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Pires WM, Teixeira MB, Soares FAL, Morais WA, Costa AC, Filho LCL, de Moura JB. Agronomic performance and technological quality of sugarcane submitted to different poultry litter dosages. Sci Rep 2024; 14:15435. [PMID: 38965398 PMCID: PMC11224263 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-66340-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/01/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Sugarcane is a central crop for sugar and ethanol production. Investing in sustainable practices can enhance productivity, technological quality, mitigate impacts, and contribute to a cleaner energy future. Among the factors that help increase the productivity of sugarcane, the physical, chemical and biological parameters of the soil are amongst the most important. The use of poultry litter has been an important alternative for soil improvement, as it acts as a soil conditioner. Therefore, this work aimed to verify the best doses of poultry litter for the vegetative, reproductive and technological components of sugarcane. The experiment was carried out at Usina Denusa Destilaria Nova União S/A in the municipality of Jandaia, GO. The experimental design used was a complete randomized block design with four replications: 5 × 4, totaling 20 experimental units. The evaluated factor consisted of four doses of poultry litter plus the control (0 (control), 2, 4, 6 and 8 t ha-1). In this study, were evaluated the number of tillers, lower stem diameter, average stem diameter, upper stem diameter, plant height, stem weight and productivity. The technological variables of total recoverable sugar, recoverable sugar, Brix, fiber, purity and percentage of oligosaccharides were also evaluated. It was observed, within the conditions of this experiment, that the insertion of poultry litter did not interfere significantly in most biometric, productive and technological variables of the sugarcane. But it can also be inferred that there was a statistical trend toward better results when the sugarcane was cultivated with 4 t ha-1 of poultry litter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Willian Marques Pires
- Graduate Program in Agricultural Sciences - Agronomy, Federal Institute Goiano, Rio Verde, Goiás, Brazil.
| | - Marconi Batista Teixeira
- Graduate Program in Agricultural Sciences - Agronomy, Federal Institute Goiano, Rio Verde, Goiás, Brazil
| | | | - Wilker Alves Morais
- Graduate Program in Agricultural Sciences - Agronomy, Federal Institute Goiano, Rio Verde, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Adriano Carvalho Costa
- Graduate Program in Agricultural Sciences - Agronomy, Federal Institute Goiano, Rio Verde, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Luiz César Lopes Filho
- Graduate Studies in Social, Technological and Environment Science, Evangelical University of Goiás, Anápolis, Goiás, Brazil
- Sedmo - Soil Research Group, Ecology and Dynamics of Organic Matter, Evangelical College of Goianésia, Goianésia, Brazil
| | - Jadson Belem de Moura
- Graduate Studies in Social, Technological and Environment Science, Evangelical University of Goiás, Anápolis, Goiás, Brazil
- Sedmo - Soil Research Group, Ecology and Dynamics of Organic Matter, Evangelical College of Goianésia, Goianésia, Brazil
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2
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Boondaeng A, Keabpimai J, Trakunjae C, Vaithanomsat P, Srichola P, Niyomvong N. Cellulase production under solid-state fermentation by Aspergillus sp. IN5: Parameter optimization and application. Heliyon 2024; 10:e26601. [PMID: 38434300 PMCID: PMC10907733 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e26601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Microbial cellulases are highly versatile catalysts with significant potential in various industries, including pulp and paper, textile manufacturing, laundry, biofuel production, food and animal feed, brewing, and agriculture. Cellulases have attracted considerable attention from the scientific community owing to their broad industrial applications and the complex nature of enzymatic systems. In the present study, a novel fungal isolate of Aspergillus sp. IN5 was used to produce cellulases. We optimized each parameter, including carbon source, incubation temperature, pH, and incubation time, for maximum cellulase production using isolate IN5 under solid-state fermentation conditions. The optimized parameters for cellulase production by isolate IN5 under solid-state fermentation were as follows: substrate, soybean residue; incubation temperature, 35 °C; pH, 7.0; and incubation duration, 5 days. These conditions resulted in the highest total cellulase activity (0.26 U/g substrate), and carboxymethyl cellulase and β-glucosidase activities of 3.32 and 196.09 U/g substrate, respectively. The obtained fungal cellulase was used for the enzymatic hydrolysis of acid- or alkali-pretreated rice straw, which served as a model substrate. Notably, compared with acid pretreatment, the pretreatment of rice straw with diluted alkali led to higher yields of reducing sugars. Maximum reducing sugar yield (286.06 ± 2.77 mg/g substrate) was obtained after 24-h incubation of diluted alkali-pretreated rice straw mixed with an enzyme loading of 15 U/g substrate. The findings of this study provide an alternative strategy for utilizing agricultural waste and an approach to efficiently produce cellulase for the degradation of lignocellulosic materials, with promising benefits for sustainable waste management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antika Boondaeng
- Kasetsart Agricultural and Agro-Industrial Product Improvement Institute, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Jureeporn Keabpimai
- Kasetsart Agricultural and Agro-Industrial Product Improvement Institute, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Chanaporn Trakunjae
- Kasetsart Agricultural and Agro-Industrial Product Improvement Institute, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Pilanee Vaithanomsat
- Kasetsart Agricultural and Agro-Industrial Product Improvement Institute, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Preeyanuch Srichola
- Kasetsart Agricultural and Agro-Industrial Product Improvement Institute, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Nanthavut Niyomvong
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Nakhon Sawan Rajabhat University, Nakhon Sawan 60000, Thailand
- Science Center, Nakhon Sawan Rajabhat University, Nakhon Sawan 60000, Thailand
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3
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Liu E, Mercado MIV, Segato F, Wilkins MR. A green pathway for lignin valorization: Enzymatic lignin depolymerization in biocompatible ionic liquids and deep eutectic solvents. Enzyme Microb Technol 2024; 174:110392. [PMID: 38171172 DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2023.110392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Lignin depolymerization, which enables the breakdown of a complex and heterogeneous aromatic polymer into relatively uniform derivatives, serves as a critical process in valorization of lignin. Enzymatic lignin depolymerization has become a promising biological strategy to overcome the heterogeneity of lignin, due to its mild reaction conditions and high specificity. However, the low solubility of lignin compounds in aqueous environments prevents efficient lignin depolymerization by lignin-degrading enzymes. The employment of biocompatible ionic liquids (ILs) and deep eutectic solvents (DESs) in lignin fractionation has created a promising pathway to enzymatically depolymerize lignin within these green solvents to increase lignin solubility. In this review, recent research progress on enzymatic lignin depolymerization, particularly in a consolidated process involving ILs/DESs is summarized. In addition, the interactions between lignin-degrading enzymes and solvent systems are explored, and potential protein engineering methodology to improve the performance of lignin-degrading enzymes is discussed. Consolidation of enzymatic lignin depolymerization and biocompatible ILs/DESs paves a sustainable, efficient, and synergistic way to convert lignin into value-added products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enshi Liu
- Department of Biological Systems Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | | | - Fernando Segato
- Department of Biotechnology, University of São Paulo, Lorena, SP, Brazil
| | - Mark R Wilkins
- Carl and Melinda Helwig Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA.
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Zhao Q, Yang Z, Xiao Z, Zhang Z, Xing J, Liang H, Gao L, Zhao J, Qu Y, Liu G. Structure-guided engineering of transcriptional activator XYR1 for inducer-free production of lignocellulolytic enzymes in Trichoderma reesei. Synth Syst Biotechnol 2023; 8:732-740. [PMID: 38187093 PMCID: PMC10770280 DOI: 10.1016/j.synbio.2023.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 10/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024] Open
Abstract
The filamentous fungus Trichoderma reesei is widely used for the production of lignocellulolytic enzymes in industry. XYR1 is the major transcriptional activator of cellulases and hemicellulases in T. reesei. However, rational engineering of XYR1 for improved lignocellulolytic enzymes production has been limited by the lack of structure information. Here, alanine 873 was identified as a new potential target for the engineering of XYR1 based on its structure predicted by AlphaFold2. The mutation of this residue to tyrosine enabled significantly enhanced production of xylanolytic enzymes in the medium with cellulose as the carbon source. Moreover, xylanase and cellulase production increased by 56.7- and 3.3-fold, respectively, when glucose was used as the sole carbon source. Under both conditions, the improvements of lignocellulolytic enzyme production were higher than those in the previously reported V821F mutant. With the enriched hemicellulases and cellulases, the crude enzymes secreted by the A873Y mutant strain produced 51 % more glucose and 52 % more xylose from pretreated corn stover than those of the parent strain. The results provide a novel strategy for engineering the lignocellulolytic enzyme-producing capacity of T. reesei, and would be helpful for understanding the molecular mechanisms of XYR1 regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinqin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Zezheng Yang
- Taishan College, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Ziyang Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Zheng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Jing Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Huiqi Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Liwei Gao
- Tobacco Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, 266101, China
| | - Jian Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Yinbo Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Guodong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
- Taishan College, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
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Zhao S, Zhang T, Hasunuma T, Kondo A, Zhao XQ, Feng JX. Every road leads to Rome: diverse biosynthetic regulation of plant cell wall-degrading enzymes in filamentous fungi Penicillium oxalicum and Trichoderma reesei. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2023:1-21. [PMID: 38035670 DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2023.2280810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
Cellulases and xylanases are plant cell wall-degrading enzymes (CWDEs) that are critical to sustainable bioproduction based on renewable lignocellulosic biomass to reduce carbon dioxide emission. Currently, these enzymes are mainly produced from filamentous fungi, especially Trichoderma reesei and Penicillium oxalicum. However, an in-depth comparison of these two producers has not been performed. Although both P. oxalicum and T. reesei harbor CWDE systems, they exhibit distinct features regulating the production of these enzymes, mainly through different transcriptional regulatory networks. This review presents the strikingly different modes of genome-wide regulation of cellulase and xylanase biosynthesis in P. oxalicum and T. reesei, including sugar transporters, signal transduction cascades, transcription factors, chromatin remodeling, and three-dimensional organization of chromosomes. In addition, different molecular breeding approaches employed, based on the understanding of the regulatory networks, are summarized. This review highlights the existence of very different regulatory modes leading to the efficient regulation of CWDE production in filamentous fungi, akin to the adage that "every road leads to Rome." An understanding of this divergence may help further improvements in fungal enzyme production through the metabolic engineering and synthetic biology of certain fungal species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangxi Research Center for Microbial and Enzyme Engineering Technology, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Ting Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangxi Research Center for Microbial and Enzyme Engineering Technology, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Tomohisa Hasunuma
- Graduate School of Science, Technology and Innovation, Engineering Biology Research Center, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Akihiko Kondo
- Graduate School of Science, Technology and Innovation, Engineering Biology Research Center, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Xin-Qing Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jia-Xun Feng
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangxi Research Center for Microbial and Enzyme Engineering Technology, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
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Giwa AS, Ali N, Akhter MS. Cellulose Degradation Enzymes in Filamentous Fungi, A Bioprocessing Approach Towards Biorefinery. Mol Biotechnol 2023:10.1007/s12033-023-00900-1. [PMID: 37839042 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-023-00900-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
The economic exploration of renewable energy resources has hot fundamentals among the countries besides dwindling energy resources and increasing public pressure. Cellulose accumulation is a major bio-natural resource from agricultural waste. Cellulases are the most potential enzymes that systematically degrade cellulosic biomass into monomers which could be further processed into several efficient value-added products via chemical and biological reactions including useful biomaterial for human benefits. This could lower the environmental risks problems followed by an energy crisis. Cellulases are mainly synthesized by special fungal genotypes. The strain Trichoderma orientalis could highly express cellulases and was regarded as an ideal strain for further research, as the genetic tools have found compatibility for cellulose breakdown by producing effective cellulose-degrading enzymes. This strain has found a cellulase production of about 35 g/L that needs further studies for advancement. The enzyme activity of strain Trichoderma orientalis needed to be further improved from a molecular level which is one of the important methods. Considering synthetic biological approaches to unveil the genetic tools will boost the knowledge about commercial cellulases bioproduction. Several genetic transformation methods were significantly cited in this study. The transformation approaches that are currently researchers are exploring is transcription regulatory factors that are deeply explained in this study, that are considered essential regulators of gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdulmoseen Segun Giwa
- School of Environment and Civil Engineering, Nanchang Institute of Science and Technology, Nanchang, 330108, China
| | - Nasir Ali
- Institute of Biotechnology Genetic Engineering, The University of Agriculture, Peshawar, 25130, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan.
| | - Mohammed Salim Akhter
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Bahrain, Sakheer Campus Bahrain, Zallaq, Bahrain
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Grace Barrios-Gutiérrez S, Inés Vélez-Mercado M, Rodrigues Ortega J, da Silva Lima A, Luiza da Rocha Fortes Saraiva A, Leila Berto G, Segato F. Oxidative Machinery of basidiomycetes as potential enhancers in lignocellulosic biorefineries: A lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases approach. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2023; 386:129481. [PMID: 37437815 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2023.129481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
Basidiomycetes are renowned as highly effective decomposers of plant materials, due to their extensive array of oxidative enzymes, which enable them to efficiently break down complex lignocellulosic biomass structures. Among the oxidative machinery of industrially relevant basidiomycetes, the role of lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMO) in lignocellulosic biomass deconstruction is highlighted. So far, only a limited number of basidiomycetes LPMOs have been identified and heterologously expressed. These LPMOs have presented activity on cellulose and hemicellulose, as well as participation in the deconstruction of lignin. Expanding on this, the current review proposes both enzymatic and non-enzymatic mechanisms of LPMOs for biomass conversion, considering the significance of the Carbohydrate-Binding Modules and other C-terminal regions domains associated with their structure, which is involved in the deconstruction of lignocellulosic biomass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Solange Grace Barrios-Gutiérrez
- Synthetic and Molecular Biology Laboratory (SyMB), Department of Biotechnology, Lorena School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, Lorena, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Martha Inés Vélez-Mercado
- Synthetic and Molecular Biology Laboratory (SyMB), Department of Biotechnology, Lorena School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, Lorena, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Júlia Rodrigues Ortega
- Synthetic and Molecular Biology Laboratory (SyMB), Department of Biotechnology, Lorena School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, Lorena, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Awana da Silva Lima
- Synthetic and Molecular Biology Laboratory (SyMB), Department of Biotechnology, Lorena School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, Lorena, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana Luiza da Rocha Fortes Saraiva
- Synthetic and Molecular Biology Laboratory (SyMB), Department of Biotechnology, Lorena School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, Lorena, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Leila Berto
- Synthetic and Molecular Biology Laboratory (SyMB), Department of Biotechnology, Lorena School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, Lorena, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fernando Segato
- Synthetic and Molecular Biology Laboratory (SyMB), Department of Biotechnology, Lorena School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, Lorena, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Lv D, Zhang W, Meng X, Liu W. Single Mutation in Transcriptional Activator Xyr1 Enhances Cellulase and Xylanase Production in Trichoderma reesei on Glucose. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:11993-12003. [PMID: 37523749 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c03466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
To achieve cost-effective production of lignocellulolytic enzymes for biorefinery processes, engineering transcription factors represents a powerful strategy to boost cellulase and xylanase in Trichoderma reesei. In this study, a novel mutation (R434L) in xylanase regulator 1 (Xyr1) was identified based on the yeast one-hybrid screening system. The point mutation was located in the middle homology region of Xyr1 with unclear functions, indicating a significant role for this domain in tuning Xyr1 transactivation. When constitutively expressed in T. reesei Δxyr1 (OEXR434L), Xyr1R434L led to highly improved production of both cellulases and xylanases on glucose compared with a strain similarly expressing Xyr1 (OEX). The respective 0.8- and 0.7-fold increases in extracellular pNPCase and xylanolytic activity were further verified to result from the greatly elevated transcription of major cellulase and xylanase genes in OEXR434L. Moreover, the saccharification efficiency of corn stover with OEXR434L enzyme cocktails was enhanced by 21% compared with that of OEX.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongmei Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, No. 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao 266237, P. R. China
| | - Weixin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, No. 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao 266237, P. R. China
| | - Xiangfeng Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, No. 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao 266237, P. R. China
| | - Weifeng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, No. 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao 266237, P. R. China
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Arai T, Wada M, Nishiguchi H, Takimura Y, Ishii J. Inducer-free recombinant protein production in Trichoderma reesei: secretory production of endogenous enzymes and heterologous nanobodies using glucose as the sole carbon source. Microb Cell Fact 2023; 22:103. [PMID: 37208691 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-023-02109-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The filamentous fungus Trichoderma reesei has been used as a host organism for the production of lignocellulosic biomass-degrading enzymes. Although this microorganism has high potential for protein production, it has not yet been widely used for heterologous recombinant protein production. Transcriptional induction of the cellulase genes is essential for high-level protein production in T. reesei; however, glucose represses this transcriptional induction. Therefore, cellulose is commonly used as a carbon source for providing its degraded sugars such as cellobiose, which act as inducers to activate the strong promoters of the major cellulase (cellobiohydrolase 1 and 2 (cbh1 and cbh2) genes. However, replacement of cbh1 and/or cbh2 with a gene encoding the protein of interest (POI) for high productivity and occupancy of recombinant proteins remarkably impairs the ability to release soluble inducers from cellulose, consequently reducing the production of POI. To overcome this challenge, we first used an inducer-free biomass-degrading enzyme expression system, previously developed to produce cellulases and hemicellulases using glucose as the sole carbon source, for recombinant protein production using T. reesei. RESULTS We chose endogenous secretory enzymes and heterologous camelid small antibodies (nanobody) as model proteins. By using the inducer-free strain as a parent, replacement of cbh1 with genes encoding two intrinsic enzymes (aspartic protease and glucoamylase) and three different nanobodies (1ZVH, caplacizumab, and ozoralizumab) resulted in their high secretory productions using glucose medium without inducers such as cellulose. Based on signal sequences (carrier polypeptides) and protease inhibitors, additional replacement of cbh2 with the nanobody gene increased the percentage of POI to about 20% of total secreted proteins in T. reesei. This allowed the production of caplacizumab, a bivalent nanobody, to be increased to 9.49-fold (508 mg/L) compared to the initial inducer-free strain. CONCLUSIONS In general, whereas the replacement of major cellulase genes leads to extreme decrease in the degradation capacity of cellulose, our inducer-free system enabled it and achieved high secretory production of POI with increased occupancy in glucose medium. This system would be a novel platform for heterologous recombinant protein production in T. reesei.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiharu Arai
- Biological Science Research, Kao Corporation, 1334 Minato, Wakayama, 640‑8580, Japan.
- Graduate School of Science, Technology and Innovation, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada, Kobe, 657-8501, Japan.
| | - Mayumi Wada
- Biological Science Research, Kao Corporation, 1334 Minato, Wakayama, 640‑8580, Japan
| | - Hiroki Nishiguchi
- Biological Science Research, Kao Corporation, 1334 Minato, Wakayama, 640‑8580, Japan
| | - Yasushi Takimura
- Biological Science Research, Kao Corporation, 1334 Minato, Wakayama, 640‑8580, Japan
| | - Jun Ishii
- Graduate School of Science, Technology and Innovation, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada, Kobe, 657-8501, Japan.
- Engineering Biology Research Center, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada, Kobe, 657-8501, Japan.
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10
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Bieringer E, García Vázquez U, Klein L, Moretó Bravo N, Tobler M, Weuster-Botz D. Bioproduction and applications of aldobionic acids with a focus on maltobionic and cellobionic acid. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2023:10.1007/s00449-023-02872-7. [PMID: 37058246 DOI: 10.1007/s00449-023-02872-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/15/2023]
Abstract
Aldobionic acids are sugar acids which consist of a disaccharide with an anomeric acid group. The most famous is lactobionic acid (LBA). LBA is used in many applications such as food and beverages, pharmaceuticals and medicine, cosmetics or chemical processes. During the last decade, all these industries are observing a shift of consumer preferences towards plant-based options. Thus, the biotechnological industry is trying to replace the animal-derived LBA. Maltobionic acid (MBA) and cellobionic acid (CBA) are two stereoisomers of LBA which have emerged as vegan alternatives. However, MBA and CBA face different obstacles related to their industrial production. While traditionally used electrochemical or chemical catalysis often rely on cost intensive and/or hazardous catalysts, novel production methods with microorganisms are still poorly studied. In the first part, this paper discusses both alternatives in terms of their characteristics and applications. In the second part, it reviews the long-studied chemical production and the novel bioproduction methods, which are based on enzymatic and microbial systems. This review concludes with a discussion of future work needed to bring their production to the industrial scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmeran Bieringer
- TUM School of Engineering and Design, Department of Energy and Process Engineering, Chair of Biochemical Engineering, Technical University of Munich, Boltzmannstr. 15, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Uxía García Vázquez
- TUM School of Engineering and Design, Technical University of Munich, Boltzmannstraße 15, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Luisa Klein
- TUM School of Engineering and Design, Technical University of Munich, Boltzmannstraße 15, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Núria Moretó Bravo
- TUM School of Natural Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Matthias Tobler
- TUM Campus Straubing for Biotechnology and Sustainability, Technical University of Munich, Petersgasse 5, 94315, Straubing, Germany
| | - Dirk Weuster-Botz
- TUM School of Engineering and Design, Department of Energy and Process Engineering, Chair of Biochemical Engineering, Technical University of Munich, Boltzmannstr. 15, 85748, Garching, Germany.
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11
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Aggarwal S, Dorairaj S, Adlakha N. Stoichiometric balance ratio of cellobiose and gentiobiose induces cellulase production in Talaromyces cellulolyticus. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS AND BIOPRODUCTS 2023; 16:48. [PMID: 36927685 PMCID: PMC10018878 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-023-02296-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The exact mechanism by which fungal strains sense insoluble cellulose is unknown, but research points to the importance of transglycosylation products generated by fungi during cellulose breakdown. Here, we used multi-omics approach to identify the transglycosylation metabolites and determine their function in cellulase induction in a model strain, Talaromyces cellulolyticus MTCC25456. RESULTS Talaromyces sp. is a novel hypercellulolytic fungal strain. Based on genome scrutiny and biochemical analysis, we predicted the presence of cellulases on the surface of its spores. We performed metabolome analysis to show that these membrane-bound cellulases act on polysaccharides to form a mixture of disaccharides and their transglycosylated derivatives. Inevitably, a high correlation existed between metabolite data and the KEGG enrichment analysis of differentially expressed genes in the carbohydrate metabolic pathway. Analysis of the contribution of the transglycosylation product mixtures to cellulase induction revealed a 57% increase in total cellulase. Further research into the metabolites, using in vitro induction tests and response surface methodology, revealed that Talaromyces sp. produces cell wall-breaking enzymes in response to cellobiose and gentiobiose as a stimulant. Precisely, a 2.5:1 stoichiometric ratio of cellobiose to gentiobiose led to a 2.4-fold increase in cellulase synthesis. The application of the optimized inducers in cre knockout strain significantly increased the enzyme output. CONCLUSION This is the first study on the objective evaluation and enhancement of cellulase production using optimized inducers. Inducer identification and genetic engineering boosted the cellulase production in the cellulolytic fungus Talaromyces sp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivam Aggarwal
- Synthetic Biology and Bioprocessing Group, Regional Centre for Biotechnology, NCR-Biotech Cluster, Faridabad, India
| | - Sathish Dorairaj
- Synthetic Biology and Bioprocessing Group, Regional Centre for Biotechnology, NCR-Biotech Cluster, Faridabad, India
| | - Nidhi Adlakha
- Synthetic Biology and Bioprocessing Group, Regional Centre for Biotechnology, NCR-Biotech Cluster, Faridabad, India.
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Chysirichote T, Phaiboonsilpa N, Laosiripojana N. High Production of Cellulase and Xylanase in Solid-State Fermentation by Trichoderma reesei Using Spent Copra and Wheat Bran in Rotary Bioreactor. Ind Eng Chem Res 2023. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.2c03411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Teerin Chysirichote
- Department of Food Engineering, School of Engineering, King Mongkut’s Institute of Technology Ladkrabang, 1 Chalongkrung Rd. Ladkrabang, Bangkok 10520, Thailand
| | - Natthanon Phaiboonsilpa
- Department of Food Engineering, School of Engineering, King Mongkut’s Institute of Technology Ladkrabang, 1 Chalongkrung Rd. Ladkrabang, Bangkok 10520, Thailand
| | - Navadol Laosiripojana
- The Joint Graduate School of Energy and Environment (JGSEE), King Mongkut’s University of Technology Thonburi, 126 Prachauthit Rd, Bangmod, Tungkru, Bangkok 10140, Thailand
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13
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Lv D, Zhang W, Meng X, Liu W. A novel fusion transcription factor drives high cellulase and xylanase production on glucose in Trichoderma reesei. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2023; 370:128520. [PMID: 36565817 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2022.128520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 12/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
To reduce the high cost of (hemi)cellulase production in lignocellulose biorefining, it is important to develop strategies to enhance enzyme productivity from economic and also readily manipulatable carbon sources. In this study, an artificial transcription factor XT was designed by fusing the DNA binding domain of Xyr1 to the transactivation domain of Tmac1. When overexpressed in Trichoderma reesei QM9414 Δxyr1, the XT recombinant strain (OEXT) greatly improved (hemi)cellulase production on repressing glucose compared with QM9414 on Avicel with 1.7- and 8.2-fold increases in pNPCase and xylanase activity, respectively. Both activities were even higher (0.9- and 33.8-fold higher, respectively) than the recombinant strain similarly overexpressing Xyr1. The dramatically enhanced xylanase activities in OEXT resulted from the elevated expression of various hemicellulases in the secretome. Moreover, the enzyme cocktail from OEXT improved the saccharification efficiency toward corn stover by 60% compared with enzymes from QM9414 with equal volume loading.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongmei Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, No.72 Binhai Road, Qingdao 266237, PR China
| | - Weixin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, No.72 Binhai Road, Qingdao 266237, PR China
| | - Xiangfeng Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, No.72 Binhai Road, Qingdao 266237, PR China
| | - Weifeng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, No.72 Binhai Road, Qingdao 266237, PR China.
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14
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Ghosh D, Ghorai P, Sarkar S, Maiti KS, Hansda SR, Das P. Microbial assemblage for solid waste bioremediation and valorization with an essence of bioengineering. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:16797-16816. [PMID: 36595166 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-24849-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Environmental solid waste bioremediation is a method of treating contaminated solid waste that involves changing ecological conditions to foster the growth of a broad spectrum of microorganisms and the destruction of the target contaminants. A wide range of microorganisms creates metabolites that may break down and change solid waste-based pollution to various value-added molecules. Diverse bioremediation technologies, their limitations, and the procedure involve recycling solid waste materials from the environment. The existing environmental solid waste disposal services are insufficient and must be upgraded with more lucrative recovery, recycling, and reuse technologies to decrease the enormous expenditures in treatment procedures. Bioremediation of solid waste eliminates the toxic components. It restores the site with the advent of potential microbial communities towards solid waste valorization utilizing agriculture solid waste, organic food waste, plastic solid waste, and multiple industrial solid wastes.Bioengineering on diverse ranges of microbial regimes has accelerated to provide extra momentum toward solid waste recycling and valorization. This approach increases the activity of bioremediating microbes in the commercial development of waste treatment techniques and increases the cost-effective valuable product generation. This framework facilitates collaboration between solid waste and utilities. It can aid in establishing a long-term management strategy for recycling development with the advent of a broad spectrum of potential microbial assemblages, increasing solid waste contamination tolerance efficiency and solid waste degradability. The current literature survey extensively summarises solid waste remediation valorization using a broad spectrum of microbial assemblages with special emphasis on bioengineering-based acceleration. This approach is to attain sustainable environmental management and value-added biomolecule generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dipankar Ghosh
- Microbial Engineering & Algal Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Biosciences, JIS University, Kolkata, 700109, India.
| | - Palash Ghorai
- Microbial Engineering & Algal Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Biosciences, JIS University, Kolkata, 700109, India
| | - Soumita Sarkar
- Microbial Engineering & Algal Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Biosciences, JIS University, Kolkata, 700109, India
| | - Kumar Sagar Maiti
- Microbial Engineering & Algal Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Biosciences, JIS University, Kolkata, 700109, India
| | - Serma Rimil Hansda
- Microbial Engineering & Algal Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Biosciences, JIS University, Kolkata, 700109, India
| | - Parna Das
- Microbial Engineering & Algal Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Biosciences, JIS University, Kolkata, 700109, India
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15
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Ramamoorthy NK, Pallam RB, Renganathan S, Sarma VV. Cellulase production from disposed COVID-19 personal protective equipment (PPE) using cyclic fed-batch strategies. Process Biochem 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2023.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
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16
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Role of the Nitrogen Metabolism Regulator TAM1 in Regulation of Cellulase Gene Expression in Trichoderma reesei. Appl Environ Microbiol 2023; 89:e0142122. [PMID: 36602369 PMCID: PMC9888229 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01421-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The filamentous fungus Trichoderma reesei is one of the most prolific cellulase producers and has been established as a model microorganism for investigating mechanisms modulating eukaryotic gene expression. Identification and functional characterization of transcriptional regulators involved in complex and stringent regulation of cellulase genes are, however, not yet complete. Here, a Zn(II)2Cys6-type transcriptional factor TAM1 that is homologous to Aspergillus nidulans TamA involved in nitrogen metabolism, was found not only to regulate ammonium utilization but also to control cellulase gene expression in T. reesei. Whereas Δtam1 cultivated with peptone as a nitrogen source did not exhibit a growth defect that was observed on ammonium, it was still significantly compromised in cellulase biosynthesis. The absence of TAM1 almost fully abrogated the rapid cellulase gene induction in a resting-cell-inducing system. Overexpression of gdh1 encoding the key ammonium assimilatory enzyme in Δtam1 rescued the growth defect on ammonium but not the defect in cellulase gene expression. Of note, mutation of the Zn(II)2Cys6 DNA-binding motif of TAM1 hardly affected cellulase gene expression, while a truncated ARE1 mutant lacking the C-terminal 12 amino acids that are required for the interaction with TAM1 interfered with cellulase biosynthesis. The defect in cellulase induction of Δtam1 was rescued by overexpression of the key transactivator for cellulase gene, XYR1. Our results thus identify a nitrogen metabolism regulator as a new modulator participating in the regulation of induced cellulase gene expression. IMPORTANCE Transcriptional regulators are able to integrate extracellular nutrient signals and exert a combinatorial control over various metabolic genes. A plethora of such factors therefore constitute a complex regulatory network ensuring rapid and accurate cellular response to acquire and utilize nutrients. Despite the in-depth mechanistic studies of functions of the Zn(II)2Cys6-type transcriptional regulator TamA and its orthologues in nitrogen utilization, their involvement in additional physiological processes remains unknown. In this study, we demonstrated that TAM1 exerts a dual regulatory role in mediating ammonium utilization and induced cellulase production in the well known cellulolytic fungus Trichoderma reesei, suggesting a potentially converged regulatory node between nitrogen utilization and cellulase biosynthesis. This study not only contributes to unveiling the intricate regulatory network underlying cellulase gene expression in cellulolytic fungus but also helps expand our knowledge of fungal strategies to achieve efficient and coordinated nutrient acquisition for rapid propagation.
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A Combined Study on Optimization, In Silico Modeling, and Genetic Modification of Large Scale Microbial Cellulase Production. Biochem Res Int 2022; 2022:4598937. [PMID: 36589721 PMCID: PMC9797302 DOI: 10.1155/2022/4598937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellulase is a biocatalyst that hydrolyzes cellulosic biomass and is considered a major group of industrial enzymes for its applications. Extensive work has been done on microbial cellulase but fungi are considered a novel strain for their maximum cellulase production. Production cost and novel microbial strains are major challenges for its improvement where cheap agro wastes can be essential sources of cellulose as substrates. The researcher searches for more cellulolytic microbes from natural sources but the production level of isolated strains is comparatively low. So genetic modification or mutation can be employed for large-scale cellulase production before optimization. After genetic modification than in silico molecular modeling can be evaluated for substrate molecule's binding affinity. In this review, we focus not only on the conventional methods of cellulase production but also on modern biotechnological approaches applied to cellulase production by a sequential study on common cellulase-producing microbes, modified microbes, culture media, carbon sources, substrate pretreatment process, and the importance of optimum pH and temperature on fermentation. In this review, we also compare different cellulase activity determination methods. As a result, this review provides insights into the interrelationship between the characteristics of optimizing different culture conditions, genetic modification, and in silico enzyme modeling for the production of cellulase enzymes, which may aid in the advancement of large-scale integrated enzyme manufacturing of substrate-specific enzymes.
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18
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Shen L, Yan A, Wang Y, Wang Y, Liu H, Zhong Y. Tailoring the expression of Xyr1 leads to efficient production of lignocellulolytic enzymes in Trichoderma reesei for improved saccharification of corncob residues. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS AND BIOPRODUCTS 2022; 15:142. [PMID: 36528622 PMCID: PMC9759857 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-022-02240-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The filamentous fungus Trichoderma reesei is extensively used for the industrial-scale cellulase production. It has been well known that the transcription factor Xyr1 plays an important role in the regulatory network controlling cellulase gene expression. However, the role of Xyr1 in the regulation of cellulase expression has not been comprehensively elucidated, which hinders further improvement of lignocellulolytic enzyme production. RESULTS Here, the expression dosage of xyr1 was tailored in T. reesei by differentially overexpressing the xyr1 gene under the control of three strong promoters (Pegl2, Pcbh1, and Pcdna1), and the transcript abundance of xyr1 was elevated 5.8-, 12.6-, and 47.2-fold, respectively. We found expression of cellulase genes was significantly increased in the Pegl2-driven xyr1 overexpression strain QE2X, whereas relatively low in the Pcbh1- and Pcdna1-driven overexpression strains. We also found that the Pegl2-driven overexpression of xyr1 caused a more significant opening of chromatin in the core promoter region of the prominent cellulase genes. Furthermore, the cellulase activity showed a 3.2-fold increase in the strain QE2X, while insignificant improvement in the Pcbh1- and Pcdna1-driven strains. Finally, the saccharification efficiency toward acid-pretreated corncob residues containing high-content lignin by the crude enzyme from QE2X was increased by 57.2% compared to that from the parental strain. Moreover, LC-MS/MS and RT-qPCR analysis revealed that expression of accessory proteins (Cip1, Cip2, Swo1, and LPMOs) was greatly improved in QE2X, which partly explained the promoting effect of the Pegl2-driven overexpression on enzymatic hydrolysis of lignocellulose biomass. CONCLUSIONS Our results underpin that the precise tailoring expression of xyr1 is essential for highly efficient cellulase synthesis, which provide new insights into the role of Xyr1 in regulating cellulase expression in T. reesei. Moreover, these results also provides a prospective strategy for strain improvement to enhance the lignocellulolytic enzyme production for use in biorefinery applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linjing Shen
- grid.27255.370000 0004 1761 1174State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Institute of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237 People’s Republic of China
| | - Aiqin Yan
- grid.27255.370000 0004 1761 1174State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Institute of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237 People’s Republic of China
| | - Yifan Wang
- grid.27255.370000 0004 1761 1174State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Institute of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237 People’s Republic of China
| | - Yubo Wang
- grid.27255.370000 0004 1761 1174State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Institute of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237 People’s Republic of China
| | - Hong Liu
- grid.27255.370000 0004 1761 1174State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Institute of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237 People’s Republic of China
| | - Yaohua Zhong
- grid.27255.370000 0004 1761 1174State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Institute of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237 People’s Republic of China
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Noguchi T, Nishiyama R, Shimokawa T, Yamada K, Kagawa Y. Simultaneous production of cellobiose and xylobiose from alkali-treated bagasse using cellulase secreted by Fe-ion-irradiated Trichoderma reesei mutant. J Biosci Bioeng 2022; 134:491-495. [PMID: 36220721 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2022.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Cellobiose and xylobiose are disaccharides composed of two glucose or xylose units with β-1,4 linkages. This study aimed to isolate a Trichoderma reesei mutant that lacks β-glucosidase and β-xylosidase activities for the simultaneous production of these disaccharides. Mutagenesis using Fe-ion beam resulted in a mutant strain, T. reesei T1640; the cellulase production in this strain was as high as that in the parent strain. Genomic analysis revealed that T1640 lost both the β-glucosidase and β-xylosidase activities owing to the translocation of the responsible genes. Hydrolysis of alkali-treated bagasse using the enzymes from T1640 leads to high yields (365 mg/g-biomass) and ratios (72.7% of the total sugars) of cellobiose and xylobiose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Noguchi
- New Frontiers Research Laboratory, Toray Industries, Inc., 6-10-1 Tebiro, Kamakura, Kanagawa 248-8555, Japan
| | - Ryuji Nishiyama
- New Frontiers Research Laboratory, Toray Industries, Inc., 6-10-1 Tebiro, Kamakura, Kanagawa 248-8555, Japan
| | - Takashi Shimokawa
- National Institutes of Quantum Science and Technology (QST), 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Katsushige Yamada
- New Frontiers Research Laboratory, Toray Industries, Inc., 6-10-1 Tebiro, Kamakura, Kanagawa 248-8555, Japan
| | - Yusuke Kagawa
- New Frontiers Research Laboratory, Toray Industries, Inc., 6-10-1 Tebiro, Kamakura, Kanagawa 248-8555, Japan.
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In Vitro Characterization of a Nuclear Receptor-like Domain of the Xylanase Regulator 1 from Trichoderma reesei. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8121254. [PMID: 36547587 PMCID: PMC9784857 DOI: 10.3390/jof8121254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Engineering transcription factors is an interesting research target gaining increasing attention, such as in the case of industrially used organisms. With respect to sustainability, biomass-degrading saprophytic fungi, such as Trichoderma reesei, are promising industrial work horses because they exhibit a high secretory capacity of native and heterologously expressed enzymes and compounds. A single-point mutation in the main transactivator of xylanase and cellulase expressions in T. reesei Xyr1 led to a strongly deregulated and enhanced xylanase expression. Circular dichroism spectroscopy revealed a change in secondary structure caused by this mutation. According to electrophoretic mobility shift assays and determination of the equilibrium-binding constants, the DNA-binding affinity of the mutated Xyr1 was considerably reduced compared to the wild-type Xyr1. Both techniques were also used to investigate the allosteric response to carbohydrates (D-glucose-6-phosphate, D-xylose, and sophorose) signalling the repression or induction of Xyr1 target genes. The mutated Xyr1 no longer exhibited a conformational change in response to these carbohydrates, indicating that the observed deregulation is not a simple matter of a change in DNA-binding of the transactivator. Altogether, we postulate that the part of Xyr1 where the mutation is located functions as a nuclear receptor-like domain that mediates carbohydrate signals and modulates the Xyr1 transactivating activity.
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Arai T, Ichinose S, Shibata N, Kakeshita H, Kodama H, Igarashi K, Takimura Y. Inducer-free cellulase production system based on the constitutive expression of mutated XYR1 and ACE3 in the industrial fungus Trichoderma reesei. Sci Rep 2022; 12:19445. [PMID: 36376415 PMCID: PMC9663580 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-23815-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Trichoderma reesei is a widely used host for producing cellulase and hemicellulase cocktails for lignocellulosic biomass degradation. Here, we report a genetic modification strategy for industrial T. reesei that enables enzyme production using simple glucose without inducers, such as cellulose, lactose and sophorose. Previously, the mutated XYR1V821F or XYR1A824V was known to induce xylanase and cellulase using only glucose as a carbon source, but its enzyme composition was biased toward xylanases, and its performance was insufficient to degrade lignocellulose efficiently. Therefore, we examined combinations of mutated XYR1V821F and constitutively expressed CRT1, BGLR, VIB1, ACE2, or ACE3, known as cellulase regulators and essential factors for cellulase expression to the T. reesei E1AB1 strain that has been highly mutagenized for improving enzyme productivity and expressing a ß-glucosidase for high enzyme performance. The results showed that expression of ACE3 to the mutated XYR1V821F expressing strain promoted cellulase expression. Furthermore, co-expression of these two transcription factors also resulted in increased productivity, with enzyme productivity 1.5-fold higher than with the conventional single expression of mutated XYR1V821F. Additionally, that productivity was 5.5-fold higher compared to productivity with an enhanced single expression of ACE3. Moreover, although the DNA-binding domain of ACE3 had been considered essential for inducer-free cellulase production, we found that ACE3 with a partially truncated DNA-binding domain was more effective in cellulase production when co-expressed with a mutated XYR1V821F. This study demonstrates that co-expression of the two transcription factors, the mutated XYR1V821F or XYR1A824V and ACE3, resulted in optimized enzyme composition and increased productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiharu Arai
- Biological Science Research, Kao Corporation, 1334 Minato, Wakayama, Wakayama, 640‑8580, Japan
| | - Sakurako Ichinose
- Biological Science Research, Kao Corporation, 1334 Minato, Wakayama, Wakayama, 640‑8580, Japan
| | - Nozomu Shibata
- Biological Science Research, Kao Corporation, 1334 Minato, Wakayama, Wakayama, 640‑8580, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kakeshita
- Biological Science Research, Kao Corporation, 1334 Minato, Wakayama, Wakayama, 640‑8580, Japan.
| | - Hiroshi Kodama
- Biological Science Research, Kao Corporation, 1334 Minato, Wakayama, Wakayama, 640‑8580, Japan
| | - Kazuaki Igarashi
- Biological Science Research, Kao Corporation, 1334 Minato, Wakayama, Wakayama, 640‑8580, Japan
| | - Yasushi Takimura
- Biological Science Research, Kao Corporation, 1334 Minato, Wakayama, Wakayama, 640‑8580, Japan
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de Lima EA, Mandelli F, Kolling D, Matsusato Souza J, de Oliveira Filho CA, Ribeiro da Silva M, Lobo de Mesquita Sampaio I, Lopes Junqueira T, Ferreira Chagas M, Teodoro JC, de Morais ER, Murakami MT. Development of an economically competitive Trichoderma-based platform for enzyme production: Bioprocess optimization, pilot plant scale-up, techno-economic analysis and life cycle assessment. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2022; 364:128019. [PMID: 36162784 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2022.128019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2022] [Revised: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Despite decades of research and industrial applications of Trichoderma reesei, the development of industrially relevant strains for enzyme production including a low-cost and scalable bioprocess remains elusive. Herein, bioprocess optimization, pilot plant scale-up, techno-economic analysis and life-cycle assessment for enzyme production by an engineered T. reesei strain are reported. The developed bioprocess increased in ∼ 2-fold protein productivity (0.39 g.L-1.h-1) and 1.6-fold FPase activity (196 FPU.L-1.h-1), reducing the fermentation in 4 days. Cultivation in a 65-L pilot plant bioreactor resulted in 54 g.L-1 protein in 7 days, highlighting the robustness and scalability of this bioprocess. Techno-economic analysis indicates an enzyme cost of ∼ 3.2 USD.kg-1, which is below to the target proposed (4.24 USD.kg-1) in the NREL/TP-5100-47764 report, while life-cycle assessment shows a carbon footprint reduction of approximately 50% compared to a typical commercial enzyme. This study provides the fundamental knowledge for the design of economically competitive Trichoderma technologies for industrial use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evandro Antonio de Lima
- Brazilian Biorenewables National Laboratory (LNBR), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Mandelli
- Brazilian Biorenewables National Laboratory (LNBR), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Daniel Kolling
- Brazilian Biorenewables National Laboratory (LNBR), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jaqueline Matsusato Souza
- Brazilian Biorenewables National Laboratory (LNBR), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carlos Alberto de Oliveira Filho
- Brazilian Biorenewables National Laboratory (LNBR), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mateus Ribeiro da Silva
- Brazilian Biorenewables National Laboratory (LNBR), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Isabelle Lobo de Mesquita Sampaio
- Brazilian Biorenewables National Laboratory (LNBR), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Tassia Lopes Junqueira
- Brazilian Biorenewables National Laboratory (LNBR), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mateus Ferreira Chagas
- Brazilian Biorenewables National Laboratory (LNBR), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Juliana Conceição Teodoro
- Brazilian Biorenewables National Laboratory (LNBR), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Edvaldo Rodrigo de Morais
- Brazilian Biorenewables National Laboratory (LNBR), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mario Tyago Murakami
- Brazilian Biorenewables National Laboratory (LNBR), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Taiwo AE, Tom-James A, Falowo OA, Okoji A, Adeyi O, Olalere AO, Eloka-Eboka A. Techno-economic analysis of Cellulase Production by Trichoderma reesei in Submerged Fermentation Processes using a Process Simulator. SOUTH AFRICAN JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sajce.2022.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022] Open
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Pant S, Ritika, Nag P, Ghati A, Chakraborty D, Maximiano MR, Franco OL, Mandal AK, Kuila A. Employment of the CRISPR/Cas9 system to improve cellulase production in Trichoderma reesei. Biotechnol Adv 2022; 60:108022. [PMID: 35870723 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2022.108022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2022] [Revised: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Trichoderma reesei has been explored intensively in the laboratory and on an industrial scale for its highly potent cellulase secretion machinery since its characterization over 70 years ago. Emergence of new genetic tools over the past decade has strengthened the understanding of mechanism involved in transcription of cellulase genes in fungi and provided a boost to edit them at molecular level. Since several transcriptional factors work synergistically for cellulase expression in fungi; engineering of cellulase secretome for enhanced cellulase titer require combined manipulation of these factors. In the same context, CRISPR/Cas9 has emerged as a powerful, versatile genetic engineering tool for multiplex gene editing in fungi. It is true that considerable efforts with CRISPR technologies have largely developed fungal genetic engineering, but its application in fungi is still challenging and limited. The present review illustrates the precision, strengths and challenges of using CRISPR/Cas9 technology for cellulase engineering in T. reesei, highlighting key strategies that could be employed for strain improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shailja Pant
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Banasthali Vidyapith, Rajasthan 304022, India
| | - Ritika
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Banasthali Vidyapith, Rajasthan 304022, India
| | - Piyali Nag
- Department of Microbiology, Barrackpore Rastraguru Surendranath College, Barrackpore, Kolkata 700120, India
| | - Amit Ghati
- Department of Microbiology, Barrackpore Rastraguru Surendranath College, Barrackpore, Kolkata 700120, India.
| | - Dipjyoti Chakraborty
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Banasthali Vidyapith, Rajasthan 304022, India
| | - Mariana Rocha Maximiano
- Centro de Análises Proteômicas e Bioquímicas, Pós-Graduação em Ciências Genômicas e Biotecnologia Universidade Católica de Brasília, Brasília, DF, Brazil; S-Inova Biotech, Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Dom Bosco, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil
| | - Octavio Luiz Franco
- Centro de Análises Proteômicas e Bioquímicas, Pós-Graduação em Ciências Genômicas e Biotecnologia Universidade Católica de Brasília, Brasília, DF, Brazil; S-Inova Biotech, Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Dom Bosco, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil
| | - Amit Kumar Mandal
- Centre for Nanotechnology Sciences & Chemical Biology Laboratory, Department of Sericulture, Raiganj University, Raiganj, 733134, India
| | - Arindam Kuila
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Banasthali Vidyapith, Rajasthan 304022, India.
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Study on the Sugar-Producing Effect of High-Temperature Anaerobic Straw Biosaccharification Strain. WATER 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/w14142186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The utilization of straw waste cellulose will be beneficial by economic, social, and environmental means. The present study sought to screen the high-efficiency cellulose sugar-producing strain from corn straw. The 16S high-throughput sequencing method and the combination of morphological, physiological, and biochemical characteristics of the strain confirmed the strain to be Clostridium thermocellum, which was named Clostridium thermocellum FC811. Moreover, the single factor experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of environmental factors on saccharification efficiency. The optimal saccharification conditions of cellulose saccharification of FC811 strain selected through response surface analysis were as follows: temperature of 58.9 °C, pH of 7.21, culture time of 6.60 d, substrate concentration of 5.01 g/L, and yeast powder concentration of 2.15 g/L. The soluble sugar yield was 3.11 g/L, and the conversion rate of reducing sugar was 62.2%. This study will provide a reference for resource and energy utilization of straw materials, simultaneous fermentation of sugar and hydrogen production, and their large-scale production and application.
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De-Escalation of Saccharification Costs through Enforcement of Immobilization of Cellulase Synthesized by Wild Trichoderma viride. Catalysts 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/catal12060659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The economic uncertainty associated with cellulosic bioethanol can be overcome through the inclusion of cheap substrates and methodologies that can extend the shelf life of cellulolytic enzymes. In this study, wild Trichoderma viride was used to produce cellulases, media formulation studies were conducted to enhance the cellulase production further and immobilization strategies were tested for stable cellulase–iron oxide magnetic nanoparticle coupling. Out of the seven different production media designed, media containing glucose, wheat bran, cellulose and corn steep liquor supported the highest biomass growth (60 Packed cell volume) and cellulase formation (7.4 U/mL), and thus was chosen for the fiscal analysis at a larger scale (1000 m3). The profitability of the cellulase production process was assessed to be 20.86%, considering both the capital expenditure and operating expenses. Further, the effect of cost of different carbon sources, nitrogen sources and cellulase yields on the annual operating costs was explored, which led to the choice of delignified sugarcane bagasse, corn steep liquor and productivity levels to be respective decisive factors of the overall cost of the cellulase production. Likewise, the break-even period of such a large-scale operation was gauged given the market price of cellulases at USD 17 for 105 U of cellulases. Moreover, enzyme immobilization led to enhanced cellulase shelf life and ultimately contributed toward saccharification cost reduction.
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Reppke MJ, Gerstner R, Windeisen-Holzhauser E, Richter K, Benz JP. Press water from the mechanical drying of Douglas-fir wood chips has multiple beneficial effects on lignocellulolytic fungi. Fungal Biol Biotechnol 2022; 9:10. [PMID: 35606847 PMCID: PMC9128199 DOI: 10.1186/s40694-022-00141-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The mechanical drying of wood chips is an innovative method that improves the heating value of sawmill by-products in an energy-efficient continuous process. The liquid that comes out of the wood chips as press water (PW), however, contains a variety of undissolved as well as dissolved organic substances. The disposal of the PW as wastewater would generate additional costs due to its high organic load, offsetting the benefits in energy costs associated with the enhanced heating value of the wood chips. Our research explored if the organic load in PW could be utilized as a substrate by cellulolytic filamentous fungi. Hence, using the industrially relevant Ascomycete Trichoderma reesei RUT-C30 as well as several Basidiomycete wood-rotting fungi, we examined the potential of press water obtained from Douglas-fir wood chips to be used in the growth and enzyme production media. Results The addition of PW supernatant to liquid cultures of T. reesei RUT-C30 resulted in a significant enhancement of the endoglucanase and endoxylanase activities with a substantially shortened lag-phase. A partial replacement of Ca2+, Mg2+, K+, as well as a complete replacement of Fe2+, Mn2+, Zn2+ by supplementing PW of the liquid media was achieved without negative effects on enzyme production. Concentrations of PW above 50% showed no adverse effects regarding the achievable endoglucanase activity but affected the endoxylanase activity to some extent. Exploring the enhancing potential of several individual PW components after chemical analysis revealed that the observed lag-phase reduction of T. reesei RUT-C30 was not caused by the dissolved sugars and ions, nor the wood particles in the PW sediment, suggesting that other, so far non-identified, compounds are responsible. However, also the growth rate of several basidiomycetes was significantly enhanced by the supplementation of raw PW to the agar medium. Moreover, their cultivation in liquid cultures reduced the turbidity of the PW substantially. Conclusions PW was identified as a suitable media supplement for lignocellulolytic fungi, including the cellulase and xylanase producer T. reesei RUT-C30 and several wood-degrading basidiomycetes. The possibility to replace several minerals, trace elements and an equal volume of fresh water in liquid media with PW and the ability of fungal mycelia to filter out the suspended solids is a promising way to combine biological wastewater treatment with value-adding biotechnological applications. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s40694-022-00141-y.
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Adsul MG, Dixit P, Saini JK, Gupta RP, Ramakumar SSV, Mathur AS. Morphologically favorable mutant of Trichoderma reesei for low viscosity cellulase production. Biotechnol Bioeng 2022; 119:2167-2181. [PMID: 35470437 DOI: 10.1002/bit.28121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Metabolite production by filamentous fungi hampered because of high viscosity generated during growth. Low viscosity fermentation by mold is one of the preferred ways of large scale enzymes production. Cellulolytic enzymes play a key role during the process of lignocellulosic biomass conversion. In this study a mutant RC-23-1 was isolated through mutagenesis (diethyl sulfate followed by UV) of T. reesei RUT-C30. RC-23-1 not only gave higher cellulase production but also generated lower viscosity during enzyme production. Viscosity of mutant growth was more than three times lower than parent strain. RC-23-1 shows unique, yeast like colony morphology on solid media and small pellet like growth in liquid media. This mutant did not spread like mold on solid media. This mutant produces cellulases constitutively when grown in sugars. Using only glucose, the cellulase production was 4.1 FPU/ml. Among polysaccharides (avicel, xylan and pectin), avicel gave maximum of 6.2 FPU/ml and pretreated biomass (rice straw, wheat straw and sugarcane bagasse) produced 5.1-5.8 FPU/ml. At 7L scale reactor, fed-batch process was designed for cellulase production using different carbon and nitrogen sources. Maximum yield of cellulases was 182 FPU/g of lactose consumed was observed in fed-batch process. The produced enzyme used for hydrolysis of acid pretreated rice straw (20% solid loading) and maximum of 60 % glucan conversion was observed. RC-23-1 mutant is good candidate for large scale cellulase production and could be a model strain to study mold to yeast-like transformation. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mukund G Adsul
- DBT-IOC Centre for Advanced Bioenergy Research, Research & Development Centre, Indian Oil Corporation Limited, Sector-13, Faridabad, 121007, India
| | - Pooja Dixit
- DBT-IOC Centre for Advanced Bioenergy Research, Research & Development Centre, Indian Oil Corporation Limited, Sector-13, Faridabad, 121007, India
| | - Jitendra K Saini
- DBT-IOC Centre for Advanced Bioenergy Research, Research & Development Centre, Indian Oil Corporation Limited, Sector-13, Faridabad, 121007, India
| | - Ravi P Gupta
- DBT-IOC Centre for Advanced Bioenergy Research, Research & Development Centre, Indian Oil Corporation Limited, Sector-13, Faridabad, 121007, India
| | - S S V Ramakumar
- DBT-IOC Centre for Advanced Bioenergy Research, Research & Development Centre, Indian Oil Corporation Limited, Sector-13, Faridabad, 121007, India
| | - Anshu S Mathur
- DBT-IOC Centre for Advanced Bioenergy Research, Research & Development Centre, Indian Oil Corporation Limited, Sector-13, Faridabad, 121007, India
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Yan B, Tao Y, Huang C, Lai C, Yong Q. Using One-pot Fermentation Technology to Prepare Enzyme Cocktail to Sustainably Produce Low Molecular Weight Galactomannans from Sesbania cannabina Seeds. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2022; 194:3016-3030. [PMID: 35334068 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-022-03891-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Enzymatic hydrolysis using β-mannanase and α-galactosidase is necessary to produce low molecular weight galactomannan (LMW-GM) from galactomannans (GM) in the leguminous seeds. In this study, different ratios of avicel and melibiose were used as the inductors (carbon sources) for Trichoderma reesei to metabolize the enzyme cocktail containing β-mannanase and α-galactosidase using one-pot fermentation technology. The obtained enzyme cocktail was used to efficiently produce LMW-GM from GM in Sesbania cannabina seeds. Results showed that 15 g/L avicel and 10 g/L melibiose were the best carbon sources to prepare enzyme cocktail containing β-mannanase and α-galactosidase with activities of 3.69 ± 0.27 U/mL and 0.51 ± 0.02 U/mL, respectively. Specifically, melibiose could effectively induce the metabolite product of α-galactosidase by T. reesei, which showed good performance in degrading the galactose substituent from GM backbone. The degradation of galactose alleviated the spatial site-blocking effect for enzymatic hydrolysis by β-mannanase and improved the yield of LMW-GM. This research can lay the foundation for the industrial technology amplification of LMW-GM production for further application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bowen Yan
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Yuheng Tao
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Caoxing Huang
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Chenhuan Lai
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Qiang Yong
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China.
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30
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Promoter regulation and genetic engineering strategies for enhanced cellulase expression in Trichoderma reesei. Microbiol Res 2022; 259:127011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2022.127011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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31
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Valorization of Agro-industrial Discards in Fermentation for the Production of Cellulase Enzyme. JOURNAL OF PURE AND APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.22207/jpam.16.1.25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellulases are commercially important enzymes with application in various industries such as biofuel, detergent, food processing, brewery, pulp and paper. To make its production cost-effective, a preferred method is to use solid-state fermentation and with use of inexpensive substrates. Solid-state fermentation is an alternative culturing method and yields higher enzymes compared to submerged fermentation. In the current study, Aspergillus niger was isolated and further developed as inoculum for solid-state fermentation. Agroindustrial discards like banana pseudostem, jackfruit waste were used as the substrates. The substrates were pretreated by acid and were characterized by FTIR analysis to confirm the presence of cellulosic content. Different concentrations of the substrates were attempted for fermentation and the yield of the enzyme was compared. The solid-state fermentation was stable for enzyme production as well as microbial growth. The cellulase activity per gram of the substrate (U/g) was obtained maximum for jackfruit waste-based media (17±1.1 U/g). Both the lignocellulosic substrates were potential substrates for the production of cellulase enzyme. With further optimization and scale-up, this could be a cheap and sustainable process. This study has validated agro-industrial waste’s bioconversion into value-added products that have a remarkable environmental and economic advantage.
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Goswami K, Deka Boruah HP, Saikia R. Purification and characterization of cellulase produced by
Novosphingobium
sp. Cm1 and its waste hydrolysis efficiency and bio‐stoning potential. J Appl Microbiol 2022; 132:3618-3628. [DOI: 10.1111/jam.15475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 01/29/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kongkana Goswami
- CSIR‐North East Institute of Science and Technology Jorhat‐785006 Assam India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR) Ghaziabad‐201002 India
| | | | - Ratul Saikia
- CSIR‐North East Institute of Science and Technology Jorhat‐785006 Assam India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR) Ghaziabad‐201002 India
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Zhang W, Guo J, Wu X, Ren Y, Li C, Meng X, Liu W. Reformulating the Hydrolytic Enzyme Cocktail of Trichoderma reesei by Combining XYR1 Overexpression and Elimination of Four Major Cellulases to Improve Saccharification of Corn Fiber. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:211-222. [PMID: 34935374 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c05946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The industrial fungus Trichoderma reesei has an outstanding capability of secreting an enzyme cocktail comprising multiple plant biomass-degrading enzymes. Herein, the overexpression of XYR1, the master transactivator controlling (hemi)cellulase gene expression, was performed in T. reesei lacking four main cellulase-encoding genes. The resultant strain Δ4celOExyr1 was able to produce a dramatically different profile of secretory proteins on soluble glucose or lactose compared with that of the wild-type T. reesei. The Δ4celOExyr1 secretome included cellulases EGIII and BGLI as well as several hemicellulases and nonhydrolytic cellulose degradation-associated proteins that are not preferentially induced in the wild-type T. reesei strain. Δ4celOExyr1 produced a significant amount of α-arabinofuranosidase I on lactose, and the crude enzyme cocktail of Δ4celOExyr1 not only released a considerable quantity of glucose but also exhibited remarkable performance in the hydrolytic release of xylose, arabinose, and mannose from un-pretreated corn fiber. These results showed that the engineered T. reesei strain holds great potential for improving the saccharification efficiency of the hemicellulosic constituents within corn fiber.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weixin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, No. 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao 266237, P. R. China
| | - Junqi Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, No. 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao 266237, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoxiao Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, No. 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao 266237, P. R. China
| | - Yajing Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, No. 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao 266237, P. R. China
| | - Chunyan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, No. 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao 266237, P. R. China
| | - Xiangfeng Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, No. 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao 266237, P. R. China
| | - Weifeng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, No. 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao 266237, P. R. China
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Iram A, Cekmecelioglu D, Demirci A. Salt and nitrogen amendment and optimization for cellulase and xylanase production using dilute acid hydrolysate of distillers' dried grains with solubles (DDGS) as the feedstock. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2022; 45:527-540. [PMID: 35013794 DOI: 10.1007/s00449-021-02676-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Distillers' dried grains with solubles (DDGS) is a by-product of dry-mill corn ethanol production comprising a high nutritional value due to residual fiber, protein, and lipid contents. The fiber content of DDGS is high enough to be considered a valuable source for the production of hydrolytic enzymes, such as cellulase and xylanases, which can be used for hydrolysis of lignocellulosic feedstock during ethanol production. The DDGS-based medium prepared after acid hydrolysis provides adequate sugars for enzyme production, while additional macronutrients, such as salts and nitrogen sources, can enhance the enzyme production. Therefore, this study was undertaken to evaluate the effect of salts (KH2PO4, CaCl2·2H2O, MgSO4·7H2O, FeSO4·7H2O, CoCl2·6H2O, and MnSO4·H2O), peptone, and yeast extract on enzyme secretion by four different Aspergillus niger strains and to optimize the nitrogen source for maximum enzyme production. Yeast extract improved the cellulase production (0.38 IU/ml) for A. niger (NRRL 1956) as compared to peptone (0.29 IU/ml). However, maximum cellulase productions of 0.42 IU/ml and 0.45 IU/ml were obtained by A. niger (NRRL 330) and A. niger (NRRL 567), respectively, in presence of ammonium sulfate. The optimized nitrogen amounts resulted in a significant increase in the cellulase production from 0.174 to 0.63 IU/ml on day 9 of the fermentation with A. niger (NRRL 330). The composite model improved both cellulase and xylanase production. In conclusion, the optimization of all three nitrogen sources improved both cellulase and xylanase production in the DDGS-based media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Attia Iram
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, 221 Agricultural Engineering Building, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Deniz Cekmecelioglu
- Department of Food Engineering, Middle East Technical University, 06800, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ali Demirci
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, 221 Agricultural Engineering Building, University Park, PA, 16802, USA.
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35
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Srivastava N, Mohammad A, Singh R, Srivastava M, Syed A, Bahadur Pal D, Elgorban AM, Mishra PK, Gupta VK. Evaluation of enhanced production of cellulose deconstructing enzyme using natural and alkali pretreated sugar cane bagasse under the influence of graphene oxide. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2021; 342:126015. [PMID: 34592619 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2021.126015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2021] [Revised: 09/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
High production cost of cellulase enzyme is one of the main constraints in the practical implementation of biofuels at global scale. Therefore, the present investigation is focused to produce low-cost cellulase via sustainable strategies. This work evaluates to achieve enhanced fungal cellulase production using natural and pretreated sugar cane bagasse (SCB) via Rhizopus oryzae NS5 under the solid state fermentation (SSF) while implementing graphene oxide (GO) as a catalyst. A low alkali treatment showed better performance for cellulase production wherein 14 IU/gds FP activity is observed in 96 h using 0.5% alkali treated SCB, significantly higher as compared to 10 IU/gds FP in case of untreated SCB. Further, the effect of GO has been investigated on cellulase production, incubation temperature and pH of the production medium. Under the influence of 1.5% concentration of GO, alkali pretreated SCB produced maximum 25 IU/gds cellulase in 72 h at pH 5.0 and 40 °C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Srivastava
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Akbar Mohammad
- School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan-si, Gyeongbuk 38541, South Korea
| | - Rajeev Singh
- Department of Environmental Studies, Satyawati College, University of Delhi, Delhi 110052, India
| | - Manish Srivastava
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Asad Syed
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Dan Bahadur Pal
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra Ranchi 835215, Jharkhand, India
| | - Abdallah M Elgorban
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - P K Mishra
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Vijai Kumar Gupta
- Biorefining and Advanced Materials Research Center, Scotland's Rural College (SRUC), Kings Buildings, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JG, UK; Center for Safe and Improved Food, Scotland's Rural College (SRUC), Kings Buildings, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JG, UK.
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36
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Rhein-Knudsen N, Guan C, Mathiesen G, Horn SJ. Expression and production of thermophilic alginate lyases in Bacillus and direct application of culture supernatant for seaweed saccharification. ALGAL RES 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2021.102512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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37
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Amaro Bittencourt G, Porto de Souza Vandenberghe L, Valladares-Diestra K, Wedderhoff Herrmann L, Fátima Murawski de Mello A, Sarmiento Vásquez Z, Grace Karp S, Ricardo Soccol C. Soybean hulls as carbohydrate feedstock for medium to high-value biomolecule production in biorefineries: A review. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2021; 339:125594. [PMID: 34311407 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2021.125594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2021] [Revised: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Soybean is one of the major world crops, with an annual production of 359 million tons. Each ton of processed soybean generates 50-80 kg of soybean hulls (SHs), representing 5-8% of the whole seed. Due to environmental concerns and great economic potential, the search of SHs re-use solutions are deeply discussed. The lignocellulosic composition of SHs has attracted the attention of the scientific and productive sector. Recently, some studies have reported the use of SHs in the production of medium to high value-added molecules, with potential applications in food and feed, agriculture, bioenergy, and other segments. This review presents biotechnological approaches and processes for the management and exploitation of SHs, including pre-treatment methods and fermentation techniques, for the production of different biomolecules. Great potentialities and innovations were found concerning SH exploration and valorisation of the soybean chain under a biorefinery and circular bioeconomy optic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo Amaro Bittencourt
- Federal University of Paraná, Department of Bioprocess Engineering and Biotechnology, Centro Politécnico, 81531-980 Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Luciana Porto de Souza Vandenberghe
- Federal University of Paraná, Department of Bioprocess Engineering and Biotechnology, Centro Politécnico, 81531-980 Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil.
| | - Kim Valladares-Diestra
- Federal University of Paraná, Department of Bioprocess Engineering and Biotechnology, Centro Politécnico, 81531-980 Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Wedderhoff Herrmann
- Federal University of Paraná, Department of Bioprocess Engineering and Biotechnology, Centro Politécnico, 81531-980 Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Ariane Fátima Murawski de Mello
- Federal University of Paraná, Department of Bioprocess Engineering and Biotechnology, Centro Politécnico, 81531-980 Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Zulma Sarmiento Vásquez
- Federal University of Paraná, Department of Bioprocess Engineering and Biotechnology, Centro Politécnico, 81531-980 Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Susan Grace Karp
- Federal University of Paraná, Department of Bioprocess Engineering and Biotechnology, Centro Politécnico, 81531-980 Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Carlos Ricardo Soccol
- Federal University of Paraná, Department of Bioprocess Engineering and Biotechnology, Centro Politécnico, 81531-980 Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
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Srivastava N, Srivastava M, Alhazmi A, Kausar T, Haque S, Singh R, Ramteke PW, Mishra PK, Tuohy M, Leitgeb M, Gupta VK. Technological advances for improving fungal cellulase production from fruit wastes for bioenergy application: A review. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 287:117370. [PMID: 34020262 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Fruit wastes can be imperative to elevate economical biomass to biofuels production process at pilot scale. Because of the renewable features, huge availability, having low lignin content organic nature and low cost; these wastes can be of much interest for cellulase enzyme production. This review provides recent advances on the fungal cellulase production using fruit wastes as a potential substrate. Also, the availability of fruit wastes, generation and processing data and their potential applications for cellulase enzyme production have been discussed. Several aspects, including cellulase and its function, solid-state fermentation, process parameters, microbial source, and the application of enzyme in biofuels industries have also been discussed. Further, emphasis has been made on various bottlenecks and feasible approaches such as use of nanomaterials, co-culture, molecular techniques, genetic engineering, and cost economy analysis to develop a low-cost based comprehensive technology for viable production of cellulase and its application in biofuels production technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Srivastava
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi, 221005, India.
| | - Manish Srivastava
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Alaa Alhazmi
- Medical Laboratory Technology Department, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia; SMIRES for Consultation in Specialized Medical Laboratories, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Tahreem Kausar
- Department of Food Technology, School of Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Jamia Hamdard, Hamdard Nagar, New Delhi, 110062, India
| | - Shafiul Haque
- Research and Scientific Studies Unit, College of Nursing and Allied Health Sciences, Jazan University, Jazan, 45142, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rajeev Singh
- Department of Environmental Studies, Satyawati College, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110052, India
| | - Pramod W Ramteke
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture Technology & Sciences (Formerly Allahabad Agricultural Institute) Allahabad, 221007, Uttar Pradesh, India; Department of Life Sciences, Mandsaur University, Mandsaur, 458001, India
| | - Pradeep Kumar Mishra
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Maria Tuohy
- Molecular Glycobiotechnology Group, Department of Biochemistry, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Maja Leitgeb
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Maribor, Smetanovaulica 17, 2000, Maribor, Slovenija
| | - Vijai Kumar Gupta
- Biorefining and Advanced Materials Research Center, Scotland's Rural College (SRUC), Kings Buildings, West Mains Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3JG, UK; Center for Safe and Improved Food, Scotland's Rural College (SRUC), Kings Buildings, West Mains Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3JG, UK.
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Zhu QL, Wu B, Pisutpaisal N, Wang YW, Ma KD, Dai LC, Qin H, Tan FR, Maeda T, Xu YS, Hu GQ, He MX. Bioenergy from dairy manure: technologies, challenges and opportunities. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 790:148199. [PMID: 34111785 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Dairy manure (DM) is a kind of cheap cellulosic biomass resource which includes lignocellulose and mineral nutrients. Random stacks not only leads damage to the environment, but also results in waste of natural resources. The traditional ways to use DM include returning it to the soil or acting as a fertilizer, which could reduce environmental pollution to some extent. However, the resource utilization rate is not high and socio-economic performance is not utilized. To expand the application of DM, more and more attention has been paid to explore its potential as bioenergy or bio-chemicals production. This article presented a comprehensive review of different types of bioenergy production from DM and provided a general overview for bioenergy production. Importantly, this paper discussed potentials of DM as candidate feedstocks not only for biogas, bioethanol, biohydrogen, microbial fuel cell, lactic acid, and fumaric acid production by microbial technology, but also for bio-oil and biochar production through apyrolysis process. Additionally, the use of manure for replacing freshwater or nutrients for algae cultivation and cellulase production were also discussed. Overall, DM could be a novel suitable material for future biorefinery. Importantly, considerable efforts and further extensive research on overcoming technical bottlenecks like pretreatment, the effective release of fermentable sugars, the absence of robust organisms for fermentation, energy balance, and life cycle assessment should be needed to develop a comprehensive biorefinery model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi-Li Zhu
- Biomass Energy Technology Research Centre, Key Laboratory of Development and Application of Rural Renewable Energy (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Biogas Institute of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Section 4-13, Renmin South Road, Chengdu 610041, PR China; Department of Biological Functions Engineering, Graduate School of Life Science and Systems Engineering, Kyushu Institute of Technology, 2-4 Hibikino,Wakamatsu, Kitakyushu 808-0196, Japan.
| | - Bo Wu
- Biomass Energy Technology Research Centre, Key Laboratory of Development and Application of Rural Renewable Energy (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Biogas Institute of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Section 4-13, Renmin South Road, Chengdu 610041, PR China.
| | - Nipon Pisutpaisal
- The Research and Technology Center for Renewable Products and Energy, King Mongkut's University of Technology North Bangkok, Bangkok 10800, Thailand.
| | - Yan-Wei Wang
- Biomass Energy Technology Research Centre, Key Laboratory of Development and Application of Rural Renewable Energy (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Biogas Institute of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Section 4-13, Renmin South Road, Chengdu 610041, PR China.
| | - Ke-Dong Ma
- College of Environment and Resources, Dalian Minzu University, 18 Liaohe West Road, Dalian 116600, PR China
| | - Li-Chun Dai
- Biomass Energy Technology Research Centre, Key Laboratory of Development and Application of Rural Renewable Energy (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Biogas Institute of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Section 4-13, Renmin South Road, Chengdu 610041, PR China.
| | - Han Qin
- Biomass Energy Technology Research Centre, Key Laboratory of Development and Application of Rural Renewable Energy (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Biogas Institute of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Section 4-13, Renmin South Road, Chengdu 610041, PR China.
| | - Fu-Rong Tan
- Biomass Energy Technology Research Centre, Key Laboratory of Development and Application of Rural Renewable Energy (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Biogas Institute of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Section 4-13, Renmin South Road, Chengdu 610041, PR China.
| | - Toshinari Maeda
- Department of Biological Functions Engineering, Graduate School of Life Science and Systems Engineering, Kyushu Institute of Technology, 2-4 Hibikino,Wakamatsu, Kitakyushu 808-0196, Japan.
| | - Yan-Sheng Xu
- Biomass Energy Technology Research Centre, Key Laboratory of Development and Application of Rural Renewable Energy (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Biogas Institute of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Section 4-13, Renmin South Road, Chengdu 610041, PR China.
| | - Guo-Quan Hu
- Biomass Energy Technology Research Centre, Key Laboratory of Development and Application of Rural Renewable Energy (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Biogas Institute of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Section 4-13, Renmin South Road, Chengdu 610041, PR China.
| | - Ming-Xiong He
- Biomass Energy Technology Research Centre, Key Laboratory of Development and Application of Rural Renewable Energy (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Biogas Institute of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Section 4-13, Renmin South Road, Chengdu 610041, PR China; Chengdu National Agricultural Science and Technology Center, Chengdu, PR China.
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de Souza MF, da Silva Bon EP, da Silva AS. Production of cellulases and β-glucosidases by Trichoderma reesei Rut C30 using steam-pretreated sugarcane bagasse: an integrated approach for onsite enzyme production. BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s43153-021-00114-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Mondal S, Halder SK, Mondal KC. Tailoring in fungi for next generation cellulase production with special reference to CRISPR/CAS system. SYSTEMS MICROBIOLOGY AND BIOMANUFACTURING 2021; 2:113-129. [PMID: 38624901 PMCID: PMC8319711 DOI: 10.1007/s43393-021-00045-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cellulose is the utmost plenteous source of biopolymer in our earth, and fungi are the most efficient and ubiquitous organism in degrading the cellulosic biomass by synthesizing cellulases. Tailoring through genetic manipulation has played a substantial role in constructing novel fungal strains towards improved cellulase production of desired traits. However, the traditional methods of genetic manipulation of fungi are time-consuming and tedious. With the availability of the full-genome sequences of several industrially relevant filamentous fungi, CRISPR-CAS (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats/CRISPR-associated protein) technology has come into the focus for the proficient development of manipulated strains of filamentous fungi. This review summarizes the mode of action of cellulases, transcription level regulation for cellulase expression, various traditional strategies of genetic manipulation with CRISPR-CAS technology to develop modified fungal strains for a preferred level of cellulase production, and the futuristic trend in this arena of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhadeep Mondal
- Center for Life Sciences, Vidyasagar University, Midnapore, 721102 West Bengal India
| | - Suman Kumar Halder
- Department of Microbiology, Vidyasagar University, Midnapore, 721102 West Bengal India
| | - Keshab Chandra Mondal
- Department of Microbiology, Vidyasagar University, Midnapore, 721102 West Bengal India
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Fang H, Li C, Zhao J, Zhao C. Biotechnological Advances and Trends in Engineering Trichoderma reesei towards Cellulase Hyperproducer. BIOTECHNOL BIOPROC E 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s12257-020-0243-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Trichoderma reesei ACE4, a Novel Transcriptional Activator Involved in the Regulation of Cellulase Genes during Growth on Cellulose. Appl Environ Microbiol 2021; 87:e0059321. [PMID: 34047636 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00593-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The filamentous fungus Trichoderma reesei is a model strain for cellulase production. Cellulase gene expression in T. reesei is controlled by multiple transcription factors. Here, we identified by comparative genomic screening a novel transcriptional activator, ACE4 (activator of cellulase expression 4), that positively regulates cellulase gene expression on cellulose in T. reesei. Disruption of the ace4 gene significantly decreased expression of four main cellulase genes and the essential cellulase transcription factor-encoding gene ace3. Overexpression of ace4 increased cellulase production by approximately 22% compared to that in the parental strain. Further investigations using electrophoretic mobility shift assays, DNase I footprinting assays, and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays indicated that ACE4 directly binds to the promoter of cellulase genes by recognizing the two adjacent 5'-GGCC-3' sequences. Additionally, ACE4 directly binds to the promoter of ace3 and, in turn, regulates the expression of ACE3 to facilitate cellulase production. Collectively, these results demonstrate an important role for ACE4 in regulating cellulase gene expression, which will contribute to understanding the mechanism underlying cellulase expression in T. reesei. IMPORTANCE T. reesei is commonly utilized in industry to produce cellulases, enzymes that degrade lignocellulosic biomass for the production of bioethanol and bio-based products. T. reesei is capable of rapidly initiating the biosynthesis of cellulases in the presence of cellulose, which has made it useful as a model fungus for studying gene expression in eukaryotes. Cellulase gene expression is controlled through multiple transcription factors at the transcriptional level. However, the molecular mechanisms by which transcription is controlled remain unclear. In the present study, we identified a novel transcription factor, ACE4, which regulates cellulase expression on cellulose by binding to the promoters of cellulase genes and the cellulase activator gene ace3. Our study not only expands the general functional understanding of the novel transcription factor ACE4 but also provides evidence for the regulatory mechanism mediating gene expression in T. reesei.
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Potential Role of Sequential Solid-State and Submerged-Liquid Fermentations in a Circular Bioeconomy. FERMENTATION 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/fermentation7020076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
An efficient processing of organic solid residues will be pivotal in the development of the circular bioeconomy. Due to their composition, such residues comprise a great biochemical conversion potential through fermentations. Generally, the carbohydrates and proteins present in the organic wastes cannot be directly metabolized by microorganisms. Thus, before fermentation, enzymes are used in a hydrolysis step to release digestible sugars and nitrogen. Although enzymes can be efficiently produced from organic solid residues in solid-state fermentations (SsF), challenges in the development and scale-up of SsF technologies, especially bioreactors, have hindered a wider application of such systems. Therefore, most of the commercial enzymes are produced in submerged-liquid fermentations (SmF) from expensive simple sugars. Instead of independently evaluating SsF and SmF, the review covers the option of combining them in a sequential process in which, enzymes are firstly produced in SsF and then used for hydrolysis, yielding a suitable medium for SmF. The article reviews experimental work that has demonstrated the feasibility of the process and underlines the benefits that such combination has. Finally, a discussion is included which highlights that, unlike typically perceived, SsF should not be considered a counterpart of SmF but, in contrast, the main advantages of each type of fermentation are accentuated in a synergistic sequential SsF-SmF.
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Bioprocess development for enhanced endoglucanase production by newly isolated bacteria, purification, characterization and in-vitro efficacy as anti-biofilm of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Sci Rep 2021; 11:9754. [PMID: 33963217 PMCID: PMC8105381 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-87901-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Endoglucanase producing bacteria were isolated from Egyptian soils and the most active bacterial strain was identified as Bacillus subtilis strain Fatma/1. Plackett-Burman statistical design was carried out to assess the effect of seven process variables on endoglucanase production. Carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), yeast extract and peptone were the most significant variables that enhanced the endoglucanase production and thus were selected for further optimization using face-centered central composite design. The highest yield of endoglucanase (32.37 U/mL) was obtained in run no. 9, using 18 g/L CMC, 8 g/L peptone, 7 g/L yeast extract and 0.1 g/L FeSO4.7H2O. The optimized medium showed about eightfold increase in endoglucanase production compared to the unoptimized medium. The produced crude enzyme was further purified by ammonium sulfate precipitation, then DEAE-Sepharose CL6B column. The purified enzyme was shown to have a molecular weight of 37 kDa. The enzyme showed maximum activity at pH 8.0, temperature of 50 °C, incubation time of 60 min. The half-life time (T1/2) was 139.53 min at 50 °C, while being 82.67 min at 60 °C. Endoglucanase at concentration of 12 U/mL effectively removed 84.61% of biofilm matrix of Pseudomonas aeruginosa with marked reduction in carbohydrate content of the biofilm from 63.4 to 7.9 μg.
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Zhao Q, Liu Q, Wang Q, Qin Y, Zhong Y, Gao L, Liu G, Qu Y. Disruption of the Trichoderma reesei gul1 gene stimulates hyphal branching and reduces broth viscosity in cellulase production. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 48:6132311. [PMID: 33693788 PMCID: PMC9113457 DOI: 10.1093/jimb/kuab012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Hyphal morphology is considered to have a close relationship with the production
level of secreted proteins by filamentous fungi. In this study, the
gul1 gene, which encodes a putative mRNA-binding protein,
was disrupted in cellulase-producing fungus Trichoderma reesei.
The hyphae of Δgul1 strain produced more lateral
branches than the parent strain. Under the condition for cellulase production,
disruption of gul1 resulted in smaller mycelial clumps and
significantly lower viscosity of fermentation broth. In addition, cellulase
production was improved by 22% relative to the parent strain.
Transcriptome analysis revealed that a set of genes encoding cell wall
remodeling enzymes as well as hydrophobins were differentially expressed in the
Δgul1 strain. The results suggest that the
regulatory role of gul1 in cell morphogenesis is likely
conserved in filamentous fungi. To our knowledge, this is the first report on
the engineering of gul1 in an industrially important
fungus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinqin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, 72 Binhai Road, 266237 Qingdao, China
| | - Qin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, 72 Binhai Road, 266237 Qingdao, China
| | - Qi Wang
- National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong University, 27 Binhai Road, 266237 Qingdao, China
| | - Yuqi Qin
- National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong University, 27 Binhai Road, 266237 Qingdao, China
| | - Yaohua Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, 72 Binhai Road, 266237 Qingdao, China
| | - Liwei Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, 72 Binhai Road, 266237 Qingdao, China.,Tobacco Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 11 Keyuanjingsi Road, 266101 Qingdao, China
| | - Guodong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, 72 Binhai Road, 266237 Qingdao, China.,National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong University, 27 Binhai Road, 266237 Qingdao, China
| | - Yinbo Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, 72 Binhai Road, 266237 Qingdao, China.,National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong University, 27 Binhai Road, 266237 Qingdao, China
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Shibata N, Kakeshita H, Igarashi K, Takimura Y, Shida Y, Ogasawara W, Koda T, Hasunuma T, Kondo A. Disruption of alpha-tubulin releases carbon catabolite repression and enhances enzyme production in Trichoderma reesei even in the presence of glucose. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2021; 14:39. [PMID: 33557925 PMCID: PMC7869464 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-021-01887-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Trichoderma reesei is a filamentous fungus that is important as an industrial producer of cellulases and hemicellulases due to its high secretion of these enzymes and outstanding performance in industrial fermenters. However, the reduction of enzyme production caused by carbon catabolite repression (CCR) has long been a problem. Disruption of a typical transcriptional regulator, Cre1, does not sufficiently suppress this reduction in the presence of glucose. RESULTS We found that deletion of an α-tubulin (tubB) in T. reesei enhanced both the amount and rate of secretory protein production. Also, the tubulin-disrupted (ΔtubB) strain had high enzyme production and the same enzyme profile even if the strain was cultured in a glucose-containing medium. From transcriptome analysis, the ΔtubB strain exhibited upregulation of both cellulase and hemicellulase genes including some that were not originally induced by cellulose. Moreover, cellobiose transporter genes and the other sugar transporter genes were highly upregulated, and simultaneous uptake of glucose and cellobiose was also observed in the ΔtubB strain. These results suggested that the ΔtubB strain was released from CCR. CONCLUSION Trichoderma reesei α-tubulin is involved in the transcription of cellulase and hemicellulase genes, as well as in CCR. This is the first report of overcoming CCR by disrupting α-tubulin gene in T. reesei. The disruption of α-tubulin is a promising approach for creating next-generation enzyme-producing strains of T. reesei.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nozomu Shibata
- Biological Science Research, Kao Corporation, 1334 Minato, Wakayama, Wakayama, 640-8580, Japan
- Graduate School of Science, Technology and Innovation, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada-ku, Kobe, Hyogo, 657-8501, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kakeshita
- Biological Science Research, Kao Corporation, 1334 Minato, Wakayama, Wakayama, 640-8580, Japan
| | - Kazuaki Igarashi
- Biological Science Research, Kao Corporation, 2606 Akabane, Ichikai, Haga, Tochigi, 321-3497, Japan
| | - Yasushi Takimura
- Biological Science Research, Kao Corporation, 1334 Minato, Wakayama, Wakayama, 640-8580, Japan
| | - Yosuke Shida
- Department of Bioengineering, Nagaoka University of Technology, 1603-1 Kamitomioka, Nagaoka, Niigata, 940-2188, Japan
| | - Wataru Ogasawara
- Department of Bioengineering, Nagaoka University of Technology, 1603-1 Kamitomioka, Nagaoka, Niigata, 940-2188, Japan
| | - Tohru Koda
- Graduate School of Science, Technology and Innovation, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada-ku, Kobe, Hyogo, 657-8501, Japan
| | - Tomohisa Hasunuma
- Graduate School of Science, Technology and Innovation, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada-ku, Kobe, Hyogo, 657-8501, Japan.
- Engineering Biology Research Center, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada-ku, Kobe, Hyogo, 657-8501, Japan.
| | - Akihiko Kondo
- Graduate School of Science, Technology and Innovation, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada-ku, Kobe, Hyogo, 657-8501, Japan
- Engineering Biology Research Center, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada-ku, Kobe, Hyogo, 657-8501, Japan
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada-ku, Kobe, 657-8501, Japan
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Wang L, Zhang W, Cao Y, Zheng F, Zhao G, Lv X, Meng X, Liu W. Interdependent recruitment of CYC8/TUP1 and the transcriptional activator XYR1 at target promoters is required for induced cellulase gene expression in Trichoderma reesei. PLoS Genet 2021; 17:e1009351. [PMID: 33606681 PMCID: PMC7894907 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1009351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellulase production in filamentous fungus Trichoderma reesei is highly responsive to various environmental cues involving multiple positive and negative regulators. XYR1 (Xylanase regulator 1) has been identified as the key transcriptional activator of cellulase gene expression in T. reesei. However, the precise mechanism by which XYR1 achieves transcriptional activation of cellulase genes is still not fully understood. Here, we identified the TrCYC8/TUP1 complex as a novel coactivator for XYR1 in T. reesei. CYC8/TUP1 is the first identified transcriptional corepressor complex mediating repression of diverse genes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Knockdown of Trcyc8 or Trtup1 resulted in markedly impaired cellulase gene expression in T. reesei. We found that TrCYC8/TUP1 was recruited to cellulase gene promoters upon cellulose induction and this recruitment is dependent on XYR1. We further observed that repressed Trtup1 or Trcyc8 expression caused a strong defect in XYR1 occupancy and loss of histone H4 at cellulase gene promoters. The defects in XYR1 binding and transcriptional activation of target genes in Trtup1 or Trcyc8 repressed cells could not be overcome by XYR1 overexpression. Our results reveal a novel coactivator function for TrCYC8/TUP1 at the level of activator binding, and suggest a mechanism in which interdependent recruitment of XYR1 and TrCYC8/TUP1 to cellulase gene promoters represents an important regulatory circuit in ensuring the induced cellulase gene expression. These findings thus contribute to unveiling the intricate regulatory mechanism underlying XYR1-mediated cellulase gene activation and also provide an important clue that will help further improve cellulase production by T. reesei.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Microbial Technology Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Weixin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Microbial Technology Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yanli Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Microbial Technology Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Fanglin Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Microbial Technology Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Guolei Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Microbial Technology Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xinxing Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Microbial Technology Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiangfeng Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Microbial Technology Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Weifeng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Microbial Technology Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
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V. D. dos Santos AC, Heydenreich R, Derntl C, Mach-Aigner AR, Mach RL, Ramer G, Lendl B. Nanoscale Infrared Spectroscopy and Chemometrics Enable Detection of Intracellular Protein Distribution. Anal Chem 2020; 92:15719-15725. [PMID: 33259186 PMCID: PMC7745202 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c02228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Determination of the intracellular location of proteins is one of the fundamental tasks of microbiology. Conventionally, label-based microscopy and super-resolution techniques are employed. In this work, we demonstrate a new technique that can determine intracellular protein distribution at nanometer spatial resolution. This method combines nanoscale spatial resolution chemical imaging using the photothermal-induced resonance (PTIR) technique with multivariate modeling to reveal the intracellular distribution of cell components. Here, we demonstrate its viability by imaging the distribution of major cellulases and xylanases in Trichoderma reesei using the colocation of a fluorescent label (enhanced yellow fluorescence protein, EYFP) with the target enzymes to calibrate the chemometric model. The obtained partial least squares model successfully shows the distribution of these proteins inside the cell and opens the door for further studies on protein secretion mechanisms using PTIR.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rosa Heydenreich
- Institute
of Chemical, Environmental and Bioscience Engineering, TU Wien, Vienna 1060, Austria
| | - Christian Derntl
- Institute
of Chemical, Environmental and Bioscience Engineering, TU Wien, Vienna 1060, Austria
| | - Astrid R. Mach-Aigner
- Institute
of Chemical, Environmental and Bioscience Engineering, TU Wien, Vienna 1060, Austria
| | - Robert L. Mach
- Institute
of Chemical, Environmental and Bioscience Engineering, TU Wien, Vienna 1060, Austria
| | - Georg Ramer
- Institute
of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, TU Wien, Vienna 1060, Austria
| | - Bernhard Lendl
- Institute
of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, TU Wien, Vienna 1060, Austria
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Sreeja-Raju A, Christopher M, Kooloth-Valappil P, Kuni-Parambil R, Gokhale DV, Sankar M, Abraham A, Pandey A, Sukumaran RK. Penicillium janthinellum NCIM1366 shows improved biomass hydrolysis and a larger number of CAZymes with higher induction levels over Trichoderma reesei RUT-C30. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2020; 13:196. [PMID: 33292411 PMCID: PMC7706291 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-020-01830-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Major cost of bioethanol is attributed to enzymes employed in biomass hydrolysis. Biomass hydrolyzing enzymes are predominantly produced from the hyper-cellulolytic mutant filamentous fungus Trichoderma reesei RUT-C30. Several decades of research have failed to provide an industrial grade organism other than T. reesei, capable of producing higher titers of an effective synergistic biomass hydrolyzing enzyme cocktail. Penicillium janthinellum NCIM1366 was reported as a cellulase hyper producer and a potential alternative to T. reesei, but a comparison of their hydrolytic performance was seldom attempted. RESULTS Hydrolysis of acid or alkali-pretreated rice straw using cellulase enzyme preparations from P. janthinellum and T. reesei indicated 37 and 43% higher glucose release, respectively, with P. janthinellum enzymes. A comparison of these fungi with respect to their secreted enzymes indicated that the crude enzyme preparation from P. janthinellum showed 28% higher overall cellulase activity. It also had an exceptional tenfold higher beta-glucosidase activity compared to that of T. reesei, leading to a lower cellobiose accumulation and thus alleviating the feedback inhibition. P. janthinellum secreted more number of proteins to the extracellular medium whose total concentration was 1.8-fold higher than T. reesei. Secretome analyses of the two fungi revealed higher number of CAZymes and a higher relative abundance of cellulases upon cellulose induction in the fungus. CONCLUSIONS The results revealed the ability of P. janthinellum for efficient biomass degradation through hyper cellulase production, and it outperformed the established industrial cellulase producer T. reesei in the hydrolysis experiments. A higher level of induction, larger number of secreted CAZymes and a high relative proportion of BGL to cellulases indicate the possible reasons for its performance advantage in biomass hydrolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- AthiraRaj Sreeja-Raju
- Biofuels and Biorefineries Section, Microbial Processes and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Industrial Estate, Pappanamcode, Thiruvananthapuram, 695019, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Meera Christopher
- Biofuels and Biorefineries Section, Microbial Processes and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Industrial Estate, Pappanamcode, Thiruvananthapuram, 695019, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Prajeesh Kooloth-Valappil
- Biofuels and Biorefineries Section, Microbial Processes and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Industrial Estate, Pappanamcode, Thiruvananthapuram, 695019, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Rajasree Kuni-Parambil
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, India
| | | | - Meena Sankar
- Biofuels and Biorefineries Section, Microbial Processes and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Industrial Estate, Pappanamcode, Thiruvananthapuram, 695019, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Amith Abraham
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ashok Pandey
- Centre for Innovation and Translational Research, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow, India
| | - Rajeev K Sukumaran
- Biofuels and Biorefineries Section, Microbial Processes and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Industrial Estate, Pappanamcode, Thiruvananthapuram, 695019, India.
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India.
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