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Raulf MK, Raue K, Rohdich N, Zschiesche E, Raue J, Merhof K, Volk HA, Schnyder M, Morelli S, Traversa D, Roepke RKA, Strube C. Efficacy of Bravecto ® Plus spot-on solution for cats (280 mg/ml fluralaner and 14 mg/ml moxidectin) in the prevention of feline Aelurostrongylus abstrusus infection evaluated in a multi-diagnostic approach. Parasit Vectors 2024; 17:193. [PMID: 38658960 PMCID: PMC11044604 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-024-06270-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aelurostrongylus abstrusus is one of the most important respiratory nematodes of felines. Infections may lead to respiratory clinical signs with varying severity or even death, emphasizing the need for preventive treatment of cats with outdoor access to circumvent patent infections. METHODS Therefore, the preventive efficacy of a spot-on formulation of 280 mg/ml fluralaner and 14 mg/ml moxidectin (Bravecto® Plus spot-on solution for cats, MSD) against A. abstrusus was evaluated in a negative controlled, randomized and partially blinded efficacy study with 28 purpose-bred cats in a non-terminal design. In three different treatment regimes, the minimum recommended dose of 40 mg fluralaner and 2.0 mg moxidectin/kg bodyweight (BW) was administered once at 12, 8 or 4 weeks (study group G1, G2 and G3, respectively) prior to experimental infection with 300 third-stage A. abstrusus larvae, while G4 served as placebo-treated control. RESULTS From 30 to 46 days post infection (dpi; SD 114 to 130), faeces were sampled to monitor first-stage larvae (L1) excretion for efficacy determination. Secondary efficacy criteria, including respiratory parameters, serological antibody levels and computed tomography (CT) findings, were assessed once before enrolment (SD -7 to -1) and before infection (SD 75 to 83). After infection, CT evaluation was performed once at 47-50 dpi (SD 131 to 134), and respiratory parameters and antibody levels were regularly assessed twice or once a week, respectively (1 up to 78 dpi, SD 85 up to 162). All animals in the control group excreted L1 by 33-37 dpi and remained positive throughout the study period from 41 to 46 dpi (SD 125 to 130). In the treatment groups, only one animal each of G1 and G2 excreted L1 at two consecutive days, and four cats of G1, two of G2 and three of G3 were positive on single occasions. While the geometric mean (GM) of the maximum number of excreted L1 per 5 g of faeces was 7380.89 in the control group (G4), GMs were significantly lower in the treatment groups with 1.63 in G1, 1.37 in G2 and 0.79 in G3. Thus, based on GMs, the reduction in excreted L1 exceeded 99.9% in all three treatment groups. Based on CT severity scores, all lungs of the animals of the control group showed severe pulmonary changes post infection, whereas lungs of the cats of the treatment groups were either unaltered (4 animals), mildly (11 animals), or moderately altered (5 animals). Moreover, seroconversion was observed in all cats of the control group, but not in those of the treatment groups. CONCLUSIONS The combination of diagnostic methods used in this non-terminal study yielded coherent and reliable results. A single administration of Bravecto® Plus spot-on solution for cats was well tolerated and effective in the prevention of aelurostrongylosis for at least 12 weeks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Kristin Raulf
- Institute for Parasitology, Centre for Infection Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Buenteweg 17, 30559, Hanover, Germany
| | - Katharina Raue
- Institute for Parasitology, Centre for Infection Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Buenteweg 17, 30559, Hanover, Germany
| | - Nadja Rohdich
- MSD Animal Health Innovation GmbH, Schwabenheim, Germany
| | - Eva Zschiesche
- MSD Animal Health Innovation GmbH, Schwabenheim, Germany
| | - Jonathan Raue
- Department for Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559, Hannover, Germany
| | - Kristina Merhof
- Department for Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559, Hannover, Germany
| | - Holger A Volk
- Department for Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559, Hannover, Germany
| | - Manuela Schnyder
- Institute of Parasitology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Simone Morelli
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, Teramo, Italy
| | - Donato Traversa
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, Teramo, Italy
| | | | - Christina Strube
- Institute for Parasitology, Centre for Infection Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Buenteweg 17, 30559, Hanover, Germany.
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d'Ovidio D, Santoro D. Efficacy of a spot-on combination of fluralaner plus moxidectin against naturally acquired Sarcoptes scabiei infestation in 10 pet rabbits: Retrospective case series. Vet Dermatol 2023; 34:3-6. [PMID: 36062517 DOI: 10.1111/vde.13120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Current treatments for sarcoptic mange in rabbits mainly include administration of avermectines every 10-30 days. Recently, a single oral dose of fluralaner has been shown to be effective to treat sarcoptic mange in 12 pet rabbits over a three-month period. OBJECTIVES To retrospectively assess the efficacy of a spot-on combination of fluralaner plus moxidectin (Bravecto Plus) for the treatment of sarcoptic mange in rabbits. ANIMALS Ten client-owned rabbits diagnosed with sarcoptic mange. MATERIALS AND METHODS An application of fluralaner plus moxidectin at an average dose of 25 mg/kg and 1.24 mg/kg, respectively, was administered topically once. Parasitological and dermatological examination was carried out weekly for one month and monthly for three months. RESULTS The median age at diagnosis was 15 (range 3-48) months. Based on the age of onset, there were three juvenile (<6-month-old) and seven adult-onset cases. Of those, four were generalized (head, feet and/or genital area) and six were localized form (head only). The combination of fluralaner plus moxidectin resulted in 100% eradication of mites and complete resolution of all skin lesions within 21 days. Recurrence was not observed 90 days post-treatment. Relapse was not observed in one case followed up for a further four months and two rabbits followed up for a further six months. The other pets were lost to follow-up. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE These results indicated that a single dose of a formulation containing fluralaner plus moxidectin, at 25 mg/kg and 1.24 mg/kg, respectively, was effective for the treatment of naturally occurring sarcoptic mange in rabbits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dario d'Ovidio
- Private practitioner, Arzano, Italy.,Anicura Clinica Veterinaria Malpensa, Samarate, Italy
| | - Domenico Santoro
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
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Petersen M, Maree R, Pretorius H, Liebenberg JE, Guerino F. Efficacy of two topical fluralaner formulations (Bravecto®; Bravecto® Plus) against Asian longhorned tick (Haemaphysalis longicornis) infestations of cats. Parasit Vectors 2023; 16:36. [PMID: 36703156 PMCID: PMC9881378 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-023-05658-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The invasive tick species, Haemaphysalis longicornis, is becoming established in the USA, presenting a growing threat to dogs and cats. Two 90-day studies were initiated, the same protocol in each, to confirm the efficacy of a single application of two fluralaner formulations against H. longicornis infestations of cats. METHODS Cats were randomized among three groups in a 1:1:1 ratio (10 cats/group). Group 1 cats were untreated controls; Group 2 cats were treated with a topical fluralaner formulation (Bravecto®); Group 3 cats received a topical formulation containing fluralaner and moxidectin (Bravecto® Plus). Treatments were administered once (Day 0) at the label dose rates. Each cat was infested with 50 H. longicornis ticks on Day 7 for study qualification and also infested with 50 ticks on Days 2, 28, 58 and 88. Tick counts were completed on Days 5, 2, 30, 60 and 90. The primary objective was based on percentage reductions in arithmetic mean tick counts. RESULTS Pre-study infestations showed all study cats were susceptible to tick challenge. Except for Day 2 in one study, at least six control cats retained ≥ 25% of each challenge, demonstrating an adequate infestation for efficacy assessments. Across studies on Days 2, 30, 60 and 90, the mean live tick infestation rate (number of ticks recovered from each cat/infesting challenge to each cat) of Group 1 cats ranged from 25.0 to 69.6%. Efficacy of each formulation, based on live tick counts, was 100% on Day 2 and > 95 to 100% at each subsequent assessment. Between-group differences were statistically significant (P < 0.0001) for each treatment versus control comparison. CONCLUSION At the label dose rate, both topical fluralaner formulations were 100% effective in eliminating H. longicornis ticks from cats infested at the time of treatment. Efficacy of > 95 to 100% was then maintained through 90 days following a single application. Fluralaner is therefore a treatment of choice for protecting cats against this invasive tick species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Petersen
- grid.417993.10000 0001 2260 0793Merck Animal Health, De Soto, KS 66018 USA
| | | | - Henda Pretorius
- grid.479269.7Clinvet South Africa, Bloemfontein, 9338 South Africa
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Morelli S, Diakou A, Colombo M, Di Cesare A, Barlaam A, Dimzas D, Traversa D. Cat Respiratory Nematodes: Current Knowledge, Novel Data and Warranted Studies on Clinical Features, Treatment and Control. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10040454. [PMID: 33920104 PMCID: PMC8069686 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10040454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2021] [Revised: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The nematodes Aelurostrongylus abstrusus, Troglostrongylus brevior and Capillaria aerophila are the most important parasites inhabiting the airways of cats. They are receiving growing attention from academia, pharmaceutical companies and veterinarians, and are now considered a primary cause of respiratory diseases in feline clinical practice and parasitology. In the past few years, several studies have been conducted in both natural and experimental settings to increase knowledge, provide new insights and fill gaps on respiratory parasitoses of cats. Awareness and knowledge of clinical scenarios towards appropriate and timely diagnosis and prompt and efficacious treatment options have become a priority to investigate. At the same time, chemopreventative approaches have been evaluated to assess the geographical spreading of these parasites and the rise in the number of clinical cases in cat populations of different countries. Given the intense accumulation of novel data, this review presents and discusses the state of the art and the latest updates on the clinical features, treatment, and control of major respiratory parasitoses of cats. Moreover, food for thought is also provided with the aim of spurring on new studies in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Morelli
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (S.M.); (M.C.); (A.D.C.)
| | - Anastasia Diakou
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; (A.D.); (D.D.)
| | - Mariasole Colombo
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (S.M.); (M.C.); (A.D.C.)
| | - Angela Di Cesare
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (S.M.); (M.C.); (A.D.C.)
| | - Alessandra Barlaam
- Department of Agriculture, Food, Natural Resources and Engineering (DAFNE), University of Foggia, Via Napoli 25, 71121 Foggia, Italy;
| | - Dimitris Dimzas
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; (A.D.); (D.D.)
| | - Donato Traversa
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (S.M.); (M.C.); (A.D.C.)
- Correspondence:
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Rust MK. Recent Advancements in the Control of Cat Fleas. INSECTS 2020; 11:insects11100668. [PMID: 33003488 PMCID: PMC7600267 DOI: 10.3390/insects11100668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2020] [Revised: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary The cat flea Ctenocephalides felis felis is the most important pest of domesticated cats and dogs worldwide. This review covers the recent advancements in the control of cat fleas. Over the years, there has been an interest in using ecologically friendly approaches to control fleas. To date, no biological, natural, or cultural means have been discovered that mitigate flea infestations. The recent registration of novel topical and oral therapies promises a new revolution in the control of fleas and ticks and the diseases associated with them. Abstract With the advent of imidacloprid and fipronil spot-on treatments and the oral ingestion of lufenuron, the strategies and methods to control cat fleas dramatically changed during the last 25 years. New innovations and new chemistries have highlighted this progress. Control strategies are no longer based on the tripartite approach of treating the pet, the indoor environment, and outdoors. The ability of modern therapies to break the cat flea life cycle and prevent reproduction has allowed for the stand-alone treatments that are applied or given to the pet. In doing so, we have not only controlled the cat flea, but we have prevented or reduced the impact of many of the diseases associated with ectoparasites and endoparasites of cats and dogs. This review provides an update of newer and non-conventional approaches to control cat fleas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael K Rust
- Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
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Wang Z, Xue J, Sun H, Zhao M, Wang Y, Chu J, Zhuang Y. Evaluation of mixing effect and shear stress of different impeller combinations on nemadectin fermentation. Process Biochem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2020.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Briand A, Cochet-Faivre N, Prélaud P, Armstrong R, Hubinois C. Open field study on the efficacy of fluralaner topical solution for long-term control of flea bite allergy dermatitis in client owned cats in Ile-de-France region. BMC Vet Res 2019; 15:337. [PMID: 31604435 PMCID: PMC6788036 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-019-2081-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Flea bite is considered to be the main cause of allergic dermatitis in cats. There is a need for treatments able to control clinical signs of allergic dermatitis associated with flea bite in cats. This was an open pre-treatment versus post-treatment clinical field study. All cats included in the study presented pruritus, skin lesions or other evidence compatible with flea infestation. Skin lesions were assessed (using SCORFAD) at days 0, 28, 56 and 84 whereas pruritus severity was assessed (using PVAS) at days 0, 15, 28, 56 and 84. On day 0, The fluralaner (280 mg/ml) product (Bravecto® spot-on for cats) was supplied in pipettes containing 0.4, 0.89 and 1.79 ml for cats of 1.2–2.8 kg, > 2.8–6.25 kg and > 6.25–12.5 kg body weight, respectively. The other animals living in the same household also received fluralaner. Based on cytological examination at day 0, oral amoxicillin and clavulanic acid was prescribed for 21 days if indicated. For cats presenting intense pruritus and discomfort at day 0, oral prednisolone at 0.5 mg/kg was prescribed for 3 days. Results During the study all cats, except for one (cat number 10), improved significantly. Post-treatment median SCORFAD scores at all evaluations were significantly different from the pre-treatment score on day 0 (P values < 0.002 for all three post treatment examination days) with a score reduction of 49% on day 28, 79% on day 56 and 87% on day 84. The PVAS score decreased significantly over the study period for all cats but one (cat number 10). Post-treatment median PVAS scores at all evaluations were significantly different from the pre-treatment PVAS score on day 0 (P value < 0.002 for all four post-treatment days) with a reduction of 46% on day 15, 67% on day 28, 82% on day 56 and 92% on day 84. No adverse reaction or other health issue was reported during the study. Conclusions A single topical treatment with fluralaner results in a significant reduction of flea bite allergic dermatitis clinical signs in cats over the subsequent 12 weeks without any additional environmental treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amaury Briand
- Department of Parasitology, Mycology, Dermatology, EA 7380 UPEC Dynamyc, Ecole nationale vétérinaire d'Alfort, F-94700, Maisons-Alfort, France. .,ADVETIA Veterinary Hospital center, 9 Avenue Louis Breguet, 78140, Vélizy-Villacoublay, France.
| | - Noelle Cochet-Faivre
- Department of Parasitology, Mycology, Dermatology, EA 7380 UPEC Dynamyc, Ecole nationale vétérinaire d'Alfort, F-94700, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Pascal Prélaud
- ADVETIA Veterinary Hospital center, 9 Avenue Louis Breguet, 78140, Vélizy-Villacoublay, France
| | - Rob Armstrong
- Merck Animal Health, 2 Giralda Farms, Madison, NJ, USA
| | - Céline Hubinois
- MSD Santé Animale, 7 Rue Olivier de Serres - Angers Technopole CS17144 -49 071, Beaucouze, France
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Rohdich N, Zschiesche E, Wolf O, Loehlein W, Kirkova Z, Iliev P, Rapti D, Postoli R, Capári B, Farkas R, Roepke RKA. A randomized, blinded, controlled, multi-centered field study assessing the treatment of gastrointestinal nematode infections in cats with fluralaner plus moxidectin spot-on solution (Bravecto® Plus). Parasit Vectors 2018; 11:589. [PMID: 30449275 PMCID: PMC6240952 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-018-3169-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A spot-on formulation containing fluralaner (280 mg/ml) plus moxidectin (14 mg/ml) (Bravecto® Plus) was developed for the treatment of nematode infections as well as providing 12 weeks of protection against insect and acarine parasites in cats. The effectiveness and safety of this product against feline gastrointestinal nematodes was assessed in naturally-infested, client-owned cats under field conditions in Albania, Bulgaria, Germany and Hungary. METHODS To be eligible for enrollment in this investigator-blinded study cats had to be at least 10 weeks-old, weigh at least 1.2 kg, be clinically healthy, and have a faecal sample testing positive for nematodes no more than eight days prior to treatment. Cats were stratified into blocks of three in order of presentation at each center and randomly allocated in a 2:1 ratio to be treated topically on Day 0 with fluralaner plus moxidectin (minimum dose rates 40 mg/kg and 2 mg/kg, respectively) or emodepside plus praziquantel (minimum dose rates 3 mg/kg and 12 mg/kg, respectively) (Profender®). Faecal samples were collected from cats prior to treatment and 14 ± 4 days later. RESULTS There were 182 cats randomized to the fluralaner plus moxidectin group, and 91 to the emodepside plus praziquantel group. Prior to treatment the most commonly identified nematode egg was Toxocara cati, found in 79.1 and 82.4% of cats in the fluralaner plus moxidectin and emodepside plus praziquantel groups, respectively. Eggs of Toxascaris leonina were found in 8.2 and 6.6% of cats; of hookworms in 30.8 and 24.2%; and of Capillaria spp. in 7.1 and 4.3%, respectively. After treatment, faecal samples from 98.3% of fluralaner plus moxidectin treated and 96.6% of emodepside plus praziquantel-treated cats were free of nematode ova. Geometric mean faecal egg count reductions for T. cati, the only eggs found in post-treatment faecal samples, were 99.97% and 99.93%, respectively. Treatment with fluralaner plus moxidectin was non-inferior to emodepside plus praziquantel. Both products were safe and well tolerated by cats treated under field conditions. CONCLUSIONS This field study confirms that, in addition to 12-week extended duration flea and tick control, fluralaner plus moxidectin provides broad spectrum treatment of nematodes in cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadja Rohdich
- MSD Animal Health Innovation GmbH, Zur Propstei, 55270 Schwabenheim, Germany
| | - Eva Zschiesche
- MSD Animal Health Innovation GmbH, Zur Propstei, 55270 Schwabenheim, Germany
| | - Oliver Wolf
- Loehlein & Wolf Vet Research, Maistrasse 69, 80337 Munich, Germany
| | | | - Zvezdelina Kirkova
- Department of Parasitology, Trakia University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Student Campus, 6000 Stara Zagora, Bulgaria
| | - Petar Iliev
- Department of Parasitology, Trakia University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Student Campus, 6000 Stara Zagora, Bulgaria
| | - Dhimitër Rapti
- Klinika Veterinare Xhimi, Bulevardi Bajram Curri Nr 2, Tirana, Albania
| | - Rezart Postoli
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Agricultural University, Kodër Kamëz, Tirana, Albania
| | | | - Róbert Farkas
- Department of Parasitology and Zoology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Szent István University, István u. 2, 1078 Budapest VII, Hungary
| | - Rainer K. A. Roepke
- MSD Animal Health Innovation GmbH, Zur Propstei, 55270 Schwabenheim, Germany
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Walther FM, Fisara P, Roepke RKA. Safety of topical administration of fluralaner plus moxidectin concurrently with praziquantel in cats. Parasit Vectors 2018; 11:597. [PMID: 30454033 PMCID: PMC6240955 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-018-3170-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fluralaner provides efficacy against feline ectoparasites following topical administration. Moxidectin is routinely used to treat gastrointestinal nematode infections and prevent heartworm disease caused by Dirofilaria immitis. Praziquantel is routinely used to treat feline tapeworm infections. The safety of a fluralaner plus moxidectin combination topical solution (Bravecto™ Plus, MSD Animal Health) was assessed when administered concurrently with a commercially available praziquantel topical solution (Droncit™ Spot-on, Bayer Animal Health GmbH). The highest dose rates in clinical use were tested. RESULTS Concurrent topical administration of a fluralaner plus moxidectin and a praziquantel product did not result in adverse findings. One out of ten cats receiving praziquantel only (control group), and two out of ten cats receiving fluralaner plus moxidectin and praziquantel (treatment group) had dandruff-like flakes in their coat at the application site. Two out of the ten control cats and three cats out of the ten treatment group cats had very small amounts of unidentified material (minute crusts or crumbs) at the application site which was only visible during close inspection. CONCLUSIONS The concurrent treatment of cats with fluralaner plus moxidectin and praziquantel at the maximum dose in clinical use was well tolerated.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Petr Fisara
- MSD Animal Health, 26 Artisan Road, Seven Hills, NSW Australia
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