxiety responses and mnemonic function in the presence and absence of inflammatory pain. We examined the effects of intraperitoneal administration of GW6471 (PPARα antagonist), GSK0660 (PPARβ/δ antagonist), GW9662 (PPARγ antagonist), and N-palmitoylethanolamide (PEA) on rat behaviour in the elevated plus maze (EPM), open field (OF), light-dark box (LDB), and novel object recognition (NOR) tests in the presence or absence of chronic inflammatory pain. Complete Freund’s Adjuvant (CFA)-injected rats exhibited impaired recognition and spatial mnemonic performance in the NOR test and pharmacological blockade of PPARα further impaired spatial memory in CFA-treated rats. N-oleoylethanolamide (OEA) levels were higher in the dorsal hippocampus in CFA-injected animals compared to their counterparts. The results suggest a modulatory effect of CFA-induced chronic inflammatory pain on cognitive processing, but not on innate anxiety-related responses. Increased OEA-PPARα signalling may act as a compensatory mechanism to preserve spatial memory function following CFA injection.
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Chen S, Gao L, Li X, Ye Y. Allopregnanolone in mood disorders: Mechanism and therapeutic development. Pharmacol Res 2021; 169:105682. [PMID: 34019980 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2021.105682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The neuroactive steroid allopregnanolone (ALLO) is an endogenous positive allosteric modulator of GABA type A receptor (GABAAR), and the down-regulation of its biosynthesis have been attributed to the development of mood disorders, such as depression, anxiety and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). ALLO mediated depression/anxiety involves GABAergic mechanisms and appears to be related to brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), dopamine receptor, glutamate neurotransmission, and Ca2+ channel. In the clinical, brexanolone, as a newly developed intravenous ALLO preparation, has been approved for the treatment of postpartum depression (PPD). In addition, traditional antidepressants such as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) could reverse ALLO decline. Recently, the translocation protein (TSPO, 18 kDa), which involves in the speed-limiting step of ALLO synthesis, and ALLO derivatization have been identified as new directions for antidepressant therapy. This review provides an overview of ALLO researches in animal model and patients, discusses its role in the development and treatment of depression/anxiety, and directs its therapeutic potential in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiyi Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Medical College (Zhejiang Academy of Medical Sciences), Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Drug Research of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.
| | - Lijuan Gao
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Medical College (Zhejiang Academy of Medical Sciences), Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Drug Research of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xiaoyu Li
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Medical College (Zhejiang Academy of Medical Sciences), Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Drug Research of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yiping Ye
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Medical College (Zhejiang Academy of Medical Sciences), Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Drug Research of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.
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Mokrov GV, Deeva OA, Gudasheva TA. The Ligands of Translocator Protein: Design and Biological Properties. Curr Pharm Des 2021; 27:217-237. [PMID: 32881658 DOI: 10.2174/1381612826666200903122025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In 2020, it is already 43 years since Braestrup and Squires discovered 18 kDa translocator protein (TSPO), known until 2006 as "peripheral benzodiazepine receptor". During this time, the functions of this receptor, which is located on the outer membrane of mitochondria, were studied in detail. One of the key functions of TSPO is the transfer of cholesterol from the outer to the inner mitochondrial membrane, which is the limiting stage in the synthesis of neurosteroids. TSPO is also involved in the transport of porphyrins, mitochondrial respiration, the opening of mitochondrial pores, apoptosis and cell proliferation. This review presents current information on the structure of TSPO, the mechanism of its participation in neurosteroidogenesis, as well as endogenous and synthetic TSPO ligands. Particular emphasis is placed on the analysis of approaches to the design of synthetic ligands and their neuropsychotropic activity in vitro and in vivo. The presented review demonstrates the promise of constructing new neuropsychotropic drugs in the series of TSPO ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grigory V Mokrov
- Zakusov Research Institute of Pharmacology, 125315, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Olga A Deeva
- Zakusov Research Institute of Pharmacology, 125315, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Tatiana A Gudasheva
- Zakusov Research Institute of Pharmacology, 125315, Moscow, Russian Federation
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10
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Chronic pain impact on rodents’ behavioral repertoire. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2020; 119:101-127. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Lee Y, Park Y, Nam H, Lee JW, Yu SW. Translocator protein (TSPO): the new story of the old protein in neuroinflammation. BMB Rep 2020. [PMID: 31818362 PMCID: PMC6999824 DOI: 10.5483/bmbrep.2020.53.1.273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Translocator protein (TSPO), also known as peripheral benzodiazepine receptor, is a transmembrane protein located on the outer mitochondria membrane (OMM) and mainly expressed in glial cells in the brain. Because of the close correlation of its expression level with neuropathology and therapeutic efficacies of several TSPO binding ligands under many neurological conditions, TSPO has been regarded as both biomarker and therapeutic target, and the biological functions of TSPO have been a major research focus. However, recent genetic studies with animal and cellular models revealed unexpected results contrary to the anticipated biological importance of TSPO and cast doubt on the action modes of the TSPO-binding drugs. In this review, we summarize recent controversial findings on the discrepancy between pharmacological and genetic studies of TSPO and suggest some future direction to understand this old and mysterious protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Younghwan Lee
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu 42988, Korea
| | - Youngjin Park
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu 42988, Korea
| | - Hyeri Nam
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu 42988, Korea
| | - Ji-Won Lee
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu 42988, Korea
| | - Seong-Woon Yu
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu 42988, Korea; Neurometabolomics Research Center, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu 42988, Korea
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12
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Sun T, Luo L, Tian QQ, Wang WJ, Liu QQ, Yang L, Zhang K, Zhang W, Zhao MG, Yang Q. Anxiolytic Effects of 8-O-Acetyl Shanzhiside Methylester on Acute and Chronic Anxiety via Inflammatory Response Inhibition and Excitatory/Inhibitory Transmission Imbalance. Neurotox Res 2020; 38:979-991. [PMID: 32367473 PMCID: PMC7591445 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-020-00203-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2020] [Revised: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Anxiety leads to a global decline in quality of life and increase in social burden. However, treatments are limited, because the molecular mechanisms underlying complex emotional disorders are poorly understood. We explored the anxiolytic effects of 8-O-acetyl shanzhiside methylester (8-OaS), an active component in Lamiophlomis rotata (L. rotata; Benth.) or Kudo, a traditional herb that has been shown to be effective in the clinical treatment of chronic pain syndromes in China. Two mouse anxiety models were used: forced swimming stress (FSS)–induced anxiety and complete Freund’s adjuvant (CFA)–induced chronic inflammatory pain. All animal behaviors were analyzed on the elevated plus maze and in the open-field test. 8-OaS significantly ameliorated anxiety-like behaviors in both anxiety models and inhibited the translation enhancement of GluN2A, GluN2B, and PSD95. Moreover, a reduction in GABA receptors disrupted the excitatory/inhibitory (E/I) balance in the basolateral amygdala (BLA), indicated by increased excitatory and decreased inhibitory presynaptic release. 8-OaS also blocked microglia activation and reduced the phosphorylation of p38, c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), NF-κB p65, and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) in the BLA of anxiety mice. 8-OaS exhibits obvious anxiolytic effects by regulating the excitatory/inhibitory (E/I) synaptic transmission and attenuating inflammatory responses in the BLA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Sun
- Precision Pharmacy & Drug Development Center, Department of Pharmacy, Tangdu Hospital, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710038, Shaanxi Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Luo
- Precision Pharmacy & Drug Development Center, Department of Pharmacy, Tangdu Hospital, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710038, Shaanxi Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Qin-Qin Tian
- Department of Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Wen-Ju Wang
- Student Brigade, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Qing-Qing Liu
- Precision Pharmacy & Drug Development Center, Department of Pharmacy, Tangdu Hospital, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710038, Shaanxi Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Le Yang
- Precision Pharmacy & Drug Development Center, Department of Pharmacy, Tangdu Hospital, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710038, Shaanxi Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Kun Zhang
- Precision Pharmacy & Drug Development Center, Department of Pharmacy, Tangdu Hospital, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710038, Shaanxi Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Xijing Hospital, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Ming-Gao Zhao
- Precision Pharmacy & Drug Development Center, Department of Pharmacy, Tangdu Hospital, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710038, Shaanxi Province, People's Republic of China.
| | - Qi Yang
- Precision Pharmacy & Drug Development Center, Department of Pharmacy, Tangdu Hospital, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710038, Shaanxi Province, People's Republic of China.
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13
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Kremer M, Becker LJ, Barrot M, Yalcin I. How to study anxiety and depression in rodent models of chronic pain? Eur J Neurosci 2020; 53:236-270. [DOI: 10.1111/ejn.14686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Revised: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mélanie Kremer
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Institut des Neurosciences Cellulaires et Intégratives Université de Strasbourg Strasbourg France
| | - Léa J. Becker
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Institut des Neurosciences Cellulaires et Intégratives Université de Strasbourg Strasbourg France
| | - Michel Barrot
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Institut des Neurosciences Cellulaires et Intégratives Université de Strasbourg Strasbourg France
| | - Ipek Yalcin
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Institut des Neurosciences Cellulaires et Intégratives Université de Strasbourg Strasbourg France
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14
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Li YJ, Zhang K, Sun T, Wang J, Guo YY, Yang L, Yang Q, Li YJ, Liu SB, Zhao MG, Wu YM. Epigenetic suppression of liver X receptor β in anterior cingulate cortex by HDAC5 drives CFA-induced chronic inflammatory pain. J Neuroinflammation 2019; 16:132. [PMID: 31255170 PMCID: PMC6599528 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-019-1507-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Liver X receptors (LXRs), including LXRα and LXRβ, are key regulators of transcriptional programs for both cholesterol homeostasis and inflammation in the brain. Here, the modes of action of LXRs and the epigenetic mechanisms regulating LXRβ expression in anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) of chronic inflammatory pain (CIP) are investigated. Methods The deficit of LXR isoform and analgesic effect of LXR activation by GW3965 were evaluated using the mouse model of CIP induced by hindpaw injection of complete Freund’s adjuvant (CFA). The mechanisms involved in GW-mediated analgesic effects were analyzed with immunohistochemical methods, ELISA, co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP), Western blot, and electrophysiological recording. The epigenetic regulation of LXRβ expression was investigated by chromatin immunoprecipitation, quantitative real-time PCR, and sequencing. Results We revealed that CFA insult led to LXRβ reduction in ACC, which was associated with upregulated expression of histone deacetylase 5 (HDAC5), and knockdown of LXRβ by shRNA led to thermal hyperalgesia. Co-IP showed that LXRβ interacted with NF-κB p65 physically. LXRβ activation by GW3965 exerted analgesic effects by inhibiting the nuclear translocation of NF-κB, reducing the phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) in ACC, and decreasing the promoted input-output and enhanced mEPSC frequency in ACC neurons after CFA exposure. In vitro experiments confirmed that HDAC5 triggered histone deacetylation on the promoter region of Lxrβ, resulting in downregulation of Lxrβ transcription. Conclusion These findings highlight an epigenetic mechanism underlying LXRβ deficits linked to CIP, and LXRβ activation may represent a potential novel target for the treatment of CIP with an alteration in inflammation responses and synaptic transmission in ACC. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12974-019-1507-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Jiao Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Precision Pharmacy & Drug Development Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710038, Shaanxi Province, People's Republic of China.,Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Kun Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Precision Pharmacy & Drug Development Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710038, Shaanxi Province, People's Republic of China.,Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Ting Sun
- Department of Pharmacy, Precision Pharmacy & Drug Development Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710038, Shaanxi Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Wang
- Department of Ambulatorium, 94750 Army Hospital, Liancheng, 366200, FuJian Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan-Yan Guo
- Department of Pharmacy, Precision Pharmacy & Drug Development Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710038, Shaanxi Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Le Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, Precision Pharmacy & Drug Development Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710038, Shaanxi Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Qi Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, Precision Pharmacy & Drug Development Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710038, Shaanxi Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan-Jiao Li
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi Province, People's Republic of China.,Department of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Xi'an Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xi'an, 710021, Shaanxi Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Shui-Bing Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Ming-Gao Zhao
- Department of Pharmacy, Precision Pharmacy & Drug Development Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710038, Shaanxi Province, People's Republic of China. .,Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi Province, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yu-Mei Wu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi Province, People's Republic of China.
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15
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Wang XS, Guan SY, Liu A, Yue J, Hu LN, Zhang K, Yang LK, Lu L, Tian Z, Zhao MG, Liu SB. Anxiolytic effects of Formononetin in an inflammatory pain mouse model. Mol Brain 2019; 12:36. [PMID: 30961625 PMCID: PMC6454770 DOI: 10.1186/s13041-019-0453-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic pain is commonly accompanied with anxiety disorder, which complicates treatment. In this study, we investigated the analgesic and anxiolytic effects of Formononetin (FMNT), an active component of traditional Chinese medicine red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) that is capable of protecting neurons from N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)-evoked excitotoxic injury, on mice suffering from complete Freund’s adjuvant (CFA)-induced chronic inflammatory pain. The results show that FMNT administration significantly reduces anxiety-like behavior but does not affect the nociceptive threshold in CFA-injected mice. The treatment reverses the upregulation of NMDA, GluA1, and GABAA receptors, as well as PSD95 and CREB in the basolateral amygdala (BLA). The effects of FMNT on NMDA receptors and CREB binding protein (CBP) were further confirmed by the potential structure combination between these compounds, which was analyzed by in silico docking technology. FMNT also inhibits the activation of the NF-κB signaling pathway and microglia in the BLA of mice suffering from chronic inflammatory pain. Therefore, the anxiolytic effects of FMNT are partially due to the attenuation of inflammation and neuronal hyperexcitability through the inhibition of NMDA receptor and CBP in the BLA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Shang Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, and Precision Pharmacy & Drug Development Center, Department of Pharmacy, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Shao-Yu Guan
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, and Precision Pharmacy & Drug Development Center, Department of Pharmacy, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - An Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, and Precision Pharmacy & Drug Development Center, Department of Pharmacy, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Jiao Yue
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, and Precision Pharmacy & Drug Development Center, Department of Pharmacy, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Li-Ning Hu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, and Precision Pharmacy & Drug Development Center, Department of Pharmacy, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Kun Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, and Precision Pharmacy & Drug Development Center, Department of Pharmacy, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Liu-Kun Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, and Precision Pharmacy & Drug Development Center, Department of Pharmacy, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Liang Lu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, and Precision Pharmacy & Drug Development Center, Department of Pharmacy, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Zhen Tian
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, and Precision Pharmacy & Drug Development Center, Department of Pharmacy, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China.,The 154th Central Hospital of PLA, Xinyang, 464000, China
| | - Ming-Gao Zhao
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, and Precision Pharmacy & Drug Development Center, Department of Pharmacy, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Shui-Bing Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, and Precision Pharmacy & Drug Development Center, Department of Pharmacy, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China.
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16
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Zhang XY, Wei W, Zhang YZ, Fu Q, Mi WD, Zhang LM, Li YF. The 18 kDa Translocator Protein (TSPO) Overexpression in Hippocampal Dentate Gyrus Elicits Anxiolytic-Like Effects in a Mouse Model of Post-traumatic Stress Disorder. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:1364. [PMID: 30532709 PMCID: PMC6265405 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.01364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The translocator protein (18 kDa) (TSPO) recently attracted increasing attention in the pathogenesis of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). This study is testing the hypothesis that the overexpression of TSPO in hippocampus dentate gyrus (DG) could alleviate the anxiogenic-like response in the mice model of PTSD induced by foot-shock. In this study, hippocampal DG overexpression of TSPO significantly reversed the increase of the contextual freezing response, the decrease of the percentage of both entries into and time spent in the open arms in elevated plus maze test and the decrease of the account of crossings from the dark to light compartments in light–dark transition test induced by electric foot-shocks procedure. It was further showed that the behavioral effects of TSPO overexpression were blocked by PK11195, a selective TSPO antagonist. In addition, the expression of TSPO and level of allopregnanolone (Allo) decreased in the mouse model of PTSD, which was blocked by overexpression of TSPO in hippocampal dentate gyrus. The difference of neurogenesis among groups was consistent with the changes of TSPO and Allo, as evidenced by bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU)- positive cells in the hippocampal dentate gyrus. These results firstly suggested that TSPO in hippocampal dentate gyrus could exert a great effect on the occurrence and recovery of PTSD in this animal model, and the anti-PTSD-like effect of hippocampal TSPO over-expression could be at least partially mediated by up-regulation of Allo and subsequent stimulation of the adult hippocampal neurogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Ying Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, China.,Anesthesia and Operation Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Wang Wei
- Department of Anesthesiology, The General Hospital of the PLA Rocket Force, Beijing, China
| | - You-Zhi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, China
| | - Qiang Fu
- Anesthesia and Operation Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Wei-Dong Mi
- Anesthesia and Operation Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Li-Ming Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, China
| | - Yun-Feng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, China
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17
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Fan YF, Guan SY, Luo L, Li YJ, Yang L, Zhou XX, Guo GD, Zhao MG, Yang Q, Liu G. Tetrahydroxystilbene glucoside relieves the chronic inflammatory pain by inhibiting neuronal apoptosis, microglia activation, and GluN2B overexpression in anterior cingulate cortex. Mol Pain 2018; 14:1744806918814367. [PMID: 30380983 PMCID: PMC6259074 DOI: 10.1177/1744806918814367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Tetrahydroxystilbene glucoside (THSG) is one of the active ingredients of Polygonum multiflorum. It has been shown to exert a variety of pharmacological effects, including antioxidant, anti-aging, and anti-atherosclerosis. Because of its prominent anti-inflammatory effect, we explored whether THSG had analgesic effect. In this study, we used a model of chronic inflammatory pain caused by injecting complete Freund's adjuvant into the hind paw of mice. We found THSG relieved swelling and pain in the hind paw of mice on a dose-dependent manner. In the anterior cingulate cortex, THSG suppressed the upregulation of GluN2B-containing N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors and the downregulation of GluN2A-containing N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors caused by chronic inflammation. In addition, THSG increased Bcl-2 and decreased Bax and Caspase-3 expression by protecting neuronal survival. Furthermore, THSG inhibited the phosphorylation of p38 and the increase of nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α). Immunohistochemical staining revealed that THSG blocked the activation of microglia and reduced the release of proinflammatory cytokines TNF-α, interleukin 1β (IL-1β), and interleukin 6 (IL-6). In conclusion, this study demonstrated that THSG had a certain effect on alleviating complete Freund's adjuvant-induced chronic inflammatory pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Fei Fan
- 1 Department of Orthopedics, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shao-Yu Guan
- 2 Department of Pharmacy, Precision Pharmacy and Drug Development Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, China.,3 Department of Nature Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Li Luo
- 2 Department of Pharmacy, Precision Pharmacy and Drug Development Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yan-Jiao Li
- 2 Department of Pharmacy, Precision Pharmacy and Drug Development Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, China.,3 Department of Nature Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Le Yang
- 2 Department of Pharmacy, Precision Pharmacy and Drug Development Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xuan-Xuan Zhou
- 3 Department of Nature Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Guo-Dong Guo
- 1 Department of Orthopedics, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ming-Gao Zhao
- 2 Department of Pharmacy, Precision Pharmacy and Drug Development Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Qi Yang
- 2 Department of Pharmacy, Precision Pharmacy and Drug Development Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Gang Liu
- 1 Department of Orthopedics, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
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18
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Zhang XY, Zhang LM, Mi WD, Li YF. Translocator protein ligand, YL-IPA08, attenuates lipopolysaccharide-induced depression-like behavior by promoting neural regeneration. Neural Regen Res 2018; 13:1937-1944. [PMID: 30233067 PMCID: PMC6183040 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.239442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Translocator protein has received attention for its involvement in the pathogenesis of depression. This study assessed the effects of the new translocator protein ligand, YL-IPA08, on alleviating inflammation-induced depression-like behavior in mice and investigated its mechanism of action. Mice were intracerebroventricularly injected with 1, 10, 100 or 1000 ng lipopolysaccharide. The tail-suspension test and the forced swimming test confirmed that 100 ng lipopolysaccharide induced depression-like behavior. A mouse model was then established by intraventricular injection of 100 ng lipopolysaccharide. On days 16-24 after model establishment, mice were intragastrically administered 3 mg/kg YL-IPA08 daily. Immunohistochemistry was used to determine BrdU and NeuN expression in the hippocampus. YL-IPA08 effectively reversed the depression-like behavior of lipopolysaccharide-treated mice, restored body mass, increased the number of BrdU-positive cells, and the number and proportion of BrdU and NeuN double-positive cells. These findings indicate that YL-IPA08 can attenuate lipopolysaccharide-induced depression-like behavior in mice by promoting the formation of hippocampal neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Ying Zhang
- Anesthesia and Operation Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing, China
| | - Li-Ming Zhang
- Anesthesia and Operation Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Wei-Dong Mi
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing, China
| | - Yun-Feng Li
- Anesthesia and Operation Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
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19
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Wang D, Zhao C, Gao L, Wang Y, Gao X, Tang L, Zhang K, Li Z, Han J, Xiao J. NPNT promotes early-stage bone metastases in breast cancer by regulation of the osteogenic niche. J Bone Oncol 2018; 13:91-96. [PMID: 30591862 PMCID: PMC6303384 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbo.2018.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Revised: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with breast cancer are often afflicted by bone metastases, while the establishment and growth of bone metastases depend on interaction between cancer cells and the host environment. Moreover, osteoblasts, which play a vital role in cancer cells survival and colonization, can form an osteogenic niche in early stage of bone metastases. Also, it is widely accepted that there is a genetic determinant during bone metastases. Nephronectin (NPNT) is an extracellular matrix protein which has shown biological activities in breast cancer metastases and osteoblasts differentiation. But the role of NPNT in mediating breast cancer bone metastases remains elusive. In the present study, we revealed that up regulation of NPNT is associated with incidence of bone metastases. What's more, NPNT could significantly enhance the tumor cell clone formation but not proliferation and migration. We further demonstrated that NPNT significantly enhance osteoblast differentiation and tumor adhesion. Thus, we proposed that cancer secreted NPNT may be a novel marker with potential value of prediction and diagnosis of breast cancer bone metastases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongsheng Wang
- Spinal Tumor Center, Department of Orthopedic Oncology, Changzheng Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, No.415 Fengyang Road, Huangpu District, Shanghai, China
| | - Chenglong Zhao
- Spinal Tumor Center, Department of Orthopedic Oncology, Changzheng Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, No.415 Fengyang Road, Huangpu District, Shanghai, China
| | - Liangliang Gao
- Spinal Tumor Center, Department of Orthopedic Oncology, Changzheng Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, No.415 Fengyang Road, Huangpu District, Shanghai, China
- Department of orthopedics, Shanghai Kaiyuan Orthopedic Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Yao Wang
- Spinal Tumor Center, Department of Orthopedic Oncology, Changzheng Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, No.415 Fengyang Road, Huangpu District, Shanghai, China
| | - Xin Gao
- Spinal Tumor Center, Department of Orthopedic Oncology, Changzheng Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, No.415 Fengyang Road, Huangpu District, Shanghai, China
| | - Liang Tang
- Spinal Tumor Center, Department of Orthopedic Oncology, Changzheng Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, No.415 Fengyang Road, Huangpu District, Shanghai, China
| | - Kun Zhang
- Spinal Tumor Center, Department of Orthopedic Oncology, Changzheng Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, No.415 Fengyang Road, Huangpu District, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhenxi Li
- Spinal Tumor Center, Department of Orthopedic Oncology, Changzheng Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, No.415 Fengyang Road, Huangpu District, Shanghai, China
- Coressponding authors.
| | - Jing Han
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Functional Substance of Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Stake Key Laboratory Cultivation Base for TCM Quality and Efficacy, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
- Coressponding authors.
| | - Jianru Xiao
- Spinal Tumor Center, Department of Orthopedic Oncology, Changzheng Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, No.415 Fengyang Road, Huangpu District, Shanghai, China
- Coressponding authors.
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20
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Jiang YY, Zhang Y, Cui S, Liu FY, Yi M, Wan Y. Cholinergic neurons in medial septum maintain anxiety-like behaviors induced by chronic inflammatory pain. Neurosci Lett 2018; 671:7-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2018.01.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Revised: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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21
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Li XB, Liu A, Yang L, Zhang K, Wu YM, Zhao MG, Liu SB. Antidepressant-like effects of translocator protein (18 kDa) ligand ZBD-2 in mouse models of postpartum depression. Mol Brain 2018; 11:12. [PMID: 29506545 PMCID: PMC5838882 DOI: 10.1186/s13041-018-0355-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 02/25/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The 18 kDa translocator protein (TSPO) is primarily localized in the outer mitochondrial membrane of steroid-synthesizing cells in the central and peripheral nervous systems. One of the protein’s main functions is transporting substrate cholesterol into the mitochondria in a prerequisite process for steroid synthesis. Clinical trials have indicated that TSPO ligands might be valuable in treating some neuropathies and psychopathies. However, limited information is known about the role of TSPO in postpartum depression (PPD). The TSPO ligand ZBD-2, a derivative of XBD173, was synthesized in our laboratory. Behavioral tests, enzyme linked immunosorbent assay, and Western blot were employed to evaluate ZBD-2’s efficacy against PPD and to elucidate the potential underlying molecular mechanism. The TSPO levels significantly decreased in the basolateral amygdala of PPD models. After treatment for 2 weeks, ZBD-2 alleviated depression-like behaviors and enhanced the TSPO level in a PPD animal model. The underlying mechanisms of ZBD-2 were related to regulate the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, enhance 5-HT and BDNF secretion, and maintain the excitatory and inhibitory synaptic protein expression to normal levels. Our results directly confirm that ZBD-2 exerts a therapeutic effect on PPD, which provides a new target for anti-PPD drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu-Bo Li
- Precision Pharmacy & Drug Development Center, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xinsi Road 1, Xi'an, 710038, China.,Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - An Liu
- Precision Pharmacy & Drug Development Center, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xinsi Road 1, Xi'an, 710038, China
| | - Le Yang
- Precision Pharmacy & Drug Development Center, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xinsi Road 1, Xi'an, 710038, China
| | - Kun Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Yu-Mei Wu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Ming-Gao Zhao
- Precision Pharmacy & Drug Development Center, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xinsi Road 1, Xi'an, 710038, China. .,Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China.
| | - Shui-Bing Liu
- Precision Pharmacy & Drug Development Center, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xinsi Road 1, Xi'an, 710038, China. .,Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China.
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22
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McNeela AM, Bernick C, Hines RM, Hines DJ. TSPO regulation in reactive gliotic diseases. J Neurosci Res 2018; 96:978-988. [PMID: 29315754 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Revised: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The brain is the most metabolically active organ in the body. This high metabolic demand is apparent in that 60% of the brain is comprised of mitochondria-enriched cells. A disruption of the brain's ability to meet this immense metabolic demand is central to the pathogenesis of a multitude of neurological disorders, which range from depression to Alzheimer's disease. Central to these pathologies are glial signaling and energy metabolism cascades regulating apoptosis and inflammation. Thus, diseases causing inflammation and disruption of metabolism can be correlated with glial reactivity. Acutely, reactive gliosis provides a mechanism for limiting the progression of a disease. Following chronic activation, the ability of reactive gliosis to limit disease progression decreases and, in some cases, transitions into a harmful state. The necessity for a noninvasive biomarker of disease in the brain has linked reactive gliosis with an upregulation of translocator protein (TSPO). TSPO is an 18kDa protein that is both a therapeutic target for multiple acute and chronic neuroinflammatory diseases and the leading biomarker for Alzheimer's disease. Although a central function of TSPO is not well known, the protein was named for its ability to translocate cholesterol. Increased TSPO expression is an indicator of disrupted metabolic activity and increased reactive oxygen production. The changes in TSPO expression levels both temporally and spatially relate to the pathogenesis of stroke, Alzheimer's disease, traumatic brain injury, and depression. Therefore, research into the basic function and potential therapeutics targeting TSPO will have broad implications for many diseases of the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam M McNeela
- Department of Psychology, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV
| | - Charles Bernick
- Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health, Las Vegas, NV
| | - Rochelle M Hines
- Department of Psychology, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV
| | - Dustin J Hines
- Department of Psychology, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV
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23
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Tian J, Tian Z, Qin SL, Zhao PY, Jiang X, Tian Z. Anxiolytic-like effects of α-asarone in a mouse model of chronic pain. Metab Brain Dis 2017; 32:2119-2129. [PMID: 28913780 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-017-0108-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
α-asarone (ASR) is a major bioactive compound isolated from the rhizome of Acorus tatarinowii Schott and it has extensive biological effects. Clinically, anxiety disorder is a common comorbidity of chronic pain. However, limited information is available regarding the effects of ASR on chronic pain-related anxiety. This study aims to evaluate the anxiolytic effects of ASR in chronic pain mice. Chronic inflammatory pain was induced by hind-paw injection of complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA). Behavioral tests, western-blot analysis and whole-cell patch recordings were performed to evaluate the subsequent events. We found that ASR induced anxiolytic activities in CFA-injected mice but did not affect the nociceptive threshold. ASR administration reversed the up-regulation of GluR1-containing α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptors, NR2A-containing N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors and down-regulation of γ-aminobutyric acid A (GABAA) receptors in the basolateral amygdala (BLA) of CFA-injected mice. Electrophysiological data revealed that ASR treatment restored the balance between excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmissions, which was disturbed in the BLA of CFA-injected mice. Moreover, ASR prevented the hyper-excitability of pyramidal neurons in the BLA of chronic pain mice. Our results suggested that the anxiolytic effects of ASR were partially due to maintaining the balance between excitatory/inhibitory transmissions and attenuating neuronal hyper-excitability of excitatory neurons in the BLA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiao Tian
- Department of Pediatrics, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710038, China
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Zhen Tian
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
- Department of Pharmacy, The 154th Hospital of People's Liberation Army, Xinyang, 464000, China
| | - Shu-Li Qin
- Department of Pharmacy, The 154th Hospital of People's Liberation Army, Xinyang, 464000, China
| | - Pu-Yu Zhao
- Department of Pharmacy, The 154th Hospital of People's Liberation Army, Xinyang, 464000, China
| | - Xun Jiang
- Department of Pediatrics, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710038, China.
| | - Zhen Tian
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China.
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24
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Cheng Q, Sun GJ, Liu SB, Yang Q, Li XM, Li XB, Liu G, Zhao JN, Zhao MG. A novel translocator protein 18 kDa ligand, ZBD-2, exerts neuroprotective effects against acute spinal cord injury. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2017; 43:930-8. [PMID: 27292096 DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.12606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2016] [Revised: 05/26/2016] [Accepted: 06/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) happens accidently and often leads to motor dysfunction due to a series of biochemical and pathological events and damage, either temporarily or permanently. Translocator protein 18 (TSPO) has been found to be involved in the synthesis of endogenous neurosteroids which have multiple effects on neurons, but the internal mechanisms are not clear. N-benzyl-N-ethyl-2-(7,8-oxo-2-phenyl-9H-purin-9-yl) acetamide (ZBD-2), a newly reported ligand of TSPO, shows some neuroprotective effect against focal cerebral ischemia in vivo and NMDA-induced neurotoxicity in vitro. The present study aims to examine the role of ZBD-2 in SCI mice and elucidate the underlying molecular mechanisms. The SCI model was established by crushing spinal cord. ZBD-2 (10 mg/kg) significantly enhanced the hindlimb locomotor functions after SCI and decreased the tissue damage and conserved the white matter of the spinal cord. High-dose ZBD-2 alleviated the oxidative stress induced by SCI and regulated the imbalance between NR2B-containing NMDA and GABA receptors by increasing the levels of GAD67 in the spinal cord of SCI mice. Additionally, ZBD-2 (10 mg/kg) increased phosphorylated Akt (p-Akt) and decreased the ratio of Bax/Bcl-2. These results demonstrate that ZBD-2 performs neuroprotection against SCI through regulating the synaptic transmission and the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Cheng
- Department of Orthopedics, Jinling Hospital, Clinical School of Nanjing, Second Military Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Guo-Jing Sun
- Department of Orthopedics, Jinling Hospital, Clinical School of Nanjing, Second Military Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shui-Bing Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Qi Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xiao-Ming Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Jinling Hospital, Clinical School of Nanjing, Second Military Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xu-Bo Li
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Gang Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, Jinling Hospital, Clinical School of Nanjing, Second Military Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jian-Ning Zhao
- Department of Orthopedics, Jinling Hospital, Clinical School of Nanjing, Second Military Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ming-Gao Zhao
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
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Chen F, Chen F, Shang Z, Shui Y, Wu G, Liu C, Lin Z, Lin Y, Yu L, Kang D, Tao W, Li Y. White matter microstructure degenerates in patients with postherpetic neuralgia. Neurosci Lett 2017; 656:152-157. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2017.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Revised: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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26
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Overexpression of the 18 kDa translocator protein (TSPO) in the hippocampal dentate gyrus produced anxiolytic and antidepressant-like behavioural effects. Neuropharmacology 2017; 125:117-128. [PMID: 28655607 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2017.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Revised: 06/18/2017] [Accepted: 06/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The 18 kDa translocator protein (TSPO) is a five transmembrane domain protein that plays a crucial role in neurosteroid (e.g., allopregnanolone) synthesis by promoting the transport of cholesterol to the inner mitochondrial membrane. This protein is predominantly expressed in steroid-synthesizing tissues, including the central and peripheral nervous system, affecting stress-related disorders such as anxiety and depression. Recent studies have focused on the hippocampal dentate gyrus, which is very important for involvement of anxiety and depression. However, the exact role that TSPO plays in the pathophysiology of anxiety and depression and the involvement of the hippocampal dentate gyrus in regulating these behavioural effects remain elusive. This study used the lentiviral vectors mediating TPSO overexpression to assess the effects of TPSO overexpression in the hippocampal dentate gyrus on anxiolytic and antidepressant-like behavioural effects in mice. The expression of TSPO and the concentration of allopregnanolone in hippocampus tissues (3 mm in diameter around the injection site on both sides) were measured by Western blot and ELISA, respectively. The results indicated that microinjection of the LV-TSPO resulted in a significant increase in TSPO expression and allopregnanolone concentration in the hippocampus. Moreover, TSPO overexpression of the mouse hippocampal dentate gyrus generated significant anxiolytic and antidepressant-like behavioural effects in a series of behavioural models. These effects were completely blocked by the TSPO antagonist PK11195 (3 mg/kg, intraperitoneally) and the 5α-reductase inhibitor finasteride (5 mg/kg,intraperitoneally). Meanwhile, the increased allopregnanolone was also reversed by PK11195 and finasteride. In addition, neither PK11195 nor finasteride had an effect on the expression of TSPO. Overall, our results are the first to suggest that the overexpression of TSPO in the hippocampal dentate gyrus produced anxiolytic and antidepressant-like behavioural effects that are partially mediated by downstream allopregnanolone biosynthesis. Our results suggest that TSPO would be a potential anxiolytic and antidepressant therapeutic target.
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27
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Descalzi G, Mitsi V, Purushothaman I, Gaspari S, Avrampou K, Loh YHE, Shen L, Zachariou V. Neuropathic pain promotes adaptive changes in gene expression in brain networks involved in stress and depression. Sci Signal 2017; 10:10/471/eaaj1549. [PMID: 28325815 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aaj1549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Neuropathic pain is a complex chronic condition characterized by various sensory, cognitive, and affective symptoms. A large percentage of patients with neuropathic pain are also afflicted with depression and anxiety disorders, a pattern that is also seen in animal models. Furthermore, clinical and preclinical studies indicate that chronic pain corresponds with adaptations in several brain networks involved in mood, motivation, and reward. Chronic stress is also a major risk factor for depression. We investigated whether chronic pain and stress affect similar molecular mechanisms and whether chronic pain can affect gene expression patterns that are involved in depression. Using two mouse models of neuropathic pain and depression [spared nerve injury (SNI) and chronic unpredictable stress (CUS)], we performed next-generation RNA sequencing and pathway analysis to monitor changes in gene expression in the nucleus accumbens (NAc), the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), and the periaqueductal gray (PAG). In addition to finding unique transcriptome profiles across these regions, we identified a substantial number of signaling pathway-associated genes with similar changes in expression in both SNI and CUS mice. Many of these genes have been implicated in depression, anxiety, and chronic pain in patients. Our study provides a resource of the changes in gene expression induced by long-term neuropathic pain in three distinct brain regions and reveals molecular connections between pain and chronic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giannina Descalzi
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience, Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Vasiliki Mitsi
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience, Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Immanuel Purushothaman
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience, Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Sevasti Gaspari
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience, Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Kleopatra Avrampou
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience, Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Yong-Hwee Eddie Loh
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience, Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Li Shen
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience, Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Venetia Zachariou
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience, Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.
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28
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Zhang M, Liu J, Zhou MM, Wu H, Hou Y, Li YF, Yin Y, Zheng L, Cai J, Liao FF, Liu FY, Yi M, Wan Y. Anxiolytic effects of hippocampal neurosteroids in normal and neuropathic rats with spared nerve injury. J Neurochem 2017; 141:137-150. [PMID: 28129443 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2016] [Revised: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Meng Zhang
- Neuroscience Research Institute; Peking University; Beijing China
- Department of Pathology; Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University; Beijing China
| | - Jia Liu
- Institute of Systems Biomedicine; Peking University; Beijing China
| | - Meng-Meng Zhou
- Neuroscience Research Institute; Peking University; Beijing China
| | - Honghai Wu
- Department of Pharmacy; Bethune International Peace Hospital; Shijiazhuang China
| | - Yanning Hou
- Department of Pharmacy; Bethune International Peace Hospital; Shijiazhuang China
| | - Yun-Feng Li
- Department of New Drug Evaluation; Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology; Beijing China
| | - Yuxin Yin
- Institute of Systems Biomedicine; Peking University; Beijing China
| | - Lemin Zheng
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences and Institute of Systems Biomedicine; Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences of the Ministry of Education; Peking University; Beijing China
| | - Jie Cai
- Neuroscience Research Institute; Peking University; Beijing China
| | - Fei-Fei Liao
- Neuroscience Research Institute; Peking University; Beijing China
| | - Feng-Yu Liu
- Neuroscience Research Institute; Peking University; Beijing China
| | - Ming Yi
- Neuroscience Research Institute; Peking University; Beijing China
| | - You Wan
- Neuroscience Research Institute; Peking University; Beijing China
- Key Laboratory for Neuroscience; Ministry of Education/National Health and Family Planning Commission; Peking University; Beijing China
- Department of Neurobiology; School of Basic Medical Sciences; Peking University; Beijing China
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29
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Gastrodin relieved complete Freund's adjuvant-induced spontaneous pain by inhibiting inflammatory response. Int Immunopharmacol 2016; 41:66-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2016.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2016] [Revised: 10/08/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Li D, Zheng J, Wang M, Feng L, Ren Z, Liu Y, Yang N, Zuo P. Changes of TSPO-mediated mitophagy signaling pathway in learned helplessness mice. Psychiatry Res 2016; 245:141-147. [PMID: 27543827 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2016.02.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2015] [Revised: 02/17/2016] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Low response rate was witnessed with the present monoaminergic based antidepressants, urging a need for new therapeutic target identification. Accumulated evidences strongly suggest that mitochondrial deficit is implicated in major depression and 18kDa translocator protein (TSPO) plays an important role in regulating mitochondrial function. However the changes of TSPO and TSPO mediated mitophagy pathway in the depressive brain is unclear. In present study, a well validated animal model of depression, learned helplessness (LH), was employed to investigate the relevant changes. Significant behavioral changes were observed in the LH mice. Results showed that TSPO and other mitophagy related proteins, such as VDAC1, Pink1 and Beclin1 were significantly decreased by LH challenge. Moreover, KIFC2, relevant to the mitochondrial transport and Snap25, relevant to neurotransmitter vesicle release, were also obviously down-regulated in the LH mice, which further rendered supportive evidence for the existing mitochondrial dysfunction in LH mice. Present results demonstrated that LH induced depressive symptoms and affected TSPO-mediated mitophagy pathway, indicating a potential target candidate for depression treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongmei Li
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China
| | - Ji Zheng
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China
| | - Mingyang Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China
| | - Lu Feng
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China
| | - Zhili Ren
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China
| | - Yanyong Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China.
| | - Nan Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China.
| | - Pingping Zuo
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China
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Guo CH, Bai L, Wu HH, Yang J, Cai GH, Zeng SX, Wang X, Wu SX, Ma W. Midazolam and ropivacaine act synergistically to inhibit bone cancer pain with different mechanisms in rats. Oncol Rep 2016; 37:249-258. [PMID: 27841001 DOI: 10.3892/or.2016.5241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2016] [Accepted: 10/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Analgesic strategy of a single drug analgesia in bone cancer pain (BCP) has shifted to combined analgesia with different drugs which have different mechanism. After tumor cell inculation, the activation of signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT3) and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) signaling pathway are involved in the development and maintenance of BCP, whereas a decrease in the expression of spinal STAT3 and ERK through using their specific blocker, lead to attenuation of BCP. Hence, in this study, we clarified that intrathecal (i.t.) injection of midazolam (MZL) and ropivacaine (Ropi) induces synergistic analgesia on BCP and is accompanied with different mechanisms of these analgesic effect. Hargreaves heat test was used to detect the analgesic effect of single dose of i.t. MZL, Ropi and their combination on the BCP rats. At consecutive daily administration experiment, thermal hyperalgesia was recorded, and immunohistochemical staining was used to detect the expression of c-Fos, spinal glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and ionized calcium binding adapter molecule-1 (IBA-1). Then, western blot analysis was used to examine spinal TSPO, GFAP, IBA-1, pERK/ERK and pSTAT3/STAT3 levels on day 14 after tumor cell inoculation. i.t. MZL or Ropi showed a short-term analgesia dose-dependently, and MZL displayed better effect on inhibition of pSTAT3 expression than pERK, but Ropi was just the reverse, then consecutive daily administrations of their combination acted synergistically to attenuate thermal hyperalgesia with downregulated spinal 'neuron-astrocytic activation' in the BCP rats. i.t. co-delivery of MZL and Ropi shows synergistic analgesia on the BCP with the inhibition of spinal 'neuron-astrocytic activation'. Spinal different signaling pathway inhibition for MZL and Ropi may be involved in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Hua Guo
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Lu Bai
- Department of Medical Imaging, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Huang-Hui Wu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Fuzhou General Hospital of Nanjing Military Region, Fuzhou, Fujian 350025, P.R. China
| | - Jing Yang
- Institute of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, P.R. China
| | - Guo-Hong Cai
- Department of Neurobiology and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China
| | - Si-Xiang Zeng
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Neurobiology and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China
| | - Sheng-Xi Wu
- Department of Neurobiology and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China
| | - Wei Ma
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
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Kim T, Pae AN. Translocator protein (TSPO) ligands for the diagnosis or treatment of neurodegenerative diseases: a patent review (2010-2015; part 1). Expert Opin Ther Pat 2016; 26:1325-1351. [PMID: 27607364 DOI: 10.1080/13543776.2016.1230606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The translocator protein (TSPO) is an emerging target in diverse neurodegenerative diseases. Up-regulated TSPO in the central nervous system (CNS) appears to be involved in neuroinflammatory processes; therefore, the development of potent TSPO ligands is a promising method for alleviating or imaging patients with neurodegenerative diseases. Areas covered: This review will provide an overview of recently developed TSPO ligands patented from 2010 to 2015. Part 1 will present a summary focusing on TSPO ligands other than indole-based or cholesterol-like compounds, which will be discussed in part 2. Part 1 covers diverse benzodiazepine-derived analogues such as isoquinoline carboxamides and aryloxyanilides. Moreover, bicyclic ring structures such as imidazopyridine, pyrazolopyrimidine, and phenylpurine will be highlighted as promising scaffolds for TSPO ligands. A brief analysis of currently reported TSPO structures will also be covered in part 1. Expert opinion: Although the underlying pharmacological mechanism of TSPO remains to be elucidated, several TSPO ligands have shown therapeutic efficacy in experimental animal models of neurodegenerative diseases. In addition, radioactive TSPO ligands have been extensively studied for the diagnosis of neurodegenerative processes. Thus, further studies on both the basic and applied mechanisms of TSPO are warranted in the pursuit of successful pharmacological applications of TSPO ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- TaeHun Kim
- a Convergence Research Center for Diagnosis, Treatment and Care System of Dementia , Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST) , Seongbuk-Gu , Seoul , Republic of Korea.,b Biological Chemistry , Korea University of Science and Technology , Yuseong-Gu , Daejon , Republic of Korea
| | - Ae Nim Pae
- a Convergence Research Center for Diagnosis, Treatment and Care System of Dementia , Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST) , Seongbuk-Gu , Seoul , Republic of Korea.,b Biological Chemistry , Korea University of Science and Technology , Yuseong-Gu , Daejon , Republic of Korea
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Antidepressant-Like and Anxiolytic-Like Effects of ZBD-2, a Novel Ligand for the Translocator Protein (18 kDa). Neuromolecular Med 2016; 19:57-68. [PMID: 27544207 DOI: 10.1007/s12017-016-8425-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2015] [Accepted: 07/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Activation of translocator protein (18 kDa) (TSPO) plays an important role to mediate rapid anxiolytic efficacy in stress response and stress-related disorders by the production of neurosteroids. However, little is known about the ligand of TSPO on the anxiety-like and depressive behaviors and the underlying mechanisms in chronic unpredictable mild stress (UCMS) mice. In the present study, a novel ligand of TSPO, ZBD-2 [N-benzyl-N-ethyl-2-(7,8-dihydro-7-benzyl-8-oxo-2-phenyl-9H-purin-9-yl) acetamide] synthesized by our laboratory, was used to evaluate the anxiolytic and antidepressant efficacy and to elucidate the underlying mechanisms. ZBD-2 (3 mg/kg) significantly attenuated anxiety-like and depressive behaviors in the UCMS mice, which was blocked by TSPO antagonist PK11195 (3 mg/kg). Treatment of ZBD-2 reversed the decrease in biogenic amines (norepinephrine, dopamine, and serotonin) in the brain region of hippocampus in the UCMS mice. The decreases in TSPO, GluN2B-containing N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors, GluA1, p-GluA1-Ser831, p-GluA1-Ser845, PSD-95, and GABAA-a2 were integrated with the increases of CaMKII and iNOS levels in the hippocampus of the UCMS mice. ZBD-2 significantly reversed the changes of above proteins. However, ZBD-2 or PK11195 treatment did not affect the levels of GluN2A-containing NMDA receptors and the total levels of GAD67. Our study provides strong evidences that ZBD-2 has a therapeutic effect on chronic stress-related disorders such as depression and anxiety through regulating the biogenic amine levels and the synaptic proteins in the hippocampus.
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Li XB, Guo HL, Shi TY, Yang L, Wang M, Zhang K, Guo YY, Wu YM, Liu SB, Zhao MG. Neuroprotective effects of a novel translocator protein (18 kDa) ligand, ZBD-2, against focal cerebral ischemia and NMDA-induced neurotoxicity. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2016; 42:1068-74. [PMID: 26174423 DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.12460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2015] [Revised: 07/06/2015] [Accepted: 07/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Ligands of the translocator protein (18 kDa) (TSPO) have demonstrated rapid anxiolytic efficacy in stress responses and stress-related disorders. This protein is involved in the synthesis of endogenous neurosteroids including pregnenolone, dehydroepiandrosterone, and progesterone. These neurosteroids promote γ-aminobutyric acid-mediated neurotransmission in the central neural system (CNS). A TSPO ligand, N-benzyl-N-ethyl-2-(7,8-dihydro-7-benzyl-8-oxo-2-phenyl-9H-purin-9-yl) acetamide (ZBD-2) was recently synthesized. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the neuroprotective effects of ZBD-2 and. In cultured cortical neurons, treatment with ZBD-2 attenuated excitotoxicity induced by N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) exposure. It significantly decreased the number of apoptotic cells by downregulating GluN2B-containing NMDA receptors (NMDARs), the ratio of Bax/Bcl-2, and levels of pro-caspase-3. Systemic treatment of ZBD-2 provided significant neuroprotection in mice subjected to middle cerebral artery occlusion. These findings provide direct evidence that neuroprotection by ZBD-2 is partially mediated by inhibiting GluN2B-containing NMDA receptor-mediated excitotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu-Bo Li
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Hong-Liang Guo
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Tian-Yao Shi
- Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, China
| | - Le Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Min Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Kun Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yan-Yan Guo
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yu-Mei Wu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Shui-Bing Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Ming-Gao Zhao
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
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Tetrapyrroles as Endogenous TSPO Ligands in Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes: Comparisons with Synthetic Ligands. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17060880. [PMID: 27271616 PMCID: PMC4926414 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17060880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2016] [Revised: 05/17/2016] [Accepted: 05/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The 18 kDa translocator protein (TSPO) is highly 0conserved in eukaryotes and prokaryotes. Since its discovery in 1977, numerous studies established the TSPO’s importance for life essential functions. For these studies, synthetic TSPO ligands typically are applied. Tetrapyrroles present endogenous ligands for the TSPO. Tetrapyrroles are also evolutionarily conserved and regulate multiple functions. TSPO and tetrapyrroles regulate each other. In animals TSPO-tetrapyrrole interactions range from effects on embryonic development to metabolism, programmed cell death, response to stress, injury and disease, and even to life span extension. In animals TSPOs are primarily located in mitochondria. In plants TSPOs are also present in plastids, the nuclear fraction, the endoplasmic reticulum, and Golgi stacks. This may contribute to translocation of tetrapyrrole intermediates across organelles’ membranes. As in animals, plant TSPO binds heme and protoporphyrin IX. TSPO-tetrapyrrole interactions in plants appear to relate to development as well as stress conditions, including salt tolerance, abscisic acid-induced stress, reactive oxygen species homeostasis, and finally cell death regulation. In bacteria, TSPO is important for switching from aerobic to anaerobic metabolism, including the regulation of photosynthesis. As in mitochondria, in bacteria TSPO is located in the outer membrane. TSPO-tetrapyrrole interactions may be part of the establishment of the bacterial-eukaryote relationships, i.e., mitochondrial-eukaryote and plastid-plant endosymbiotic relationships.
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TSPO: kaleidoscopic 18-kDa amid biochemical pharmacology, control and targeting of mitochondria. Biochem J 2016; 473:107-21. [PMID: 26733718 DOI: 10.1042/bj20150899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The 18-kDa translocator protein (TSPO) localizes in the outer mitochondrial membrane (OMM) of cells and is readily up-regulated under various pathological conditions such as cancer, inflammation, mechanical lesions and neurological diseases. Able to bind with high affinity synthetic and endogenous ligands, its core biochemical function resides in the translocation of cholesterol into the mitochondria influencing the subsequent steps of (neuro-)steroid synthesis and systemic endocrine regulation. Over the years, however, TSPO has also been linked to core cellular processes such as apoptosis and autophagy. It interacts and forms complexes with other mitochondrial proteins such as the voltage-dependent anion channel (VDAC) via which signalling and regulatory transduction of these core cellular events may be influenced. Despite nearly 40 years of study, the precise functional role of TSPO beyond cholesterol trafficking remains elusive even though the recent breakthroughs on its high-resolution crystal structure and contribution to quality-control signalling of mitochondria. All this along with a captivating pharmacological profile provides novel opportunities to investigate and understand the significance of this highly conserved protein as well as contribute the development of specific therapeutics as presented and discussed in the present review.
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