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Romano F, Lallo MA. Efficacy of a single dose of nitazoxanide in dogs naturally infected with Giardia duodenalis. Res Vet Sci 2023; 159:252-256. [PMID: 37182304 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2023.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Giardia duodenalis is a protozoan parasite that infects many mammals, including dogs and cats. This waterborne and foodborne zoonosis is a major problem in one health. Treatment can be challenging because of long regimens and drug resistance. The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of single-dose nitazoxanide (NTZ) for dogs naturally infected by Giardia duodenalis. Although widely used in humans, pharmacological safety is incipient, since the approval of the safe use of nitaxozanide for dogs is not a consensus in the world. Fifty dogs diagnosed with G. duodenalis by zinc sulfate flotation technique (Faust method) and cysts detection by light microscopy. Half of the animals received a dose of 50 mg/kg of NTZ and the other half received 3 doses of 50 mg/kg of fenbendazole (FBZ), both orally. One week after treatment, new fecal exams were done to prove the effectiveness. Of the animals treated with NTZ, 84% were negative for the protozoan, while 76% of the animals treated with FBZ were negative, no significant difference was identified. Side effects such as vomiting and hyporexia were manageable in NTZ treatment and no changes in laboratory tests showed hepatic or renal impairment. We conclude that the use of NTZ in a single dose of 50 mg/kg is effective for canine giardiasis, constituting an option to be considered for dogs with relapses, poor response to conventional drugs and to facilitate administration regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Romano
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Patologia Ambiental e Experimental, Universidade Paulista - UNIP, Rua Dr. Bacelar 902, CEP 04057-000 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Maria Anete Lallo
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Patologia Ambiental e Experimental, Universidade Paulista - UNIP, Rua Dr. Bacelar 902, CEP 04057-000 São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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2
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Zhu Y, Dwidar M, Nemet I, Buffa JA, Sangwan N, Li XS, Anderson JT, Romano KA, Fu X, Funabashi M, Wang Z, Keranahalli P, Battle S, Tittle AN, Hajjar AM, Gogonea V, Fischbach MA, DiDonato JA, Hazen SL. Two distinct gut microbial pathways contribute to meta-organismal production of phenylacetylglutamine with links to cardiovascular disease. Cell Host Microbe 2023; 31:18-32.e9. [PMID: 36549300 PMCID: PMC9839529 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2022.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies show gut microbiota-dependent metabolism of dietary phenylalanine into phenylacetic acid (PAA) is critical in phenylacetylglutamine (PAGln) production, a metabolite linked to atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD). Accordingly, microbial enzymes involved in this transformation are of interest. Using genetic manipulation in selected microbes and monocolonization experiments in gnotobiotic mice, we identify two distinct gut microbial pathways for PAA formation; one is catalyzed by phenylpyruvate:ferredoxin oxidoreductase (PPFOR) and the other by phenylpyruvate decarboxylase (PPDC). PPFOR and PPDC play key roles in gut bacterial PAA production via oxidative and non-oxidative phenylpyruvate decarboxylation, respectively. Metagenomic analyses revealed a significantly higher abundance of both pathways in gut microbiomes of ASCVD patients compared with controls. The present studies show a role for these two divergent microbial catalytic strategies in the meta-organismal production of PAGln. Given the numerous links between PAGln and ASCVD, these findings will assist future efforts to therapeutically target PAGln formation in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yijun Zhu
- Department of Cardiovascular & Metabolic Sciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA; Center for Microbiome and Human Health, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Mohammed Dwidar
- Department of Cardiovascular & Metabolic Sciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA; Center for Microbiome and Human Health, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Ina Nemet
- Department of Cardiovascular & Metabolic Sciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA; Center for Microbiome and Human Health, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Jennifer A Buffa
- Department of Cardiovascular & Metabolic Sciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA; Center for Microbiome and Human Health, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Naseer Sangwan
- Department of Cardiovascular & Metabolic Sciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA; Center for Microbiome and Human Health, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Xinmin S Li
- Department of Cardiovascular & Metabolic Sciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA; Center for Microbiome and Human Health, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - James T Anderson
- Department of Cardiovascular & Metabolic Sciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA; Center for Microbiome and Human Health, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Kymberleigh A Romano
- Department of Cardiovascular & Metabolic Sciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA; Center for Microbiome and Human Health, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Xiaoming Fu
- Department of Cardiovascular & Metabolic Sciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA; Center for Microbiome and Human Health, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Masanori Funabashi
- Department of Bioengineering and ChEM-H, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Zeneng Wang
- Department of Cardiovascular & Metabolic Sciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA; Center for Microbiome and Human Health, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Pooja Keranahalli
- Department of Cardiovascular & Metabolic Sciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA; Case Western Reserve University, College of Arts and Sciences, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Shawna Battle
- Department of Cardiovascular & Metabolic Sciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Aaron N Tittle
- Department of Cardiovascular & Metabolic Sciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA; Center for Microbiome and Human Health, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Adeline M Hajjar
- Department of Cardiovascular & Metabolic Sciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA; Center for Microbiome and Human Health, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Valentin Gogonea
- Department of Chemistry, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Michael A Fischbach
- Department of Bioengineering and ChEM-H, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Joseph A DiDonato
- Department of Cardiovascular & Metabolic Sciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA; Center for Microbiome and Human Health, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Stanley L Hazen
- Department of Cardiovascular & Metabolic Sciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA; Center for Microbiome and Human Health, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA; Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Heart, Vascular and Thoracic Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA.
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3
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Eppler ME, Hanzlicek G, Londoño-Renteria B, Jesudoss Chelladurai JRJ. Survey of U.S. based veterinarians' knowledge, perceptions and practices about canine giardiasis. Vet Parasitol Reg Stud Reports 2022; 34:100768. [PMID: 36041803 DOI: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2022.100768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Giardia spp. is a protozoal parasite capable of causing diarrhea in mammals. Certain Giardia assemblages are potentially zoonotic. As part of a public health study, a questionnaire-based cross-sectional web survey was distributed among U.S. small and mixed animal veterinarians to assess the perceived prevalence, the preferred testing and treatment methods, the recommended control measures, and the information communicated about the zoonotic potential of canine giardiasis. Between February and June 2021, over 123 veterinarians from 31 U.S. states participated in the survey. 77% of surveyed veterinarians indicated that they are aware of the prevalence of canine giardiasis in their areas of practice. 52% of veterinarians reported that they test all symptomatic dogs for Giardia, while 42.4% test dogs only some of the time. The preferred confirmatory tests were in the following order: commercial diagnostic lab > in-clinic SNAP® Test > in-clinic Direct Smear > in-clinic Fecal Flotation > state/university diagnostic lab. Several combinations of tests are frequently used to confirm diagnosis. Although there are no labelled products available for treating canine giardiasis in the U.S., 54% of respondents preferred using both fenbendazole and metronidazole simultaneously, 15% reported using fenbendazole only, and 20% reported using metronidazole only. 77.0% of respondents indicated they have dealt with treatment refractory cases often or rarely. 92.6% of veterinarians reported mentioning environmental control to pet owners sometimes or always, which included bathing the infected pet, cleaning toys/bowls/bedding, cleaning floors, and bathing other pets. 73.6% of veterinarians communicated to their clients that Giardia was potentially zoonotic. There are conflicting opinions on the importance of zoonotic transmission between humans and canines available to the general veterinary practitioner. Given that children are at a higher risk of developing Giardia infections, it is important for veterinarians to preserve the health of canine companions to protect their human owners. Thus, the contributions of veterinarians in managing canine giardiasis within the framework of One Health initiatives should not be overlooked.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan E Eppler
- MPH Program, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, 1800 Denison Ave., Manhattan, KS 66506, United States of America
| | - Gregg Hanzlicek
- Kansas State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, 1800 Denison Ave., Manhattan, KS 66506, United States of America; Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, 1800 Denison Ave., Manhattan, KS 66506, United States of America
| | - Berlin Londoño-Renteria
- Vector Biology Laboratory, Department of Entomology, Kansas State University, 1603 Old Claflin Place, Manhattan, KS 66506, United States of America
| | - Jeba R J Jesudoss Chelladurai
- Kansas State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, 1800 Denison Ave., Manhattan, KS 66506, United States of America; Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, 1800 Denison Ave., Manhattan, KS 66506, United States of America.
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Ahmed T, Rahman SMA, Asaduzzaman M, Islam ABMMK, Chowdhury AKA. Synthesis, in vitro bioassays, and computational study of heteroaryl nitazoxanide analogs. Pharmacol Res Perspect 2021; 9:e00800. [PMID: 34086411 PMCID: PMC8177060 DOI: 10.1002/prp2.800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Antiprotozoal drug nitazoxanide (NTZ) has shown diverse pharmacological properties and has appeared in several clinical trials. Herein we present the synthesis, characterization, in vitro biological investigation, and in silico study of four hetero aryl amide analogs of NTZ. Among the synthesized molecules, compound 2 and compound 4 exhibited promising antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli (E. coli), superior to that displayed by the parent drug nitazoxanide as revealed from the in vitro antibacterial assay. Compound 2 displayed zone of inhibition of 20 mm, twice as large as the parent drug NTZ (10 mm) in their least concentration (12.5 µg/ml). Compound 1 also showed antibacterial effect similar to that of nitazoxanide. The analogs were also tested for in vitro cytotoxic activity by employing cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) assay technique in HeLa cell line, and compound 2 was identified as a potential anticancer agent having IC50 value of 172 µg which proves it to be more potent than nitazoxanide (IC50 = 428 µg). Furthermore, the compounds were subjected to molecular docking study against various bacterial and cancer signaling proteins. The in vitro test results corroborated with the in silico docking study as compound 2 and compound 4 had comparatively stronger binding affinity against the proteins and showed a higher docking score than nitazoxanide toward human mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK9) and fatty acid biosynthesis enzyme (FabH) of E. coli. Moreover, the docking study demonstrated dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) and thymidylate synthase (TS) as probable new targets for nitazoxanide and its synthetic analogs. Overall, the study suggests that nitazoxanide and its analogs can be a potential lead compound in the drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tasmia Ahmed
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and PharmacologyFaculty of PharmacyUniversity of DhakaDhakaBangladesh
| | - S. M. Abdur Rahman
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and PharmacologyFaculty of PharmacyUniversity of DhakaDhakaBangladesh
| | - Muhammad Asaduzzaman
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and PharmacologyFaculty of PharmacyUniversity of DhakaDhakaBangladesh
| | | | - A. K. Azad Chowdhury
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and PharmacologyFaculty of PharmacyUniversity of DhakaDhakaBangladesh
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Ciuca L, Pepe P, Bosco A, Caccio SM, Maurelli MP, Sannella AR, Vismarra A, Cringoli G, Kramer L, Rinaldi L, Genchi M. Effectiveness of Fenbendazole and Metronidazole Against Giardia Infection in Dogs Monitored for 50-Days in Home-Conditions. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:626424. [PMID: 33842570 PMCID: PMC8032893 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.626424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A field trial performed in-home conditions was conducted on 24 dogs naturally infected with Giardia, in order to compare the efficacy of fenbendazole and metronidazole. Animals were allocated in groups randomly in order to obtain two groups of 12 dogs each with similar parasitic loads of Giardia cysts: dogs in Group A were treated with fenbendazole (Panacur®, Intervet Italia Srl) administered at the dose of 50 mg/kg orally once a day for 5 consecutive days, dogs in Group B were treated with metronidazole (Flagyl®, Zambon Italia Srl) administered orally at the dose of 50 mg/kg, once a day for 5 consecutive days. All the dogs that were shedding Giardia cysts after the first treatment (Day 0) were retreated (either at Day 7 or at Day 14 or at Day 21) until a negative result was obtained with the same treatment. Additionally, all the dogs were re-examined at Day 50. All the dogs were tested for the presence of Giardia cysts using a fecal flotation method (FLOTAC). The percent efficacy of the treatments (A and B) was calculated at each sampling point (Days 7, 14, 21, and 50) as reduction in mean Giardia cysts. After the first therapy, on day 7, 4/12 (33.3%) dogs tested positive for Giardia cysts in the Group A and 5/12 (41.7%) in the Group B. Efficacies at (Days 7, 14, 21, and 50) of the treatments against Giardia infection were 80.9, 94, 100, and 97% in the Group A and 70.8, 99, 100, and 97.1% in the Group B. Statistically significant differences were not observed between the efficacy of Fenbendazole and Metronidazole against infection by G. duodenalis (P = 0.686). Molecular analysis revealed full homology (i.e., 100% with JN416550) with the canine specific assemblage D in six positive dogs. Different hypotheses might explain the re-appearance of the Giardia cysts in some dogs after treatment, e.g., re-infection from the home environment, the correct medication given by the owners, the diet, as well as treatment failure, but also biological issues related to the intermittent excretion of Giardia cysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lavinia Ciuca
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Paola Pepe
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Antonio Bosco
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Simone Mario Caccio
- European Union Reference Laboratory for Parasites, Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Paola Maurelli
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Anna Rosa Sannella
- European Union Reference Laboratory for Parasites, Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Alice Vismarra
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Cringoli
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Laura Kramer
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Laura Rinaldi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Marco Genchi
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
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Liao S, Lin X, Sun Y, Qi N, Lv M, Wu C, Li J, Hu J, Yu L, Cai H, Xiao W, Sun M, Li G. Occurrence and genotypes of Cryptosporidium spp., Giardia duodenalis, and Blastocystis sp. in household, shelter, breeding, and pet market dogs in Guangzhou, southern China. Sci Rep 2020; 10:17736. [PMID: 33082394 PMCID: PMC7576217 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-74299-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Cryptosporidium spp., Giardia duodenalis, and Blastocystis sp. are common intestinal protozoans that infect humans and animals worldwide. A survey that assessed the prevalence, molecular characteristics, and zoonotic potential of these pathogens was conducted on a variety of dogs in Guangzhou, southern China. A total of 651 canine stool samples from household (n = 199), shelter (n = 149), breeding (n = 237), and pet market dogs (n = 66) were collected from eight districts in Guangzhou. Cryptosporidium spp., Giardia duodenalis, and Blastocystis sp. were detected by PCR amplification of the SSU rRNA gene. Giardia duodenalis-positive specimens were further assigned into assemblages using the glutamate dehydrogenase gene. Cryptosporidium spp., G. duodenalis, and Blastocystis sp. were found in 21 (3.2%), 20 (3.1%), and 35 (5.4%) samples, respectively. The overall prevalence of shelter dogs (40.28%, 60/149) was significantly higher than that of household (3.0%, 6/199), breeding (2.1%, 5/237), and pet market dogs (7.5%, 5/66) (χ2 = 154.72, df = 3, P < 0.001). Deworming in the past 12 months had a strong protective effect on the risk of contracting parasite infections (P < 0.001). No significant differences were detected between age or sex groups (P > 0.05). Dog-specific C. canis (n = 19) and zoonotic C. parvum (n = 2) were the only two Cryptosporidium species. Sequence analysis revealed the presence of three G. duodenalis assemblages: dog-specific assemblages D (n = 14) and C (n = 5), and cat-specific F (n = 1). Zoonotic Blastocystis ST3 (n = 28) was the dominant subtype, followed by ST1 (n = 6) and ST10 (n = 1). To our knowledge, this is the first large-scale investigation on the occurrence and molecular characteristics of Blastocystis sp. in dogs in China. Our results indicated that the dogs seemed to play a negligible role as reservoirs for Cryptosporidium spp. and G. duodenalis transmission to humans, but they are potential novel suitable hosts of Blastocystis sp. A strict sentinel surveillance system of dogs should be established to minimise the zoonotic risk of spreading blastocystosis among humans and dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shenquan Liao
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province; Maoming Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture; Scientific Observation and Experiment Station of Veterinary Drugs and Diagnostic Techniques of Guangdong Province, Ministry of Agriculture; Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuhui Lin
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province; Maoming Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture; Scientific Observation and Experiment Station of Veterinary Drugs and Diagnostic Techniques of Guangdong Province, Ministry of Agriculture; Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongxiang Sun
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province; Maoming Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture; Scientific Observation and Experiment Station of Veterinary Drugs and Diagnostic Techniques of Guangdong Province, Ministry of Agriculture; Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510640, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Nanshan Qi
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province; Maoming Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture; Scientific Observation and Experiment Station of Veterinary Drugs and Diagnostic Techniques of Guangdong Province, Ministry of Agriculture; Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Minna Lv
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province; Maoming Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture; Scientific Observation and Experiment Station of Veterinary Drugs and Diagnostic Techniques of Guangdong Province, Ministry of Agriculture; Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Caiyan Wu
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province; Maoming Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture; Scientific Observation and Experiment Station of Veterinary Drugs and Diagnostic Techniques of Guangdong Province, Ministry of Agriculture; Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Juan Li
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province; Maoming Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture; Scientific Observation and Experiment Station of Veterinary Drugs and Diagnostic Techniques of Guangdong Province, Ministry of Agriculture; Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Junjing Hu
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province; Maoming Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture; Scientific Observation and Experiment Station of Veterinary Drugs and Diagnostic Techniques of Guangdong Province, Ministry of Agriculture; Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Linzeng Yu
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province; Maoming Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture; Scientific Observation and Experiment Station of Veterinary Drugs and Diagnostic Techniques of Guangdong Province, Ministry of Agriculture; Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Haiming Cai
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province; Maoming Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture; Scientific Observation and Experiment Station of Veterinary Drugs and Diagnostic Techniques of Guangdong Province, Ministry of Agriculture; Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenwan Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province; Maoming Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture; Scientific Observation and Experiment Station of Veterinary Drugs and Diagnostic Techniques of Guangdong Province, Ministry of Agriculture; Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingfei Sun
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province; Maoming Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture; Scientific Observation and Experiment Station of Veterinary Drugs and Diagnostic Techniques of Guangdong Province, Ministry of Agriculture; Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China.
| | - Guoqing Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510640, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China.
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7
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Dixon BR. Giardia duodenalis in humans and animals - Transmission and disease. Res Vet Sci 2020; 135:283-289. [PMID: 33066992 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2020.09.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Giardia duodenalis is a protozoan parasite infecting the upper intestinal tract of humans, as well as domestic and wild animals worldwide. Transmission of giardiasis occurs through the faecal-oral route, and may be either direct (i.e., person-to-person, animal-to-animal or zoonotic) or indirect (i.e., waterborne or foodborne). While asymptomatic infections are common in both humans and animals, a wide range of enteric symptoms have been reported, along with extra-intestinal and post-infectious complications. A definitive diagnosis of giardiasis is generally made by detection of cysts in stool specimens through microscopical examination of wet mounts, or through the use of permanent or fluorescent antibody stains. More recently, molecular methods have become popular for diagnosis and for testing environmental samples. Symptomatic giardiasis is often treated to reduce the duration of symptoms, to prevent complications, and to minimize transmission of the parasite to other hosts. Direct faecal-oral transmission of giardiasis can be largely controlled thorough improved hygiene and sanitation. In the case of waterborne transmission, a multiple barrier approach, including limiting access of people and animals to watersheds and reservoirs, and treatment using flocculation, filtration and disinfection, is necessary to minimize the risk. Since foodborne transmission is often associated with the consumption of fresh produce, a number of control measures can be taken during pre- and post-harvest, as well as at the food handler/consumer level to minimize the risk of contamination, or for removing or inactivating parasites. Good husbandry and farm management practices are important in controlling the spread of giardiasis in livestock and companion animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brent R Dixon
- Bureau of Microbial Hazards, Food Directorate, Health Canada, 251 Sir Frederick Banting Driveway, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0K9, Canada.
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Isac E, Picanço GA, Costa TL, Lima NF, Alves DSMM, Fraga CM, Lino Junior RS, Vinaud MC. In vitro nitazoxanide exposure affects energetic metabolism of Taenia crassiceps. Exp Parasitol 2019; 208:107792. [PMID: 31707003 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2019.107792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Revised: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Nitazoxanide (NTZ) is a broad-spectrum drug used in intestinal infections, but still poorly explored in the treatment of parasitic tissular infections. This study aimed to evaluate the in vitro responses of the energetic metabolism of T. crassiceps cysticerci induced by NTZ. The organic acids of the tricarboxylic acid cycle, products derived from fatty acids oxidation and protein catabolism were analyzed. These acids were quantified after 24 h of in vitro exposure to different NTZ concentrations. A positive control group was performed with albendazole sulfoxide (ABZSO). The significant alterations in citrate, fumarate and malate concentrations showed the NTZ influence in the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle. The non-detection of acetate confirmed that the main mode of action of NTZ is effective against T. crassiceps cysticerci. The statistical differences in fumarate, urea and beta-hydroxybutyrate concentrations showed the NTZ effect on protein catabolism and fatty acid oxidation. Therefore, the main energetic pathways such as the TCA cycle, protein catabolism and fatty acids oxidation were altered after in vitro NTZ exposure. In conclusion, NTZ induced a significant metabolic stress in the parasite indicating that it may be used as an alternative therapeutic choice for cysticercosis treatment. The use of metabolic approaches to establish comparisons between anti parasitic drugs mode of actions is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliana Isac
- Tropical Pathology and Public Health Institute, Federal University of Goias, Goiás, Rua 235, S/n, Setor Leste Universitário, CEP 74605-050, Brazil
| | - Guaraciara A Picanço
- Tropical Pathology and Public Health Institute, Federal University of Goias, Goiás, Rua 235, S/n, Setor Leste Universitário, CEP 74605-050, Brazil
| | - Tatiane L Costa
- Tropical Pathology and Public Health Institute, Federal University of Goias, Goiás, Rua 235, S/n, Setor Leste Universitário, CEP 74605-050, Brazil
| | - Nayana F Lima
- Tropical Pathology and Public Health Institute, Federal University of Goias, Goiás, Rua 235, S/n, Setor Leste Universitário, CEP 74605-050, Brazil
| | - Daniellade S M M Alves
- Tropical Pathology and Public Health Institute, Federal University of Goias, Goiás, Rua 235, S/n, Setor Leste Universitário, CEP 74605-050, Brazil
| | - Carolina M Fraga
- Tropical Pathology and Public Health Institute, Federal University of Goias, Goiás, Rua 235, S/n, Setor Leste Universitário, CEP 74605-050, Brazil
| | - Ruyde S Lino Junior
- Tropical Pathology and Public Health Institute, Federal University of Goias, Goiás, Rua 235, S/n, Setor Leste Universitário, CEP 74605-050, Brazil
| | - Marina C Vinaud
- Tropical Pathology and Public Health Institute, Federal University of Goias, Goiás, Rua 235, S/n, Setor Leste Universitário, CEP 74605-050, Brazil.
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Ryan U, Zahedi A. Molecular epidemiology of giardiasis from a veterinary perspective. ADVANCES IN PARASITOLOGY 2019; 106:209-254. [PMID: 31630759 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apar.2019.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
A total of eight Giardia species are accepted. These include: Giardia duodenalis (syn. Giardia intestinalis and Giardia lamblia), which infects humans and animals, Giardia agilis, Giardia ardeae, Giardia psittaci, Giardia muris, Giardia microti, Giardia peramelis and G. cricetidarum, which infect non-human hosts including amphibians, birds, rodents and marsupials. Giardia duodenalis is a species complex consisting of eight assemblages (A-H), with assemblages A and B the dominant assemblages in humans. Molecular studies to date on the zoonotic potential of Giardia in animals are problematic and are hampered by lack of concordance between loci. Livestock (cattle, sheep, goats and pigs) are predominantly infected with G. duodenalis assemblage E, which has recently been shown to be zoonotic, followed by assemblage A. In cats and dogs, assemblages A, B, C, D and F are commonly reported but relatively few studies have conducted molecular typing of humans and their pets and the results are contradictory with some studies support zoonotic transmission but the majority of studies suggesting separate transmission cycles. Giardia also infects a broad range of wildlife hosts and although much less well studied, host-adapted species as well as G. duodenalis assemblages (A-H) have been identified. Fish and other aquatic wildlife represent a source of infection for humans with Giardia via water contamination and/or consumption of undercooked fish and interestingly, assemblage B and A predominated in the two molecular studies conducted to date. Our current knowledge of the transmission dynamics of Giardia is still poor and the development of more discriminatory typing tools such as whole genome sequencing (WGS) of Giardia isolates is therefore essential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Una Ryan
- College of Science, Health, Education and Engineering, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia.
| | - Alireza Zahedi
- College of Science, Health, Education and Engineering, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia
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Fumian TM, Tuipulotu DE, Netzler NE, Lun JH, Russo AG, Yan GJH, White PA. Potential Therapeutic Agents for Feline Calicivirus Infection. Viruses 2018; 10:v10080433. [PMID: 30115859 PMCID: PMC6116245 DOI: 10.3390/v10080433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Revised: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 08/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Feline calicivirus (FCV) is a major cause of upper respiratory tract disease in cats, with widespread distribution in the feline population. Recently, virulent systemic diseases caused by FCV infection has been associated with mortality rates up to 50%. Currently, there are no direct-acting antivirals approved for the treatment of FCV infection. Here, we tested 15 compounds from different antiviral classes against FCV using in vitro protein and cell culture assays. After the expression of FCV protease-polymerase protein, we established two in vitro assays to assess the inhibitory activity of compounds directly against the FCV protease or polymerase. Using this recombinant enzyme, we identified quercetagetin and PPNDS as inhibitors of FCV polymerase activity (IC50 values of 2.8 μM and 2.7 μM, respectively). We also demonstrate the inhibition of FCV protease activity by GC376 (IC50 of 18 µM). Using cell culture assays, PPNDS, quercetagetin and GC376 did not display antivirals effects, however, we identified nitazoxanide and 2′-C-methylcytidine (2CMC) as potent inhibitors of FCV replication, with EC50 values in the low micromolar range (0.6 μM and 2.5 μM, respectively). In conclusion, we established two in vitro assays that will accelerate the research for FCV antivirals and can be used for the high-throughput screening of direct-acting antivirals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tulio M Fumian
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
- Laboratório de Virologia Comparada e Ambiental, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil.
| | - Daniel Enosi Tuipulotu
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
| | - Natalie E Netzler
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
| | - Jennifer H Lun
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
| | - Alice G Russo
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
| | - Grace J H Yan
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
| | - Peter A White
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
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11
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Yu Z, Ruan Y, Zhou M, Chen S, Zhang Y, Wang L, Zhu G, Yu Y. Prevalence of intestinal parasites in companion dogs with diarrhea in Beijing, China, and genetic characteristics of Giardia and Cryptosporidium species. Parasitol Res 2018; 117:35-43. [PMID: 29150700 PMCID: PMC7088013 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-017-5631-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2017] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Companion animals including dogs are one of the important components in One Health. Parasites may cause not only diseases in pet animals but also many zoonotic diseases infecting humans. In this study, we performed a survey of intestinal parasites in fecal specimens (n = 485) collected from outpatient pet dogs with diarrhea in Beijing, China, for the entire year of 2015 by microscopic examination (all parasites) and SSU rRNA-based nested PCR detection (Giardia and Cryptosporidium). We observed a total of 124 (25.6%) parasite-positive specimens that contained one or more parasites, including Giardia duodenalis (12.8%), Cryptosporidium spp. (4.9%), Cystoisospora spp. (4.3%), trichomonads (4.3%), Toxocara canis (3.5%), Trichuris vulpis (0.6%), and Dipylidium caninum (0.2%). Among the 55 dog breeds, infection rates were significantly higher in border collies and bulldogs, but lower in poodles (p < 0.05). Risk factor analysis suggested that age was negatively correlated with the infection rate (p < 0.00001), while vaccination and deworming in the past 12 months could significantly reduce the parasite infections (p < 0.01). Among the 62 Giardia-positive specimens, 21 were successfully assigned into assemblages using glutamate dehydrogenase (gdh) and/or beta-giardin (bg) genes, including assemblage D (n = 15), C (n = 5), and F (n = 1). Among the 24 Cryptosporidium-positive specimens by SSU rRNA PCR, 20 PCR amplicons could be sequenced and identified as Cryptosporidium canis (n = 20). Collectively, this study indicates that parasites are a significant group of pathogens in companion dogs in Beijing, and companion dogs may potentially transmit certain zoonotic parasites to humans, particularly those with weak or weakened immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongjia Yu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Haidian District, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yang Ruan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Haidian District, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Mengjie Zhou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Haidian District, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Siyuan Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Haidian District, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yinxin Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Haidian District, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Liya Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Haidian District, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Guan Zhu
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843-4467, USA.
| | - Yonglan Yu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Haidian District, Beijing, 100193, China.
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