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Sun C, Zhang Z, Liu M, Ceretta S, Zhang S, Guo B, Li Y, Liu Z, Gu Y, Ao X, Qiu L. Comparison of grain traits and genetic diversity between Chinese and Uruguayan soybeans ( Glycine max L.). FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1435881. [PMID: 39114471 PMCID: PMC11303235 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1435881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024]
Abstract
Soybeans (Glycine max L.), originating in China, were introduced to South America in the late 19th century after passing through North America. South America is now a major soybean-producing region, accounting for approximately 40% of the global soybean production. Crops like soybeans gradually adapt to the local climate and human-selected conditions, resulting in beneficial variations during cultivation in different regions. Comparing the phenotypic and genetic variations in soybeans across different regions is crucial to determining the variations that may enhance soybean productivity. This study identified seed-related traits and conducted a genetic diversity analysis using 46 breeding soybean varieties from China and Uruguay. Compared to the Chinese soybean germplasm, the Uruguayan equivalent had a lower 100-grain weight, higher oil content, lower protein content, and higher soluble sugar content. Using ZDX1 gene chips, genetic typing was performed on the 46 breeding varieties. Cluster analysis based on SNP sites revealed significant differences in the genetic basis of Sino-Uruguayan soybean germplasm. Selection analysis, including nucleotide polymorphism (π) and fixation indexes (Fst), identified several genomic regions under selection between Sino-Uruguayan soybean germplasm. The selected intervals significantly enriched gene ontology (GO) terms related to protein metabolism. Additionally, differentiation occurred in genes associated with the oil content, seed weight, and cyst nematodes between Sino-Uruguayan soybean germplasm, such as GmbZIP123 and GmSSS1. These findings highlight the differences in seed-related phenotypes between Sino-Uruguay soybean germplasm and provide genomic-level insights into the mechanisms behind phenotypic differences, offering valuable references for understanding soybean evolution and molecular breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Sun
- College of Agronomy, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Zhihao Zhang
- The National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement (NFCRI)/State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and Breeding/Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resource and Germplasm Enhancement (MOA)/Key Laboratory of Grain Crop Genetic Resources Evaluation and Utilization, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology in Chinese Ministry of Education (Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology and Breeding/Genetics of Chinese Agriculture Ministry), Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Meiling Liu
- College of Agronomy, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Sergio Ceretta
- National Agricultural Research Institute (INIA), Soybean Breeding Program, Colonia, Uruguay
| | - Shengrui Zhang
- The National Engineering Research Center for Crop Molecular Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs (MARA) Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology (Beijing), Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Bingfu Guo
- Nanchang Branch of the National Center of Oilcrops Improvement, Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory for the Genetic Improvement of Oilcrops, Institute of Crops, Jiangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanchang, China
| | - Yinghui Li
- The National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement (NFCRI)/State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and Breeding/Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resource and Germplasm Enhancement (MOA)/Key Laboratory of Grain Crop Genetic Resources Evaluation and Utilization, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhangxiong Liu
- The National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement (NFCRI)/State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and Breeding/Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resource and Germplasm Enhancement (MOA)/Key Laboratory of Grain Crop Genetic Resources Evaluation and Utilization, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yongzhe Gu
- The National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement (NFCRI)/State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and Breeding/Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resource and Germplasm Enhancement (MOA)/Key Laboratory of Grain Crop Genetic Resources Evaluation and Utilization, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xue Ao
- College of Agronomy, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Lijuan Qiu
- The National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement (NFCRI)/State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and Breeding/Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resource and Germplasm Enhancement (MOA)/Key Laboratory of Grain Crop Genetic Resources Evaluation and Utilization, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
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Zhang Y, Cui X, Lin S, Lu T, Li H, Lu Y, Cao M, Lin X, Ling X. Knockout of a PLD gene in Schizochytrium limacinum SR21 enhances docosahexaenoic acid accumulation by modulation of the phospholipid profile. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS AND BIOPRODUCTS 2024; 17:16. [PMID: 38291531 PMCID: PMC10826259 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-024-02465-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The hydrolysis and transphosphatidylation of phospholipase D (PLD) play important roles in the interconversion of phospholipids (PLs), which has been shown to profoundly impact lipid metabolism in plants. In this study, the effect of the PLD1 gene of Schizochytrium limacinum SR21 (S. limacinum SR21) on lipid metabolism was investigated. RESULTS PLD1 knockout had little impact on cell growth and lipid production, but it significantly improved the percentage of polyunsaturated fatty acids in lipids, of which docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) content increased by 13.3% compared to the wild-type strain. Phospholipomics and real-time quantitative PCR analysis revealed the knockout of PLD1 reduced the interexchange and increased de novo synthesis of PLs, which altered the composition of PLs, accompanied by a final decrease in phosphatidylcholine (PC) and an increase in phosphatidylinositol, lysophosphatidylcholine, and phosphatidic acid levels. PLD1 knockout also increased DHA content in triglycerides (TAGs) and decreased it in PLs. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that PLD1 mainly performs the transphosphatidylation activity in S. limacinum SR21, and its knockout promotes the migration of DHA from PLs to TAGs, which is conducive to DHA accumulation and storage in TAGs via an acyl CoA-independent pathway. This study provides a novel approach for identifying the mechanism of DHA accumulation and metabolic regulation strategies for DHA production in S. limacinum SR21.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiting Zhang
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaowen Cui
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuizhi Lin
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Lu
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Li
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, People's Republic of China
| | - Yinghua Lu
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, People's Republic of China
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biotechnology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, People's Republic of China
- The Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology of Fujian Province (Xiamen University), Xiamen, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingfeng Cao
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, People's Republic of China
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biotechnology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, People's Republic of China
| | - Xihuang Lin
- Analysis and Test Center, Ministry of Natural Resources, Third Institute of Oceanography, Xiamen, 361005, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xueping Ling
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, People's Republic of China.
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biotechnology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, People's Republic of China.
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Wang Y, Wakelam MJO, Bankaitis VA, McDermott MI. The wide world of non-mammalian phospholipase D enzymes. Adv Biol Regul 2024; 91:101000. [PMID: 38081756 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbior.2023.101000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
Phospholipase D (PLD) hydrolyses phosphatidylcholine (PtdCho) to produce free choline and the critically important lipid signaling molecule phosphatidic acid (PtdOH). Since the initial discovery of PLD activities in plants and bacteria, PLDs have been identified in a diverse range of organisms spanning the taxa. While widespread interest in these proteins grew following the discovery of mammalian isoforms, research into the PLDs of non-mammalian organisms has revealed a fascinating array of functions ranging from roles in microbial pathogenesis, to the stress responses of plants and the developmental patterning of flies. Furthermore, studies in non-mammalian model systems have aided our understanding of the entire PLD superfamily, with translational relevance to human biology and health. Increasingly, the promise for utilization of non-mammalian PLDs in biotechnology is also being recognized, with widespread potential applications ranging from roles in lipid synthesis, to their exploitation for agricultural and pharmaceutical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Wang
- Department of Cell Biology & Genetics, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College Station, TX, 77843, USA; Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA98109, USA
| | - M J O Wakelam
- Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, CB22 3AT, United Kingdom
| | - V A Bankaitis
- Department of Cell Biology & Genetics, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College Station, TX, 77843, USA; Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA; Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - M I McDermott
- Department of Cell Biology & Genetics, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College Station, TX, 77843, USA.
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Yao D, Zhou J, Zhang A, Wang J, Liu Y, Wang L, Pi W, Li Z, Yue W, Cai J, Liu H, Hao W, Qu X. Advances in CRISPR/Cas9-based research related to soybean [ Glycine max (Linn.) Merr] molecular breeding. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1247707. [PMID: 37711287 PMCID: PMC10499359 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1247707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
Soybean [Glycine max (Linn.) Merr] is a source of plant-based proteins and an essential oilseed crop and industrial raw material. The increase in the demand for soybeans due to societal changes has coincided with the increase in the breeding of soybean varieties with enhanced traits. Earlier gene editing technologies involved zinc finger nucleases and transcription activator-like effector nucleases, but the third-generation gene editing technology uses clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated protein 9 (Cas9). The rapid development of CRISPR/Cas9 technology has made it one of the most effective, straightforward, affordable, and user-friendly technologies for targeted gene editing. This review summarizes the application of CRISPR/Cas9 technology in soybean molecular breeding. More specifically, it provides an overview of the genes that have been targeted, the type of editing that occurs, the mechanism of action, and the efficiency of gene editing. Furthermore, suggestions for enhancing and accelerating the molecular breeding of novel soybean varieties with ideal traits (e.g., high yield, high quality, and durable disease resistance) are included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Yao
- College of Life Science, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin, China
- Institute of Crop Resources, Jilin Provincial Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Gongzhuling, Jilin, China
| | - Junming Zhou
- College of Life Science, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Aijing Zhang
- College of Agronomy, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Jiaxin Wang
- College of Life Science, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Yixuan Liu
- College of Life Science, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Lixue Wang
- College of Life Science, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Wenxuan Pi
- College of Life Science, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Zihao Li
- College of Life Science, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Wenjun Yue
- College of Life Science, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Jinliang Cai
- College of Life Science, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Huijing Liu
- College of Life Science, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Wenyuan Hao
- Jilin Provincial Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Xiangchun Qu
- Institute of Crop Resources, Jilin Provincial Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Gongzhuling, Jilin, China
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Hong K, Yao Q, Golding JB, Pristijiono P, Zhang X, Hou X, Yuan D, Li Y, Chen L, Song K, Chen J. Low temperature storage alleviates internal browning of ‘Comte de Paris’ winter pineapple fruit by reducing phospholipid degradation, phosphatidic acid accumulation and membrane lipid peroxidation processes. Food Chem 2023; 404:134656. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.134656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Zuo JF, Chen Y, Ge C, Liu JY, Zhang YM. Identification of QTN-by-environment interactions and their candidate genes for soybean seed oil-related traits using 3VmrMLM. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1096457. [PMID: 36578334 PMCID: PMC9792120 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1096457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Introduction Although seed oil content and its fatty acid compositions in soybean were affected by environment, QTN-by-environment (QEIs) and gene-by-environment interactions (GEIs) were rarely reported in genome-wide association studies. Methods The 3VmrMLM method was used to associate the trait phenotypes, measured in five to seven environments, of 286 soybean accessions with 106,013 SNPs for detecting QTNs and QEIs. Results Seven oil metabolism genes (GmSACPD-A, GmSACPD-B, GmbZIP123, GmSWEET39, GmFATB1A, GmDGAT2D, and GmDGAT1B) around 598 QTNs and one oil metabolism gene GmFATB2B around 54 QEIs were verified in previous studies; 76 candidate genes and 66 candidate GEIs were predicted to be associated with these traits, in which 5 genes around QEIs were verified in other species to participate in oil metabolism, and had differential expression across environments. These genes were found to be related to soybean seed oil content in haplotype analysis. In addition, most candidate GEIs were co-expressed with drought response genes in co-expression network, and three KEGG pathways which respond to drought were enriched under drought stress rather than control condition; six candidate genes were hub genes in the co-expression networks under drought stress. Discussion The above results indicated that GEIs, together with drought response genes in co-expression network, may respond to drought, and play important roles in regulating seed oil-related traits together with oil metabolism genes. These results provide important information for genetic basis, molecular mechanisms, and soybean breeding for seed oil-related traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Fang Zuo
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ying Chen
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Chao Ge
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jin-Yang Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Horticultural Crop Genetic Improvement, Institute of Industrial Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuan-Ming Zhang
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
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Han X, Zhang YW, Liu JY, Zuo JF, Zhang ZC, Guo L, Zhang YM. 4D genetic networks reveal the genetic basis of metabolites and seed oil-related traits in 398 soybean RILs. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS AND BIOPRODUCTS 2022; 15:92. [PMID: 36076247 PMCID: PMC9461130 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-022-02191-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Background The yield and quality of soybean oil are determined by seed oil-related traits, and metabolites/lipids act as bridges between genes and traits. Although there are many studies on the mode of inheritance of metabolites or traits, studies on multi-dimensional genetic network (MDGN) are limited. Results In this study, six seed oil-related traits, 59 metabolites, and 107 lipids in 398 recombinant inbred lines, along with their candidate genes and miRNAs, were used to construct an MDGN in soybean. Around 175 quantitative trait loci (QTLs), 36 QTL-by-environment interactions, and 302 metabolic QTL clusters, 70 and 181 candidate genes, including 46 and 70 known homologs, were previously reported to be associated with the traits and metabolites, respectively. Gene regulatory networks were constructed using co-expression, protein–protein interaction, and transcription factor binding site and miRNA target predictions between candidate genes and 26 key miRNAs. Using modern statistical methods, 463 metabolite–lipid, 62 trait–metabolite, and 89 trait–lipid associations were found to be significant. Integrating these associations into the above networks, an MDGN was constructed, and 128 sub-networks were extracted. Among these sub-networks, the gene–trait or gene–metabolite relationships in 38 sub-networks were in agreement with previous studies, e.g., oleic acid (trait)–GmSEI–GmDGAT1a–triacylglycerol (16:0/18:2/18:3), gene and metabolite in each of 64 sub-networks were predicted to be in the same pathway, e.g., oleic acid (trait)–GmPHS–d-glucose, and others were new, e.g., triacylglycerol (16:0/18:1/18:2)–GmbZIP123–GmHD-ZIPIII-10–miR166s–oil content. Conclusions This study showed the advantages of MGDN in dissecting the genetic relationships between complex traits and metabolites. Using sub-networks in MGDN, 3D genetic sub-networks including pyruvate/threonine/citric acid revealed genetic relationships between carbohydrates, oil, and protein content, and 4D genetic sub-networks including PLDs revealed the relationships between oil-related traits and phospholipid metabolism likely influenced by the environment. This study will be helpful in soybean quality improvement and molecular biological research. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13068-022-02191-1.
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Park ME, Kim HU. Applications and prospects of genome editing in plant fatty acid and triacylglycerol biosynthesis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:969844. [PMID: 36119569 PMCID: PMC9471015 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.969844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Triacylglycerol (TAG), which is a neutral lipid, has a structure in which three molecules of fatty acid (FA) are ester-bonded to one molecule of glycerol. TAG is important energy source for seed germination and seedling development in plants. Depending on the FA composition of the TAG, it is used as an edible oil or industrial material for cosmetics, soap, and lubricant. As the demand for plant oil is rising worldwide, either the type of FA must be changed or the total oil content of various plants must be increased. In this review, we discuss the regulation of FA metabolism by Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/Cas9, a recent genome-editing technology applicable to various plants. The development of plants with higher levels of oleic acid or lower levels of very long-chain fatty acids (VLCFAs) in seeds are discussed. In addition, the current status of research on acyltransferases, phospholipases, TAG lipases, and TAG synthesis in vegetative tissues is described. Finally, strategies for the application of CRISPR/Cas9 in lipid metabolism studies are mentioned.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mid-Eum Park
- Department of Molecular Biology, Sejong University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hyun Uk Kim
- Department of Molecular Biology, Sejong University, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Bioindustry and Bioresource Engineering, Plant Engineering Research Institute, Sejong University, Seoul, South Korea
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Hu Y, Wang Z, Li X, Li L, Wang X, Wei Y. Nondestructive Classification of Maize Moldy Seeds by Hyperspectral Imaging and Optimal Machine Learning Algorithms. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 22:s22166064. [PMID: 36015825 PMCID: PMC9414765 DOI: 10.3390/s22166064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Revised: 08/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Mildew of maize seeds may affect their germination rates and reduce crop quality. It is crucial to classify maize seeds efficiently and without destroying their original structure. This study aimed to establish hyperspectral datasets using hyperspectral imaging (HSI) of maize seeds with different degrees of mildew and then classify them using spectral characteristics and machine learning algorithms. Initially, the images were processed with Otus and morphological operations. Each seed's spectral features were extracted based on its coding, its edge, region of interest (ROI), and original pixel coding. Random forest (RF) models were optimized using the sparrow search algorithm (SSA), which is incapable of escaping the local optimum; hence, it was optimized using a modified reverse sparrow search algorithm (JYSSA) strategy. This reverse strategy selects the top 10% as the elite group, allowing us to escape from local optima while simultaneously expanding the range of the sparrow search algorithm's optimal solution. Finally, the JYSSA-RF algorithm was applied to the validation set, with 96% classification accuracy, 100% precision, and a 93% recall rate. This study provides novel ideas for future nondestructive detection of seeds and moldy seed selection by combining hyperspectral imaging and JYSSA algorithms based on optimized RF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yating Hu
- College of Information Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Zhi Wang
- College of Information Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
- Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130102, China
| | - Xiaofeng Li
- Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130102, China
- Changchun Jingyuetan Remote Sensing Test Site, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130102, China
- Correspondence:
| | - Lei Li
- Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130102, China
| | - Xigang Wang
- College of Geoexploration Science and Technology, Jilin University, Changchun 130026, China
| | - Yanlin Wei
- Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130102, China
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Yao S, Wang G, Wang X. Effects of Phospholipase Dε Overexpression on Soybean Response to Nitrogen and Nodulation. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:852923. [PMID: 35599864 PMCID: PMC9121066 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.852923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen is a key macronutrient to plant growth. We found previously that increased expression of phospholipase Dε (PLDε), which hydrolyzes phospholipids into phosphatidic acid (PA), enhanced plant growth under nitrogen deficiency in Brassicaceae species Arabidopsis and canola. The present study investigated the effect of AtPLDε-overexpression (OE) on soybean (Glycine max), a species capable of symbiotic nitrogen fixation. AtPLDε-OE soybean plants displayed increased root length and leaf size, and the effect of AtPLDε-ΟΕ on leaf size was greater under nitrogen-deficient than -sufficient condition. Under nitrogen deficiency, AtPLDε-OE soybean plants had a higher chlorophyll content and activity of nitrogen assimilation-related enzymes than wild-type soybean plants. AtPLDε-OE led to a higher level of specific PA species in roots after rhizobium inoculation than wild type. AtPLDε-OE soybean plants also increased seed production under nitrogen deprivation with and without nodulation and decreased seed germination in response to high humidity storage and artificial aging. These results suggest that PLDε promotes nitrogen response and affects adversely seed viability during storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuaibing Yao
- Department of Biology, University of Missouri-St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Geliang Wang
- Department of Biology, University of Missouri-St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Xuemin Wang
- Department of Biology, University of Missouri-St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, MO, United States
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Yang J, Chen B, Manan S, Li P, Liu C, She G, Zhao S, Zhao J. Critical metabolic pathways and SAD/FADs, WRI1s, and DGATs cooperate for high-oleic acid oil production in developing oil tea ( Camellia oleifera) seeds. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2022; 9:uhac087. [PMID: 35694723 PMCID: PMC9178347 DOI: 10.1093/hr/uhac087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Oil tea trees produce high-quality edible oils with desirably high oleic acid (18:1) and low linoleic (18:2) and linolenic (18:3) fatty acid (FA) levels, but limited understanding of tea oil biosynthesis and regulation has become a significant obstacle for the breeding of high-yield and -quality oil tea varieties. By integrating metabolite and transcriptome analyses of developing oil tea seeds, we dissected the critical metabolic pathways, including glycolysis, fatty acid, and triacylglycerol (TAG) biosynthesis, as well as genes essential for tea seed oil production. Two plastidic stearoyl-acyl carrier protein desaturases (CoSAD1 and 2) and two endoplasmic reticulum-localized FA desaturases (CoFAD2 and 3) were functionally characterized as responsible for high 18:1 and low 18:2 and 18:3 proportions in tea oils. Two diacylglycerol O-acyltransferases (CoDGAT1 and 2) that may prefer to synthesize 18:1-TAG were functionally characterized and might be also important for high 18:1-TAG production. The highly expressed CoWRI1a and b were identified and characterized as activators of glycolysis and regulators of directing source carbon flux into FA biosynthesis in developing oil tea seeds. The upregulated CoSADs with downregulated CoFAD2 and CoFAD3 at the late seed developmental stages mainly accounted for high 18:1 levels. Two CoDGATs might be responsible for assembling TAGs with oleoyl acyl chains, whilst two CoWRI1s regulated carbons from parental sources, partitioning into oil production in oil tea embryo sinks. This study provides a deep understanding of the biosynthesis of tea seed oils and information on genes that may be used as molecular markers to breed oil tea varieties with higher oil yield and quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihong Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, College of Tea and Food Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Beibei Chen
- National Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 340070, China
| | | | - Penghui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, College of Tea and Food Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Chun Liu
- BGI Institute of Applied Agriculture, BGI–Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China
| | - Guangbiao She
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, College of Tea and Food Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Shancen Zhao
- BGI Institute of Applied Agriculture, BGI–Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China
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12
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Wang R, Wu F, Xie X, Yang C. Quantitative Trait Locus Mapping of Seed Vigor in Soybean under -20 °C Storage and Accelerated Aging Conditions via RAD Sequencing. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2021; 43:1977-1996. [PMID: 34889905 PMCID: PMC8928945 DOI: 10.3390/cimb43030136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to its fast deterioration, soybean (Glycine max L.) has an inherently poor seed vigor. Vigor loss occurring during storage is one of the main obstacles to soybean production in the tropics. To analyze the genetic background of seed vigor, soybean seeds of a recombinant inbred line (RIL) population derived from the cross between Zhonghuang24 (ZH24, low vigor cultivar) and Huaxia3hao (HX3, vigorous cultivar) were utilized to identify the quantitative trait loci (QTLs) underlying the seed vigor under -20 °C conservation and accelerated aging conditions. According to the linkage analysis, multiple seed vigor-related QTLs were identified under both -20 °C and accelerated aging storage. Two major QTLs and eight QTL hotspots localized on chromosomes 3, 6, 9, 11, 15, 16, 17, and 19 were detected that were associated with seed vigor across two storage conditions. The indicators of seed vigor did not correlate well between the two aging treatments, and no common QTLs were detected in RIL populations stored in two conditions. These results indicated that deterioration under accelerated aging conditions was not reflective of natural aging at -20 °C. Additionally, we suggest 15 promising candidate genes that could possibly determine the seed vigor in soybeans, which would help explore the mechanisms responsible for maintaining high seed vigor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongfan Wang
- Department of Seed Science and Technology, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (R.W.); (F.W.)
| | - Fengqi Wu
- Department of Seed Science and Technology, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (R.W.); (F.W.)
| | - Xianrong Xie
- Department of Genetics, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China;
| | - Cunyi Yang
- Department of Seed Science and Technology, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (R.W.); (F.W.)
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13
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Deepika D, Singh A. Plant phospholipase D: novel structure, regulatory mechanism, and multifaceted functions with biotechnological application. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2021; 42:106-124. [PMID: 34167393 DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2021.1924113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Phospholipases D (PLDs) are important membrane lipid-modifying enzymes in eukaryotes. Phosphatidic acid, the product of PLD activity, is a vital signaling molecule. PLD-mediated lipid signaling has been the subject of extensive research leading to discovery of its crystal structure. PLDs are involved in the pathophysiology of several human diseases, therefore, viewed as promising targets for drug design. The availability of a eukaryotic PLD crystal structure will encourage PLD targeted drug designing. PLDs have been implicated in plants response to biotic and abiotic stresses. However, the molecular mechanism of response is not clear. Recently, several novel findings have shown that PLD mediated modulation of structural and developmental processes, such as: stomata movement, root growth and microtubule organization are crucial for plants adaptation to environmental stresses. Involvement of PLDs in regulating membrane remodeling, auxin mediated alteration of root system architecture and nutrient uptake to combat nitrogen and phosphorus deficiencies and magnesium toxicity is established. PLDs via vesicle trafficking modulate cytoskeleton and exocytosis to regulate self-incompatibility (SI) signaling in flowering plants, thereby contributes to plants hybrid vigor and diversity. In addition, the important role of PLDs has been recognized in biotechnologically important functions, including oil/TAG synthesis and maintenance of seed quality. In this review, we describe the crystal structure of a plant PLD and discuss the molecular mechanism of catalysis and activity regulation. Further, the role of PLDs in regulating plant development under biotic and abiotic stresses, nitrogen and phosphorus deficiency, magnesium ion toxicity, SI signaling and pollen tube growth and in important biotechnological applications has been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepika Deepika
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Amarjeet Singh
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, New Delhi, India
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14
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Bhunia RK, Sinha K, Kaur R, Kaur S, Chawla K. A Holistic View of the Genetic Factors Involved in Triggering Hydrolytic and Oxidative Rancidity of Rice Bran Lipids. FOOD REVIEWS INTERNATIONAL 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/87559129.2021.1915328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Rupam Kumar Bhunia
- National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI), Plant Tissue Culture and Genetic Engineering, Mohali, Punjab, India
| | - Kshitija Sinha
- National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI), Plant Tissue Culture and Genetic Engineering, Mohali, Punjab, India
- Department of Biotechnology, Sector-25, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Ranjeet Kaur
- Department of Genetics, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi, India
| | - Sumandeep Kaur
- Department of Biotechnology, Sector-25, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Kirti Chawla
- National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI), Plant Tissue Culture and Genetic Engineering, Mohali, Punjab, India
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15
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Zhang G, Yang J, Chen X, Zhao D, Zhou X, Zhang Y, Wang X, Zhao J. Phospholipase D- and phosphatidic acid-mediated phospholipid metabolism and signaling modulate symbiotic interaction and nodulation in soybean (Glycine max). THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 106:142-158. [PMID: 33377234 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 11/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Symbiotic rhizobium-legume interactions, such as root hair curling, rhizobial invasion, infection thread expansion, cell division and proliferation of nitrogen-fixing bacteroids, and nodule formation, involve extensive membrane synthesis, lipid remodeling and cytoskeleton dynamics. However, little is known about these membrane-cytoskeleton interfaces and related genes. Here, we report the roles of a major root phospholipase D (PLD), PLDα1, and its enzymatic product, phosphatidic acid (PA), in rhizobium-root interaction and nodulation. PLDα1 was activated and the PA content transiently increased in roots after rhizobial infection. Levels of PLDα1 transcript and PA, as well as actin and tubulin cytoskeleton-related gene expression, changed markedly during root-rhizobium interactions and nodule development. Pre-treatment of the roots of soybean seedlings with n-butanol suppressed the generation of PLD-derived PA, the expression of early nodulation genes and nodule numbers. Overexpression or knockdown of GmPLDα1 resulted in changes in PA levels, glycerolipid profiles, nodule numbers, actin cytoskeleton dynamics, early nodulation gene expression and hormone levels upon rhizobial infection compared with GUS roots. The transcript levels of cytoskeleton-related genes, such as GmACTIN, GmTUBULIN, actin capping protein 1 (GmCP1) and microtubule-associating protein (GmMAP1), were modified in GmPLDα1-altered hairy roots compared with those of GUS roots. Phosphatidic acid physically bound to GmCP1 and GmMAP1, which could be related to cytoskeletal changes in rhizobium-infected GmPLDα1 mutant roots. These data suggest that PLDα1 and PA play important roles in soybean-rhizobium interaction and nodulation. The possible underlying mechanisms, including PLDα1- and PA-mediated lipid signaling, membrane remodeling, cytoskeleton dynamics and related hormone signaling, are discussed herein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaoyang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, College of Tea and Food Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Jihong Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, College of Tea and Food Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Xiangli Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Dandan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, College of Tea and Food Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Xiuhong Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, College of Tea and Food Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Yuliang Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Xuemin Wang
- Department of Biology, University of Missouri-St Louis, St Louis, MO, 63121, USA
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St Louis, MO, 63132, USA
| | - Jian Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, College of Tea and Food Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China
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Torabi S, Sukumaran A, Dhaubhadel S, Johnson SE, LaFayette P, Parrott WA, Rajcan I, Eskandari M. Effects of type I Diacylglycerol O-acyltransferase (DGAT1) genes on soybean (Glycine max L.) seed composition. Sci Rep 2021; 11:2556. [PMID: 33510334 PMCID: PMC7844222 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-82131-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Type I Diacylglycerol acyltransferase (DGAT1) catalyzes the final step of the biosynthesis process of triacylglycerol (TAG), the major storage lipids in plant seeds, through the esterification of diacylglycerol (DAG). To characterize the function of DGAT1 genes on the accumulation of oil and other seed composition traits in soybean, transgenic lines were generated via trans-acting siRNA technology, in which three DGAT1 genes (Glyma.13G106100, Glyma.09G065300, and Glyma.17G053300) were downregulated. The simultaneous downregulation of the three isoforms in transgenic lines was found to be associated with the reduction of seed oil concentrations by up to 18 mg/g (8.3%), which was correlated with increases in seed protein concentration up to 42 mg/g (11%). Additionally, the downregulations also influenced the fatty acid compositions in the seeds of transgenic lines through increasing the level of oleic acid, up to 121 mg/g (47.3%). The results of this study illustrate the importance of DGAT1 genes in determining the seed compositions in soybean through the development of new potential technology for manipulating seed quality in soybean to meet the demands for its various food and industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sepideh Torabi
- Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Arjun Sukumaran
- London Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, London, ON, Canada
- Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Sangeeta Dhaubhadel
- London Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, London, ON, Canada
- Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Sarah E Johnson
- Center for Applied Genetic Technologies, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Peter LaFayette
- Center for Applied Genetic Technologies, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Wayne A Parrott
- Center for Applied Genetic Technologies, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Istvan Rajcan
- Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Milad Eskandari
- Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada.
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17
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Pascoli DU, Suko A, Gustafson R, Gough HL, Bura R. Novel ethanol production using biomass preprocessing to increase ethanol yield and reduce overall costs. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2021; 14:9. [PMID: 33413532 PMCID: PMC7789555 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-020-01839-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ethanol biorefineries need to lower their overall production costs to become economically feasible. Two strategies to achieve this are to reduce costs using cheaper feedstocks or to increase the ethanol production yield. Low-cost feedstocks usually have high non-structural components (NSC) content; therefore, a new process is necessary to accommodate these feedstocks and overcome the negative effects of NSC. This study developed a novel ethanol biorefinery process including a biomass preprocessing step that enabled the use of lower-cost feedstocks while improving ethanol production without detoxification (overliming). Two types of poplar feedstocks were used, low-quality whole-tree chips (WTC) and high-quality clean pulp chips (CPC), to determine if the proposed process is effective while using feedstocks with different NSC contents. RESULTS Technical assessment showed that acidic preprocessing increased the monomeric sugar recovery of WTC from 73.2% (untreated) to 87.5% due to reduced buffering capacity of poplar, improved sugar solubilization during pretreatment, and better enzymatic hydrolysis conversion. Preprocessing alone significantly improved the fermentability of the liquid fraction from 1-2% to 49-56% for both feedstocks while overliming improved it to 45%. Consequently, it was proposed that preprocessing can substitute for the detoxification step. The economic assessment revealed that using poplar WTC via the new process increased annual ethanol production of 10.5 million liters when compared to using CPC via overliming (base case scenario). Also, savings in total operating costs were about $10 million per year when using cheaper poplar WTC instead of CPC, and using recycled water for preprocessing lowered its total operating costs by 45-fold. CONCLUSIONS The novel process developed in this study was successful in increasing ethanol production while decreasing overall costs, thus facilitating the feasibility of lignocellulosic ethanol biorefineries. Key factors to achieving this outcome included substituting overliming by preprocessing, enabling the use of lower-quality feedstock, increasing monomeric sugar recovery and ethanol fermentation yield, and using recycled water for preprocessing. In addition, preprocessing enabled the implementation of an evaporator-combustor downstream design, resulting in a low-loading waste stream that can be treated in a wastewater treatment plant with a simple configuration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle Uchimura Pascoli
- School of Environmental and Forest Sciences, University of Washington, Box 352100, Seattle, WA 98195-2100 USA
| | - Azra Suko
- School of Environmental and Forest Sciences, University of Washington, Box 352100, Seattle, WA 98195-2100 USA
| | - Rick Gustafson
- School of Environmental and Forest Sciences, University of Washington, Box 352100, Seattle, WA 98195-2100 USA
| | - Heidi L. Gough
- School of Environmental and Forest Sciences, University of Washington, Box 352100, Seattle, WA 98195-2100 USA
| | - Renata Bura
- School of Environmental and Forest Sciences, University of Washington, Box 352100, Seattle, WA 98195-2100 USA
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18
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Huang B, Gan L, Chen D, Zhang Y, Zhang Y, Liu X, Chen S, Wei Z, Tong L, Song Z, Zhang X, Cai D, Zhang C, He Y. Integration of small RNA, degradome and proteome sequencing in Oryza sativa reveals a delayed senescence network in tetraploid rice seed. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0242260. [PMID: 33186373 PMCID: PMC7665819 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0242260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Seed of rice is an important strategic resource for ensuring the security of China's staple food. Seed deterioration as a result of senescence is a major problem during seed storage, which can cause major economic losses. Screening among accessions in rice germplasm resources for traits such as slow senescence and increased seed longevity during storage is, therefore, of great significance. However, studies on delayed senescence in rice have been based mostly on diploid rice seed to date. Despite better tolerance have been verified by the artificial aging treatment for polyploid rice seed, the delayed senescence properties and delayed senescence related regulatory mechanisms of polyploid rice seed are rarely reported, due to the lack of polyploid rice materials with high seed set. High-throughput sequencing was applied to systematically investigate variations in small RNAs, the degradome, and the proteome between tetraploid and diploid rice seeds. Degradome sequencing analysis of microRNAs showed that expression of miR-164d, which regulates genes encoding antioxidant enzymes, was changed significantly, resulting in decreased miRNA-mediated cleavage of target genes in tetraploid rice. Comparisons of the expression levels of small RNAs (sRNAs) in the tetraploid and diploid libraries revealed that 12 sRNAs changed significantly, consistent with the findings from degradome sequencing. Furthermore, proteomics also showed that antioxidant enzymes were up-regulated in tetraploid rice seeds, relative to diploids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baosheng Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Storage and Transportation Technology of Agricultural Products, Jinan, China
| | - Lu Gan
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
| | - Dongjie Chen
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Storage and Transportation Technology of Agricultural Products, Jinan, China
| | - Yachun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yujie Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiangli Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
| | - Si Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhisong Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
| | - Liqi Tong
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhaojian Song
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
- Wuhan Polyploid Biology Technology Co. Ltd, Wuhan, China
| | - Xianhua Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
- Wuhan Polyploid Biology Technology Co. Ltd, Wuhan, China
| | - Detian Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
- Wuhan Polyploid Biology Technology Co. Ltd, Wuhan, China
| | - Changfeng Zhang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Storage and Transportation Technology of Agricultural Products, Jinan, China
- * E-mail: (YH); (CZ)
| | - Yuchi He
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
- Wuhan Polyploid Biology Technology Co. Ltd, Wuhan, China
- * E-mail: (YH); (CZ)
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19
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Wu S, Wang Y, Zhang J, Wang Y, Yang Y, Chen X, Wang Y. How does Malus crabapple resist ozone? Transcriptomics and metabolomics analyses. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2020; 201:110832. [PMID: 32563158 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.110832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Ozone (O3), an oxidizing toxic air pollutant, is ubiquitous in industrialized and developing countries. To understand the effects of O3 exposure on apple (Malus) and to explore its defense mechanisms, we exposed 'Hongjiu' crabapple to O3 and monitored its responses using physiological, transcriptomics, and metabolomics analyses. Exposure to 300 nL L-1 O3 for 3 h caused obvious damage to the leaves of Malus crabapple, affected chlorophyll and anthocyanin contents, and activated antioxidant enzymes. The gene encoding phospholipase A was highly responsive to O3 in Malus crabapple. McWRKY75 is a key transcription factor in the response to O3 stress, and its transcript levels were positively correlated with those of flavonoid-related structural genes (McC4H, McDFR, and McANR). The ethylene response factors McERF019 and McERF109-like were also up-regulated by O3. Exogenous methyl jasmonate (MeJA) decreased the damaging effects of O3 on crabapple and was most effective at 200 μmol L -1. Treatments with MeJA altered the metabolic pathways of crabapple under O3 stress. In particular, MeJA activated the flavonoid metabolic pathway in Malus, which improved its resistance to O3 stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuqing Wu
- College of Forestry, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai-An, 271000, China; State Forestry and Grassland Administration Key Laboratory of Silviculture in Downstream Areas of the Yellow River, Tai-An, 271000, China
| | - Yao Wang
- College of Forestry, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai-An, 271000, China; State Forestry and Grassland Administration Key Laboratory of Silviculture in Downstream Areas of the Yellow River, Tai-An, 271000, China
| | - Junkang Zhang
- College of Forestry, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai-An, 271000, China; State Forestry and Grassland Administration Key Laboratory of Silviculture in Downstream Areas of the Yellow River, Tai-An, 271000, China
| | - Yicheng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai-An, 271000, China
| | - Yuwei Yang
- College of Forestry, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai-An, 271000, China; State Forestry and Grassland Administration Key Laboratory of Silviculture in Downstream Areas of the Yellow River, Tai-An, 271000, China
| | - Xuesen Chen
- Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai-An, 271000, China.
| | - Yanling Wang
- College of Forestry, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai-An, 271000, China; State Forestry and Grassland Administration Key Laboratory of Silviculture in Downstream Areas of the Yellow River, Tai-An, 271000, China.
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20
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Tian B, Sun M, Jayawardana K, Wu D, Chen G. Characterization of a PLDζ2 Homology Gene from Developing Castor Bean Endosperm. Lipids 2020; 55:537-548. [PMID: 32115716 DOI: 10.1002/lipd.12231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Revised: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Castor oil contains approximately 90% ricinoleic acid (RA) which is stored mainly in the form of tri-ricinoleic acid containing triacylglycerols (TAG). Ricinoleate is synthesized from oleate (18:1n-9) esterified to the sn-2 position of phosphatidylcholine (PtdCho) catalyzed by oleoyl-12-hydroxylase. PtdCho-derived diacylglycerol (DAG) is an important substrate pool for TAG synthesis, and the interconversion between PtdCho and DAG has been shown to play a critical role in channeling hydroxy fatty acids (HFA) to TAG. Although phospholipase D (PLD) has been reported to catalyze the hydrolysis of PtdCho to produce phosphatidic acid which can then be converted to DAG, its potential functions in the channeling of RA from PtdCho to DAG and the assembly of RA on TAG is largely unknown. In the present study, 11 PLD genes were identified from the Castor Bean Genome Database. Gene expression analysis indicated that RcPLD9 is expressed at relatively high levels in developing seeds compared to other plant tissues. Sequence and phylogenetic analyses revealed that RcPLD9 is a homolog of Arabidopsis PLDζ2. Overexpression of RcPLD9 in the Arabidopsis CL7 line producing C18-HFA resulted in RA content reductions in the polar lipid fraction (mainly PtdCho) and mono-HFA-TAG, but increased RA content in di-HFA-TAG. Since part of RA in di-HFA-TAG is derived from HFA-DAG, the results indicated that RcPLD9 facilitates the channeling of RA from PtdCho to DAG for its assembly on TAG in developing seeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Tian
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Plant Resource and Sustainable Use, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Menglun, Mengla, Yunnan, 666303, China
- Center of Economic Botany, Core Botanical Gardens, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Menglun, Mengla, Yunnan, 666303, China
| | - Meijuan Sun
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Plant Resource and Sustainable Use, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Menglun, Mengla, Yunnan, 666303, China
| | - Kethmi Jayawardana
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2P5, Canada
| | - Ding Wu
- Jingdezhen University, Jingdezhen, 333000, China
| | - Guanqun Chen
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2P5, Canada
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21
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Zhang G, Ahmad MZ, Chen B, Manan S, Zhang Y, Jin H, Wang X, Zhao J. Lipidomic and transcriptomic profiling of developing nodules reveals the essential roles of active glycolysis and fatty acid and membrane lipid biosynthesis in soybean nodulation. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 103:1351-1371. [PMID: 32412123 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Revised: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Symbiotic rhizobia-legume interactions are energy-demanding processes, and the carbon supply from host cells that is critically required for nodulation and nitrogen fixation is not fully understood. Investigation of the lipidomic and carbohydrate profiles with the transcriptome of developing nodules revealed highly activated glycolysis, fatty acid (FA), 2-monoacylglycerol (2-MAG), and membrane lipid biosynthesis and transport during nodule development. RNA-sequence profiling of metabolic genes in roots and developing nodules highlighted the enhanced expression of genes involved in the biosynthesis and transport of FAs, membrane lipids, and 2-MAG in rhizobia-soybean symbioses via the RAML-WRI-FatM-GPAT-STRL pathway, which is similar to that in legume-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi symbiosis. The essential roles of the metabolic pathway during soybean nodulation were further supported by analysis of transgenic hairy roots overexpressing soybean GmWRI1b-OE and GmLEC2a-OE. GmLEC2a-OE hairy roots produced fewer nodules, in contrast to GmWRI1b-OE hairy roots. GmLEC2a-OE hairy roots displayed different or even opposite expression patterns of the genes involved in glycolysis and the synthesis of FAs, 2-MAG, TAG, and membrane lipids compared to GmWRI1b-OE hairy roots. Glycolysis, FA and membrane lipid biosynthesis were repressed in GmLEC2a-OE but increased in GmWRI1b-OE hairy roots, which may account for the reduced nodulation in GmLEC2a-OE hairy roots but increased nodulation in GmWRI1b-OE hairy roots. These data show that active FA, 2-MAG and membrane lipid biosynthesis are essential for nodulation and rhizobia-soybean symbioses. These data shed light on essential and complex lipid metabolism for soybean nodulation and nodule development, laying the foundation for the future detailed investigation of soybean nodulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaoyang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, College of Tea and Food Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Muhammad Z Ahmad
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, College of Tea and Food Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Beibei Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Sehrish Manan
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Yuliang Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Huanan Jin
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Xuemin Wang
- Department of Biology, University of Missouri, St Louis, MO, 63121, USA
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St Louis, MO, 63132, USA
| | - Jian Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, College of Tea and Food Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China
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22
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Liu JY, Li P, Zhang YW, Zuo JF, Li G, Han X, Dunwell JM, Zhang YM. Three-dimensional genetic networks among seed oil-related traits, metabolites and genes reveal the genetic foundations of oil synthesis in soybean. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 103:1103-1124. [PMID: 32344462 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Although the biochemical and genetic basis of lipid metabolism is clear in Arabidopsis, there is limited information concerning the relevant genes in Glycine max (soybean). To address this issue, we constructed three-dimensional genetic networks using six seed oil-related traits, 52 lipid metabolism-related metabolites and 54 294 SNPs in 286 soybean accessions in total. As a result, 284 and 279 candidate genes were found to be significantly associated with seed oil-related traits and metabolites by phenotypic and metabolic genome-wide association studies and multi-omics analyses, respectively. Using minimax concave penalty (MCP) and smoothly clipped absolute deviation (SCAD) analyses, six seed oil-related traits were found to be significantly related to 31 metabolites. Among the above candidate genes, 36 genes were found to be associated with oil synthesis (27 genes), amino acid synthesis (four genes) and the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle (five genes), and four genes (GmFATB1a, GmPDAT, GmPLDα1 and GmDAGAT1) are already known to be related to oil synthesis. Using this information, 133 three-dimensional genetic networks were constructed, 24 of which are known, e.g. pyruvate-GmPDAT-GmFATA2-oil content. Using these networks, GmPDAT, GmAGT and GmACP4 reveal the genetic relationships between pyruvate and the three major nutrients, and GmPDAT, GmZF351 and GmPgs1 reveal the genetic relationships between amino acids and seed oil content. In addition, GmCds1, along with average temperature in July and the rainfall from June to September, influence seed oil content across years. This study provides a new approach for the construction of three-dimensional genetic networks and reveals new information for soybean seed oil improvement and the identification of gene function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Yang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Crop Information Center, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Pei Li
- Crop Information Center, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Ya-Wen Zhang
- Crop Information Center, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Jian-Fang Zuo
- Crop Information Center, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Guo Li
- Crop Information Center, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Xu Han
- Crop Information Center, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Jim M Dunwell
- School of Agriculture, Policy and Development, University of Reading, Reading, RG6 6AR, UK
| | - Yuan-Ming Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Crop Information Center, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
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23
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Wei J, Liu X, Li L, Zhao H, Liu S, Yu X, Shen Y, Zhou Y, Zhu Y, Shu Y, Ma H. Quantitative proteomic, physiological and biochemical analysis of cotyledon, embryo, leaf and pod reveals the effects of high temperature and humidity stress on seed vigor formation in soybean. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 20:127. [PMID: 32216758 PMCID: PMC7098090 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-020-02335-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Soybean developing seed is susceptible to high temperature and humidity (HTH) stress in the field, resulting in vigor reduction. Actually, the HTH in the field during soybean seed growth and development would also stress the whole plant, especially on leaf and pod, which in turn affect seed growth and development as well as vigor formation through nutrient supply and protection. RESULTS In the present study, using a pair of pre-harvest seed deterioration-sensitive and -resistant cultivars Ningzhen No. 1 and Xiangdou No. 3, the comprehensive effects of HTH stress on seed vigor formation during physiological maturity were investigated by analyzing cotyledon, embryo, leaf, and pod at the levels of protein, ultrastructure, and physiology and biochemistry. There were 247, 179, and 517 differentially abundant proteins (DAPs) identified in cotyledon, embryo, and leaf of cv. Xiangdou No. 3 under HTH stress, while 235, 366, and 479 DAPs were identified in cotyledon, embryo, and leaf of cv. Ningzhen No. 1. Moreover, 120, 144, and 438 DAPs between the two cultivars were identified in cotyledon, embryo, and leaf under HTH stress, respectively. Moreover, 120, 144, and 438 DAPs between the two cultivars were identified in cotyledon, embryo, and leaf under HTH stress, respectively. Most of the DAPs identified were found to be involved in major metabolic pathways and cellular processes, including signal transduction, tricarboxylic acid cycle, fatty acid metabolism, photosynthesis, protein processing, folding and assembly, protein biosynthesis or degradation, plant-pathogen interaction, starch and sucrose metabolism, and oxidative stress response. The HTH stress had less negative effects on metabolic pathways, cell ultrastructure, and physiology and biochemistry in the four organs of Xiangdou No. 3 than in those of Ningzhen No. 1, leading to produce higher vigor seeds in the former. CONCLUSION High seed vigor formation is enhanced by increasing protein biosynthesis and nutrient storage in cotyledon, stronger stability and viability in embryo, more powerful photosynthetic capacity and nutrient supply in leaf, and stronger protection in pod under HTH stress. These results provide comprehensive characteristics of leaf, pod and seed (cotyledon and embryo) under HTH stress, and some of them can be used as selection index in high seed vigor breeding program in soybean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaping Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 China
| | - Xiaolin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 China
| | - Linzhi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 China
| | - Haihong Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 China
| | - Sushuang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 China
| | - Xingwang Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 China
- Crop and Soil Sciences Department, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA
| | - Yingzi Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 China
| | - Yali Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 China
| | - Yajing Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 China
| | - Yingjie Shu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 China
- College of Agriculture, Anhui Science and Technology University, Fengyang, 233100 China
| | - Hao Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 China
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24
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Mutations of OsPLDa1 Increase Lysophospholipid Content and Enhance Cooking and Eating Quality in Rice. PLANTS 2020; 9:plants9030390. [PMID: 32245281 PMCID: PMC7154823 DOI: 10.3390/plants9030390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Revised: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Phospholipids belong to a significant class of lipids and comprise ~10% of total lipids in rice grains. Lysophospholipid (LPL) is derived from the hydrolysis of phospholipids and plays an important role in rice grain quality. Our previous study demonstrated that mutations in a phospholipase D gene (OsPLDα1) significantly altered lipid metabolites and reduced phytic acid content. In the present study, the effect of two ospldα1 mutations on LPL and other physicochemical prosperities of brown rice was further investigated, with the aim of assessing the overall importance of ospldα1 mutations in rice grain quality. Metabolite profiling revealed a ~15% increase in LPL level in both ospldα1 mutants as compared with their wild-type (WT) parent. Both ospldα1 mutations significantly lowered the apparent amylose content in brown rice flour (~1.9%) and altered viscosity profiles with significantly increased breakdown (+12.4%) and significantly reduced setback viscosity (−6.2%). Moreover, both ospldα1 mutations significantly lowered the gelatinization onset, peak temperature and retrogradation percentage of brown rice flour. This study demonstrated that OsPLDα1 plays a crucial role in rice grain quality and its mutation could, in general, improve the cooking and eating quality and nourishment of brown rice.
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25
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Khan MSS, Basnet R, Islam SA, Shu Q. Mutational Analysis of OsPLDα1 Reveals Its Involvement in Phytic Acid Biosynthesis in Rice Grains. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:11436-11443. [PMID: 31553599 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b05052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Phospholipids and phytic acid are important phosphorus (P)-containing compounds in rice grains. Phytic acid is considered as a major antinutrient, because the negatively charged phytic acid chelates cations, including essential micronutrients, and decreases their bioavailability to human beings and monogastric animals. To gain an insight into the interplay of these two kinds of phosphorus-containing metabolites, we used the CRISPR/Cas9 system to generate mutants of a phospholipase D gene (OsPLDα1) and analyzed the mutational effect on metabolites, including phytic acid in rice grains. Metabolic profiling of two ospldα1 mutants revealed depletion in the phosphatidic acid production and lower accumulation of cytidine diphosphate diacylglycerol and phosphatidylinositol. The mutants also showed significantly reduced phytic acid content as compared to their wild-type parent, and the expression of the key genes involved in the phytic acid biosynthesis was altered in the mutants. These results demonstrate that OsPLDα1 not only plays an important role in phospholipid metabolism but also is involved in phytic acid biosynthesis, most probably through the lipid-dependent pathway, and thus revealed a potential new route to regulate phytic acid biosynthesis in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Saad Shoaib Khan
- National Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Crop Sciences , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou , China
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for the Grain Industry , Yangtze University , Jingzhou , China
| | - Rasbin Basnet
- National Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Crop Sciences , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou , China
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for the Grain Industry , Yangtze University , Jingzhou , China
| | - Shah Ashadul Islam
- National Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Crop Sciences , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou , China
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for the Grain Industry , Yangtze University , Jingzhou , China
| | - Qingyao Shu
- National Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Crop Sciences , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou , China
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for the Grain Industry , Yangtze University , Jingzhou , China
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Crop Germplasm Resources, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou , China
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