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Eknoyan G, Lederer ED. Phosphorus: Chronicles of the epistemology of a vital element. Clin Nephrol 2024; 102:117-124. [PMID: 38836367 PMCID: PMC11370277 DOI: 10.5414/cn111435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/02/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024] Open
Abstract
It was in the philosopher's stone quest that the alchemist Hennig Brand isolated chemiluminescent white phosphorus (P), Greek for "light bearer", from urine in 1669. By 1771 phosphorus was isolated from bone, and in 1777 it was identified by Antoine Lavoisier as a highly reactive element that exists predominantly in nature as ionic phosphate (PO43-) and in solution as phosphoric acid (H3PO4). Early 20th century studies revealed phosphorylated biomolecules as essential components of replicative nuclear material (RNA, DNA), a metabolic source of energy (ATP), and structural components of cellular membrane (phospholipid bilayer). Life on earth began as organophosphates of a self-replicating RNA that evolved into DNA and acquired a membrane to form the original eukaryotes, which eventually joined to form multicellular organisms of the deep sea. Tissue mineralization during transition from the ocean to land generated the endoskeleton, the largest phosphorus stores of evolving vertebrates. Subsequent studies of phosphate homeostasis elucidated its complex regulatory system based on the interaction of the kidney, small intestine, bone, and parathyroid glands, orchestrated by hormones (PTH, calcitriol, FGF23, Klotho), and carried out by phosphate-specific transporters (SLC34 and SLC20 families) all to ensure adequate phosphate for survival and health. Paradoxically, kidney replacement therapy in the 1970s, by prolonging the lives of millions of individuals with kidney failure, revealed the hazards of phosphorus excess. "Phosphorus the light bearer" has become in the eyes of many nephrologists "Phosphorus the cardiovascular toxin".
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2
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Kaushik D, Hitaishi P, Kumar A, Sen D, Kamil SM, Ghosh SK. Modulating a model membrane of sphingomyelin by a tricyclic antidepressant drug. Chem Phys Lipids 2024; 263:105419. [PMID: 38964567 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2024.105419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2024] [Revised: 06/15/2024] [Accepted: 06/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024]
Abstract
Tricyclic medicine such as amitriptyline (AMT) hydrochloride, initially developed to treat depression, is also used to treat neuropathic pain, anxiety disorder, and migraines. The mechanism of functioning of this type of drugs is ambiguous. Understanding the mechanism is important for designing new drug molecules with higher pharmacological efficiency. Hence, in the present study, biophysical approaches have been taken to shed light on their interactions with a model cellular membrane of brain sphingomyelin in the form of monolayer and multi-lamellar vesicles. The surface pressure-area isotherm infers the partitioning of a drug molecule into the lipid monolayer at the air water interface, providing a higher surface area per molecule and reducing the in-plane elasticity. Further, the surface electrostatic potential of the lipid monolayer is found to increase due to the insertion of drug molecule. The interfacial rheology revealed a reduction of the in-plane viscoelasticity of the lipid film, which, depends on the adsorption of the drug molecule onto the film. Small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) measurements on multilamellar vesicles (MLVs) have revealed that the AMT molecules partition into the hydrophobic core of the lipid membrane, modifying the organization of lipids in the membrane. The modified physical state of less rigid membrane and the transformed electrostatics of the membrane could influence its interaction with synaptic vesicles and neurotransmitters making higher availability of the neurotransmitters in the synaptic cleft.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devansh Kaushik
- Department of Physics, School of Natural Sciences, Shiv Nadar Institution of Eminence, NH 91, Tehsil Dadri, Uttar Pradesh 201214, India
| | - Prashant Hitaishi
- Department of Physics, School of Natural Sciences, Shiv Nadar Institution of Eminence, NH 91, Tehsil Dadri, Uttar Pradesh 201214, India
| | - Ashwani Kumar
- Solid State Physics Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai 400085, India
| | - Debasis Sen
- Solid State Physics Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai 400085, India; Homi Bhabha National Institute, Anushaktinagar, Mumbai 400094, India
| | - Syed M Kamil
- Department of Physics, School of Natural Sciences, Shiv Nadar Institution of Eminence, NH 91, Tehsil Dadri, Uttar Pradesh 201214, India
| | - Sajal K Ghosh
- Department of Physics, School of Natural Sciences, Shiv Nadar Institution of Eminence, NH 91, Tehsil Dadri, Uttar Pradesh 201214, India.
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Guardià J, Reina JA, Giamberini M, Montané X. An Up-to-Date Overview of Liquid Crystals and Liquid Crystal Polymers for Different Applications: A Review. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:2293. [PMID: 39204513 PMCID: PMC11359798 DOI: 10.3390/polym16162293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2024] [Revised: 07/24/2024] [Accepted: 07/30/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Liquid crystals have been extensively used in various applications, such as optoelectronic devices, biomedical applications, sensors and biosensors, and packaging, among others. Liquid crystal polymers are one type of liquid crystal material, combining their intrinsic properties with polymeric flexibility for advanced applications in displays and smart materials. For instance, liquid crystal polymers can serve as drug nanocarriers, forming cubic or hexagonal mesophases, which can be tailored for controlled drug release. Further applications of liquid crystals and liquid crystal polymers include the preparation of membranes for separation processes, such as wastewater treatment. Furthermore, these materials can be used as ion-conducting membranes for fuel cells or lithium batteries due to their broad types of mesophases. This review aims to provide an overall explanation and classification of liquid crystals and liquid crystal polymers. Furthermore, the great potential of these materials relies on their broad range of applications, which are determined by their unique properties. Moreover, this study provides the latest advances in liquid crystal polymer-based membranes and their applications, focusing especially on fuel cells. Moreover, future directions in the applications of various liquid crystals are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordi Guardià
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Organic Chemistry, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, C/Marcel·lí Domingo 1, 43007 Tarragona, Spain; (J.G.); (J.A.R.)
| | - José Antonio Reina
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Organic Chemistry, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, C/Marcel·lí Domingo 1, 43007 Tarragona, Spain; (J.G.); (J.A.R.)
| | - Marta Giamberini
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Av. Països Catalans 26, 43007 Tarragona, Spain;
| | - Xavier Montané
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Organic Chemistry, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, C/Marcel·lí Domingo 1, 43007 Tarragona, Spain; (J.G.); (J.A.R.)
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4
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Srivastava P, Bhoumik S, Yadawa AK, Kesherwani R, Rizvi SI. Coenzyme Q 10 supplementation affects cellular ionic balance: relevance to aging. Z NATURFORSCH C 2024; 0:znc-2024-0129. [PMID: 38963236 DOI: 10.1515/znc-2024-0129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024]
Abstract
Aging results into disruptive physiological functioning and cellular processes that affect the composition and structure of the plasma membrane. The plasma membrane is the major regulator of ionic homeostasis that regulates the functioning of membrane transporters and exchangers. Coenzyme Q10 is a lipid-soluble antioxidant molecule that declines during aging and age-associated diseases. The present study aims to explore the role of Coenzyme Q10 supplementation to rats during aging on membrane transporters and redox biomarkers. The study was conducted on young and old male Wistar rats supplemented with 20 mg/kg b.w. of Coenzyme Q10 per day. After a period of 28 days, rats were sacrificed and erythrocyte membrane was isolated. The result exhibits significant decline in biomarkers of oxidative stress in old control rats when compared with young control. The effect of Coenzyme Q10 supplementation was more pronounced in old rats. The functioning of membrane transporters and Na+/H+ exchanger showed potential return to normal levels in the Coenzyme Q10 treated rats. Overall, the results demonstrate that Coenzyme Q10 plays an important role in maintaining redox balance in cells which interconnects with membrane integrity. Thus, Coenzyme Q10 supplementation may play an important role in protecting age related alterations in erythrocyte membrane physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parisha Srivastava
- Department of Biochemistry, 314956 University of Allahabad , Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh 211002, India
| | - Sukanya Bhoumik
- Department of Biochemistry, 314956 University of Allahabad , Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh 211002, India
| | - Arun K Yadawa
- Department of Biochemistry, 314956 University of Allahabad , Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh 211002, India
| | - Rashmi Kesherwani
- Department of Biochemistry, 314956 University of Allahabad , Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh 211002, India
| | - Syed Ibrahim Rizvi
- Department of Biochemistry, 314956 University of Allahabad , Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh 211002, India
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Yan Q, Gomis Perez C, Karatekin E. Cell Membrane Tension Gradients, Membrane Flows, and Cellular Processes. Physiology (Bethesda) 2024; 39:0. [PMID: 38501962 PMCID: PMC11368524 DOI: 10.1152/physiol.00007.2024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Cell membrane tension affects and is affected by many fundamental cellular processes, yet it is poorly understood. Recent experiments show that membrane tension can propagate at vastly different speeds in different cell types, reflecting physiological adaptations. Here we briefly review the current knowledge about membrane tension gradients, membrane flows, and their physiological context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Yan
- Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States
- Nanobiology Institute, Yale University, West Haven, Connecticut, United States
| | - Carolina Gomis Perez
- Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States
- Nanobiology Institute, Yale University, West Haven, Connecticut, United States
| | - Erdem Karatekin
- Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States
- Nanobiology Institute, Yale University, West Haven, Connecticut, United States
- Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States
- Wu Tsai Institute, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States
- Saints-Pères Paris Institute for the Neurosciences (SPPIN), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Paris, France
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Hunt EG, Hurst KE, Riesenberg BP, Kennedy AS, Gandy EJ, Andrews AM, Del Mar Alicea Pauneto C, Ball LE, Wallace ED, Gao P, Meier J, Serody JJ, Coleman MF, Thaxton JE. Acetyl-CoA carboxylase obstructs CD8 + T cell lipid utilization in the tumor microenvironment. Cell Metab 2024; 36:969-983.e10. [PMID: 38490211 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2024.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
The solid tumor microenvironment (TME) imprints a compromised metabolic state in tumor-infiltrating T cells (TILs), hallmarked by the inability to maintain effective energy synthesis for antitumor function and survival. T cells in the TME must catabolize lipids via mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation (FAO) to supply energy in nutrient stress, and it is established that T cells enriched in FAO are adept at cancer control. However, endogenous TILs and unmodified cellular therapy products fail to sustain bioenergetics in tumors. We reveal that the solid TME imposes perpetual acetyl-coenzyme A (CoA) carboxylase (ACC) activity, invoking lipid biogenesis and storage in TILs that opposes FAO. Using metabolic, lipidomic, and confocal imaging strategies, we find that restricting ACC rewires T cell metabolism, enabling energy maintenance in TME stress. Limiting ACC activity potentiates a gene and phenotypic program indicative of T cell longevity, engendering T cells with increased survival and polyfunctionality, which sustains cancer control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth G Hunt
- Immunotherapy Program, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA; Department of Cell Biology & Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA
| | - Katie E Hurst
- Immunotherapy Program, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA
| | - Brian P Riesenberg
- Immunotherapy Program, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA
| | - Andrew S Kennedy
- Immunotherapy Program, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA; Department of Cell Biology & Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA
| | - Evelyn J Gandy
- Immunotherapy Program, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA
| | - Alex M Andrews
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Coral Del Mar Alicea Pauneto
- Immunotherapy Program, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA; Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA
| | - Lauren E Ball
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Emily D Wallace
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA
| | - Peng Gao
- Department of Medicine, Metabolomics Core Facility, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Jeremy Meier
- Immunotherapy Program, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA; Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA
| | - John J Serody
- Immunotherapy Program, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA; Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA
| | - Michael F Coleman
- Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA
| | - Jessica E Thaxton
- Immunotherapy Program, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA; Department of Cell Biology & Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA.
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Taylor JM, Conboy JC. Sum-frequency vibrational spectroscopy, a tutorial: Applications for the study of lipid membrane structure and dynamics. Biointerphases 2024; 19:031201. [PMID: 38738942 DOI: 10.1116/6.0003594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Planar supported lipid bilayers (PSLBs) are an ideal model for the study of lipid membrane structures and dynamics when using sum-frequency vibrational spectroscopy (SFVS). In this paper, we describe the construction of asymmetric PSLBs and the basic SFVS theory needed to understand and make measurements on these membranes. Several examples are presented, including the determination of phospholipid orientation and measuring phospholipid transmembrane translocation (flip-flop).
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua M Taylor
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East RM. 2020, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112
| | - John C Conboy
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East RM. 2020, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112
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Oshiro H, Hata J, Nakashima D, Hayashi N, Haga Y, Hagiya K, Yoshimaru D, Okano H. Influence of Diffusion Time and Temperature on Restricted Diffusion Signal: A Phantom Study. Magn Reson Med Sci 2024; 23:136-145. [PMID: 36754420 PMCID: PMC11024708 DOI: 10.2463/mrms.mp.2022-0103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Diffusion MRI is a physical measurement method that quantitatively indicates the displacement of water molecules diffusing in voxels. However, there are insufficient data to characterize the diffusion process physically in a uniform structure such as a phantom. This study investigated the transitional relationship between structure scale, temperature, and diffusion time for simple restricted diffusion using a capillary phantom. METHODS We performed diffusion-weighted pulsed-gradient stimulated-echo acquisition mode (STEAM) MRI with a 9.4 Tesla MRI system (Bruker BioSpin, Ettlingen, Germany) and a quadrature coil with an inner diameter of 86 mm (Bruker BioSpin). We measured the diffusion coefficients (radial diffusivity [RD]) of capillary plates (pore sizes 6, 12, 25, 50, and 100 μm) with uniformly restricted structures at various temperatures (10ºC, 20ºC, 30ºC, and 40ºC) and multiple diffusion times (12-800 ms). We evaluated the characteristics of scale, temperature, and diffusion time for restricted diffusion. RESULTS The RD decayed and became constant depending on the structural scale. Diffusion coefficient fluctuations with temperature occurred mostly under conditions of a large structural scale and short diffusion time. We obtained data suggesting that temperature-dependent changes in the diffusion coefficients follow physical laws. CONCLUSION No water molecules were observed outside the glass tubes in the capillary plates, and the capillary plates only reflected a restricted diffusion process within the structure.We experimentally evaluated the characteristics of simple restricted diffusion to reveal the transitional relationship of the diffusion coefficient with diffusion time, structure scale, and temperature through composite measurement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hinako Oshiro
- Graduate School of Human Health Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo, Japan
- Center for Brain Science, RIKEN, Wako, Saitama, Japan
| | - Junichi Hata
- Graduate School of Human Health Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo, Japan
- Center for Brain Science, RIKEN, Wako, Saitama, Japan
- School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Naoya Hayashi
- Graduate School of Human Health Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo, Japan
- Center for Brain Science, RIKEN, Wako, Saitama, Japan
| | - Yawara Haga
- Graduate School of Human Health Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo, Japan
- Center for Brain Science, RIKEN, Wako, Saitama, Japan
| | - Kei Hagiya
- Center for Brain Science, RIKEN, Wako, Saitama, Japan
| | - Daisuke Yoshimaru
- Center for Brain Science, RIKEN, Wako, Saitama, Japan
- School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Okano
- Center for Brain Science, RIKEN, Wako, Saitama, Japan
- School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
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Lee TH, Charchar P, Separovic F, Reid GE, Yarovsky I, Aguilar MI. The intricate link between membrane lipid structure and composition and membrane structural properties in bacterial membranes. Chem Sci 2024; 15:3408-3427. [PMID: 38455013 PMCID: PMC10915831 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc04523d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024] Open
Abstract
It is now evident that the cell manipulates lipid composition to regulate different processes such as membrane protein insertion, assembly and function. Moreover, changes in membrane structure and properties, lipid homeostasis during growth and differentiation with associated changes in cell size and shape, and responses to external stress have been related to drug resistance across mammalian species and a range of microorganisms. While it is well known that the biomembrane is a fluid self-assembled nanostructure, the link between the lipid components and the structural properties of the lipid bilayer are not well understood. This perspective aims to address this topic with a view to a more detailed understanding of the factors that regulate bilayer structure and flexibility. We describe a selection of recent studies that address the dynamic nature of bacterial lipid diversity and membrane properties in response to stress conditions. This emerging area has important implications for a broad range of cellular processes and may open new avenues of drug design for selective cell targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzong-Hsien Lee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University Clayton VIC 3800 Australia
| | - Patrick Charchar
- School of Engineering, RMIT University Melbourne Victoria 3001 Australia
| | - Frances Separovic
- School of Chemistry, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne VIC 3010 Australia
| | - Gavin E Reid
- School of Chemistry, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne VIC 3010 Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, University of Melbourne Parkville VIC 3010 Australia
| | - Irene Yarovsky
- School of Engineering, RMIT University Melbourne Victoria 3001 Australia
| | - Marie-Isabel Aguilar
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University Clayton VIC 3800 Australia
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Han X, Xu S, Wang L, Bi Z, Wang D, Bu H, Da J, Liu Y, Tan W. Artificial DNA Framework Channel Modulates Antiapoptotic Behavior in Ischemia-Stressed Cells via Destabilizing Promoter G-Quadruplex. ACS NANO 2024; 18:6147-6161. [PMID: 38372229 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c06563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
Regulating folding/unfolding of gene promoter G-quadruplexes (G4s) is important for understanding the topological changes in genomic DNAs and the biological effects of such changes on important cellular events. Although many G4-stabilizing ligands have been screened out, effective G4-destabilizing ligands are extremely rare, posing a great challenge for illustrating how G4 destabilization affects gene function in living cells under stress, a long-standing question in neuroscience. Herein, we report a distinct methodology able to destabilize gene promoter G4s in ischemia-stressed neural cells by mitigating the ischemia-induced accumulation of intracellular K+ with an artificial membrane-spanning DNA framework channel (DFC). We also show that ischemia-triggered K+ influx is positively correlated to anomalous stabilization of promoter G4s and downregulation of Bcl-2, an antiapoptotic gene with neuroprotective effects against ischemic injury. Intriguingly, the DFC enables rapid transmembrane transport of excessive K+ mediated by the internal G4 filter, leading to the destabilization of endogenous promoter G4 in Bcl-2 and subsequent turnover of gene expression at both transcription and translation levels under ischemia. Consequently, this work enriches our understanding of the biological roles of endogenous G4s and may offer important clues to study the cellular behaviors in response to stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Han
- Molecular Science and Biomedicine Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Bio-Sensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Aptamer Engineering Center of Hunan Province, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Shujuan Xu
- Molecular Science and Biomedicine Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Bio-Sensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Aptamer Engineering Center of Hunan Province, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Linlin Wang
- Molecular Science and Biomedicine Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Bio-Sensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Aptamer Engineering Center of Hunan Province, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Zhengyan Bi
- Molecular Science and Biomedicine Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Bio-Sensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Aptamer Engineering Center of Hunan Province, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Dan Wang
- Molecular Science and Biomedicine Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Bio-Sensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Aptamer Engineering Center of Hunan Province, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Huitong Bu
- Molecular Science and Biomedicine Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Bio-Sensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Aptamer Engineering Center of Hunan Province, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Jun Da
- Molecular Science and Biomedicine Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Bio-Sensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Aptamer Engineering Center of Hunan Province, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Yanlan Liu
- Molecular Science and Biomedicine Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Bio-Sensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Aptamer Engineering Center of Hunan Province, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Weihong Tan
- Molecular Science and Biomedicine Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Bio-Sensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Aptamer Engineering Center of Hunan Province, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
- The Key Laboratory of Zhejiang Province for Aptamers and Theranostics, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou Institute of Medicine (HIM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310022, China
- Institute of Molecular Medicine (IMM), Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
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11
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Lyman GH, Lyman CH, Kuderer NM. The Nature, Origin and Evolution of Life: Part II The Origin of Life. Cancer Invest 2024; 42:115-118. [PMID: 37818859 DOI: 10.1080/07357907.2023.2270277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Gary H Lyman
- Editor-in-Chief Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Christopher H Lyman
- Department of Business Analytics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA
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12
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Krok E, Franquelim HG, Chattopadhyay M, Orlikowska-Rzeznik H, Schwille P, Piatkowski L. Nanoscale structural response of biomimetic cell membranes to controlled dehydration. NANOSCALE 2023; 16:72-84. [PMID: 38062887 DOI: 10.1039/d3nr03078d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2023]
Abstract
Although cell membranes exist in excess of water under physiological conditions, there are a number of biochemical processes, such as adsorption of biomacromolecules or membrane fusion events, that require partial or even complete transient dehydration of lipid membranes. Even though the dehydration process is crucial for understanding all fusion events, still little is known about the structural adaptation of lipid membranes when their interfacial hydration layer is perturbed. Here, we present the study of the nanoscale structural reorganization of phase-separated, supported lipid bilayers (SLBs) under a wide range of hydration conditions. Model lipid membranes were characterised using a combination of fluorescence microscopy and atomic force microscopy and, crucially, without applying any chemical or physical modifications that have previously been considered essential for maintaining the membrane integrity upon dehydration. We revealed that decreasing the hydration state of the membrane leads to an enhanced mixing of lipids characteristic of the liquid-disordered (Ld) phase with those forming the liquid-ordered (Lo) phase. This is associated with a 2-fold decrease in the hydrophobic mismatch between the Ld and Lo lipid phases and a 3-fold decrease in the line tension for the fully desiccated membrane. Importantly, the observed changes in the hydrophobic mismatch, line tension, and lipid miscibility are fully reversible upon subsequent rehydration of the membrane. These findings provide a deeper insight into the fundamental processes, such as cell-cell fusion, that require partial dehydration at the interface of two membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilia Krok
- Poznan University of Technology, Faculty of Materials Engineering and Technical Physics, Institute of Physics, Piotrowo 3, 60-965 Poznan, Poland.
| | - Henri G Franquelim
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biophysics, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Am Klopferspitz 18, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
- Leipzig University, Research and Transfer Center for Bioactive Matter, Deutscher Platz 5, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Madhurima Chattopadhyay
- Poznan University of Technology, Faculty of Materials Engineering and Technical Physics, Institute of Physics, Piotrowo 3, 60-965 Poznan, Poland.
| | - Hanna Orlikowska-Rzeznik
- Poznan University of Technology, Faculty of Materials Engineering and Technical Physics, Institute of Physics, Piotrowo 3, 60-965 Poznan, Poland.
| | - Petra Schwille
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biophysics, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Am Klopferspitz 18, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Lukasz Piatkowski
- Poznan University of Technology, Faculty of Materials Engineering and Technical Physics, Institute of Physics, Piotrowo 3, 60-965 Poznan, Poland.
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13
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Sahu S, Srinivasan H, Jadhav SE, Sharma VK, Debnath A. Aspirin-Induced Ordering and Faster Dynamics of a Cationic Bilayer for Drug Encapsulation. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2023; 39:16432-16443. [PMID: 37948158 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.3c02241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
The lipid dynamics and phase play decisive roles in drug encapsulation and delivery to the intracellular target. Thus, understanding the dynamic and structural alterations of membranes induced by drugs is essential for targeted delivery. To this end, united-atom molecular dynamics simulations of a model bilayer, dioctadecyldimethylammonium bromide (DODAB), are performed in the absence and presence of the usual nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID), aspirin, at 298, 310, and 345 K. At 298 and 310 K, the bilayers are in the interdigitated two-dimensional square phases, which become rugged in the presence of aspirin, as evident from height fluctuations. At 345 K, the bilayer is in the fluid phase in both the absence and presence of aspirin. Aspirin is preferentially located near the oppositely charged headgroup and creates void space, which leads to an increase in the interdigitation and order parameters. Although the center of mass of lipids experiences structural arrest, they reach the diffusive regime faster and have higher lateral diffusion constants in the presence of aspirin. Results are found to be consistent with recent quasi-elastic neutron scattering studies that reveal that aspirin acts as a plasticizer and enhances lateral diffusion of lipids in both ordered and fluid phases. Different relaxation time scales of the bonds along the alkyl tails of DODAB due to the multitude of lipid motions become faster upon the addition of aspirin. Our results show that aspirin insertion is most favorable at physiological temperature. Thus, the ordered, more stable, and faster DODAB bilayer can be a potential drug carrier for the protected encapsulation of aspirin, followed by targeted and controlled drug release with antibacterial activity in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samapika Sahu
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Jodhpur 342037, India
| | - Harish Srinivasan
- Solid State Physics Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Center, Mumbai 400085, India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai 400094, India
| | - Sankalp E Jadhav
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Jodhpur 342037, India
| | - Veerendra K Sharma
- Solid State Physics Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Center, Mumbai 400085, India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai 400094, India
| | - Ananya Debnath
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Jodhpur 342037, India
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14
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Ali O, Szabó A. Review of Eukaryote Cellular Membrane Lipid Composition, with Special Attention to the Fatty Acids. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15693. [PMID: 37958678 PMCID: PMC10649022 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242115693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Biological membranes, primarily composed of lipids, envelop each living cell. The intricate composition and organization of membrane lipids, including the variety of fatty acids they encompass, serve a dynamic role in sustaining cellular structural integrity and functionality. Typically, modifications in lipid composition coincide with consequential alterations in universally significant signaling pathways. Exploring the various fatty acids, which serve as the foundational building blocks of membrane lipids, provides crucial insights into the underlying mechanisms governing a myriad of cellular processes, such as membrane fluidity, protein trafficking, signal transduction, intercellular communication, and the etiology of certain metabolic disorders. Furthermore, comprehending how alterations in the lipid composition, especially concerning the fatty acid profile, either contribute to or prevent the onset of pathological conditions stands as a compelling area of research. Hence, this review aims to meticulously introduce the intricacies of membrane lipids and their constituent fatty acids in a healthy organism, thereby illuminating their remarkable diversity and profound influence on cellular function. Furthermore, this review aspires to highlight some potential therapeutic targets for various pathological conditions that may be ameliorated through dietary fatty acid supplements. The initial section of this review expounds on the eukaryotic biomembranes and their complex lipids. Subsequent sections provide insights into the synthesis, membrane incorporation, and distribution of fatty acids across various fractions of membrane lipids. The last section highlights the functional significance of membrane-associated fatty acids and their innate capacity to shape the various cellular physiological responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omeralfaroug Ali
- Agrobiotechnology and Precision Breeding for Food Security National Laboratory, Institute of Physiology and Animal Nutrition, Department of Animal Physiology and Health, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Guba Sándor Str. 40, 7400 Kaposvár, Hungary;
| | - András Szabó
- Agrobiotechnology and Precision Breeding for Food Security National Laboratory, Institute of Physiology and Animal Nutrition, Department of Animal Physiology and Health, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Guba Sándor Str. 40, 7400 Kaposvár, Hungary;
- HUN-REN-MATE Mycotoxins in the Food Chain Research Group, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Guba Sándor Str. 40, 7400 Kaposvár, Hungary
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15
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Li J, Zhang J, Gao Y, Lei S, Wu J, Chen X, Wang K, Duan X, Men K. Targeted siRNA Delivery by Bioinspired Cancer Cell Membrane-Coated Nanoparticles with Enhanced Anti-Cancer Immunity. Int J Nanomedicine 2023; 18:5961-5982. [PMID: 37901359 PMCID: PMC10612485 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s429036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Cell-membrane nanocarriers are usually constructed by modifying the nanoparticle surface with cell membrane extracts, which has a direct benefit in endowing targeting capacity to nanocarriers based on their original cell types. However, delivering nucleic acid cargos by cell membrane-based nanoparticles is difficult owing to the strong negative charge of the cell membrane fraction. In this study, we developed a cancer cell membrane-based drug delivery system, the cMDS, for efficient siRNA delivery. Meanwhile, the cancer-specific immune response stimulated by the gene vector itself could offer synergistic anti-cancer ability. Methods The cMDS was prepared by ultrasound, and its transfection efficiency and anti-cancer ability were examined using cultures of CT26 cells. MTT and red blood cell hemolysis tests were performed to assess the safety of cMDS, while its targeted gene delivery and strong immune stimulation were investigated in a subcutaneous tumor model. Moreover, the detailed anti-cancer immune stimulation mechanisms of cMDS are uncovered by protein chip analysis. Results The cMDS was spherical core-shell structure. It showed high transfection efficiency and anti-cancer ability in vitro. In animal experiments, intravenously administered cMDS/siStat3 complex efficiently suppress the growth of colon cancer. Moreover, the result of protein chip analysis suggested that cMDS affect the migration and chemotaxis of immune cells. Conclusion The cMDS shows obvious tumor tissue-specific accumulation properties and strong immune stimulation ability. It is an advanced targeted gene delivery system with potent immunotherapeutic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingmei Li
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jin Zhang
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yan Gao
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, People’s Republic of China
| | - Sibei Lei
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jieping Wu
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaohua Chen
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, People’s Republic of China
| | - Kaiyu Wang
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xingmei Duan
- Department of Pharmacy, Personalized Drug Therapy Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610072, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ke Men
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, People’s Republic of China
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16
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Cheng X, Yang W, Lin W, Mei F. Paradoxes of Cellular SUMOylation Regulation: A Role of Biomolecular Condensates? Pharmacol Rev 2023; 75:979-1006. [PMID: 37137717 PMCID: PMC10441629 DOI: 10.1124/pharmrev.122.000784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein SUMOylation is a major post-translational modification essential for maintaining cellular homeostasis. SUMOylation has long been associated with stress responses as a diverse array of cellular stress signals are known to trigger rapid alternations in global protein SUMOylation. In addition, while there are large families of ubiquitination enzymes, all small ubiquitin-like modifiers (SUMOs) are conjugated by a set of enzymatic machinery comprising one heterodimeric SUMO-activating enzyme, a single SUMO-conjugating enzyme, and a small number of SUMO protein ligases and SUMO-specific proteases. How a few SUMOylation enzymes specifically modify thousands of functional targets in response to diverse cellular stresses remains an enigma. Here we review recent progress toward understanding the mechanisms of SUMO regulation, particularly the potential roles of liquid-liquid phase separation/biomolecular condensates in regulating cellular SUMOylation during cellular stresses. In addition, we discuss the role of protein SUMOylation in pathogenesis and the development of novel therapeutics targeting SUMOylation. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Protein SUMOylation is one of the most prevalent post-translational modifications and plays a vital role in maintaining cellular homeostasis in response to stresses. Protein SUMOylation has been implicated in human pathogenesis, such as cancer, cardiovascular diseases, neurodegeneration, and infection. After more than a quarter century of extensive research, intriguing enigmas remain regarding the mechanism of cellular SUMOylation regulation and the therapeutic potential of targeting SUMOylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodong Cheng
- Department of Integrative Biology & Pharmacology and Texas Therapeutics Institute, Institute of Molecular Medicine, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Wenli Yang
- Department of Integrative Biology & Pharmacology and Texas Therapeutics Institute, Institute of Molecular Medicine, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Wei Lin
- Department of Integrative Biology & Pharmacology and Texas Therapeutics Institute, Institute of Molecular Medicine, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Fang Mei
- Department of Integrative Biology & Pharmacology and Texas Therapeutics Institute, Institute of Molecular Medicine, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas
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17
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Wangchuk P, Yeshi K, Loukas A. Metabolomics and lipidomics studies of parasitic helminths: molecular diversity and identification levels achieved by using different characterisation tools. Metabolomics 2023; 19:63. [PMID: 37356029 PMCID: PMC10290966 DOI: 10.1007/s11306-023-02019-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/27/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Helminths are parasitic worms that infect millions of people worldwide and secrete a variety of excretory-secretory products (ESPs), including proteins, peptides, and small molecules. Despite this, there is currently no comprehensive review article on cataloging small molecules from helminths, particularly focusing on the different classes of metabolites (polar and lipid molecules) identified from the ESP and somatic tissue extracts of helminths that were studied in isolation from their hosts. OBJECTIVE This review aims to provide a comprehensive assessment of the metabolomics and lipidomics studies of parasitic helminths using all available analytical platforms. METHOD To achieve this objective, we conducted a meta-analysis of the identification and characterization tools, metabolomics approaches, metabolomics standard initiative (MSI) levels, software, and databases commonly applied in helminth metabolomics studies published until November 2021. RESULT This review analyzed 29 studies reporting the metabolomic assessment of ESPs and somatic tissue extracts of 17 helminth species grown under ex vivo/in vitro culture conditions. Of these 29 studies, 19 achieved the highest level of metabolite identification (MSI level-1), while the remaining studies reported MSI level-2 identification. Only 155 small molecule metabolites, including polar and lipids, were identified using MSI level-1 characterization protocols from various helminth species. Despite the significant advances made possible by the 'omics' technology, standardized software and helminth-specific metabolomics databases remain significant challenges in this field. Overall, this review highlights the potential for future studies to better understand the diverse range of small molecules that helminths produce and leverage their unique metabolomic features to develop novel treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phurpa Wangchuk
- Centre for Molecular Therapeutics, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD 4878 Australia
| | - Karma Yeshi
- Centre for Molecular Therapeutics, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD 4878 Australia
| | - Alex Loukas
- Centre for Molecular Therapeutics, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD 4878 Australia
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18
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López-García P, Moreira D. The symbiotic origin of the eukaryotic cell. C R Biol 2023; 346:55-73. [PMID: 37254790 DOI: 10.5802/crbiol.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Revised: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Eukaryogenesis represented a major evolutionary transition that led to the emergence of complex cells from simpler ancestors. For several decades, the most accepted scenario involved the evolution of an independent lineage of proto-eukaryotes endowed with an endomembrane system, including a nuclear compartment, a developed cytoskeleton and phagocytosis, which engulfed the alphaproteobacterial ancestor of mitochondria. However, the recent discovery by metagenomic and cultural approaches of Asgard archaea, which harbour many genes in common with eukaryotes and are their closest relatives in phylogenomic trees, rather supports scenarios based on the symbiosis of one Asgard-like archaeon and one or more bacteria at the origin of the eukaryotic cell. Here, we review the recent discoveries that led to this conceptual shift, briefly evoking current models of eukaryogenesis and the challenges ahead to discriminate between them and to establish a detailed, plausible scenario that accounts for the evolution of eukaryotic traits from those of their prokaryotic ancestors.
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19
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Jin Z, Vighi A, Dong Y, Bureau JA, Ignea C. Engineering membrane architecture for biotechnological applications. Biotechnol Adv 2023; 64:108118. [PMID: 36773706 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2023.108118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
Cellular membranes, predominantly described as a dynamic bilayer, are composed of different lipids, transmembrane proteins, and carbohydrates. Most research on biological membranes focuses on the identification, characterization, and mechanistic aspects of their different components. These studies provide a fundamental understanding of membrane structure, function, and dynamics, establishing a basis for the development of membrane engineering strategies. To date, approaches in this field concentrate on membrane adaptation to harsh conditions during industrial fermentation, which can be caused by temperature, osmotic, or organic solvent stress. With advances in the field of metabolic engineering and synthetic biology, recent breakthroughs include proof of concept microbial production of essential medicines, such as cannabinoids and vinblastine. However, long pathways, low yields, and host adaptation continue to pose challenges to the efficient scale up production of many important compounds. The lipid bilayer is profoundly linked to the activity of heterologous membrane-bound enzymes and transport of metabolites. Therefore, strategies for improving enzyme performance, facilitating pathway reconstruction, and enabling storage of products to increase the yields directly involve cellular membranes. At the forefront of membrane engineering research are re-emerging approaches in lipid research and synthetic biology that manipulate membrane size and composition and target lipid profiles across species. This review summarizes engineering strategies applied to cellular membranes and discusses the challenges and future perspectives, particularly with regards to their applications in host engineering and bioproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zimo Jin
- Department of Bioengineering, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0E9, Canada
| | - Asia Vighi
- Department of Bioengineering, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0E9, Canada
| | - Yueming Dong
- Department of Bioengineering, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0E9, Canada
| | | | - Codruta Ignea
- Department of Bioengineering, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0E9, Canada.
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20
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Mrđenović D, Tang ZX, Pandey Y, Su W, Zhang Y, Kumar N, Zenobi R. Regioselective Tip-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy of Lipid Membranes with Sub-Nanometer Axial Resolution. NANO LETTERS 2023; 23:3939-3946. [PMID: 37096805 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c00689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Noninvasive and label-free analysis of cell membranes at the nanoscale is essential to comprehend vital cellular processes. However, conventional analytical tools generally fail to meet this challenge due to the lack of required sensitivity and/or spatial resolution. Herein, we demonstrate that tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (TERS) is a powerful nanoanalytical tool to analyze dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) bilayers and human cell membranes with submolecular resolution in the vertical direction. Unlike the far-field Raman measurements, TERS spectra of the DPPC bilayers reproducibly exhibited a uniquely shaped C-H band. These unique spectral features were also reproducibly observed in the TERS spectrum of human pancreatic cancer cells. Spectral deconvolution and DFT simulations confirmed that the TERS signal primarily originated from vibrations of the CH3 groups in the choline headgroup of the lipids. The reproducible TERS results obtained in this study unequivocally demonstrate the ultrahigh sensitivity of TERS for nanoanalysis of lipid membranes under ambient conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dušan Mrđenović
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1-5/10, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Zi-Xi Tang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, 230026 Hefei, Anhui, People's Republic of China
| | - Yashashwa Pandey
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1-5/10, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Weitao Su
- School of Sciences, Hangzhou Dianzi University, 310018 Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yao Zhang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, 230026 Hefei, Anhui, People's Republic of China
| | - Naresh Kumar
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1-5/10, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Renato Zenobi
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1-5/10, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
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21
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Tantiwong C, Dunster JL, Cavill R, Tomlinson MG, Wierling C, Heemskerk JWM, Gibbins JM. An agent-based approach for modelling and simulation of glycoprotein VI receptor diffusion, localisation and dimerisation in platelet lipid rafts. Sci Rep 2023; 13:3906. [PMID: 36890261 PMCID: PMC9994409 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-30884-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Receptor diffusion plays an essential role in cellular signalling via the plasma membrane microenvironment and receptor interactions, but the regulation is not well understood. To aid in understanding of the key determinants of receptor diffusion and signalling, we developed agent-based models (ABMs) to explore the extent of dimerisation of the platelet- and megakaryocyte-specific receptor for collagen glycoprotein VI (GPVI). This approach assessed the importance of glycolipid enriched raft-like domains within the plasma membrane that lower receptor diffusivity. Our model simulations demonstrated that GPVI dimers preferentially concentrate in confined domains and, if diffusivity within domains is decreased relative to outside of domains, dimerisation rates are increased. While an increased amount of confined domains resulted in further dimerisation, merging of domains, which may occur upon membrane rearrangements, was without effect. Modelling of the proportion of the cell membrane which constitutes lipid rafts indicated that dimerisation levels could not be explained by these alone. Crowding of receptors by other membrane proteins was also an important determinant of GPVI dimerisation. Together, these results demonstrate the value of ABM approaches in exploring the interactions on a cell surface, guiding the experimentation for new therapeutic avenues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chukiat Tantiwong
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, UK.,Department of Biochemistry, CARIM, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Joanne L Dunster
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, UK
| | - Rachel Cavill
- Department of Data Science and Knowledge Engineering, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Johan W M Heemskerk
- Department of Biochemistry, CARIM, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,Synapse Research Institute, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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22
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Mrđenović D, Cai ZF, Pandey Y, Bartolomeo GL, Zenobi R, Kumar N. Nanoscale chemical analysis of 2D molecular materials using tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy. NANOSCALE 2023; 15:963-974. [PMID: 36541047 PMCID: PMC9851175 DOI: 10.1039/d2nr05127c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Two-dimensional (2D) molecular materials have attracted immense attention due to their unique properties, promising a wide range of exciting applications. To understand the structure-property relationship of these low-dimensional materials, sensitive analytical tools capable of providing structural and chemical characterisation at the nanoscale are required. However, most conventional analytical techniques fail to meet this challenge, especially in a label-free and non-destructive manner under ambient conditions. In the last two decades, tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (TERS) has emerged as a powerful analytical technique for nanoscale chemical characterisation by combining the high spatial resolution of scanning probe microscopy and the chemical sensitivity and specificity of surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy. In this review article, we provide an overview of the application of TERS for nanoscale chemical analysis of 2D molecular materials, including 2D polymers, biomimetic lipid membranes, biological cell membranes, and 2D reactive systems. The progress in the structural and chemical characterisation of these 2D materials is demonstrated with key examples from our as well as other laboratories. We highlight the unique information that TERS can provide as well as point out the common pitfalls in experimental work and data interpretation and the possible ways of averting them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dušan Mrđenović
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Zhen-Feng Cai
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Yashashwa Pandey
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland.
| | | | - Renato Zenobi
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Naresh Kumar
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland.
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23
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Yang L, Chen Q, Wang Z, Zhang H, Sun H. Small-molecule fluorescent probes for plasma membrane staining: Design, mechanisms and biological applications. Coord Chem Rev 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2022.214862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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24
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Weil T, Münch J. Molekulare Pinzetten als Breitbandinhibitor viraler Infektionen. BIOSPEKTRUM : ZEITSCHRIFT DER GESELLSCHAFT FUR BIOLOGISHE CHEMIE (GBCH) UND DER VEREINIGUNG FUR ALLGEMEINE UND ANGEWANDTE MIKROBIOLOGIE (VAAM) 2023; 29:150-152. [PMID: 37073322 PMCID: PMC10101532 DOI: 10.1007/s12268-023-1906-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/20/2023]
Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic once again highlighted the constant threat posed by viruses. Specific therapeutics are highly warranted, but their development is time consuming and cost intensive. Broad-spectrum antivirals provide a promising option for fast application to treat circulating or newly emerged viruses. Here, we introduce molecular tweezers as broad-spectrum antivirals, which abrogate viral infection by directly targeting the viral membrane. Furthermore, we discuss the current stage of tweezer development to fight SARS-CoV-2 and other respiratory viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatjana Weil
- Institut für Molekulare Virologie, Universitätsklinikum Ulm, Meyerhofstraße 1 (ZQB), D-89081 Ulm, Deutschland
| | - Jan Münch
- Institut für Molekulare Virologie, Universitätsklinikum Ulm, Meyerhofstraße 1 (ZQB), D-89081 Ulm, Deutschland
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25
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Rajapaksha SP, Nawagamuwage SU. Anticorrelated position fluctuation of lipids in forming membrane water pores: molecular dynamics simulations study with dengue virus capsid protein. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2022; 40:11395-11404. [PMID: 34343444 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2021.1958698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The traffic of molecules into or out of cells is regulated by many membrane-associated mechanisms. Membrane pores are considered as one of the major passage mechanisms, although molecular-level understanding of pore formation is still vague. The opening of a membrane pore depends on many factors, including the influence of some proteins. The ability of the cell-penetrating peptides and supercharged proteins to form membrane pores has been reported. We studied pore formation through dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) lipid bilayers by supercharged dengue virus capsid (C) protein. Atomistic molecular dynamics simulations confirmed the formation of membrane pores by a combined effect of the C protein and the membrane electric field. Analyses of simulated trajectories showed highly correlated vertical position fluctuations between the Cα atom of the membrane-anchored arginine residues and the phosphorus atoms of the surrounding DPPC lipids. Certain regions of the bilayer were negatively correlated while the others were positively correlated with respect to the fluctuations of the Cα atom of the anchored arginine residues. When positively correlated lipids in one leaflet vertically aligned with the negatively correlated lipids in the other leaflet, a local anticorrelated region was generated by weakening the bilayer. The membrane pore was always formed close to this anticorrelated region. Once formed, the C protein followed the hydrated pathway provided by the water-filled pores to cross the membrane.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suneth P Rajapaksha
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Applied Sciences, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Nugegoda, Sri Lanka
| | - Sithara U Nawagamuwage
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Applied Sciences, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Nugegoda, Sri Lanka
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26
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Kotlyarov S, Kotlyarova A. The Importance of the Plasma Membrane in Atherogenesis. MEMBRANES 2022; 12:1036. [PMID: 36363591 PMCID: PMC9698587 DOI: 10.3390/membranes12111036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases are an important medical problem due to their high prevalence, impact on quality of life and prognosis. The pathogenesis of atherosclerosis is an urgent medical and social problem, the solution of which may improve the quality of diagnosis and treatment of patients. Atherosclerosis is a complex chain of events, which proceeds over many years and in which many cells in the bloodstream and the vascular wall are involved. A growing body of evidence suggests that there are complex, closely linked molecular mechanisms that occur in the plasma membranes of cells involved in atherogenesis. Lipid transport, innate immune system receptor function, and hemodynamic regulation are linked to plasma membranes and their biophysical properties. A better understanding of these interrelationships will improve diagnostic quality and treatment efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanislav Kotlyarov
- Department of Nursing, Ryazan State Medical University, 390026 Ryazan, Russia
| | - Anna Kotlyarova
- Department of Pharmacy Management and Economics, Ryazan State Medical University, 390026 Ryazan, Russia
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Mrđenović D, Ge W, Kumar N, Zenobi R. Nanoscale Chemical Imaging of Human Cell Membranes Using Tip-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202210288. [PMID: 36057139 PMCID: PMC9826433 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202210288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Lack of appropriate tools for visualizing cell membrane molecules at the nanoscale in a non-invasive and label-free fashion limits our understanding of many vital cellular processes. Here, we use tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (TERS) to visualize the molecular distribution in pancreatic cancer cell (BxPC-3) membranes in ambient conditions without labelling, with a spatial resolution down to ca. 2.5 nm. TERS imaging reveals segregation of phenylalanine-, histidine-, phosphatidylcholine-, protein-, and cholesterol-rich BxPC-3 cell membrane domains at the nm length-scale. TERS imaging also showed a cell membrane region where cholesterol is mixed with protein. Interestingly, the higher resolution TERS imaging revealed that the molecular domains observed on the BxPC-3 cell membrane are not chemically "pure" but also contain other biomolecules. These results demonstrate the potential of TERS for non-destructive and label-free imaging of cell membranes with nanoscale resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dušan Mrđenović
- Department of Chemistry and Applied BiosciencesETH ZürichVladimir-Prelog-Weg 1–5/108093ZürichSwitzerland
| | - Wenjie Ge
- Department of BiologyETH ZurichOtto-Stern-Weg 78093ZürichSwitzerland
| | - Naresh Kumar
- Department of Chemistry and Applied BiosciencesETH ZürichVladimir-Prelog-Weg 1–5/108093ZürichSwitzerland
| | - Renato Zenobi
- Department of Chemistry and Applied BiosciencesETH ZürichVladimir-Prelog-Weg 1–5/108093ZürichSwitzerland
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Tan Y, Hu X, Hou Y, Chu Z. Emerging Diamond Quantum Sensing in Bio-Membranes. MEMBRANES 2022; 12:957. [PMID: 36295716 PMCID: PMC9609316 DOI: 10.3390/membranes12100957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Bio-membranes exhibit complex but unique mechanical properties as communicative regulators in various physiological and pathological processes. Exposed to a dynamic micro-environment, bio-membranes can be seen as an intricate and delicate system. The systematical modeling and detection of their local physical properties are often difficult to achieve, both quantitatively and precisely. The recent emerging diamonds hosting quantum defects (i.e., nitrogen-vacancy (NV) center) demonstrate intriguing optical and spin properties, together with their outstanding photostability and biocompatibility, rendering them ideal candidates for biological applications. Notably, the extraordinary spin-based sensing enable the measurements of localized nanoscale physical quantities such as magnetic fields, electrical fields, temperature, and strain. These nanoscale signals can be optically read out precisely by simple optical microscopy systems. Given these exclusive properties, NV-center-based quantum sensors can be widely applied in exploring bio-membrane-related features and the communicative chemical reaction processes. This review mainly focuses on NV-based quantum sensing in bio-membrane fields. The attempts of applying NV-based quantum sensors in bio-membranes to investigate diverse physical and chemical events such as membrane elasticity, phase change, nanoscale bio-physical signals, and free radical formation are fully overviewed. We also discuss the challenges and future directions of this novel technology to be utilized in bio-membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yayin Tan
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Xinhao Hu
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Yong Hou
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Zhiqin Chu
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China
- Joint Appointment with School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China
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Nanoscale chemical imaging of human cell membrane using Tip‐enhanced Raman spectroscopy. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202210288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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30
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Nedoluzhko A, Sharko F, Tsygankova S, Boulygina E, Slobodova N, Teslyuk A, Galindo-Villegas J, Rastorguev S. Intergeneric hybridization of two stickleback species leads to introgression of membrane-associated genes and invasive TE expansion. Front Genet 2022; 13:863547. [PMID: 36092944 PMCID: PMC9452749 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.863547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Interspecific hybridization has occurred relatively frequently during the evolution of vertebrates. This process usually abolishes reproductive isolation between the parental species. Moreover, it results in the exchange of genetic material and can lead to hybridogenic speciation. Hybridization between species has predominately been observed at the interspecific level, whereas intergeneric hybridization is rarer. Here, using whole-genome sequencing analysis, we describe clear and reliable signals of intergeneric introgression between the three-spined stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) and its distant mostly freshwater relative the nine-spined stickleback (Pungitius pungitius) that inhabit northwestern Russia. Through comparative analysis, we demonstrate that such introgression phenomena apparently take place in the moderate-salinity White Sea basin, although it is not detected in Japanese sea stickleback populations. Bioinformatical analysis of the sites influenced by introgression showed that they are located near transposable elements, whereas those in protein-coding sequences are mostly found in membrane-associated and alternative splicing-related genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artem Nedoluzhko
- Paleogenomics Laboratory, European University at Saint Petersburg, Saint Petersburg, Russia
- Limited Liability Company ELGENE, Moscow, Russia
| | - Fedor Sharko
- Limited Liability Company ELGENE, Moscow, Russia
- Laboratory of Vertebrate Genomics and Epigenomics, Research Center of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
- Laboratory of Bioinformatics and Big Data Analysis, Kurchatov Center for Genomic Research, National Research Center “Kurchatov Institute”, Moscow, Russia
| | - Svetlana Tsygankova
- Laboratory of Eukaryotic Genomics, Kurchatov Center for Genomic Research, National Research Center “Kurchatov Institute”, Moscow, Russia
| | - Eugenia Boulygina
- Laboratory of Eukaryotic Genomics, Kurchatov Center for Genomic Research, National Research Center “Kurchatov Institute”, Moscow, Russia
| | - Natalia Slobodova
- Laboratory of Eukaryotic Genomics, Kurchatov Center for Genomic Research, National Research Center “Kurchatov Institute”, Moscow, Russia
| | - Anton Teslyuk
- National Research Center “Kurchatov Institute”, Moscow, Russia
| | - Jorge Galindo-Villegas
- Faculty of Biosciences and Aquaculture, Nord University, Bodø, Norway
- *Correspondence: Jorge Galindo-Villegas, ; Sergey Rastorguev,
| | - Sergey Rastorguev
- Limited Liability Company ELGENE, Moscow, Russia
- Laboratory of Bioinformatics and Big Data Analysis, Kurchatov Center for Genomic Research, National Research Center “Kurchatov Institute”, Moscow, Russia
- *Correspondence: Jorge Galindo-Villegas, ; Sergey Rastorguev,
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Foote CA, Soares RN, Ramirez-Perez FI, Ghiarone T, Aroor A, Manrique-Acevedo C, Padilla J, Martinez-Lemus LA. Endothelial Glycocalyx. Compr Physiol 2022; 12:3781-3811. [PMID: 35997082 PMCID: PMC10214841 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c210029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The glycocalyx is a polysaccharide structure that protrudes from the body of a cell. It is primarily conformed of glycoproteins and proteoglycans, which provide communication, electrostatic charge, ionic buffering, permeability, and mechanosensation-mechanotransduction capabilities to cells. In blood vessels, the endothelial glycocalyx that projects into the vascular lumen separates the vascular wall from the circulating blood. Such a physical location allows a number of its components, including sialic acid, glypican-1, heparan sulfate, and hyaluronan, to participate in the mechanosensation-mechanotransduction of blood flow-dependent shear stress, which results in the synthesis of nitric oxide and flow-mediated vasodilation. The endothelial glycocalyx also participates in the regulation of vascular permeability and the modulation of inflammatory responses, including the processes of leukocyte rolling and extravasation. Its structural architecture and negative charge work to prevent macromolecules greater than approximately 70 kDa and cationic molecules from binding and flowing out of the vasculature. This also prevents the extravasation of pathogens such as bacteria and virus, as well as that of tumor cells. Due to its constant exposure to shear and circulating enzymes such as neuraminidase, heparanase, hyaluronidase, and matrix metalloproteinases, the endothelial glycocalyx is in a continuous process of degradation and renovation. A balance favoring degradation is associated with a variety of pathologies including atherosclerosis, hypertension, vascular aging, metastatic cancer, and diabetic vasculopathies. Consequently, ongoing research efforts are focused on deciphering the mechanisms that promote glycocalyx degradation or limit its syntheses, as well as on therapeutic approaches to improve glycocalyx integrity with the goal of reducing vascular disease. © 2022 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 12: 1-31, 2022.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher A. Foote
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Rogerio N. Soares
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | | | - Thaysa Ghiarone
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Annayya Aroor
- Department of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans’ Hospital, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Camila Manrique-Acevedo
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans’ Hospital, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Jaume Padilla
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
- Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Luis A. Martinez-Lemus
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
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Macromolecular Structure of Linearly Arranged Eukaryotic Chromosomes. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23169503. [PMID: 36012767 PMCID: PMC9409004 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23169503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Revised: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Eukaryotic chromosomes have not been visualized during the interphase. The fact that chromosomes cannot be seen during the interphase of the cell cycle does not mean that there are no means to make them visible. This work provides visual evidence that reversible permeabilization of the cell membrane followed by the regeneration of cell membranes allows getting a glimpse behind the nuclear curtain. Reversibly permeable eukaryotic cells have been used to synthesize nascent DNA, analyze the 5′-end of RNA primers, view individual replicons and visualize interphase chromosomes. Dextran T-150 in a slightly hypotonic buffer prevented cells from disruption. Upon reversal of permeabilization, the nucleus could be opened at any time during the interphase. A broad spectrum of a flexible chromatin folding pattern was revealed through a series of transient geometric forms of chromosomes. Linear attachment of chromosomes was visualized in several mammalian and lower eukaryotic cells. The linear connection of chromosomes is maintained throughout the cell cycle showing that rather than individual chromosomes, a linear array of chromosomes is the functional giant macromolecule. This study proves that not only the prokaryotic genome but also linearly attached eukaryotic chromosomes form a giant macromolecular unit.
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Filipović SI, Stojanović NM, Mitić KV, Ranđelović PJ, Radulović NS. Revisiting the Effect of 3 Sesquiterpenoids From Conocephalum conicum (Snake Liverwort) on Rat Spleen Lymphocyte Viability and Membrane Functioning. Nat Prod Commun 2022. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x221119912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Previously 3 sesquiterpenoids from Conocephalum conicum (L.) Dum. (Conocephalaceae) were found to modulate lymphocyte response to different stimuli, suggesting their immunomodulatory potential. Herein we evaluated the impact of low concentrations of these sesquiterpenoids on rat splenocyte viability and membrane permeability, as well as lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity, in order to, possibly, shed light on their mechanism of action. After a 24 h incubation of splenocytes with the sesquiterpenoids (from 10−8 to 10−6 M), MTT and trypan blue (TB) assays, as well as histochemical staining for LDH, were performed. The tested compounds were shown not to reduce the ability of cells to metabolize MTT; however, cell membrane permeability to TB was altered, suggesting that a certain percentage of cells were dead. Histochemical staining for LDH presence releveled that only 2, out of the 3 sesquiterpenoids, decreased the staining intensity, indicating either LDH leakage or its inhibition. In conclusion, having in mind the already proven modulatory potential of the tested sesquiterpenoids, the present results suggest that through the changes in the cell membrane function and leakage/inhibition of LDH in unaltered immune cells, some of the tested compounds could be considered promising candidates for further research as anticancer agents.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Katarina V. Mitić
- Institute of Physiology and Biochemistry “Ivan Ðaja”, Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Pavle J. Ranđelović
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Niš, Niš, Serbia
| | - Niko S. Radulović
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences and Mathematics, University of Niš, Niš, Serbia
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Translocating Peptides of Biomedical Interest Obtained from the Spike (S) Glycoprotein of the SARS-CoV-2. MEMBRANES 2022; 12:membranes12060600. [PMID: 35736307 PMCID: PMC9229458 DOI: 10.3390/membranes12060600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
At the beginning of 2020, the pandemic caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus led to the fast sequencing of its genome to facilitate molecular engineering strategies to control the pathogen’s spread. The spike (S) glycoprotein has been identified as the leading therapeutic agent due to its role in localizing the ACE2 receptor in the host’s pulmonary cell membrane, binding, and eventually infecting the cells. Due to the difficulty of delivering bioactive molecules to the intracellular space, we hypothesized that the S protein could serve as a source of membrane translocating peptides. AHB-1, AHB-2, and AHB-3 peptides were identified and analyzed on a membrane model of DPPC (dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine) using molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. An umbrella sampling approach was used to quantify the energy barrier necessary to cross the boundary (13.2 to 34.9 kcal/mol), and a flat-bottom pulling helped to gain a deeper understanding of the membrane’s permeation dynamics. Our studies revealed that the novel peptide AHB-1 exhibited comparable penetration potential of already known potent cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) such as TP2, Buforin II, and Frenatin 2.3s. Results were confirmed by in vitro analysis of the peptides conjugated to chitosan nanoparticles, demonstrating its ability to reach the cytosol and escape endosomes, while maintaining high biocompatibility levels according to standardized assays.
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Huang Y, Fuller G, Chandran Suja V. Physicochemical characteristics of droplet interface bilayers. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2022; 304:102666. [PMID: 35429720 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2022.102666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
Droplet interface bilayer (DIB) is a lipid bilayer formed when two lipid monolayer-coated aqueous droplets are brought in contact within an oil phase. DIBs, especially post functionalization, are a facile model system to study the biophysics of the cell membrane. Continued advances in enhancing and functionalizing DIBs to be a faithful cell membrane mimetic requires a deep understanding of the physicochemical characteristics of droplet interface bilayers. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of the current scientific understanding of DIB characteristics starting with the key experimental frameworks for DIB generation, visualization and functionalization. Subsequently we report experimentally measured physical, electrical and transport characteristics of DIBs across physiologically relevant lipids. Advances in simulations and mathematical modelling of DIBs are also discussed, with an emphasis on revealing principles governing the key physicochemical characteristics. Finally, we conclude the review with important outstanding questions in the field.
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36
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Cellular sentience as the primary source of biological order and evolution. Biosystems 2022; 218:104694. [PMID: 35595194 DOI: 10.1016/j.biosystems.2022.104694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
All life is cellular, starting some 4 billion years ago with the emergence of the first cells. In order to survive their early evolution in the face of an extremely challenging environment, the very first cells invented cellular sentience and cognition, allowing them to make relevant decisions to survive through creative adaptations in a continuously running evolutionary narrative. We propose that the success of cellular life has crucially depended on a biological version of Maxwell's demons which permits the extraction of relevant sensory information and energy from the cellular environment, allowing cells to sustain anti-entropic actions. These sensor-effector actions allowed for the creative construction of biological order in the form of diverse organic macromolecules, including crucial polymers such as DNA, RNA, and cytoskeleton. Ordered biopolymers store analogue (structures as templates) and digital (nucleotide sequences of DNA and RNA) information that functioned as a form memory to support the development of organisms and their evolution. Crucially, all cells are formed by the division of previous cells, and their plasma membranes are physically and informationally continuous across evolution since the beginning of cellular life. It is argued that life is supported through life-specific principles which support cellular sentience, distinguishing life from non-life. Biological order, together with cellular cognition and sentience, allow the creative evolution of all living organisms as the authentic authors of evolutionary novelty.
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Tyagi W, Pandey V, Pokharel YR. Membrane linked RNA glycosylation as new trend to envision epi-transcriptome epoch. Cancer Gene Ther 2022; 30:641-646. [PMID: 35136215 DOI: 10.1038/s41417-022-00430-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
RNAs play several prominent roles in the cellular environment ranging from structural, messengers, translators, and effector molecules. RNA molecules while performing these roles are associated with several chemical modifications occurring post-transcriptionally, responsible for these supporting vital functions. The recent documentation of surface RNA modification with sialic acid residues has sparked advancement to the framework of RNA modifications. Glycan modification of surface RNA which was previously known to modify only proteins and lipids has opened new vistas to explore how these surface RNA modifications affect the cellular responses and phenotype. This paradigm shift in RNA biology with a vision of "glycans being all over the cells" has posed the field with a repertoire of questions and has given headway to the RNA world hypothesis. The review provides a comprehensive overview of glycoRNA discovery with a conceptual understanding of its previous underlying discoveries and their biological consequences with possible insights into the dynamic influence of this modification on their molecular versatility deciding cancer-immunology fate with potential implications of these glycosylation in cellular interaction, signaling, immune regulation, cancer evasion and proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Witty Tyagi
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, National Institute of Immunology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Vivek Pandey
- Faculty of Life Science and Biotechnology, South Asian University, Akbar Bhawan, Chanakyapuri, New Delhi, India
| | - Yuba Raj Pokharel
- Faculty of Life Science and Biotechnology, South Asian University, Akbar Bhawan, Chanakyapuri, New Delhi, India.
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Gul I, Yar M, Ahmed A, Hashmi MA, Ayub K. Permeability of boron- and nitrogen-doped graphene nanoflakes for protium/deuterium ions. RSC Adv 2022; 12:3883-3891. [PMID: 35425466 PMCID: PMC8981073 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra09398c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Two-dimensional (2D) monolayer nanomaterials are the thinnest possible membranes with interesting selective permeation characteristics. Among two-dimensional materials, graphenes and hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) are the most promising membrane materials, which can even allow the separation of proton isotopes. The current work aims at understanding the higher reported permeability of h-BN by sequential doping of B and N atoms in graphene nanoflakes. The kinetic barriers were calculated with two different models of graphenes; coronene and dodecabenzocoronene via zero-point energy calculations at the transition state for proton permeability. The lower barriers for h-BN are mainly due to boron atoms. The trends of kinetic barriers are B < BN < N-doped graphenes. The permeation selectivity of graphene models increases with doping. Our studies suggest that boron-doped graphene models show an energy barrier of 0.04 eV for the permeation of proton, much lower than that of the model graphene and h-BN sheet, while nitrogen-doped graphenes have a very high energy barrier up to 7.44 eV for permeation. Therefore, boron-doped graphene models are suitable candidates for proton permeation. Moreover, the presence of carbon atoms in the periphery of BN sheets has significant negative effects on the permeation of proton isotopes, an unexplored dimension of the remote neighboring effect in 2-D materials. This study illustrates the need for permeation study through other hetero-2D surfaces, where interesting hidden chemistry is still unexplored. Two-dimensional (2D) monolayer nanomaterials are the thinnest possible membranes with interesting selective permeation characteristics.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Iram Gul
- Department of Chemistry, COMSATS University, Abbottabad Campus Abbottabad KPK Pakistan 22060 +92-992-383441 +92-992-383591-6
| | - Muhammad Yar
- Department of Chemistry, COMSATS University, Abbottabad Campus Abbottabad KPK Pakistan 22060 +92-992-383441 +92-992-383591-6
| | - Arsalan Ahmed
- Department of Chemistry, COMSATS University, Abbottabad Campus Abbottabad KPK Pakistan 22060 +92-992-383441 +92-992-383591-6
| | - Muhammad Ali Hashmi
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Science & Technology, University of Education 54770 Lahore Pakistan
| | - Khurshid Ayub
- Department of Chemistry, COMSATS University, Abbottabad Campus Abbottabad KPK Pakistan 22060 +92-992-383441 +92-992-383591-6
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Roy D, Shapira Z, Weiss S. Membrane Potential Sensing: Materials Design & Methods Development for Single Particle Optical Electrophysiology. J Chem Phys 2022; 156:084201. [DOI: 10.1063/5.0076522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Debjit Roy
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California Los Angeles, United States of America
| | - Zehavit Shapira
- Department of Physics, The institute of nanotechnology, Bar-Ilan University, Israel
| | - Shimon Weiss
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Los Angeles Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, United States of America
- Bar-Ilan University
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40
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A century of exercise physiology: key concepts in muscle cell volume regulation. Eur J Appl Physiol 2022; 122:541-559. [PMID: 35037123 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-021-04863-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle cells can both gain and lose volume during periods of exercise and rest. Muscle cells do not behave as perfect osmometers because the cell volume changes are less than predicted from the change in extracellular osmolality. Therefore, there are mechanisms involved in regulating cell volume, and they are different for regulatory volume decreases and regulatory volume increases. Also, after an initial rapid change in cell volume, there is a gradual and partial recovery of cell volume that is effected by ion and water transport mechanisms. The mechanisms have been studied in non-contracting muscle cells, but remain to be fully elucidated in contracting muscle. Changes in muscle cell volume are known to affect the strength of contractile activity as well as anabolic/catabolic signaling, perhaps indicating that cell volume should be a regulated variable in skeletal muscle cells. Muscles contracting at moderate to high intensity gain intracellular volume because of increased intracellular osmolality. Concurrent increases in interstitial (extracellular) muscle volume occur from an increase in osmotically active molecules and increased vascular filtration pressure. At the same time, non-contracting muscles lose cell volume because of increased extracellular (blood) osmolality. This review provides the physiological foundations and highlights key concepts that underpin our current understanding of volume regulatory processes in skeletal muscle, beginning with consideration of osmosis more than 200 years ago and continuing through to the process of regulatory volume decrease and regulatory volume increase.
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41
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Patch Clamp: The First Four Decades of a Technique That Revolutionized Electrophysiology and Beyond. Rev Physiol Biochem Pharmacol 2022; 186:1-28. [PMID: 35471741 DOI: 10.1007/112_2022_71] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Forty years ago, the introduction of a new electrophysiological technique, the patch clamp, revolutionized the fields of Cellular Physiology and Biophysics, providing for the first time the possibility of describing the behavior of a single protein, an ion-permeable channel of the cell plasma membrane, in its physiological environment. The new approach was actually much more potent and versatile than initially envisaged, and it has evolved into several different modalities that have radically changed our knowledge of how cells (not only the classical "electrically excitable "ones, such as nerves and muscles) use electrical signaling to modulate and organize their activity. This review aims at telling the history of the background from which the new technique evolved and at analyzing some of its more recent developments.
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Passariello A. From Entomological Research to Culturing Tissues: Aron Moscona's Investigative Pathway. JOURNAL OF THE HISTORY OF BIOLOGY 2021; 54:555-601. [PMID: 34985606 DOI: 10.1007/s10739-021-09663-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Aron Arthur Moscona (1921-2009) was an Israeli-American developmental biologist whose name is associated with research on cell interactions during embryonic development. His appearance on the international scene dates back to a paper published in 1952, while he was working, together with his wife Haya Sobel Moscona, at the Strangeways Research Laboratory of Cambridge. Together they demonstrated that cells from previously dissociated chick tissues undergo histiotypical and organotypical aggregation in vitro. From 1952 to 1997, Moscona focused his research on cell recognition mechanisms, ultimately demonstrating the role of transmembrane proteins in cellular adhesiveness, tissue segregation, and organ tridimensional assemblage during development. However, who was Aron Moscona before 1952 and what brought him to developmental biology? A Polish Jew who immigrated to Mandatory Palestine in 1933, Moscona belonged to the first generation of biologists formed in the newly established Zoology Department of the Hebrew University. With a particular focus on the Israeli context, the paper reconstructs the evolution of Moscona's scientific thought by emphasizing the cultural and experimental context of his training and early research at the Hebrew University. The aim is to investigate how local scientific traditions influenced Moscona's eventual research as well as enabled the relevant experimental innovation he contributed to the field of developmental biology and pathology. The paper can be read both as a scientific biography of Aron Moscona and as a preliminary contribution to the historiography of embryology in the Mandatory Palestine/Israeli context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Passariello
- Jacques Loeb Centre for History and Philosophy of, and Critical Dialogues in, the Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel.
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Atkinson J, Marquardt D, DiPasquale M, Harroun T. From fat to bilayers: Understanding where and how vitamin E works. Free Radic Biol Med 2021; 176:73-79. [PMID: 34555454 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2021.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin E was one of the last fat-soluble vitamins to be discovered. We provide here an historical review of the discovery and the increasingly more detailed understanding of the role of α-tocopherol both as an antioxidant and as a structural component of phospholipid bilayer membranes. Despite the detailed descriptions now available of the orientation, location, and dynamics of α-tocopherol in lipid bilayers, there are still gaps in our knowledge of the effect of α-tocopherol and its potential receptors than control gene transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey Atkinson
- Department of Chemistry, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON, L2S3A1, Canada.
| | - Drew Marquardt
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Windsor, ON, N9B 3P4, Canada; Department of Physics, Windsor, ON, N9B 3P4, Canada
| | | | - Thad Harroun
- Department of Physics, and Centre for Bone and Muscle Health, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON, L2S3A1, Canada
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Machtakova M, Thérien-Aubin H, Landfester K. Polymer nano-systems for the encapsulation and delivery of active biomacromolecular therapeutic agents. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 51:128-152. [PMID: 34762084 DOI: 10.1039/d1cs00686j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Biomacromolecular therapeutic agents, particularly proteins, antigens, enzymes, and nucleic acids are emerging as powerful candidates for the treatment of various diseases and the development of the recent vaccine based on mRNA highlights the enormous potential of this class of drugs for future medical applications. However, biomacromolecular therapeutic agents present an enormous delivery challenge compared to traditional small molecules due to both a high molecular weight and a sensitive structure. Hence, the translation of their inherent pharmaceutical capacity into functional therapies is often hindered by the limited performance of conventional delivery vehicles. Polymer drug delivery systems are a modular solution able to address those issues. In this review, we discuss recent developments in the design of polymer delivery systems specifically tailored to the delivery challenges of biomacromolecular therapeutic agents. In the future, only in combination with a multifaceted and highly tunable delivery system, biomacromolecular therapeutic agents will realize their promising potential for the treatment of diseases and for the future of human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Machtakova
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany.
| | - Héloïse Thérien-Aubin
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany. .,Department of Chemistry, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada.
| | - Katharina Landfester
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany.
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Kotlyarov S. Diversity of Lipid Function in Atherogenesis: A Focus on Endothelial Mechanobiology. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:11545. [PMID: 34768974 PMCID: PMC8584259 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222111545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is one of the most important problems in modern medicine. Its high prevalence and social significance determine the need for a better understanding of the mechanisms of the disease's development and progression. Lipid metabolism and its disorders are one of the key links in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Lipids are involved in many processes, including those related to the mechanoreception of endothelial cells. The multifaceted role of lipids in endothelial mechanobiology and mechanisms of atherogenesis are discussed in this review. Endothelium is involved in ensuring adequate vascular hemodynamics, and changes in blood flow characteristics are detected by endothelial cells and affect their structure and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanislav Kotlyarov
- Department of Nursing, Ryazan State Medical University, 390026 Ryazan, Russia
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Sato K, Muraoka T, Kinbara K. Supramolecular Transmembrane Ion Channels Formed by Multiblock Amphiphiles. Acc Chem Res 2021; 54:3700-3709. [PMID: 34496564 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.1c00397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Transmembrane proteins located within biological membranes play a crucial role in a variety of important cellular processes, such as energy conversion and signal transduction. Among them, ion channel proteins that can transport specific ions across the biological membranes are particularly important for achieving precise control over those processes. Strikingly, approximately 20% of currently approved drugs are targeted to ion channel proteins within membranes. Thus, synthetic molecules that can mimic the functions of natural ion channel proteins would possess great potential in the sensing and manipulation of biologically important processes, as well as in the purification of key industrial materials.Inspired by the sophisticated structures and functions of natural ion channel proteins, our research group developed a series of multiblock amphiphiles (MAs) composed of a repetitive sequence of flexible hydrophilic oligo(ethylene glycol) chains and rigid hydrophobic oligo(phenylene-ethynylene) units. These MAs can be effectively incorporated into the hydrophobic layer of lipid bilayer membranes and adopt folded conformations, with their hydrophobic units stacked in a face-to-face configuration. Moreover, the folded MAs can self-assemble within the membranes and form supramolecular nanopores that can transport ions across the membranes. In these studies, we focused on the structural flexibility of the MAs and decided to design new molecules able to respond to various external stimuli in order to control their transmembrane ion transport properties. For this purpose, we developed new MAs incorporating sterically bulky groups within their hydrophobic units and demonstrated that their transmembrane ion transport properties could be controlled via mechanical forces applied to the membranes. Moreover, we developed MAs incorporating phosphate ester groups that functioned as ligand-binding sites at the boundary between hydrophilic and hydrophobic units and found that these MAs exhibited transmembrane ion transport properties upon binding with aromatic amine ligands, even within the biological membranes of living cells. We further modified the hydrophobic units of the MAs with fluorine atoms and demonstrated their voltage-responsive transmembrane ion transport properties. These molecular design principles were extended to the development of a transmembrane anion transporter whose transport mechanism was studied by all-atom molecular dynamics simulations.This Account describes the basic principles of the molecular designs of MAs, the characterization of their self-assembled structures within a lipid bilayer, and their transmembrane ion transport properties, including their responsiveness to stimuli. Finally, we discuss future perspectives on the manipulation of biological processes based on the characteristic features of MAs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Takahiro Muraoka
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering and Institute of Global Innovation Research, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2−24−16 Naka-cho, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
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Le QV, Lee J, Lee H, Shim G, Oh YK. Cell membrane-derived vesicles for delivery of therapeutic agents. Acta Pharm Sin B 2021; 11:2096-2113. [PMID: 34522579 PMCID: PMC8424219 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2021.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2020] [Revised: 01/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell membranes have recently emerged as a new source of materials for molecular delivery systems. Cell membranes have been extruded or sonicated to make nanoscale vesicles. Unlike synthetic lipid or polymeric nanoparticles, cell membrane-derived vesicles have a unique multicomponent feature, comprising lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates. Because cell membrane-derived vesicles contain the intrinsic functionalities and signaling networks of their parent cells, they can overcome various obstacles encountered in vivo. Moreover, the different natural combinations of membranes from various cell sources expand the range of cell membrane-derived vesicles, creating an entirely new category of drug-delivery systems. Cell membrane-derived vesicles can carry therapeutic agents within their interior or can coat the surfaces of drug-loaded core nanoparticles. Cell membranes typically come from single cell sources, including red blood cells, platelets, immune cells, stem cells, and cancer cells. However, recent studies have reported hybrid sources from two different types of cells. This review will summarize approaches for manufacturing cell membrane-derived vesicles and treatment applications of various types of cell membrane-derived drug-delivery systems, and discuss challenges and future directions.
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Key Words
- Blood cells
- CAR-T, chimeric antigen receptor-engineered T cell
- CRISPR, clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats
- CXCR4, C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4
- Cancer cells
- Cell membrane-derived vesicles
- DC, dendritic cell
- Drug-delivery systems
- Immune cells
- Manufacturing
- Membrane engineering
- NF-κB, nuclear factor kappa B
- NIR, near infrared
- PEG, polyethylene glycol
- PLGA, poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid)
- RBC, red blood cell
- Stem cells
- TCR, T-cell receptor
- TRAIL, tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand
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Affiliation(s)
- Quoc-Viet Le
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaiwoo Lee
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Hobin Lee
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Gayong Shim
- School of Systems Biomedical Science, Soongsil University, Seoul 06978, Republic of Korea
| | - Yu-Kyoung Oh
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
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Wirth D, McCall A, Hristova K. Neural network strategies for plasma membrane selection in fluorescence microscopy images. Biophys J 2021; 120:2374-2385. [PMID: 33961865 PMCID: PMC8390876 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2021.04.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, there has been an explosion of fluorescence microscopy studies of live cells in the literature. The analysis of the images obtained in these studies often requires labor-intensive manual annotation to extract meaningful information. In this study, we explore the utility of a neural network approach to recognize, classify, and select plasma membranes in high-resolution images, thus greatly speeding up data analysis and reducing the need for personnel training for highly repetitive tasks. Two different strategies are tested: 1) a semantic segmentation strategy, and 2) a sequential application of an object detector followed by a semantic segmentation network. Multiple network architectures are evaluated for each strategy, and the best performing solutions are combined and implemented in the Recognition Of Cellular Membranes software. We show that images annotated manually and with the Recognition Of Cellular Membranes software yield identical results by comparing Förster resonance energy transfer binding curves for the membrane protein fibroblast growth factor receptor 3. The approach that we describe in this work can be applied to other image selection tasks in cell biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Wirth
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Institute for NanoBioTechnology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Alec McCall
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Institute for NanoBioTechnology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Kalina Hristova
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Institute for NanoBioTechnology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland.
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Karabağ C, Jones ML, Reyes-Aldasoro CC. Volumetric Semantic Instance Segmentation of the Plasma Membrane of HeLa Cells. J Imaging 2021; 7:93. [PMID: 39080881 PMCID: PMC8321355 DOI: 10.3390/jimaging7060093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
In this work, an unsupervised volumetric semantic instance segmentation of the plasma membrane of HeLa cells as observed with serial block face scanning electron microscopy is described. The resin background of the images was segmented at different slices of a 3D stack of 518 slices with 8192 × 8192 pixels each. The background was used to create a distance map, which helped identify and rank the cells by their size at each slice. The centroids of the cells detected at different slices were linked to identify them as a single cell that spanned a number of slices. A subset of these cells, i.e., the largest ones and those not close to the edges were selected for further processing. The selected cells were then automatically cropped to smaller regions of interest of 2000 × 2000 × 300 voxels that were treated as cell instances. Then, for each of these volumes, the nucleus was segmented, and the cell was separated from any neighbouring cells through a series of traditional image processing steps that followed the plasma membrane. The segmentation process was repeated for all the regions of interest previously selected. For one cell for which the ground truth was available, the algorithm provided excellent results in Accuracy (AC) and the Jaccard similarity Index (JI): nucleus: JI =0.9665, AC =0.9975, cell including nucleus JI =0.8711, AC =0.9655, cell excluding nucleus JI =0.8094, AC =0.9629. A limitation of the algorithm for the plasma membrane segmentation was the presence of background. In samples with tightly packed cells, this may not be available. When tested for these conditions, the segmentation of the nuclear envelope was still possible. All the code and data were released openly through GitHub, Zenodo and EMPIAR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cefa Karabağ
- giCentre, Department of Computer Science, School of Mathematics, Computer Science and Engineering, City, University of London, London EC1V 0HB, UK;
| | - Martin L. Jones
- Electron Microscopy Science Technology Platform, The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK;
| | - Constantino Carlos Reyes-Aldasoro
- giCentre, Department of Computer Science, School of Mathematics, Computer Science and Engineering, City, University of London, London EC1V 0HB, UK;
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