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Lei Y, Sheng JH, Jin XR, Liu XB, Zheng XY, Xu XH. Study on the efficacy of early treatment with pirfenidone on the lung function of patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. World J Clin Cases 2024; 12:4913-4923. [DOI: 10.12998/wjcc.v12.i22.4913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2024] [Revised: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/30/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is classified under fibrotic interstitial pneumonia, characterized by a chronic and progressive course. The predominant clinical features of IPF include dyspnea and pulmonary dysfunction.
AIM To assess the effects of pirfenidone in the early treatment of IPF on lung function in patients.
METHODS A retrospective analysis was performed on 113 patients with IPF who were treated in our hospital from November 2017 to January 2023. These patients were divided into two groups: control group (n = 53) and observation group (n = 60). In the control group, patients received routine therapy in combination with methylprednisolone tablets, while those in the observation group received routine therapy together with pirfenidone. After applying these distinct treatment approaches to the two groups, we assessed several parameters, including the overall effectiveness of clinical therapy, the occurrence of adverse reactions (e.g., nausea, vomiting, and anorexia), symptom severity scores, pulmonary function index levels, inflammatory marker levels, and the 6-min walk distance before and after treatment in both groups.
RESULTS The observation group exhibited significantly higher rates than the control group after therapy, with a clear distinction (P < 0.05). After treatment, the observation group experienced significantly fewer adverse reactions than the control group, with a noticeable difference (P < 0.05). When analyzing the symptom severity scores between the two groups of patients after treatment, the observation group had significantly lower scores than the control group, with a distinct difference (P < 0.05). When comparing the pulmonary function index levels between the two groups of patients after therapy, the observation group displayed significantly higher levels than the control group, with a noticeable difference (P < 0.05). Evaluating the inflammatory marker data (C-reactive protein, interleukin-2 [IL-2], and IL-8) between the two groups of patients after therapy, the observation group exhibited significantly lower levels than the control group, with significant disparities (P < 0.05). Comparison of the 6-min walking distance data between the two groups of patients after treatment showed that the observation group achieved significantly greater distances than the control group, with a marked difference (P < 0.05).
CONCLUSION Prompt initiation of pirfenidone treatment in individuals diagnosed with IPF can enhance pulmonary function, elevate inflammatory factor levels, and increase the distance covered in the 6-min walk test. This intervention is conducive to effectively decreasing the occurrence of adverse reactions in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Lei
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The Quzhou Affiliate Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Quzhou 324000, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Jian-Hui Sheng
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The Quzhou Affiliate Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Quzhou 324000, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Xu-Ru Jin
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The Quzhou Affiliate Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Quzhou 324000, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Xian-Bing Liu
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The Quzhou Affiliate Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Quzhou 324000, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Xiao-Yan Zheng
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Quzhou Affiliate Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Quzhou 324000, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Xiao-Hua Xu
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The Quzhou Affiliate Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Quzhou 324000, Zhejiang Province, China
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Hussein ZA, Abu-Raghif AR, Tahseen NJ, Rashed KA, Shaker NS, Fawzi HA. Vinpocetine alleviated alveolar epithelial cells injury in experimental pulmonary fibrosis by targeting PPAR-γ/NLRP3/NF-κB and TGF-β1/Smad2/3 pathways. Sci Rep 2024; 14:11131. [PMID: 38750140 PMCID: PMC11096407 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-61269-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the potential anti-fibrotic activity of vinpocetine in an experimental model of pulmonary fibrosis by bleomycin and in the MRC-5 cell line. Pulmonary fibrosis was induced in BALB/c mice by oropharyngeal aspiration of a single dose of bleomycin (5 mg/kg). The remaining induced animals received a daily dose of pirfenidone (as a standard anti-fibrotic drug) (300 mg/kg/PO) and vinpocetine (20 mg/kg/PO) on day 7 of the induction till the end of the experiment (day 21). The results of the experiment revealed that vinpocetine managed to alleviate the fibrotic endpoints by statistically improving (P ≤ 0.05) the weight index, histopathological score, reduced expression of fibrotic-related proteins in immune-stained lung sections, as well as fibrotic markers measured in serum samples. It also alleviated tissue levels of oxidative stress and inflammatory and pro-fibrotic mediators significantly elevated in bleomycin-only induced animals (P ≤ 0.05). Vinpocetine managed to express a remarkable attenuating effect in pulmonary fibrosis both in vivo and in vitro either directly by interfering with the classical TGF-β1/Smad2/3 signaling pathway or indirectly by upregulating the expression of Nrf2 enhancing the antioxidant system, activating PPAR-γ and downregulating the NLRP3/NF-κB pathway making it a candidate for further clinical investigation in cases of pulmonary fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeena A Hussein
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Al-Nahrain University, Baghdad, Iraq
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Al-Nahrain University, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Ahmed R Abu-Raghif
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Al-Nahrain University, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Nibras J Tahseen
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Al-Bayan University, Baghdad, Iraq
| | | | - Nada S Shaker
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Mustansiriyah University, Baghdad, Iraq
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Zheng L, Chen S, Wu Q, Li X, Zeng W, Dong F, An W, Qin F, Lei L, Zhao C. Tree shrews as a new animal model for systemic sclerosis research. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1315198. [PMID: 38343538 PMCID: PMC10853407 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1315198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is a chronic systemic disease characterized by immune dysregulation and fibrosis for which there is no effective treatment. Animal models are crucial for advancing SSc research. Tree shrews are genetically, anatomically, and immunologically closer to humans than rodents. Thus, the tree shrew model provides a unique opportunity for translational research in SSc. Methods In this study, a SSc tree shrew model was constructed by subcutaneous injection of different doses of bleomycin (BLM) for 21 days. We assessed the degree of inflammation and fibrosis in the skin and internal organs, and antibodies in serum. Furthermore, RNA sequencing and a series of bioinformatics analyses were performed to analyze the transcriptome changes, hub genes and immune infiltration in the skin tissues of BLM induced SSc tree shrew models. Multiple sequence alignment was utilized to analyze the conservation of selected target genes across multiple species. Results Subcutaneous injection of BLM successfully induced a SSc model in tree shrew. This model exhibited inflammation and fibrosis in skin and lung, and some developed esophageal fibrosis and secrum autoantibodies including antinuclear antibodies and anti-scleroderma-70 antibody. Using RNA sequencing, we compiled skin transcriptome profiles in SSc tree shrew models. 90 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified, which were mainly enriched in the PPAR signaling pathway, tyrosine metabolic pathway, p53 signaling pathway, ECM receptor interaction and glutathione metabolism, all of which are closely associated with SSc. Immune infiltration analysis identified 20 different types of immune cells infiltrating the skin of the BLM-induced SSc tree shrew models and correlations between those immune cells. By constructing a protein-protein interaction (PPI) network, we identified 10 hub genes that were significantly highly expressed in the skin of the SSc models compared to controls. Furthermore, these genes were confirmed to be highly conserved in tree shrews, humans and mice. Conclusion This study for the first time comfirmed that tree shrew model of SSc can be used as a novel and promising experimental animal model to study the pathogenesis and translational research in SSc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leting Zheng
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Shuyuan Chen
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Qiulin Wu
- Department of General Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Xi Li
- Key Laboratory of Clinical Laboratory Medicine of Guangxi Department of Education, Department of Clinical Laboratory, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Wen Zeng
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Fei Dong
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Weiwei An
- Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine Department, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Fang Qin
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Ling Lei
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Cheng Zhao
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
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Luo W, Gu Y, Fu S, Wang J, Zhang J, Wang Y. Emerging opportunities to treat idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: Design, discovery, and optimizations of small-molecule drugs targeting fibrogenic pathways. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 260:115762. [PMID: 37683364 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is the most common fibrotic form of idiopathic diffuse lung disease. Due to limited treatment options, IPF patients suffer from poor survival. About ten years ago, Pirfenidone (Shionogi, 2008; InterMune, 2011) and Nintedanib (Boehringer Ingelheim, 2014) were approved, greatly changing the direction of IPF drug design. However, limited efficacy and side effects indicate that neither can reverse the process of IPF. With insights into the occurrence of IPF, novel targets and agents have been proposed, which have fundamentally changed the treatment of IPF. With the next-generation agents, targeting pro-fibrotic pathways in the epithelial-injury model offers a promising approach. Besides, several next-generation IPF drugs have entered phase II/III clinical trials with encouraging results. Due to the rising IPF treatment requirements, there is an urgent need to completely summarize the mechanisms, targets, problems, and drug design strategies over the past ten years. In this review, we summarize known mechanisms, target types, drug design, and novel technologies of IPF drug discovery, aiming to provide insights into the future development and clinical application of next-generation IPF drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxin Luo
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Targeted Tracer Research and Development Laboratory, Institute of Respiratory Health, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, Precision Medicine Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province & Precision Medicine Research Center, Joint Research Institution of Altitude Health, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Yilin Gu
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Targeted Tracer Research and Development Laboratory, Institute of Respiratory Health, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, Precision Medicine Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province & Precision Medicine Research Center, Joint Research Institution of Altitude Health, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Siyu Fu
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Targeted Tracer Research and Development Laboratory, Institute of Respiratory Health, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, Precision Medicine Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province & Precision Medicine Research Center, Joint Research Institution of Altitude Health, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Jiaxing Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, 38163, Tennessee, United States
| | - Jifa Zhang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Targeted Tracer Research and Development Laboratory, Institute of Respiratory Health, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, Precision Medicine Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province & Precision Medicine Research Center, Joint Research Institution of Altitude Health, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China; Frontiers Medical Center, Tianfu Jincheng Laboratory, Chengdu, 610212, Sichuan, China.
| | - Yuxi Wang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Targeted Tracer Research and Development Laboratory, Institute of Respiratory Health, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, Precision Medicine Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province & Precision Medicine Research Center, Joint Research Institution of Altitude Health, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China; Frontiers Medical Center, Tianfu Jincheng Laboratory, Chengdu, 610212, Sichuan, China.
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Muruganandam M, Ariza-Hutchinson A, Patel RA, Sibbitt WL. Biomarkers in the Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, and Treatment of Systemic Sclerosis. J Inflamm Res 2023; 16:4633-4660. [PMID: 37868834 PMCID: PMC10590076 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s379815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is a complex autoimmune disease characterized by vascular damage, vasoinstability, and decreased perfusion with ischemia, inflammation, and exuberant fibrosis of the skin and internal organs. Biomarkers are analytic indicators of the biological and disease processes within an individual that can be accurately and reproducibly measured. The field of biomarkers in SSc is complex as recent studies have implicated at least 240 pathways and dysregulated proteins in SSc pathogenesis. Anti-nuclear antibodies (ANA) are classical biomarkers with well-described clinical classifications and are present in more than 90% of SSc patients and include anti-centromere, anti-Th/To, anti-RNA polymerase III, and anti-topoisomerase I antibodies. Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) is central to the fibrotic process of SSc and is intimately intertwined with other biomarkers. Tyrosine kinases, interferon-1 signaling, IL-6 signaling, endogenous thrombin, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs), lysophosphatidic acid receptors, and amino acid metabolites are new biomarkers with the potential for developing new therapeutic agents. Other biomarkers implicated in SSc-ILD include signal transducer and activator of transcription 4 (STAT4), CD226 (DNAX accessory molecule 1), interferon regulatory factor 5 (IRF5), interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase-1 (IRAK1), connective tissue growth factor (CTGF), pyrin domain containing 1 (NLRP1), T-cell surface glycoprotein zeta chain (CD3ζ) or CD247, the NLR family, SP-D (surfactant protein), KL-6, leucine-rich α2-glycoprotein-1 (LRG1), CCL19, genetic factors including DRB1 alleles, the interleukins (IL-1, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10 IL-13, IL-16, IL-17, IL-18, IL-22, IL-32, and IL-35), the chemokines CCL (2,3,5,13,20,21,23), CXC (8,9,10,11,16), CX3CL1 (fractalkine), and GDF15. Adiponectin (an indicator of PPAR activation) and maresin 1 are reduced in SSc patients. A new trend has been the use of biomarker panels with combined complex multifactor analysis, machine learning, and artificial intelligence to determine disease activity and response to therapy. The present review is an update of the various biomarker molecules, pathways, and receptors involved in the pathology of SSc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maheswari Muruganandam
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology and School of Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Angie Ariza-Hutchinson
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology and School of Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Rosemina A Patel
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology and School of Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Wilmer L Sibbitt
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology and School of Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA
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Tornling G, Batta R, Salvail D, Raud J, Denton CP. Effects of the Oral Angiotensin II Type 2 Receptor Agonist C21 in Sugen-Hypoxia Induced Pulmonary Hypertension in Rats. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24087478. [PMID: 37108643 PMCID: PMC10139154 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24087478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Substantial evidence supports the involvement of the renin-angiotensin system in pulmonary hypertension (PH), and the angiotensin II type 2 receptor (AT2R) is known to exert tissue protective actions. The effect of the selective AT2R agonist C21 (also known as Compound 21 or buloxibutid) was evaluated in the rat Sugen-hypoxia PH model. After a single injection of Sugen 5416 and hypoxia for 21 days, C21 (2 or 20 mg/kg) or vehicle was administered perorally twice daily from Day 21 to Day 55. On Day 56, hemodynamic assessments were performed, and lung and heart tissue were prepared for quantification of cardiac and vascular remodeling and fibrosis. Treatment with C21 20 mg/kg improved cardiac output and stroke volume and decreased right ventricular hypertrophy (all p < 0.05). Treatment with C21 2 mg/kg significantly decreased vessel wall and muscular layer thickness and increased the luminal opening in vessels >100 μm (all p < 0.05). There were no significant differences between the two C21 doses on any parameter, and post hoc analyses comparing the merged C21 groups with the vehicle group showed that C21 treatment reduced vascular remodeling (reduced endothelial proliferation and thickening of the vascular wall) in vessels of all sizes; moreover, the diastolic pulmonary artery pressure and right ventricular pressure were reduced along with reduction of right ventricular hypertrophy. Sugen 5416 and hypoxia increased pulmonary collagen deposition, which was counteracted by C21 20 mg/kg. In conclusion, the effects of C21 on vascular remodeling, hemodynamic alterations, and fibrosis suggest that AT2R agonists may have a role in Group 1 and 3 PH treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Göran Tornling
- Respiratory Medicine Division, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Dan Salvail
- IPS Therapeutique Inc., Sherbrooke, QC J1L 2T9, Canada
| | - Johan Raud
- Vicore Pharma AB, 11127 Stockholm, Sweden
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Christopher P Denton
- Centre for Rheumatology, Royal Free Hospital, University College Medical School, London NW3 2PS, UK
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Ligresti G, Raslan AA, Hong J, Caporarello N, Confalonieri M, Huang SK. Mesenchymal cells in the Lung: Evolving concepts and their role in fibrosis. Gene 2023; 859:147142. [PMID: 36603696 PMCID: PMC10068350 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2022.147142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 12/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Mesenchymal cells in the lung are crucial during development, but also contribute to the pathogenesis of fibrotic disorders, including idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), the most common and deadly form of fibrotic interstitial lung diseases. Originally thought to behave as supporting cells for the lung epithelium and endothelium with a singular function of producing basement membrane, mesenchymal cells encompass a variety of cell types, including resident fibroblasts, lipofibroblasts, myofibroblasts, smooth muscle cells, and pericytes, which all occupy different anatomic locations and exhibit diverse homeostatic functions in the lung. During injury, each of these subtypes demonstrate remarkable plasticity and undergo varying capacity to proliferate and differentiate into activated myofibroblasts. Therefore, these cells secrete high levels of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins and inflammatory cytokines, which contribute to tissue repair, or in pathologic situations, scarring and fibrosis. Whereas epithelial damage is considered the initial trigger that leads to lung injury, lung mesenchymal cells are recognized as the ultimate effector of fibrosis and attempts to better understand the different functions and actions of each mesenchymal cell subtype will lead to a better understanding of why fibrosis develops and how to better target it for future therapy. This review summarizes current findings related to various lung mesenchymal cells as well as signaling pathways, and their contribution to the pathogenesis of pulmonary fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Ligresti
- Department of Medicine, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston MA, US.
| | - Ahmed A Raslan
- Department of Medicine, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston MA, US
| | - Jeongmin Hong
- Department of Medicine, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston MA, US
| | - Nunzia Caporarello
- Department of Physiology & Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, US
| | - Marco Confalonieri
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Steven K Huang
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, US
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8
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Gonzales J, Fraidenburg DR. Pharmacology and Emerging Therapies for Group 3 Pulmonary Hypertension Due to Chronic Lung Disease. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:ph16030418. [PMID: 36986517 PMCID: PMC10058846 DOI: 10.3390/ph16030418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary hypertension (PH) frequently complicates chronic lung disease and is associated with high morbidity and poor outcomes. Individuals with interstitial lung disease and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease develop PH due to structural changes associated with the destruction of lung parenchyma and vasculature with concurrent vasoconstriction and pulmonary vascular remodeling similar to what is observed in idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). Treatment for PH due to chronic lung disease is largely supportive and therapies specific to PAH have had minimal success in this population with exception of the recently FDA-approved inhaled prostacyclin analogue treprostinil. Given the significant disease burden of PH due to chronic lung diseases and its associated mortality, a great need exists for improved understanding of molecular mechanisms leading to vascular remodeling in this population. This review will discuss the current understanding of pathophysiology and emerging therapeutic targets and potential pharmaceuticals.
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Low 15d-PGJ2 status is associated with oxidative stress in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients. Inflamm Res 2023; 72:171-180. [PMID: 36371490 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-022-01637-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) is a ligand-dependent nuclear receptor and highly expressed in human and rodent lungs. 15-Deoxy-delta-12,14-prostaglandin J2 (15d-PGJ2), known for cyclopentenone prostaglandin, is the endogenous ligand of PPARγ. However, the associations among PPARγ, 15d-PGJ2 and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) were unclear. METHODS All 130 fasting blood samples and 40 lung specimens were obtained from COPD patients and control subjects. Serum 15d-PGJ2 was detected by ELISA. The expressions of oxidative stress indicators were measured using western blotting and PPARγ nuclei were evaluated with immunohistochemistry in lungs. The associations among serum 15d-PGJ2, pulmonary PPARγ and oxidative stress indicators, and COPD were estimated. RESULTS Serum 15d-PGJ2 was reduced in COPD patients compared with healthy volunteers. Linear and logistic regression analysis indicated that serum 15d-PGJ2 was positively associated with pulmonary function in COPD patients. In addition, PPARγ-positive nuclei were reduced and oxidative stress indicators, included HO-1 and NOX-4, were increased in lungs of COPD patients. Further correlative analysis suggested that pulmonary function parameters was positively correlated with serum 15d-PGJ2 and pulmonary PPARγ-positive nuclei, inversely related to oxidative stress indicators in lungs of COPD patients. Pretreatment with 15d-PGJ2 obviously attenuated TNFα-induced oxidative stress in BEAS-2B cells. CONCLUSIONS Serum 15d-PGJ2 and pulmonary PPARγ are reduced, and oxidative stress is elevated in COPD patients. Serum 15d-PGJ2 is inversely associated with oxidative stress in COPD patients.
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Wasson CW, Caballero-Ruiz B, Gillespie J, Derrett-Smith E, Mankouri J, Denton CP, Canettieri G, Riobo-Del Galdo NA, Del Galdo F. Induction of Pro-Fibrotic CLIC4 in Dermal Fibroblasts by TGF-β/Wnt3a Is Mediated by GLI2 Upregulation. Cells 2022; 11:cells11030530. [PMID: 35159339 PMCID: PMC8834396 DOI: 10.3390/cells11030530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2022] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Chloride intracellular channel 4 (CLIC4) is a recently discovered driver of fibroblast activation in Scleroderma (SSc) and cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAF). CLIC4 expression and activity are regulated by TGF-β signalling through the SMAD3 transcription factor. In view of the aberrant activation of canonical Wnt-3a and Hedgehog (Hh) signalling in fibrosis, we investigated their role in CLIC4 upregulation. Here, we show that TGF-β/SMAD3 co-operates with Wnt3a/β-catenin and Smoothened/GLI signalling to drive CLIC4 expression in normal dermal fibroblasts, and that the inhibition of β-catenin and GLI expression or activity abolishes TGF-β/SMAD3-dependent CLIC4 induction. We further show that the expression of the pro-fibrotic marker α-smooth muscle actin strongly correlates with CLIC4 expression in dermal fibroblasts. Further investigations revealed that the inhibition of CLIC4 reverses morphogen-dependent fibroblast activation. Our data highlights that CLIC4 is a common downstream target of TGF-β, Hh, and Wnt-3a through signalling crosstalk and we propose a potential therapeutic avenue using CLIC4 inhibitors
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher W. Wasson
- Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, Leeds LS29JT, UK; (J.G.); (F.D.G.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Begoña Caballero-Ruiz
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS29JT, UK; (B.C.-R.); (J.M.); (N.A.R.-D.G.)
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00196 Rome, Italy;
| | - Justin Gillespie
- Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, Leeds LS29JT, UK; (J.G.); (F.D.G.)
| | - Emma Derrett-Smith
- Centre for Rheumatology and Connective Tissue Diseases, UCL Division of Medicine, London NW32PF, UK; (E.D.-S.); (C.P.D.)
| | - Jamel Mankouri
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS29JT, UK; (B.C.-R.); (J.M.); (N.A.R.-D.G.)
| | - Christopher P. Denton
- Centre for Rheumatology and Connective Tissue Diseases, UCL Division of Medicine, London NW32PF, UK; (E.D.-S.); (C.P.D.)
| | - Gianluca Canettieri
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00196 Rome, Italy;
| | - Natalia A. Riobo-Del Galdo
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS29JT, UK; (B.C.-R.); (J.M.); (N.A.R.-D.G.)
- Leeds Institute of Medical Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, Leeds LS29JT, UK
| | - Francesco Del Galdo
- Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, Leeds LS29JT, UK; (J.G.); (F.D.G.)
- Scleroderma Programme, NIHR Leeds Musculoskeletal Biomedical Research Centre, Leeds LS29JT, UK
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