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Li Y, Wei X, Xiao R, Chen Y, Xiong T, Fang ZM, Huo B, Guo X, Luo H, Wu X, Liu L, Zhu XH, Hu Q, Jiang DS, Yi X. SMYD2-Methylated PPARγ Facilitates Hypoxia-Induced Pulmonary Hypertension by Activating Mitophagy. Circ Res 2024; 135:93-109. [PMID: 38770649 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.124.323698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hyperproliferation of pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells (PASMCs) and consequent pulmonary vascular remodeling are the crucial pathological features of pulmonary hypertension (PH). Protein methylation has been shown to be critically involved in PASMC proliferation and PH, but the underlying mechanism remains largely unknown. METHODS PH animal models were generated by treating mice/rats with chronic hypoxia for 4 weeks. SMYD2-vTg mice (vascular smooth muscle cell-specific suppressor of variegation, enhancer of zeste, trithorax and myeloid Nervy DEAF-1 (deformed epidural auto-regulatory factor-1) domain-containing protein 2 transgenic) or wild-type rats and mice treated with LLY-507 (3-cyano-5-{2-[4-[2-(3-methylindol-1-yl)ethyl]piperazin-1-yl]-phenyl}-N-[(3-pyrrolidin-1-yl)propyl]benzamide) were used to investigate the function of SMYD2 (suppressor of variegation, enhancer of zeste, trithorax and myeloid Nervy DEAF-1 domain-containing protein 2) on PH development in vivo. Primary cultured rat PASMCs with SMYD2 knockdown or overexpression were used to explore the effects of SMYD2 on proliferation and to decipher the underlying mechanism. RESULTS We demonstrated that the expression of the lysine methyltransferase SMYD2 was upregulated in the smooth muscle cells of pulmonary arteries from patients with PH and hypoxia-exposed rats/mice and in the cytoplasm of hypoxia-induced rat PASMCs. More importantly, targeted inhibition of SMYD2 by LLY-507 significantly attenuated hypoxia-induced pulmonary vascular remodeling and PH development in both male and female rats in vivo and reduced rat PASMC hyperproliferation in vitro. In contrast, SMYD2-vTg mice exhibited more severe PH phenotypes and related pathological changes than nontransgenic mice after 4 weeks of chronic hypoxia treatment. Furthermore, SMYD2 overexpression promoted, while SMYD2 knockdown suppressed, the proliferation of rat PASMCs by affecting the cell cycle checkpoint between S and G2 phases. Mechanistically, we revealed that SMYD2 directly interacted with and monomethylated PPARγ (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma) to inhibit the nuclear translocation and transcriptional activity of PPARγ, which further promoted mitophagy to facilitate PASMC proliferation and PH development. Furthermore, rosiglitazone, a PPARγ agonist, largely abolished the detrimental effects of SMYD2 overexpression on PASMC proliferation and PH. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrated that SMYD2 monomethylates nonhistone PPARγ and inhibits its nuclear translocation and activation to accelerate PASMC proliferation and PH by triggering mitophagy, indicating that targeting SMYD2 or activating PPARγ are potential strategies for the prevention of PH.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Humans
- Male
- Mice
- Rats
- Cell Proliferation
- Cells, Cultured
- Histone-Lysine N-Methyltransferase/metabolism
- Histone-Lysine N-Methyltransferase/genetics
- Hypertension, Pulmonary/metabolism
- Hypertension, Pulmonary/etiology
- Hypertension, Pulmonary/pathology
- Hypertension, Pulmonary/genetics
- Hypoxia/complications
- Hypoxia/metabolism
- Methylation
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Transgenic
- Mitophagy
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/metabolism
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/pathology
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/metabolism
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/pathology
- PPAR gamma/metabolism
- Pulmonary Artery/pathology
- Pulmonary Artery/metabolism
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Vascular Remodeling
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Li
- Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China (Y.L., X. Wei, T.X., Z.-M.F., B.H., X.G., H.L., X.-H.Z., D.-S.J.)
| | - Xiang Wei
- Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China (Y.L., X. Wei, T.X., Z.-M.F., B.H., X.G., H.L., X.-H.Z., D.-S.J.)
- Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Education (X. Wei, D.-S.J.), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Wuhan, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation (X. Wei, D.-S.J.), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation (X. Wei, D.-S.J.), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Rui Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Pulmonary Diseases of Ministry of Health of China, Wuhan (R.X., Q.H.)
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China (R.X., Q.H.)
| | - Yongjie Chen
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Union Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China (Y.C.)
| | - Tianxin Xiong
- Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China (Y.L., X. Wei, T.X., Z.-M.F., B.H., X.G., H.L., X.-H.Z., D.-S.J.)
| | - Ze-Min Fang
- Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China (Y.L., X. Wei, T.X., Z.-M.F., B.H., X.G., H.L., X.-H.Z., D.-S.J.)
| | - Bo Huo
- Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China (Y.L., X. Wei, T.X., Z.-M.F., B.H., X.G., H.L., X.-H.Z., D.-S.J.)
| | - Xian Guo
- Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China (Y.L., X. Wei, T.X., Z.-M.F., B.H., X.G., H.L., X.-H.Z., D.-S.J.)
| | - Hanshen Luo
- Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China (Y.L., X. Wei, T.X., Z.-M.F., B.H., X.G., H.L., X.-H.Z., D.-S.J.)
| | - Xingliang Wu
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, China (X. Wu, L.L., X.Y.)
| | - Liyuan Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, China (X. Wu, L.L., X.Y.)
| | - Xue-Hai Zhu
- Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China (Y.L., X. Wei, T.X., Z.-M.F., B.H., X.G., H.L., X.-H.Z., D.-S.J.)
| | - Qinghua Hu
- Key Laboratory of Pulmonary Diseases of Ministry of Health of China, Wuhan (R.X., Q.H.)
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China (R.X., Q.H.)
| | - Ding-Sheng Jiang
- Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China (Y.L., X. Wei, T.X., Z.-M.F., B.H., X.G., H.L., X.-H.Z., D.-S.J.)
- Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Education (X. Wei, D.-S.J.), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Wuhan, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation (X. Wei, D.-S.J.), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation (X. Wei, D.-S.J.), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Xin Yi
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, China (X. Wu, L.L., X.Y.)
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2
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Zhao Z, Yang X. Inhibition of SMYD2 attenuates paraquat-induced pulmonary fibrosis by inhibiting the epithelial-mesenchymal transition through the GLIPR2/ERK/p38 axis. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 202:105971. [PMID: 38879290 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2024.105971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Revised: 05/17/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
Paraquat (PQ) poisoning leads to irreversible fibrosis in the lungs with high mortality and no known antidote. In this study, we investigated the effect of the SET and MYND domain containing 2 (SMYD2) on PQ-induced pulmonary fibrosis (PF) and its potential mechanisms. We established an in vivo PQ-induced PF mouse model by intraperitoneal injection of PQ (20 mg/kg) and in vitro PQ (25 μM)-injured MLE-12 cell model. On the 15th day of administration, tissue injury, inflammation, and fibrosis in mice were evaluated using various methods including routine blood counts, blood biochemistry, blood gas analysis, western blotting, H&E staining, ELISA, Masson staining, and immunofluorescence. The findings indicated that AZ505 administration mitigated tissue damage, inflammation, and collagen deposition in PQ-poisoned mice. Mechanistically, both in vivo and in vitro experiments revealed that AZ505 treatment suppressed the PQ-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) process by downregulating GLI pathogenesis related 2 (GLIPR2) and ERK/p38 pathway. Further investigations demonstrated that SMYD2 inhibition decreased GLIPR2 methylation and facilitated GLIPR2 ubiquitination, leading to GLIPR2 destabilization in PQ-exposed MLE-12 cells. Moreover, rescue experiments conducted in vitro demonstrated that GLIPR2 overexpression eliminated the inhibitory effect of AZ505 on the ERK/p38 pathway and EMT. Our results reveal that the SMYD2 inhibitor AZ505 may act as a novel therapeutic candidate to suppress the EMT process by modulating the GLIPR2/ERK/p38 axis in PQ-induced PF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Zhao
- Department of Emergency, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, China
| | - Xue Yang
- Department of Neurology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, China.
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3
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Richard A, Berthelet J, Judith D, Advedissian T, Espadas J, Jannot G, Amo A, Loew D, Lombard B, Casanova AG, Reynoird N, Roux A, Berlioz-Torrent C, Echard A, Weitzman JB, Medjkane S. Methylation of ESCRT-III components regulates the timing of cytokinetic abscission. Nat Commun 2024; 15:4023. [PMID: 38740816 PMCID: PMC11091153 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-47717-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Abscission is the final stage of cytokinesis, which cleaves the intercellular bridge (ICB) connecting two daughter cells. Abscission requires tight control of the recruitment and polymerization of the Endosomal Protein Complex Required for Transport-III (ESCRT-III) components. We explore the role of post-translational modifications in regulating ESCRT dynamics. We discover that SMYD2 methylates the lysine 6 residue of human CHMP2B, a key ESCRT-III component, at the ICB, impacting the dynamic relocation of CHMP2B to sites of abscission. SMYD2 loss-of-function (genetically or pharmacologically) causes CHMP2B hypomethylation, delayed CHMP2B polymerization and delayed abscission. This is phenocopied by CHMP2B lysine 6 mutants that cannot be methylated. Conversely, SMYD2 gain-of-function causes CHMP2B hypermethylation and accelerated abscission, specifically in cells undergoing cytokinetic challenges, thereby bypassing the abscission checkpoint. Additional experiments highlight the importance of CHMP2B methylation beyond cytokinesis, namely during ESCRT-III-mediated HIV-1 budding. We propose that lysine methylation signaling fine-tunes the ESCRT-III machinery to regulate the timing of cytokinetic abscission and other ESCRT-III dependent functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélie Richard
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, UMR7126 Epigenetics and Cell Fate, F-75013, Paris, France
| | - Jérémy Berthelet
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, UMR7126 Epigenetics and Cell Fate, F-75013, Paris, France
| | - Delphine Judith
- Université Paris Cité, Inserm, CNRS, Institut Cochin, F-75014, Paris, France
| | - Tamara Advedissian
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR3691, Membrane Traffic and Cell Division Unit, 25-28 Rue du Dr Roux, F-75015, Paris, France
| | - Javier Espadas
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Geneva, CH-1211, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Guillaume Jannot
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, UMR7126 Epigenetics and Cell Fate, F-75013, Paris, France
| | - Angélique Amo
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, UMR7126 Epigenetics and Cell Fate, F-75013, Paris, France
| | - Damarys Loew
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, Centre de Recherche, CurieCoreTech Mass Spectrometry Proteomics, F-75005, Paris, France
| | - Berangere Lombard
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, Centre de Recherche, CurieCoreTech Mass Spectrometry Proteomics, F-75005, Paris, France
| | - Alexandre G Casanova
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS UMR5309, INSERM U1209, Institute for Advanced Biosciences, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Nicolas Reynoird
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS UMR5309, INSERM U1209, Institute for Advanced Biosciences, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Aurélien Roux
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Geneva, CH-1211, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | - Arnaud Echard
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR3691, Membrane Traffic and Cell Division Unit, 25-28 Rue du Dr Roux, F-75015, Paris, France
| | - Jonathan B Weitzman
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, UMR7126 Epigenetics and Cell Fate, F-75013, Paris, France
| | - Souhila Medjkane
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, UMR7126 Epigenetics and Cell Fate, F-75013, Paris, France.
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4
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Liu D, Yang X, Wang X. Neutrophil extracellular traps promote gastric cancer cell metastasis via the NAT10-mediated N4-acetylcytidine modification of SMYD2. Cell Signal 2024; 116:111014. [PMID: 38110168 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2023.111014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023]
Abstract
It has been reported that the formation of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) is associated with cancer metastasis. The current study aimed to explore the effects of NETs on gastric cancer (GC) cell metastasis and uncover their underlying mechanism. NETs were measured in the plasma of patients with GC. Then, GC cells were treated with NETs to assess cell viability, migration, and invasion using cell counting kit 8 and Transwell assay, The liver metastasis and xenograft tumor mouse models were established to assess tumor growth and metastasis. The N4-acetylcytidine (ac4C) modification of SET and MYND domain containing 2 (SMYD2) mediated by NAT10 was evaluated using acetylated RNA immunoprecipitation. The results showed that the level of NETs was increased in the plasma of patients with GC, particularly in those with metastatic GC. In addition, GC cell co-treatment with NETs promoted cell viability, migration and invasion, while NAT10 or SMYD2 knockdown abrogated this effect. NAT10 also promoted the ac4C modification of SMYD2, thus increasing SMYD2 stability. Furthermore, NETs promoted the metastasis of GC cells in the liver in vivo. Overall, the results of the present study demonstrated that NETs promoted GC cell metastasis via the NAT10-mediated ac4C modification of SMYD2. These findings suggested that inhibiting the formation of NETs could be an effective approach for attenuating GC progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donghui Liu
- School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Building 2E, phase II, Science Park, Xiangfang District, Harbin 150000, Heilongjiang, China; Department of Oncology, Heilongjiang Provincial Hospital, No. 82, Zhongshan Road, Xiangfang District, Harbin 150000, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Xiaoyao Yang
- Department of Science and Education, Heilongjiang Provincial Hospital, Harbin 150000, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Xuyao Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Harbin Second Hospital, No. 38, Weixing Road, Daowai District, Harbin 150000, Heilongjiang, China.
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5
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Li J, Hong Z, Zhang J, Zheng S, Wan F, Liu Z, Dai B. Lysine methyltransferase SMYD2 enhances androgen receptor signaling to modulate CRPC cell resistance to enzalutamide. Oncogene 2024; 43:744-757. [PMID: 38243079 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-024-02945-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/21/2024]
Abstract
Androgen receptors (ARs) play key roles in prostate cancer (PCa) progression and castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) resistance to drug therapy. SET and MYND domain containing protein 2 (SMYD2), a lysine methyltransferase, has been reported to promote tumors by transcriptionally methylating important oncogenes or tumor repressor genes. However, the role of SMYD2 in CRPC drug resistance remains unclear. In this study, we found that SMYD2 expression was significantly upregulated in PCa tissues and cell lines. High SMYD2 expression indicated poor CRPC-free survival and overall survival in patients. SMYD2 knockdown dramatically inhibited the proliferation, migration, invasion, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) potential of 22Rv1 and C4-2 cells. Conversely, ectopic overexpression of SMYD2 promoted these effects in 22Rv1 and C4-2 cells. Mechanistically, SMYD2 methylated and phosphorylated ARs to affect AR ubiquitination and proteasome degradation, which further alters the AR transcriptome in CRPC cells. Importantly, the SMYD2 inhibitor AZ505 had a synergistic therapeutic effect with enzalutamide in CRPC cells and mouse models; however, it could also re-sensitize resistant CRPC cells to enzalutamide. Our findings demonstrated that SMYD2 enhances the methylation and phosphorylation of ARs and affects AR ubiquitination and proteasome degradation to modulate CRPC cell resistance to enzalutamide, indicating that SMYD2 serves as a crucial oncogene in PCa and is an ideal therapeutic target for CRPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junhong Li
- Department of Urology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, 200032, Shanghai, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, 200032, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Genitourinary Cancer Institute, 200032, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhe Hong
- Department of Urology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, 200032, Shanghai, China.
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, 200032, Shanghai, China.
- Shanghai Genitourinary Cancer Institute, 200032, Shanghai, China.
| | - Junyu Zhang
- Department of Urology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, 200032, Shanghai, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, 200032, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Genitourinary Cancer Institute, 200032, Shanghai, China
| | - Shengfeng Zheng
- Department of Urology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, 200032, Shanghai, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, 200032, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Genitourinary Cancer Institute, 200032, Shanghai, China
| | - Fangning Wan
- Department of Urology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, 200032, Shanghai, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, 200032, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Genitourinary Cancer Institute, 200032, Shanghai, China
| | - Zheng Liu
- Department of Urology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, 200032, Shanghai, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, 200032, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Genitourinary Cancer Institute, 200032, Shanghai, China
| | - Bo Dai
- Department of Urology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, 200032, Shanghai, China.
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, 200032, Shanghai, China.
- Shanghai Genitourinary Cancer Institute, 200032, Shanghai, China.
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6
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To KKW, Huang Z, Zhang H, Ashby CR, Fu L. Utilizing non-coding RNA-mediated regulation of ATP binding cassette (ABC) transporters to overcome multidrug resistance to cancer chemotherapy. Drug Resist Updat 2024; 73:101058. [PMID: 38277757 DOI: 10.1016/j.drup.2024.101058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Revised: 12/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 01/28/2024]
Abstract
Multidrug resistance (MDR) is one of the primary factors that produces treatment failure in patients receiving cancer chemotherapy. MDR is a complex multifactorial phenomenon, characterized by a decrease or abrogation of the efficacy of a wide spectrum of anticancer drugs that are structurally and mechanistically distinct. The overexpression of the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters, notably ABCG2 and ABCB1, are one of the primary mediators of MDR in cancer cells, which promotes the efflux of certain chemotherapeutic drugs from cancer cells, thereby decreasing or abolishing their therapeutic efficacy. A number of studies have suggested that non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), particularly microRNAs (miRNAs), long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) and circular RNAs (circRNAs), play a pivotal role in mediating the upregulation of ABC transporters in certain MDR cancer cells. This review will provide updated information about the induction of ABC transporters due to the aberrant regulation of ncRNAs in cancer cells. We will also discuss the measurement and biological profile of circulating ncRNAs in various body fluids as potential biomarkers for predicting the response of cancer patients to chemotherapy. Sequence variations, such as alternative polyadenylation of mRNA and single nucleotide polymorphism (SNPs) at miRNA target sites, which may indicate the interaction of miRNA-mediated gene regulation with genetic variations to modulate the MDR phenotype, will be reviewed. Finally, we will highlight novel strategies that could be used to modulate ncRNAs and circumvent ABC transporter-mediated MDR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth K W To
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region.
| | - Zoufang Huang
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou 341000, China
| | - Hang Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Charles R Ashby
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University, Queens, NY 11439, United States
| | - Liwu Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine; Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, China.
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7
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Zhong X, Wei X, Xu Y, Zhu X, Huo B, Guo X, Feng G, Zhang Z, Feng X, Fang Z, Luo Y, Yi X, Jiang DS. The lysine methyltransferase SMYD2 facilitates neointimal hyperplasia by regulating the HDAC3-SRF axis. Acta Pharm Sin B 2024; 14:712-728. [PMID: 38322347 PMCID: PMC10840433 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2023.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Coronary restenosis is an important cause of poor long-term prognosis in patients with coronary heart disease. Here, we show that lysine methyltransferase SMYD2 expression in the nucleus is significantly elevated in serum- and PDGF-BB-induced vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs), and in tissues of carotid artery injury-induced neointimal hyperplasia. Smyd2 overexpression in VSMCs (Smyd2-vTg) facilitates, but treatment with its specific inhibitor LLY-507 or SMYD2 knockdown significantly inhibits VSMC phenotypic switching and carotid artery injury-induced neointima formation in mice. Transcriptome sequencing revealed that SMYD2 knockdown represses the expression of serum response factor (SRF) target genes and that SRF overexpression largely reverses the inhibitory effect of SMYD2 knockdown on VSMC proliferation. HDAC3 directly interacts with and deacetylates SRF, which enhances SRF transcriptional activity in VSMCs. Moreover, SMYD2 promotes HDAC3 expression via tri-methylation of H3K36 at its promoter. RGFP966, a specific inhibitor of HDAC3, not only counteracts the pro-proliferation effect of SMYD2 overexpression on VSMCs, but also inhibits carotid artery injury-induced neointima formation in mice. HDAC3 partially abolishes the inhibitory effect of SMYD2 knockdown on VSMC proliferation in a deacetylase activity-dependent manner. Our results reveal that the SMYD2-HDAC3-SRF axis constitutes a novel and critical epigenetic mechanism that regulates VSMC phenotypic switching and neointimal hyperplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxuan Zhong
- Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Xiang Wei
- Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
- Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Education, NHC Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Yan Xu
- School of Life Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Xuehai Zhu
- Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
- Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Education, NHC Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Bo Huo
- Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Xian Guo
- Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Gaoke Feng
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China
| | - Zihao Zhang
- Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Xin Feng
- Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Zemin Fang
- Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Yuxuan Luo
- School of Life Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Xin Yi
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China
| | - Ding-Sheng Jiang
- Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
- Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Education, NHC Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Wuhan 430030, China
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8
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Casanova AG, Roth GS, Hausmann S, Lu X, Bischoff LJM, Froeliger EM, Belmudes L, Bourova-Flin E, Flores NM, Benitez AM, Chasan T, Caporicci M, Vayr J, Blanchet S, Ielasi F, Rousseaux S, Hainaut P, Gozani O, Le Romancer M, Couté Y, Palencia A, Mazur PK, Reynoird N. Cytoskeleton remodeling induced by SMYD2 methyltransferase drives breast cancer metastasis. Cell Discov 2024; 10:12. [PMID: 38296970 PMCID: PMC10830559 DOI: 10.1038/s41421-023-00644-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Malignant forms of breast cancer refractory to existing therapies remain a major unmet health issue, primarily due to metastatic spread. A better understanding of the mechanisms at play will provide better insights for alternative treatments to prevent breast cancer cell dispersion. Here, we identify the lysine methyltransferase SMYD2 as a clinically actionable master regulator of breast cancer metastasis. While SMYD2 is overexpressed in aggressive breast cancers, we notice that it is not required for primary tumor growth. However, mammary-epithelium specific SMYD2 ablation increases mouse overall survival by blocking the primary tumor cell ability to metastasize. Mechanistically, we identify BCAR3 as a genuine physiological substrate of SMYD2 in breast cancer cells. BCAR3 monomethylated at lysine K334 (K334me1) is recognized by a novel methyl-binding domain present in FMNLs proteins. These actin cytoskeleton regulators are recruited at the cell edges by the SMYD2 methylation signaling and modulate lamellipodia properties. Breast cancer cells with impaired BCAR3 methylation lose migration and invasiveness capacity in vitro and are ineffective in promoting metastases in vivo. Remarkably, SMYD2 pharmacologic inhibition efficiently impairs the metastatic spread of breast cancer cells, PDX and aggressive mammary tumors from genetically engineered mice. This study provides a rationale for innovative therapeutic prevention of malignant breast cancer metastatic progression by targeting the SMYD2-BCAR3-FMNL axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre G Casanova
- Grenoble Alpes University, CNRS UMR 5309, INSERM U 1209, Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Grenoble, France
| | - Gael S Roth
- Grenoble Alpes University, CNRS UMR 5309, INSERM U 1209, Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Grenoble, France
- Clinique Universitaire d'Hépato-gastroentérologie et Oncologie digestive, CHU Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Simone Hausmann
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Xiaoyin Lu
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Ludivine J M Bischoff
- Grenoble Alpes University, CNRS UMR 5309, INSERM U 1209, Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Grenoble, France
| | - Emilie M Froeliger
- Grenoble Alpes University, CNRS UMR 5309, INSERM U 1209, Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Grenoble, France
| | - Lucid Belmudes
- Grenoble Alpes University, CEA, INSERM, UA13 BGE, CNRS CEA, FR2048, Grenoble, France
| | - Ekaterina Bourova-Flin
- Grenoble Alpes University, CNRS UMR 5309, INSERM U 1209, Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Grenoble, France
| | - Natasha M Flores
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Ana Morales Benitez
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Tourkian Chasan
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Marcello Caporicci
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jessica Vayr
- Grenoble Alpes University, CNRS UMR 5309, INSERM U 1209, Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Grenoble, France
| | - Sandrine Blanchet
- Grenoble Alpes University, CNRS UMR 5309, INSERM U 1209, Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Grenoble, France
| | - Francesco Ielasi
- Grenoble Alpes University, CNRS UMR 5309, INSERM U 1209, Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Grenoble, France
| | - Sophie Rousseaux
- Grenoble Alpes University, CNRS UMR 5309, INSERM U 1209, Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Grenoble, France
| | - Pierre Hainaut
- Grenoble Alpes University, CNRS UMR 5309, INSERM U 1209, Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Grenoble, France
| | - Or Gozani
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Muriel Le Romancer
- Université de Lyon, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, Inserm U1052, CNRS UMR5286, Lyon, France
| | - Yohann Couté
- Grenoble Alpes University, CEA, INSERM, UA13 BGE, CNRS CEA, FR2048, Grenoble, France
| | - Andres Palencia
- Grenoble Alpes University, CNRS UMR 5309, INSERM U 1209, Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Grenoble, France
| | - Pawel K Mazur
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
| | - Nicolas Reynoird
- Grenoble Alpes University, CNRS UMR 5309, INSERM U 1209, Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Grenoble, France.
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9
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Luo H, Wu X, Zhu XH, Yi X, Du D, Jiang DS. The functions of SET domain bifurcated histone lysine methyltransferase 1 (SETDB1) in biological process and disease. Epigenetics Chromatin 2023; 16:47. [PMID: 38057834 DOI: 10.1186/s13072-023-00519-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Histone methyltransferase SETDB1 (SET domain bifurcated histone lysine methyltransferase 1, also known as ESET or KMT1E) is known to be involved in the deposition of the di- and tri-methyl marks on H3K9 (H3K9me2 and H3K9me3), which are associated with transcription repression. SETDB1 exerts an essential role in the silencing of endogenous retroviruses (ERVs) in embryonic stem cells (mESCs) by tri-methylating H3K9 (H3K9me3) and interacting with DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs). Additionally, SETDB1 is engaged in regulating multiple biological processes and diseases, such as ageing, tumors, and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), by methylating both histones and non-histone proteins. In this review, we provide an overview of the complex biology of SETDB1, review the upstream regulatory mechanisms of SETDB1 and its partners, discuss the functions and molecular mechanisms of SETDB1 in cell fate determination and stem cell, as well as in tumors and other diseases. Finally, we discuss the current challenges and prospects of targeting SETDB1 for the treatment of different diseases, and we also suggest some future research directions in the field of SETDB1 research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanshen Luo
- Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Ave., Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Xingliang Wu
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xue-Hai Zhu
- Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Ave., Wuhan, 430030, China
- Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Education; NHC Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation; Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Xin Yi
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Dunfeng Du
- Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Education; NHC Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation; Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
- Institute of Organ Transplantation, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
| | - Ding-Sheng Jiang
- Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Ave., Wuhan, 430030, China.
- Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Education; NHC Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation; Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
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10
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Xu H, Ba Z, Liu C, Yu X. Long noncoding RNA DLEU1 promotes proliferation and glycolysis of gastric cancer cells via APOC1 upregulation by recruiting SMYD2 to induce trimethylation of H3K4 modification. Transl Oncol 2023; 36:101731. [PMID: 37478669 PMCID: PMC10375852 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2023.101731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/23/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES APOC1 has been reported to promote tumor progression. Nevertheless, its impact on cell proliferation and glycolysis in gastric cancer (GC) remains to be probed. Hence, this study explored the related impacts and mechanisms. METHODS DLEU1, SMYD2, and APOC1 expression was detected in GC cells. Afterward, ectopic expression and knockdown experiments were conducted in GC cells, followed by measurement of cell proliferation, glucose uptake capability, lactic acid production, ATP content, extracellular acidification rate (ECAR), oxygen consumption rate (OCR), and GLUT1, HK2, and LDHA expression. In addition, interactions between DLEU1 and SMYD2 were analyzed with RIP and RNA pull down assays, and the binding of SMYD2 to APOC1 promoter and the methylation modification of SMYD2 in H3K4me3 were assessed with a ChIP assay. The ectopic tumor formation experiment in nude mice was conducted for in vivo validation. RESULTS DLEU1, SMYD2, and APOC1 were highly expressed in GC cells. The downregulation of DLEU1 or APOC1 inhibited glucose uptake capability, lactic acid production, ECAR, the expression of GLUT1, HK2, and LDHA, ATP contents, and proliferation but augmented OCR in GC cells, which was also verified in animal experiments. Mechanistically, DLEU1 interacted with SMYD2 and recruited SMYD2 to APOC1 promoter to promote H3K4me3 modification, thus facilitating APOC1 expression. Furthermore, the effects of DLEU1 silencing on GC cell proliferation and glycolysis were negated by overexpressing SMYD2 or APOC1. CONCLUSION LncRNA DLEU1 recruited SMYD2 to upregulate APOC1 expression, thus boosting GC cell proliferation and glycolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haitao Xu
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150081, P. R. China
| | - Zhichang Ba
- Department of Medical Imaging Center, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150081, P. R. China
| | - Chunxun Liu
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150081, P. R. China
| | - Xuefeng Yu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150081, P. R. China.
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11
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Casanova AG, Roth GS, Hausmann S, Lu X, Belmudes L, Bourova-Flin E, Flores NM, Benitez AM, Caporicci M, Vayr J, Blanchet S, Ielasi F, Rousseaux S, Hainaut P, Gozani O, Couté Y, Palencia A, Mazur PK, Reynoird N. Cytoskeleton remodeling induced by SMYD2 methyltransferase drives breast cancer metastasis. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.09.18.558201. [PMID: 37790557 PMCID: PMC10542120 DOI: 10.1101/2023.09.18.558201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
Malignant forms of breast cancer refractory to existing therapies remain a major unmet health issue, primarily due to metastatic spread. A better understanding of the mechanisms at play will provide better insights for alternative treatments to prevent breast cancer cells dispersion. Here, we identify the lysine methyltransferase SMYD2 as a clinically actionable master regulator of breast cancer metastasis. While SMYD2 is overexpressed in aggressive breast cancers, we notice that it is not required for primary tumor growth. However, mammary-epithelium specific SMYD2 ablation increases mouse overall survival by blocking the primary tumor cells ability to metastasize. Mechanistically, we identify BCAR3 as a genuine physiological substrate of SMYD2 in breast cancer cells. BCAR3 monomethylated at lysine K334 (K334me1) is recognized by a novel methyl-binding domain present in FMNLs proteins. These actin cytoskeleton regulators are recruited at the cell edges by the SMYD2 methylation signaling and modulates lamellipodia properties. Breast cancer cells with impaired BCAR3 methylation loose migration and invasiveness capacity in vitro and are ineffective in promoting metastases in vivo . Remarkably, SMYD2 pharmacologic inhibition efficiently impairs the metastatic spread of breast cancer cells, PDX and aggressive mammary tumors from genetically engineered mice. This study provides a rationale for innovative therapeutic prevention of malignant breast cancer metastatic progression by targeting the SMYD2-BCAR3-FMNL axis.
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12
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Chen M, Zuo S, Chen S, Li X, Zhang T, Yang D, Zou X, Yang Y, Long H, Peng R, Yuan H, Guo B, Liu L. Pharmacological inhibition of SMYD2 protects against cisplatin-induced renal fibrosis and inflammation. J Pharmacol Sci 2023; 153:38-45. [PMID: 37524453 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphs.2023.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 06/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023] Open
Abstract
SET and MYND domain protein 2 (SMYD2) can methylate histone H3 at lysine36 (H3K36) and some non-histone substrates to play a role in tumorigenesis. However, It is unclear how SMYD2 contributes to chronic kidney disease (CKD). Here, AZ505 or LLY507, which could inhibit SMYD2, were used in cisplatin-induced CKD to investigate the effects and possible mechanisms by which they might act. We found that high expression of SMYD2 in cisplatin-induced CKD. However, AZ505 or LLY507 can significantly inhibit its expression, improve renal function injury and fibrosis induced by cisplatin, inhibit the transition of epithelial cells to a fibrogenic phenotype and fibrosis-related proteins, inhibit the expression of Inflammatory Cytokines (such as IL-6 and TNF-α), And inhibit the phosphorylation of pro-fibrosis molecule Smad3 and signal transduction and transcription activator-3 (STAT3) and up-regulated the expression of renal protective factor Smad7. In cultured tubular epithelial cells, AZ505 also can inhibit the expression of EMT, fibrosis-related proteins, and inflammatory cytokines in cisplatin-induced tubular epithelial cells. Based on these findings, SMYD2 may be a critical regulator of cisplatin-induced CKD and targeted pharmacological inhibition of SMYD2 may prevent cisplatin-induced CKD through Smad3 or STAT3-related signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Chen
- Center for Clinical Laboratories, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550004, China; School of Clinical Laboratory Science, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550004, China; Guizhou Precision Medicine Institute, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550004, China.
| | - Siyang Zuo
- Center for Clinical Laboratories, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550004, China; School of Clinical Laboratory Science, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550004, China; Guizhou Precision Medicine Institute, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550004, China.
| | - Siyu Chen
- Center for Clinical Laboratories, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550004, China; School of Clinical Laboratory Science, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550004, China; Guizhou Precision Medicine Institute, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550004, China.
| | - Xia Li
- Guizhou Precision Medicine Institute, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550004, China; Center for Clinical Medical Research, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550004, China.
| | - Tian Zhang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550025, China; Laboratory of Pathogenesis Research, Drug Prevention and Treatment of Major Diseases, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550025, China.
| | - Dan Yang
- Guizhou Precision Medicine Institute, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550004, China; Center for Clinical Medical Research, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550004, China.
| | - Xue Zou
- Guizhou Precision Medicine Institute, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550004, China; Center for Clinical Medical Research, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550004, China.
| | - Yuan Yang
- Center for Clinical Laboratories, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550004, China; School of Clinical Laboratory Science, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550004, China; Guizhou Precision Medicine Institute, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550004, China.
| | - Hehua Long
- Center for Clinical Laboratories, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550004, China; School of Clinical Laboratory Science, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550004, China; Guizhou Precision Medicine Institute, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550004, China.
| | - Rui Peng
- Center for Clinical Laboratories, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550004, China; School of Clinical Laboratory Science, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550004, China; Guizhou Precision Medicine Institute, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550004, China.
| | - Huixiong Yuan
- Center for Clinical Laboratories, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550004, China; School of Clinical Laboratory Science, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550004, China; Guizhou Precision Medicine Institute, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550004, China.
| | - Bing Guo
- Department of Pathophysiology, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550025, China; Laboratory of Pathogenesis Research, Drug Prevention and Treatment of Major Diseases, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550025, China.
| | - Lirong Liu
- Center for Clinical Laboratories, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550004, China; School of Clinical Laboratory Science, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550004, China; Guizhou Precision Medicine Institute, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550004, China.
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13
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Zhou Y, Sharma S, Sun X, Guan X, Hou Y, Yang Z, Shi H, Zou MH, Song P, Zhou J, Wang S, Hu Z, Li C. SMYD2 regulates vascular smooth muscle cell phenotypic switching and intimal hyperplasia via interaction with myocardin. Cell Mol Life Sci 2023; 80:264. [PMID: 37615725 PMCID: PMC11071988 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-023-04883-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Revised: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
The SET and MYND domain-containing protein 2 (SMYD2) is a histone lysine methyltransferase that has been reported to regulate carcinogenesis and inflammation. However, its role in vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) homeostasis and vascular diseases has not been determined. Here, we investigated the role of SMYD2 in VSMC phenotypic modulation and vascular intimal hyperplasia and elucidated the underlying mechanism. We observed that SMYD2 expression was downregulated in injured carotid arteries in mice and phenotypically modulated VSMCs in vitro. Using an SMC-specific SMYD2 knockout mouse model, we found that SMYD2 ablation in VSMCs exacerbated neointima formation after vascular injury in vivo. Conversely, SMYD2 overexpression inhibited VSMC proliferation and migration in vitro and attenuated arterial narrowing in injured vessels in mice. SMYD2 downregulation promoted VSMC phenotypic switching accompanied with enhanced proliferation and migration. Mechanistically, genome-wide transcriptome analysis and loss/gain-of-function studies revealed that SMYD2 up-regulated VSMC contractile gene expression and suppressed VSMC proliferation and migration, in part, by promoting expression and transactivation of the master transcription cofactor myocardin. In addition, myocardin directly interacted with SMYD2, thereby facilitating SMYD2 recruitment to the CArG regions of SMC contractile gene promoters and leading to an open chromatin status around SMC contractile gene promoters via SMYD2-mediated H3K4 methylation. Hence, we conclude that SMYD2 is a novel regulator of VSMC contractile phenotype and intimal hyperplasia via a myocardin-dependent epigenetic regulatory mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhou
- Center for Molecular and Translational Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, 157 Decatur St SE, Atlanta, GA, 30303, USA.
- Division of Vascular Surgery, National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Vascular Disease Treatment, Engineering and Technology Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Vascular Diseases, Guangdong Engineering Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Vascular Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, No 58, Zhongshan 2nd Street, Yuexiu District, Guangzhou, 510080, Guangdong, China.
| | - Shaligram Sharma
- Center for Molecular and Translational Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, 157 Decatur St SE, Atlanta, GA, 30303, USA
| | - Xiaonan Sun
- Center for Molecular and Translational Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, 157 Decatur St SE, Atlanta, GA, 30303, USA
| | - Xiaoqing Guan
- Center for Molecular and Translational Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, 157 Decatur St SE, Atlanta, GA, 30303, USA
| | - Yuning Hou
- Center for Molecular and Translational Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, 157 Decatur St SE, Atlanta, GA, 30303, USA
- Cancer Animal Models Shared Resource, Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Zhe Yang
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Hang Shi
- Department of Biology, Center for Obesity Reversal, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Ming-Hui Zou
- Center for Molecular and Translational Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, 157 Decatur St SE, Atlanta, GA, 30303, USA
| | - Ping Song
- Center for Molecular and Translational Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, 157 Decatur St SE, Atlanta, GA, 30303, USA
| | - Jiliang Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Shenming Wang
- Division of Vascular Surgery, National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Vascular Disease Treatment, Engineering and Technology Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Vascular Diseases, Guangdong Engineering Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Vascular Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, No 58, Zhongshan 2nd Street, Yuexiu District, Guangzhou, 510080, Guangdong, China
| | - Zuojun Hu
- Division of Vascular Surgery, National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Vascular Disease Treatment, Engineering and Technology Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Vascular Diseases, Guangdong Engineering Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Vascular Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, No 58, Zhongshan 2nd Street, Yuexiu District, Guangzhou, 510080, Guangdong, China.
| | - Chunying Li
- Center for Molecular and Translational Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, 157 Decatur St SE, Atlanta, GA, 30303, USA.
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14
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Wang X, Kong X, Feng X, Jiang DS. Effects of DNA, RNA, and Protein Methylation on the Regulation of Ferroptosis. Int J Biol Sci 2023; 19:3558-3575. [PMID: 37497000 PMCID: PMC10367552 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.85454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Ferroptosis is a form of programmed cell death characterized by elevated intracellular ferrous ion levels and increased lipid peroxidation. Since its discovery and characterization in 2012, considerable progress has been made in understanding the regulatory mechanisms and pathophysiological functions of ferroptosis. Recent findings suggest that numerous organ injuries (e.g., ischemia/reperfusion injury) and degenerative pathologies (e.g., aortic dissection and neurodegenerative disease) are driven by ferroptosis. Conversely, insufficient ferroptosis has been linked to tumorigenesis. Furthermore, a recent study revealed the effect of ferroptosis on hematopoietic stem cells under physiological conditions. The regulatory mechanisms of ferroptosis identified to date include mainly iron metabolism, such as iron transport and ferritinophagy, and redox systems, such as glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4)-glutathione (GSH), ferroptosis-suppressor-protein 1 (FSP1)-CoQ10, FSP1-vitamin K (VK), dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (DHODH)-CoQ, and GTP cyclohydrolase 1 (GCH1)-tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4). Recently, an increasing number of studies have demonstrated the important regulatory role played by epigenetic mechanisms, especially DNA, RNA, and protein methylation, in ferroptosis. In this review, we provide a critical analysis of the molecular mechanisms and regulatory networks of ferroptosis identified to date, with a focus on the regulatory role of DNA, RNA, and protein methylation. Furthermore, we discuss some debated findings and unanswered questions that should be the foci of future research in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiancan Wang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The Central Hospital of Wuhan, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430014, Hubei, China
| | - Xianghai Kong
- Department of Intervention & Vascular Surgery, The Central Hospital of Wuhan, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and echnology, Wuhan, 430014, Hubei, China
| | - Xin Feng
- Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Ding-Sheng Jiang
- Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Education; NHC Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation; Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China
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15
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Golledge J, Thanigaimani S, Powell JT, Tsao PS. Pathogenesis and management of abdominal aortic aneurysm. Eur Heart J 2023:ehad386. [PMID: 37387260 PMCID: PMC10393073 DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehad386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) causes ∼170 000 deaths annually worldwide. Most guidelines recommend asymptomatic small AAAs (30 to <50 mm in women; 30 to <55 mm in men) are monitored by imaging and large asymptomatic, symptomatic, and ruptured AAAs are considered for surgical repair. Advances in AAA repair techniques have occurred, but a remaining priority is therapies to limit AAA growth and rupture. This review outlines research on AAA pathogenesis and therapies to limit AAA growth. Genome-wide association studies have identified novel drug targets, e.g. interleukin-6 blockade. Mendelian randomization analyses suggest that treatments to reduce low-density lipoprotein cholesterol such as proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 inhibitors and smoking reduction or cessation are also treatment targets. Thirteen placebo-controlled randomized trials have tested whether a range of antibiotics, blood pressure-lowering drugs, a mast cell stabilizer, an anti-platelet drug, or fenofibrate slow AAA growth. None of these trials have shown convincing evidence of drug efficacy and have been limited by small sample sizes, limited drug adherence, poor participant retention, and over-optimistic AAA growth reduction targets. Data from some large observational cohorts suggest that blood pressure reduction, particularly by angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, could limit aneurysm rupture, but this has not been evaluated in randomized trials. Some observational studies suggest metformin may limit AAA growth, and this is currently being tested in randomized trials. In conclusion, no drug therapy has been shown to convincingly limit AAA growth in randomized controlled trials. Further large prospective studies on other targets are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Golledge
- Queensland Research Centre for Peripheral Vascular Disease, College of Medicine and Dentistry, James Cook University, 1 James Cook Drive, Douglas, Townsville, QLD, Australia
- Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, 1 James Cook Drive, Douglas, Townsville, QLD, Australia
- Department of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Townsville University Hospital, 100 Angus Smith Drive, Douglas, QLD, Australia
| | - Shivshankar Thanigaimani
- Queensland Research Centre for Peripheral Vascular Disease, College of Medicine and Dentistry, James Cook University, 1 James Cook Drive, Douglas, Townsville, QLD, Australia
- Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, 1 James Cook Drive, Douglas, Townsville, QLD, Australia
| | - Janet T Powell
- Department of Surgery & Cancer, Imperial College London, Fulham Palace Road, London, UK
| | - Phil S Tsao
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University, 450 Serra Mall, Stanford, CA, USA
- VA Palo Alto Health Care System, 3801 Miranda Avenue, Palo Alto, CA, USA
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University, 450 Serra Mall, Stanford, CA, USA
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16
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Kim K, Ryu TY, Jung E, Han TS, Lee J, Kim SK, Roh YN, Lee MS, Jung CR, Lim JH, Hamamoto R, Lee HW, Hur K, Son MY, Kim DS, Cho HS. Epigenetic regulation of SMAD3 by histone methyltransferase SMYD2 promotes lung cancer metastasis. Exp Mol Med 2023:10.1038/s12276-023-00987-1. [PMID: 37121971 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-023-00987-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Epigenetic alterations, especially histone methylation, are key factors in cell migration and invasion in cancer metastasis. However, in lung cancer metastasis, the mechanism by which histone methylation regulates metastasis has not been fully elucidated. Here, we found that the histone methyltransferase SMYD2 is overexpressed in lung cancer and that knockdown of SMYD2 could reduce the rates of cell migration and invasion in lung cancer cell lines via direct downregulation of SMAD3 via SMYD2-mediated epigenetic regulation. Furthermore, using an in vitro epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) system with a Transwell system, we generated highly invasive H1299 (In-H1299) cell lines and observed the suppression of metastatic features by SMYD2 knockdown. Finally, two types of in vivo studies revealed that the formation of metastatic tumors by shSMYD2 was significantly suppressed. Thus, we suggest that SMYD2 is a potential metastasis regulator and that the development of SMYD2-specific inhibitors may help to increase the efficacy of lung cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwangho Kim
- Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Young Ryu
- Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunsun Jung
- Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Su Han
- Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
- Department of Functional Genomics, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biological Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinkwon Lee
- Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
- Department of Functional Genomics, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Seon-Kyu Kim
- Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Yu Na Roh
- Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
- Department of Functional Genomics, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Moo-Seung Lee
- Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Cho-Rok Jung
- Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
- Department of Functional Genomics, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Hwa Lim
- Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Ryuji Hamamoto
- Division of Molecular Modification and Cancer Biology, National Cancer Center, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hye Won Lee
- Department of Pathology, Keimyung University School of Medicine, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Keun Hur
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea.
| | - Mi-Young Son
- Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Functional Genomics, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Biological Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea.
| | - Dae-Soo Kim
- Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Functional Genomics, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hyun-Soo Cho
- Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Functional Genomics, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Biological Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea.
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17
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Zhou Y, Sharma S, Sun X, Guan X, Hou Y, Yang Z, Shi H, Zou MH, Song P, Zhou J, Wang S, Hu Z, Li C. SMYD2 Regulates Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell Phenotypic Switching and Intimal Hyperplasia via Interaction with Myocardin. RESEARCH SQUARE 2023:rs.3.rs-2721176. [PMID: 37090651 PMCID: PMC10120764 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-2721176/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2023]
Abstract
The SET and MYND domain-containing protein 2 (SMYD2) is a histone lysine methyltransferase that has been reported to regulate carcinogenesis and inflammation. However, its role in vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) homeostasis and vascular diseases has not been determined. Here, we investigated the role of SMYD2 in VSMC phenotypic modulation and vascular intimal hyperplasia and elucidated the underlying mechanism. We observed that SMYD2 expression was downregulated in injured carotid arteries in mice and phenotypically modulated VSMCs in vitro. Using a SMC-specific Smyd2 knockout mouse model, we found that Smyd2 ablation in VSMCs exacerbates neointima formation after vascular injury in vivo. Conversely, Smyd2 overexpression inhibits VSMC proliferation and migration in vitro and attenuates arterial narrowing in injured vessels in mice. Smyd2 downregulation promotes VSMC phenotypic switching accompanied with enhanced proliferation and migration. Mechanistically, genome-wide transcriptome analysis and loss/gain-of-function studies revealed that SMYD2 up-regulates VSMC contractile gene expression and suppresses VSMC proliferation and migration, in part, by promoting expression and transactivation of the master transcription cofactor myocardin. In addition, myocardin directly interacts with SMYD2, thereby facilitating SMYD2 recruitment to the CArG regions of SMC contractile gene promoters and leading to an open chromatin status around SMC contractile gene promoters via SMYD2-mediated H3K4 methylation. Hence, we conclude that SMYD2 is a novel regulator of VSMC contractile phenotype and intimal hyperplasia via a myocardin-dependent epigenetic regulatory mechanism and may be a potential therapeutic target for occlusive vascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhou
- Center for Molecular and Translational Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Division of Vascular Surgery, National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Vascular Disease Treatment, Engineering and Technology Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Vascular Diseases, Guangdong Engineering Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Vascular Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shaligram Sharma
- Center for Molecular and Translational Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Xiaonan Sun
- Center for Molecular and Translational Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Xiaoqing Guan
- Center for Molecular and Translational Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Yuning Hou
- Center for Molecular and Translational Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Zhe Yang
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Hang Shi
- Center for Obesity Reversal, Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Ming-Hui Zou
- Center for Molecular and Translational Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Ping Song
- Center for Molecular and Translational Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jiliang Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Shenming Wang
- Division of Vascular Surgery, National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Vascular Disease Treatment, Engineering and Technology Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Vascular Diseases, Guangdong Engineering Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Vascular Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zuojun Hu
- Division of Vascular Surgery, National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Vascular Disease Treatment, Engineering and Technology Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Vascular Diseases, Guangdong Engineering Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Vascular Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chunying Li
- Center for Molecular and Translational Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
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18
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Padilla A, Manganaro JF, Huesgen L, Roess DA, Brown MA, Crans DC. Targeting Epigenetic Changes Mediated by Members of the SMYD Family of Lysine Methyltransferases. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28042000. [PMID: 36838987 PMCID: PMC9967872 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28042000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
A comprehensive understanding of the mechanisms involved in epigenetic changes in gene expression is essential to the clinical management of diseases linked to the SMYD family of lysine methyltransferases. The five known SMYD enzymes catalyze the transfer of donor methyl groups from S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) to specific lysines on histones and non-histone substrates. SMYDs family members have distinct tissue distributions and tissue-specific functions, including regulation of development, cell differentiation, and embryogenesis. Diseases associated with SMYDs include the repressed transcription of SMYD1 genes needed for the formation of ion channels in the heart leading to heart failure, SMYD2 overexpression in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) or p53-related cancers, and poor prognosis associated with SMYD3 overexpression in more than 14 types of cancer including breast cancer, colon cancer, prostate cancer, lung cancer, and pancreatic cancer. Given the importance of epigenetics in various pathologies, the development of epigenetic inhibitors has attracted considerable attention from the pharmaceutical industry. The pharmacologic development of the inhibitors involves the identification of molecules regulating both functional SMYD SET (Suppressor of variegation, Enhancer of Zeste, Trithorax) and MYND (Myeloid-Nervy-DEAF1) domains, a process facilitated by available X-ray structures for SMYD1, SMYD2, and SMYD3. Important leads for potential pharmaceutical agents have been reported for SMYD2 and SMYD3 enzymes, and six epigenetic inhibitors have been developed for drugs used to treat myelodysplastic syndrome (Vidaza, Dacogen), cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (Zoinza, Isrodax), and peripheral T-cell lymphoma (Beleodag, Epidaza). The recently demonstrated reversal of SMYD histone methylation suggests that reversing the epigenetic effects of SMYDs in cancerous tissues may be a desirable target for pharmacological development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa Padilla
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1617, USA
| | - John F. Manganaro
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1872, USA
| | - Lydia Huesgen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1617, USA
| | - Deborah A. Roess
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1617, USA
| | - Mark A. Brown
- Cell and Molecular Biology Program, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1005, USA
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1678, USA
- Graduate Degree Program in Ecology, Department of Ethnic Studies, Global Health and Health Disparities, Colorado School of Public Health, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1612, USA
- Correspondence: (M.A.B.); (D.C.C.)
| | - Debbie C. Crans
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1872, USA
- Cell and Molecular Biology Program, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1005, USA
- Correspondence: (M.A.B.); (D.C.C.)
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19
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Su Z, Su H, Xu J, Wei G, Qu L, Ni T, Yang D, Zhu Y. Histone methyltransferase Smyd2 drives vascular aging by its enhancer-dependent activity. Aging (Albany NY) 2022; 15:70-91. [PMID: 36585926 PMCID: PMC9876634 DOI: 10.18632/aging.204449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vascular aging is one of the important factors contributing to the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases. However, the systematic epigenetic regulatory mechanisms during vascular aging are still unclear. Histone methyltransferase SET and MYND domain-containing protein 2 (Smyd2) is associated with multiple diseases including cancer and inflammatory diseases, but whether it is involved in endothelial cell senescence and aging-related cardiovascular diseases has not been directly proved. Thus, we aim to address the effects of Smyd2 on regulating angiotensin II (Ang II)-induced vascular endothelial cells (VECs) senescence and its epigenetic mechanism. METHODS AND RESULTS The regulatory role of Smyd2 in Ang II-induced VECs senescence was confirmed by performing loss and gain function assays. Chromatin immunoprecipitation-sequencing (ChIP-seq) analysis was used to systematically screen the potential enhancer during VECs senescence. Here, we found that Smyd2 was significantly upregulated in Ang II-triggered VECs, and deficiency of Smyd2 attenuated senescence-associated phenotypes both in vitro and in vivo. Mechanically, Ang II-induced upregulation of Smyd2 could increase the mono-methylation level of histone 3 lysine 4 (H3K4me1), resulting in a hyper-methylated chromatin state, then further activating enhancers adjacent to key aging-related genes, such as Cdkn1a and Cdkn2a, finally driving the development of vascular aging. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, our study uncovered that Smyd2 drives a hyper-methylated chromatin state via H3K4me1 and actives the enhancer elements adjacent to key senescence genes such as Cdkn1a and Cdkn2a, and further induces the senescence-related phenotypes. Targeting Smyd2 possibly unveiled a novel therapeutic candidate for vascular aging-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenghua Su
- School of Pharmacy, Pharmacophenomics Laboratory, Human Phenome Institute, Zhangjiang Fudan International Innovation Center, State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bioactive Small Molecules, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, P.R. China
| | - Haibi Su
- School of Pharmacy, Pharmacophenomics Laboratory, Human Phenome Institute, Zhangjiang Fudan International Innovation Center, State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bioactive Small Molecules, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, P.R. China
| | - Jie Xu
- School of Pharmacy, Pharmacophenomics Laboratory, Human Phenome Institute, Zhangjiang Fudan International Innovation Center, State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bioactive Small Molecules, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, P.R. China
| | - Gang Wei
- School of Pharmacy, Pharmacophenomics Laboratory, Human Phenome Institute, Zhangjiang Fudan International Innovation Center, State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bioactive Small Molecules, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, P.R. China
| | - Lefeng Qu
- Department of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200003, China
| | - Ting Ni
- School of Pharmacy, Pharmacophenomics Laboratory, Human Phenome Institute, Zhangjiang Fudan International Innovation Center, State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bioactive Small Molecules, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, P.R. China
| | - Di Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Pharmacophenomics Laboratory, Human Phenome Institute, Zhangjiang Fudan International Innovation Center, State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bioactive Small Molecules, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, P.R. China
| | - Yizhun Zhu
- School of Pharmacy, Pharmacophenomics Laboratory, Human Phenome Institute, Zhangjiang Fudan International Innovation Center, State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bioactive Small Molecules, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, P.R. China,State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine and School of Pharmacy, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau 999078, P.R. China
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20
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Xu W, Peng R, Chen S, Wu C, Wang X, Yu T, Jian J, Zhang N, Zuo S, Chen M, Guo B, Liu L. Ranunculus ternatus Thunb extract attenuates renal fibrosis of diabetic nephropathy via inhibiting SMYD2. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2022; 60:300-307. [PMID: 35142600 PMCID: PMC8843125 DOI: 10.1080/13880209.2022.2030759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Ranunculus ternatus Thunb (Ranunculaceae), (RTT) is used clinically for the treatment of tuberculosis or as tumour adjuvant therapy, but its potential effect on diabetic nephropathy (DN) has not been studied. OBJECTIVE To investigate the effect of RTT extract in renal fibrosis of DN. MATERIALS AND METHODS C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into four groups (n = 12). Diabetes mellitus (DM) mice were induced by streptozotocin (STZ, 55 mg/kg/day) for five consecutive days and treated by RTT extract (2 g/kg). Afterward, blood glucose, HE and Masson staining were assayed. The expression levels of Vimentin, ɑ-SMA, TNF-ɑ, NF-κB p-p65, NF-κB p65, SMYD2, H3K36me3, H3K4me3 were determined by western blots. Firbronectin was respectively assayed by western blot and immunofluorescent staining. RESULTS RTT extract significantly ameliorated renal injury and renal fibrosis in the renal tissue of STZ-induced diabetic mice as demonstrated by the decreased expression level of Fibronectin (65%), Vimentin and α-SMA (75% & 53%). In addition, the levels of TNF-α (57%), NF-κB p-p65 and NF-κB p65 (35% & 25%) were elevated in the DN mice. Importantly, these were alleviated after RTT extract treatment. Moreover, we observed that the protein levels of SMYD2 (30%), H3K36me3 and H3K4me3 (53% & 75%) were reduced in DN mice after treatment with RTT extract. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS RTT extract mediates antifibrotic effects and anti-inflammatory responses in STZ-induced DN mainly through suppressing SMYD2 activation and H3K36me3 and H3K4me3 protein expression. RTT extract might have therapeutic potential against high glucose-induced nephropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Xu
- Center for Clinical Laboratories, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
- Department of Clinical Hematology, School of Clinical Laboratory Science, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Rui Peng
- Center for Clinical Laboratories, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
- Department of Clinical Hematology, School of Clinical Laboratory Science, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Siyu Chen
- Center for Clinical Laboratories, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
- Department of Clinical Hematology, School of Clinical Laboratory Science, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Congcong Wu
- Center for Clinical Laboratories, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
- Department of Clinical Hematology, School of Clinical Laboratory Science, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Wang
- Center for Clinical Laboratories, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
- Department of Clinical Hematology, School of Clinical Laboratory Science, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Ting Yu
- Center for Clinical Laboratories, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
- Department of Clinical Hematology, School of Clinical Laboratory Science, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Jiuying Jian
- Center for Clinical Laboratories, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
- Department of Clinical Hematology, School of Clinical Laboratory Science, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Ni Zhang
- Center for Clinical Laboratories, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
- Department of Clinical Hematology, School of Clinical Laboratory Science, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Siyang Zuo
- Center for Clinical Laboratories, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
- Department of Clinical Hematology, School of Clinical Laboratory Science, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Min Chen
- Center for Clinical Laboratories, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
- Department of Clinical Hematology, School of Clinical Laboratory Science, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Bing Guo
- Department of Pathophysiology, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
- Laboratory of Pathogenesis Research, Drug Prevention and Treatment of Major Diseases, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Lirong Liu
- Center for Clinical Laboratories, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
- Department of Clinical Hematology, School of Clinical Laboratory Science, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
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21
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Razmi M, Yazdanpanah A, Etemad-Moghadam S, Alaeddini M, Angelini S, Eini L. Clinical prognostic value of the SMYD2/3 as new epigenetic biomarkers in solid cancer patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2022; 22:1-15. [PMID: 36346387 DOI: 10.1080/14737159.2022.2144235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND SET and MYND domain-containing protein (SMYD) family with methyltransferase activity is involved in cancer progression. This novel meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the association of SMYD family with the clinical and survival outcomes in solid cancer patients. METHODS We systematically searched Embase, PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science to select relevant articles. Hazard ratios (HRs), odds ratios (ORs), and 95% confidence intervals were extracted. Heterogeneity was evaluated by chi-square-based Q and I2 tests, while publication bias by funnel plots and Egger's test. RESULTS Thirty-two articles (4,826 patients) met inclusion criteria. SMYD2/3 overexpression was statistically associated with poor overall survival (HR = 1.794, P < 0.001), disease/relapse/progression-free survival (HR = 2.114, P < 0.001), disease/cancer-specific survival (HR = 3.220, P = 0.003), larger tumor size (OR = 1.963, P < 0.001), advanced TNM stage (OR = 2.066, P < 0.001), lymph node metastasis (OR = 2.054, P < 0.001), and distant metastasis (OR = 1.978, P = 0.004). Subgroup analysis showed more significant association between SMYD2 overexpression and reduced survival outcomes than that in SMYD3. Conversely, the relationship between SMYD3 and various clinicopathologic factors was stronger compared to SMYD2. CONCLUSION Enhanced SMYD2/3 expression may be an unfavorable clinical prognostic factor in different solid cancer types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahdieh Razmi
- Dental Research Center, Dentistry Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Oncopathology Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences (IUMS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Ayna Yazdanpanah
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shahroo Etemad-Moghadam
- Dental Research Center, Dentistry Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mojgan Alaeddini
- Dental Research Center, Dentistry Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sabrina Angelini
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology (Fabit), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Leila Eini
- Dental Research Center, Dentistry Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Division of Histology, Department of Basic Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
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22
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Su H, Meng C, Xu J, Su Z, Xiao C, Yang D. Histone methyltransferase Smyd2 drives adipogenesis via regulating STAT3 phosphorylation. Cell Death Dis 2022; 13:890. [PMID: 36270984 PMCID: PMC9586978 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-022-05321-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Revised: 10/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Adipogenesis is a complex cascade involved with the preadipocytes differentiation towards mature adipocytes, accelerating the onset of obesity. Histone methyltransferase SET and MYND domain-containing protein 2 (Smyd2), is involved in a variety of cellular biological functions but the epigenetic regulation of Smyd2 in adipogenesis and adipocyte differentiation remains unclear. Both Smyd2 siRNA and LLY-507, an inhibitor of Smyd2, were used to examine the effect of Smyd2 on adipogenesis and adipocyte differentiation in vitro. Smyd2 heterozygous knockout (Smyd2+/-) mice were also constructed to validate the relationship between Smyd2 and adipogenesis in vivo. We found that Smyd2 is abundant in white adipose tissue and closely correlated with adipocyte differentiation. Knockdown or inhibition of Smyd2 restrained adipocyte differentiation in vitro, which requires the phosphorylation of STAT3. In vivo functional validation, Smyd2+/- mice exert significant fat loss but not susceptible to HFD-induced obesity. Taken together, our findings revealed that Smyd2 is a novel regulator of adipocyte differentiation by regulating the phosphorylation of STAT3, which provides insights into the effects of epigenetic regulation in adipogenesis. Inhibition of Smyd2 might represent a viable strategy for anti-adipogenesis and maybe further alleviate obesity-related diseases in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haibi Su
- grid.8547.e0000 0001 0125 2443Pharmacophenomics Laboratory, Human Phenome Institute, Zhangjiang Fudan International Innovation Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201203 P. R. China
| | - Chen Meng
- grid.8547.e0000 0001 0125 2443Pharmacophenomics Laboratory, Human Phenome Institute, Zhangjiang Fudan International Innovation Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201203 P. R. China
| | - Jie Xu
- grid.8547.e0000 0001 0125 2443Pharmacophenomics Laboratory, Human Phenome Institute, Zhangjiang Fudan International Innovation Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201203 P. R. China
| | - Zhenghua Su
- grid.8547.e0000 0001 0125 2443Pharmacophenomics Laboratory, Human Phenome Institute, Zhangjiang Fudan International Innovation Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201203 P. R. China
| | - Chenxi Xiao
- grid.8547.e0000 0001 0125 2443Pharmacophenomics Laboratory, Human Phenome Institute, Zhangjiang Fudan International Innovation Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201203 P. R. China
| | - Di Yang
- grid.8547.e0000 0001 0125 2443Pharmacophenomics Laboratory, Human Phenome Institute, Zhangjiang Fudan International Innovation Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201203 P. R. China
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23
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Cui B, Hou X, Liu M, Li Q, Yu C, Zhang S, Wang Y, Wang J, Zhuang S, Liu F. Pharmacological inhibition of SMYD2 protects against cisplatin-induced acute kidney injury in mice. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:829630. [PMID: 36046818 PMCID: PMC9421052 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.829630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The histone methyltransferase SET and MYND domain protein 2 (SMYD2) has been implicated in tumorigenesis through methylating histone H3 at lysine36 (H3K36) and some non-histone substrates. Currently, the role of SMYD2 in acute kidney injury (AKI) remains unknown. Here, we investigated the effects of AZ505, a highly selective inhibitor of SMYD2, on the development of AKI and the mechanisms involved in a murine model of cisplatin-induced AKI. SMYD2 and trimethylated histone H3K36 (H3K36Me3) were highly expressed in the kidney following cisplatin treatment; administration of AZ505 remarkedly inhibited their expression, along with improving kidney function and ameliorating kidney damage. AZ505 also attenuated kidney tubular cell injury and apoptosis as evidenced by diminished the expression of neutrophil gelatinase associated lipocalin (NGAL) and kidney injury molecule (Kim-1), reduced the number of TUNEL positive cells, decreased the expression of cleaved caspase-3 and the BAX/BCL-2 ratio in injured kidneys. Moreover, AZ505 inhibited cisplatin-induced phosphorylation of p53, a key driver of kidney cell apoptosis and reduced expression of p21, a cell cycle inhibitor. Meanwhile, AZ505 promoted expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen and cyclin D1, two markers of cell proliferation. Furthermore, AZ505 was effective in suppressing the phosphorylation of STAT3 and NF-κB, two transcriptional factors associated with kidney inflammation, attenuating the expression of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 and intercellular cell adhesion molecule-1 and reducing infiltration of F4/80+ macrophages to the injured kidney. Finally, in cultured HK-2 cells, silencing of SMYD2 by specific siRNA inhibited cisplatin-induced apoptosis of kidney tubular epithelial cells. Collectively, these results suggests that SMYD2 is a key determinant of cisplatin nephrotoxicity and targeting SMYD2 protects against cisplatin-induced AKI by inhibiting apoptosis and inflammation and promoting cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binbin Cui
- Department of Nephrology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiying Hou
- Department of Nephrology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Mengjun Liu
- Department of Nephrology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qing Li
- Department of Pathology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Chao Yu
- Department of Nephrology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Shenglei Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Wang
- Department of Nephrology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of Nephrology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Shougang Zhuang
- Department of Nephrology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Department of Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital and Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
- *Correspondence: Shougang Zhuang, ; Feng Liu,
| | - Feng Liu
- Department of Nephrology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Shougang Zhuang, ; Feng Liu,
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24
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Alshammari E, Zhang YX, Yang Z. Mechanistic and functional extrapolation of SET and MYND domain-containing protein 2 to pancreatic cancer. World J Gastroenterol 2022; 28:3753-3766. [PMID: 36157542 PMCID: PMC9367238 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v28.i29.3753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 04/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is one of the most lethal neoplasms worldwide and represents the vast majority of pancreatic cancer cases. Understanding the molecular pathogenesis and the underlying mechanisms involved in the initiation, maintenance, and progression of PDAC is an urgent need, which may lead to the development of novel therapeutic strategies against this deadly cancer. Here, we review the role of SET and MYND domain-containing protein 2 (SMYD2) in initiating and maintaining PDAC development through methylating multiple tumor suppressors and oncogenic proteins. Given the broad substrate specificity of SMYD2 and its involvement in diverse oncogenic signaling pathways in many other cancers, the mechanistic extrapolation of SMYD2 from these cancers to PDAC may allow for developing new hypotheses about the mechanisms driving PDAC tumor growth and metastasis, supporting a proposition that targeting SMYD2 could be a powerful strategy for the prevention and treatment of PDAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eid Alshammari
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, United States
| | - Ying-Xue Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, United States
| | - Zhe Yang
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, United States
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25
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Zheng Q, Zhang W, Rao GW. Protein Lysine Methyltransferase SMYD2: A Promising Small Molecule Target for Cancer Therapy. J Med Chem 2022; 65:10119-10132. [PMID: 35914250 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c00325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In epigenetic research, the abnormality of protein methylation modification is closely related to the occurrence and development of tumors, which stimulates the interest of researchers in protein methyltransferase research and the efforts to develop corresponding specific small molecule inhibitors. Currently, the protein lysine methyltransferase SMYD2 has been identified as a promising new small molecule target for cancer therapy. But its biological functions have not been fully studied and relatively few inhibitors have been reported, thus this field needs to be further explored. This perspective provides a comprehensive and systematic review of the available resources in this field, including its research status, biological structure, related substrates and methylation mechanisms, and research status of inhibitors. In addition, this perspective elaborates in detail the current challenges in this field, our insights into what needs to be done next, rational drug design of novel SMYD2 inhibitors, and foreseeable development directions in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quan Zheng
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, and Institute of Drug Development & Chemical Biology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Wen Zhang
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, and Institute of Drug Development & Chemical Biology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Guo-Wu Rao
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, and Institute of Drug Development & Chemical Biology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
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26
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Oleocanthal Attenuates Metastatic Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer Progression and Recurrence by Targeting SMYD2. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14143542. [PMID: 35884603 PMCID: PMC9317016 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14143542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2022] [Revised: 07/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The Mediterranean, extra-virgin-olive-oil-rich diet ingredient S-(-)-oleocanthal (OC) has emerged as a potential inhibitor for the growth and relapse of the most aggressive prostate cancer type. This effect is mediated through suppression of important enzyme, SMYD2, that drives the activation of several downstream protein effectors. OC treatments reduced SMYD2 downstream substrates, which are critical for prostate cancer growth and relapse. OC is more advantageous than other reported SMYD2 inhibitors because it has shown potent anticancer activity in animal models. OC’s anti-prostate-cancer effect was prominent compared with some standard drugs currently used to control prostate cancer. OC is a potential, novel natural compound appropriate for immediate use by prostate cancer patients and survivors as a nutraceutical or dietary supplement product. Abstract Metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) is the most aggressive prostate cancer (PC) phenotype. Cellular lysine methylation is driven by protein lysine methyltransferases (PKMTs), such as those in the SET- and MYND-containing protein (SMYD) family, including SMYD2 methylate, and several histone and non-histone proteins. SMYD2 is dysregulated in metastatic PC patients with high Gleason score and shorter survival. The Mediterranean, extra-virgin-olive-oil-rich diet ingredient S-(-)-oleocanthal (OC) inhibited SMYD2 in biochemical assays and suppressed viability, migration, invasion, and colony formation of PC-3, CWR-R1ca, PC-3M, and DU-145 PC cell lines with IC50 range from high nM to low µM. OC’s in vitro antiproliferative effect was comparable to standard anti-PC chemotherapies or hormone therapies. A daily, oral 10 mg/kg dose of OC for 11 days effectively suppressed the progression of the mCRPC CWR-R1ca cells engrafted into male nude mice. Daily, oral OC treatment for 30 days suppressed tumor locoregional and distant recurrences after the primary tumors’ surgical excision. Collected OC-treated animal tumors showed marked SMYD2 reduction. OC-treated mice showed significant serum PSA reduction. For the first time, this study showed SMYD2 as novel molecular target in mCRPC, and OC emerged as a specific SMYD2 lead inhibitor. OC prevailed over previously reported SMYD2 inhibitors, with validated in vivo potency and high safety profile, and, therefore, is proposed as a novel nutraceutical for mCRPC progression and recurrence control.
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27
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Zeng X, Guo H, Liu Z, Qin Z, Cong Y, Ren N, Zhang Y, Zhang N. S100A11 activates the pentose phosphate pathway to induce malignant biological behaviour of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Cell Death Dis 2022; 13:568. [PMID: 35752610 PMCID: PMC9233679 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-022-05004-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 05/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is one of the most refractory malignancies and has a poor prognosis. In recent years, increasing evidence has shown that an imbalance of metabolism may contribute to unrestricted pancreatic tumour progression and that the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) plays a pivotal role in cellular metabolism. S100A11 has been shown to regulate multiple biological functions related to the progression and metastasis of various cancer types. However, the exact mechanisms and prognostic value of S100A11 in PDAC remain unclear. Here, we found that S100A11 expression was increased in PDAC and significantly associated with worse prognosis and disease progression. Mechanistically, S100A11 knockdown suppressed the PPP by impairing nascent mRNA synthesis of TKT (transketolase). The current study also demonstrated that H3K4me3 at the -268/+77 region of the TKT promoter was required for its transcriptional activation and S100A11 promoted H3K4me3 loading to the TKT promoter by interacting with SMYD3 protein. Taking these findings together, this study provided new insights into the potential value of S100A11 for treating pancreatic cancer, suggesting that it could be a therapeutic target for PDAC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Zeng
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning Cancer Hospital & Institute, Cancer Hospital of Dalian University of Technology, Shenyang, 110042, PR China
| | - Hong Guo
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning Cancer Hospital & Institute, Cancer Hospital of Dalian University of Technology, Shenyang, 110042, PR China
| | - Zhuang Liu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning Cancer Hospital & Institute, Cancer Hospital of Dalian University of Technology, Shenyang, 110042, PR China
| | - Zilan Qin
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning Cancer Hospital & Institute, Cancer Hospital of Dalian University of Technology, Shenyang, 110042, PR China
| | - Yuyang Cong
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning Cancer Hospital & Institute, Cancer Hospital of Dalian University of Technology, Shenyang, 110042, PR China
| | - Naihan Ren
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning Cancer Hospital & Institute, Cancer Hospital of Dalian University of Technology, Shenyang, 110042, PR China
| | - Yuxiang Zhang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning Cancer Hospital & Institute, Cancer Hospital of Dalian University of Technology, Shenyang, 110042, PR China
| | - Na Zhang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning Cancer Hospital & Institute, Cancer Hospital of Dalian University of Technology, Shenyang, 110042, PR China.
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28
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Feng Y, Cai L, Hong W, Zhang C, Tan N, Wang M, Wang C, Liu F, Wang X, Ma J, Gao C, Kumar M, Mo Y, Geng Q, Luo C, Lin Y, Chen H, Wang SY, Watson MJ, Jegga AG, Pedersen RA, Fu JD, Wang ZV, Fan GC, Sadayappan S, Wang Y, Pauklin S, Huang F, Huang W, Jiang L. Rewiring of 3D Chromatin Topology Orchestrates Transcriptional Reprogramming and the Development of Human Dilated Cardiomyopathy. Circulation 2022; 145:1663-1683. [PMID: 35400201 PMCID: PMC9251830 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.121.055781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Transcriptional reconfiguration is central to heart failure, the most common cause of which is dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM). The effect of 3-dimensional chromatin topology on transcriptional dysregulation and pathogenesis in human DCM remains elusive. METHODS We generated a compendium of 3-dimensional epigenome and transcriptome maps from 101 biobanked human DCM and nonfailing heart tissues through highly integrative chromatin immunoprecipitation (H3K27ac [acetylation of lysine 27 on histone H3]), in situ high-throughput chromosome conformation capture, chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing, assay for transposase-accessible chromatin using sequencing, and RNA sequencing. We used human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes and mouse models to interrogate the key transcription factor implicated in 3-dimensional chromatin organization and transcriptional regulation in DCM pathogenesis. RESULTS We discovered that the active regulatory elements (H3K27ac peaks) and their connectome (H3K27ac loops) were extensively reprogrammed in DCM hearts and contributed to transcriptional dysregulation implicated in DCM development. For example, we identified that nontranscribing NPPA-AS1 (natriuretic peptide A antisense RNA 1) promoter functions as an enhancer and physically interacts with the NPPA (natriuretic peptide A) and NPPB (natriuretic peptide B) promoters, leading to the cotranscription of NPPA and NPPB in DCM hearts. We revealed that DCM-enriched H3K27ac loops largely resided in conserved high-order chromatin architectures (compartments, topologically associating domains) and their anchors unexpectedly had equivalent chromatin accessibility. We discovered that the DCM-enriched H3K27ac loop anchors exhibited a strong enrichment for HAND1 (heart and neural crest derivatives expressed 1), a key transcription factor involved in early cardiogenesis. In line with this, its protein expression was upregulated in human DCM and mouse failing hearts. To further validate whether HAND1 is a causal driver for the reprogramming of enhancer-promoter connectome in DCM hearts, we performed comprehensive 3-dimensional epigenome mappings in human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes. We found that forced overexpression of HAND1 in human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes induced a distinct gain of enhancer-promoter connectivity and correspondingly increased the expression of their connected genes implicated in DCM pathogenesis, thus recapitulating the transcriptional signature in human DCM hearts. Electrophysiology analysis demonstrated that forced overexpression of HAND1 in human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes induced abnormal calcium handling. Furthermore, cardiomyocyte-specific overexpression of Hand1 in the mouse hearts resulted in dilated cardiac remodeling with impaired contractility/Ca2+ handling in cardiomyocytes, increased ratio of heart weight/body weight, and compromised cardiac function, which were ascribed to recapitulation of transcriptional reprogramming in DCM. CONCLUSIONS This study provided novel chromatin topology insights into DCM pathogenesis and illustrated a model whereby a single transcription factor (HAND1) reprograms the genome-wide enhancer-promoter connectome to drive DCM pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuliang Feng
- Botnar Research Centre, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford Old Road, Headington, Oxford, OX3 7LD, UK
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Liuyang Cai
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR 999077, China
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Wanzi Hong
- Guangdong Provincial Geriatrics Institute, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, China
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Chunxiang Zhang
- Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, China
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Ning Tan
- Guangdong Provincial Geriatrics Institute, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, China
| | - Mingyang Wang
- College of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221, USA
| | - Cheng Wang
- Smurfit Institute of Genetics, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland D02 VF25
| | - Feng Liu
- Botnar Research Centre, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford Old Road, Headington, Oxford, OX3 7LD, UK
| | - Xiaohong Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Systems Physiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Jianyong Ma
- Department of Pharmacology and Systems Physiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Chen Gao
- Department of Pharmacology and Systems Physiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Mohit Kumar
- Department of Pharmacology and Systems Physiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
- Heart, Lung and Vascular Institute, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Health and Disease, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45236, USA
| | - Yuanxi Mo
- Guangdong Provincial Geriatrics Institute, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, China
| | - Qingshan Geng
- Guangdong Provincial Geriatrics Institute, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, China
| | - Changjun Luo
- Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China
| | - Yan Lin
- Guangdong Provincial Geriatrics Institute, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, China
| | - Haiyang Chen
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Shuang-Yin Wang
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot WR35+R8, Israel
| | - Michael J. Watson
- Department of Surgery, Cardiovascular & Thoracic, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Anil G. Jegga
- Division of Biomedical Informatics, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
- Department of Computer Science, University of Cincinnati College of Engineering, Cincinnati, OH 45221, USA
| | - Roger A. Pedersen
- Department of OB-GYN/Reproductive, Perinatal and Stem Cell Biology Research, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Ji-dong Fu
- Departments of Physiology and Cell Biology, the Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Frick Center for Heart Failure and Arrhythmia, the Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Zhao V. Wang
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA, 75390-8573
| | - Guo-Chang Fan
- Department of Pharmacology and Systems Physiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Sakthivel Sadayappan
- Heart, Lung and Vascular Institute, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Health and Disease, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45236, USA
| | - Yigang Wang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Siim Pauklin
- Botnar Research Centre, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford Old Road, Headington, Oxford, OX3 7LD, UK
| | - Feng Huang
- Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China
| | - Wei Huang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Lei Jiang
- Guangdong Provincial Geriatrics Institute, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, China
- Lead contact
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29
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Pan L, Fan Y, Zhou L. SMYD2
epigenetically activates
MEX3A
and suppresses
CDX2
in colorectal cancer cells to augment cancer growth. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2022; 49:959-969. [PMID: 35637161 DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.13679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lizhen Pan
- Department of Gastroenterology Suzhou Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine Suzhou Jiangsu P.R. China
| | - Yuejuan Fan
- Department of Gastroenterology Suzhou Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine Suzhou Jiangsu P.R. China
| | - Lei Zhou
- Department of Gastroenterology Suzhou Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine Suzhou Jiangsu P.R. China
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30
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Baicalein Inhibits the SMYD2/RPS7 Signaling Pathway to Inhibit the Occurrence and Metastasis of Lung Cancer. JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY 2022; 2022:3796218. [PMID: 35432530 PMCID: PMC9012617 DOI: 10.1155/2022/3796218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2021] [Revised: 01/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Objective This study investigated the potential effects of Baicalein on proliferation, migration, and invasion of human lung cancer A549 and NCI-H1299 cells and its possible mechanisms. Methods The effects of Baicalein on proliferation and invasion of A549 and NCI-H1299 cells were detected by MTT assay, clonogenesis assay, and Transwell assay. A subcutaneous transplanted tumor model was used to evaluate the effects of SMYD2 and Baicalein on the proliferation of lung cancer. Baicalein inhibited in SMYD2/RPS7 signaling pathway in tumor cells was also detected by qRT-PCR. Results Baicalein significantly inhibited the growth of lung cancer cells. In addition, Baicalein significantly reduced the rate of A549 and NCI-H1299 cell invasion and clone formation in a dose-dependent manner. Animal experiments showed that both SMYD2 and Baicalein treatments could inhibit lung cancer tumor proliferation. Mechanism studies suggest that Baicalein inhibits the SMYD2/RPS7 signaling pathway. Conclusion These results indicated that Baicalein could inhibit the proliferation, migration, and invasion of LUNG cancer A549 and NCI-H1299 cells. Baicalein inhibits cell proliferation by downregulating the SMYD2/RPS7 signaling pathway.
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31
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Wang J, Zhong W, Cheng Q, Xiao C, Xu J, Su Z, Su H, Liu X. Histone methyltransferase Smyd2 contributes to blood-brain barrier breakdown in stroke. Clin Transl Med 2022; 12:e761. [PMID: 35297562 PMCID: PMC8926904 DOI: 10.1002/ctm2.761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The blood-brain barrier (BBB) plays a principal role in the healthy and diseased central nervous systems, and BBB disruption after ischaemic stroke is responsible for increased mortality. Smyd2, a member of the SMYD-methyltransferase family, plays a vital role in disease by methylation of diverse substrates; however, little is known about its role in the pathophysiology of the brain in response to ischaemia-reperfusion injury. METHODS Using oxygen glucose deprivation and reoxygenation (OGD/R)-induced primary brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMECs) and Smyd2 knockdown mice subjected to middle cerebral artery occlusion, we evaluated the role of Smyd2 in BBB disruption. We performed loss-of-function and gain-of-function studies to investigate the biological function of Smyd2 in ischaemic stroke. RESULTS We found that Smyd2 was a critical factor for regulating brain endothelial barrier integrity in ischaemia-reperfusion injury. Smyd2 is upregulated in peri-ischaemic brains, leading to BBB disruption via methylation-mediated Sphk/S1PR. Knockdown of Smyd2 in mice reduces BBB permeability and improves functional recovery. Using OGD/R-induced BMECs, we demonstrated that Sphk/S1PR methylation modification by Smyd2 affects ubiquitin-dependent degradation and protein stability, which may disrupt endothelial integrity. Moreover, overexpression of Smyd2 can damage endothelial integrity through Sphk/S1PR signalling. CONCLUSIONS Overall, these results reveal a novel role for Smyd2 in BBB disruption in ischaemic stroke, suggesting that Smyd2 may represent a new therapeutic target for ischaemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinghuan Wang
- Pharmacophenomics Laboratory, Human Phenome Institute, Pharmacy School, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wen Zhong
- Pharmacophenomics Laboratory, Human Phenome Institute, Pharmacy School, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qianwen Cheng
- Pharmacophenomics Laboratory, Human Phenome Institute, Pharmacy School, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chenxi Xiao
- Pharmacophenomics Laboratory, Human Phenome Institute, Pharmacy School, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jie Xu
- Pharmacophenomics Laboratory, Human Phenome Institute, Pharmacy School, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhenghua Su
- Pharmacophenomics Laboratory, Human Phenome Institute, Pharmacy School, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Haibi Su
- Pharmacophenomics Laboratory, Human Phenome Institute, Pharmacy School, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinhua Liu
- Pharmacophenomics Laboratory, Human Phenome Institute, Pharmacy School, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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32
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Wei L, Wang M, Wang Q, Han Z. Dual targeting, a new strategy for novel PARP inhibitor discovery. Drug Discov Ther 2022; 15:300-309. [PMID: 35034923 DOI: 10.5582/ddt.2021.01100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
As a hallmark for cancer treatment, PARP inhibitors can effectively kill tumor cells with a mechanism termed as synthetic lethality, and are used to treat various cancers including ovarian, breast, prostate, pancreatic and others with DNA repair defects. However, along with the clinical trials progressing, the limitations of PARP-1 inhibitors became apparent such as limited activity and indications. Studies have shown that a molecule that is able to simultaneously restrict two or more targets involving in tumors is more effective in preventing and treating cancers due to the enhancing synergies. In order to make up for the shortcomings of PARP inhibitors, reduce the development cost and overcome the pharmacokinetic defects, multiple works were carried out to construct dual targeting PARP inhibitors for cancer therapy. Herein, they were summarized briefly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Wei
- Department of Pharmacy, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Meizhi Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Qiaoyun Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Zhiwu Han
- Department of Pharmacy, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
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33
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Malbeteau L, Pham HT, Eve L, Stallcup MR, Poulard C, Le Romancer M. How Protein Methylation Regulates Steroid Receptor Function. Endocr Rev 2022; 43:160-197. [PMID: 33955470 PMCID: PMC8755998 DOI: 10.1210/endrev/bnab014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Steroid receptors (SRs) are members of the nuclear hormonal receptor family, many of which are transcription factors regulated by ligand binding. SRs regulate various human physiological functions essential for maintenance of vital biological pathways, including development, reproduction, and metabolic homeostasis. In addition, aberrant expression of SRs or dysregulation of their signaling has been observed in a wide variety of pathologies. SR activity is tightly and finely controlled by post-translational modifications (PTMs) targeting the receptors and/or their coregulators. Whereas major attention has been focused on phosphorylation, growing evidence shows that methylation is also an important regulator of SRs. Interestingly, the protein methyltransferases depositing methyl marks are involved in many functions, from development to adult life. They have also been associated with pathologies such as inflammation, as well as cardiovascular and neuronal disorders, and cancer. This article provides an overview of SR methylation/demethylation events, along with their functional effects and biological consequences. An in-depth understanding of the landscape of these methylation events could provide new information on SR regulation in physiology, as well as promising perspectives for the development of new therapeutic strategies, illustrated by the specific inhibitors of protein methyltransferases that are currently available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucie Malbeteau
- Université de Lyon, F-69000 Lyon, France.,Inserm U1052, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, F-69000 Lyon, France.,CNRS UMR5286, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, F-69000 Lyon, France
| | - Ha Thuy Pham
- Université de Lyon, F-69000 Lyon, France.,Inserm U1052, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, F-69000 Lyon, France.,CNRS UMR5286, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, F-69000 Lyon, France
| | - Louisane Eve
- Université de Lyon, F-69000 Lyon, France.,Inserm U1052, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, F-69000 Lyon, France.,CNRS UMR5286, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, F-69000 Lyon, France
| | - Michael R Stallcup
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Norris Comprehensive Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Coralie Poulard
- Université de Lyon, F-69000 Lyon, France.,Inserm U1052, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, F-69000 Lyon, France.,CNRS UMR5286, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, F-69000 Lyon, France
| | - Muriel Le Romancer
- Université de Lyon, F-69000 Lyon, France.,Inserm U1052, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, F-69000 Lyon, France.,CNRS UMR5286, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, F-69000 Lyon, France
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Yu YQ, Thonn V, Patankar JV, Thoma OM, Waldner M, Zielinska M, Bao LL, Gonzalez-Acera M, Wallmüller S, Engel FB, Stürzl M, Neurath MF, Liebing E, Becker C. SMYD2 targets RIPK1 and restricts TNF-induced apoptosis and necroptosis to support colon tumor growth. Cell Death Dis 2022; 13:52. [PMID: 35022391 PMCID: PMC8755774 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-021-04483-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
SMYD2 is a histone methyltransferase, which methylates both histone H3K4 as well as a number of non-histone proteins. Dysregulation of SMYD2 has been associated with several diseases including cancer. In the present study, we investigated whether and how SMYD2 might contribute to colorectal cancer. Increased expression levels of SMYD2 were detected in human and murine colon tumor tissues compared to tumor-free tissues. SMYD2 deficiency in colonic tumor cells strongly decreased tumor growth in two independent experimental cancer models. On a molecular level, SMYD2 deficiency sensitized colonic tumor cells to TNF-induced apoptosis and necroptosis without affecting cell proliferation. Moreover, we found that SMYD2 targeted RIPK1 and inhibited the phosphorylation of RIPK1. Finally, in a translational approach, pharmacological inhibition of SMYD2 attenuated colonic tumor growth. Collectively, our data show that SMYD2 is crucial for colon tumor growth and inhibits TNF-induced apoptosis and necroptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Qiang Yu
- Department of Medicine 1, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum Immuntherapie (DZI), 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Veronika Thonn
- Department of Medicine 1, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum Immuntherapie (DZI), 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jay V Patankar
- Department of Medicine 1, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum Immuntherapie (DZI), 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Oana-Maria Thoma
- Department of Medicine 1, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum Immuntherapie (DZI), 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Maximilian Waldner
- Department of Medicine 1, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum Immuntherapie (DZI), 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Marta Zielinska
- Department of Medicine 1, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Łódź, Poland
| | - Li-Li Bao
- Department of Medicine 1, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum Immuntherapie (DZI), 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Miguel Gonzalez-Acera
- Department of Medicine 1, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum Immuntherapie (DZI), 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Stefan Wallmüller
- Department of Medicine 1, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum Immuntherapie (DZI), 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Felix B Engel
- Experimental Renal and Cardiovascular Research, Department of Nephropathology, Institute of Pathology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-EMN (CCC ER-EMN), 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Michael Stürzl
- Division of Molecular and Experimental Surgery, Department of Surgery, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Markus F Neurath
- Department of Medicine 1, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum Immuntherapie (DZI), 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Eva Liebing
- Department of Medicine 1, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum Immuntherapie (DZI), 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Christoph Becker
- Department of Medicine 1, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany.
- Deutsches Zentrum Immuntherapie (DZI), 91054, Erlangen, Germany.
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35
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Talukdar A, Mukherjee A, Bhattacharya D. Fascinating Transformation of SAM-Competitive Protein Methyltransferase Inhibitors from Nucleoside Analogues to Non-Nucleoside Analogues. J Med Chem 2022; 65:1662-1684. [PMID: 35014841 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c01208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The abnormal expression of protein methyltransferase (PMT) has been linked with many diseases such as diabetes, neurological disorders, and cancer. S-Adenyl-l-methionine (SAM) is a universal methyl donor and gets converted to S-adenyl-l-homocysteine (SAH), an endogenous competitive inhibitor of SAM. Initially developed SAM/SAH mimetic nucleoside analogues were pan methyltransferase inhibitors. The gradual understanding achieved through ligand-receptor interaction paved the way for various rational approaches of drug design leading to potent and selective nucleoside inhibitors. The present perspective is based on the systematic evolution of selective SAM-competitive heterocyclic non-nucleoside inhibitors from nucleoside inhibitors. This fascinating transition has resolved several issues inherent to nucleoside analogues such as poor pharmacokinetics leading to poor in vivo efficacy. The perspective has brought together various concepts and strategies of drug design that contributed to this rational transition. We firmly believe that the strategies described herein will serve as a template for the future development of drugs in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arindam Talukdar
- Department of Organic and Medicinal Chemistry, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4 Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Kolkata 700032, WB, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Ayan Mukherjee
- Department of Organic and Medicinal Chemistry, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4 Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Kolkata 700032, WB, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Debomita Bhattacharya
- Department of Organic and Medicinal Chemistry, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4 Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Kolkata 700032, WB, India
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Cao YC, Shan SK, Guo B, Li CC, Li FXZ, Zheng MH, Xu QS, Wang Y, Lei LM, Tang KX, Ou-Yang WL, Duan JY, Wu YY, Ullah MHE, Zhou ZA, Xu F, Lin X, Wu F, Liao XB, Yuan LQ. Histone Lysine Methylation Modification and Its Role in Vascular Calcification. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:863708. [PMID: 35784574 PMCID: PMC9243330 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.863708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Histone methylation is an epigenetic change mediated by histone methyltransferase, and has been connected to the beginning and progression of several diseases. The most common ailments that affect the elderly are cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disorders. They are the leading causes of death, and their incidence is linked to vascular calcification (VC). The key mechanism of VC is the transformation of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) into osteoblast-like phenotypes, which is a highly adjustable process involving a variety of complex pathophysiological processes, such as metabolic abnormalities, apoptosis, oxidative stress and signalling pathways. Many researchers have investigated the mechanism of VC and related targets for the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. Their findings revealed that histone lysine methylation modification may play a key role in the various stages of VC. As a result, a thorough examination of the role and mechanism of lysine methylation modification in physiological and pathological states is critical, not only for identifying specific molecular markers of VC and new therapeutic targets, but also for directing the development of new related drugs. Finally, we provide this review to discover the association between histone methylation modification and VC, as well as diverse approaches with which to investigate the pathophysiology of VC and prospective treatment possibilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye-Chi Cao
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Su-Kang Shan
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Bei Guo
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Chang-Chun Li
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Fu-Xing-Zi Li
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ming-Hui Zheng
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Qiu-Shuang Xu
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yi Wang
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Li-Min Lei
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ke-Xin Tang
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Wen-Lu Ou-Yang
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jia-Yue Duan
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yun-Yun Wu
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Muhammad Hasnain Ehsan Ullah
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhi-Ang Zhou
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Feng Xu
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xiao Lin
- Department of Radiology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Feng Wu
- Department of Pathology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xiao-Bo Liao
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ling-Qing Yuan
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- *Correspondence: Ling-Qing Yuan,
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37
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SET and MYND domain-containing protein 2 (SMYD2): A prognostic biomarker associated with immune infiltrates in cervical squamous cell carcinoma and endocervical adenocarcinoma. ARCH BIOL SCI 2022. [DOI: 10.2298/abs220413014a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The histone lysine methyltransferase SET (Suppressor of variegation, Enhancer
of Zeste, Trithorax) and MYND (Myeloid-Nervy-DEAF1) domaincontaining protein
(SMYD2) plays a role in the tumorigenesis of cervical squamous cell
carcinoma and endocervical adenocarcinoma (CESC). However, the prognostic
significance of SMYD2 in CESC and the link between SMYD2 and
tumor-infiltrating immune cells are unknown. The prognostic value of SMYD2
in CESC was obtained from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). SMYD2 mRNA and
protein were both highly expressed in CESC compared with normal tissues. The
high expression of SMYD2 was associated with advanced tumor status and poor
prognosis in CESC patients. SMYD2 was an independent prognostic factor for
overall survival. In vitro experiments with knockdown of SMYD2 suppressed
CESC cell migration and invasion. The online tumor immune estimation
resource (TIMER) and Kaplan-Meier analysis results revealed that the
infiltration of CD4+ T and CD8+ T cells was related to poor prognosis. In
TIMER-based multivariate Cox regression analysis, CD8+ T cells and SMYD2
were demonstrated as independent prognostic factors of CESC. In conclusion,
our data suggest that high SMYD2 expression is a predictor of poor prognosis
in CESC patients; SMYD2 could serve as a prognostic biomarker and molecular
therapeutic target for CESC.
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38
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Song MK, Jung S, Hong S, Kwon JO, Kim MK, Kim HH. Effects of the Lysine Methyltransferase Inhibitor AZ505 on Bone Metabolism. J Bone Metab 2021; 28:297-305. [PMID: 34905676 PMCID: PMC8671023 DOI: 10.11005/jbm.2021.28.4.297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Protein methylation has important role in regulating diverse cellular responses, including differentiation, by affecting protein activity, stability, and interactions. AZ505 is an inhibitor of the SET and MYND domain-containing protein 2 lysine methylase. In this study, we investigated the effect of AZ505 on osteoblast and osteoclast differentiation in vitro and evaluated the effect of AZ505 in vivo on the long bones in mice. Methods Osteoblast differentiation was assessed by alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and Alizarin red staining after culturing calvarial preosteoblasts in an osteogenic medium. Osteoclast differentiation was analyzed by tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) staining in bone marrow-derived macrophages cultured with macrophage-colony stimulating factor and receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL). For in vivo experiments, mice were intraperitoneally injected with AZ505 and femurs were examined by micro-computed tomography. Results AZ505 increased ALP and Alizarin red staining in cultured osteoblasts and the expression of osteoblast marker genes, including Runx2 and osteocalcin. AZ505 resulted in decreased TRAP-staining of osteoclasts and expression of c-Fos and nuclear factor of activated T cells transcription factors and osteoclast marker genes, including cathepsin K and dendritic cell-specific transmembrane protein. Unexpectedly, in vivo administration of AZ505 markedly decreased the trabecular bone mass of femurs. In support of this catabolic result, AZ505 strongly upregulated RANKL expression in osteoblasts. Conclusions The results indicate that AZ505 has a catabolic effect on bone metabolism in vivo despite its anabolic effect in bone cell cultures. The findings indicate that cell culture data should be extrapolated cautiously to in vivo outcomes for studying bone metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Kyoung Song
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Suhan Jung
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seojin Hong
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jun-Oh Kwon
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Min Kyung Kim
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hong-Hee Kim
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
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Rueda-Robles A, Audano M, Álvarez-Mercado AI, Rubio-Tomás T. Functions of SMYD proteins in biological processes: What do we know? An updated review. Arch Biochem Biophys 2021; 712:109040. [PMID: 34555372 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2021.109040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epigenetic modifiers, such as methyltransferases, play crucial roles in the regulation of many biological processes, including development, cancer and multiple physiopathological conditions. SUMMARY The Su(Var)3-9, Enhancer-of-zeste and Trithorax (SET) and Myeloid, Nervy, and DEAF-1 (MYND) domain-containing (SMYD) protein family consists of five members in humans and mice (i.e. SMYD1, SMYD2, SMYD3, SMYD4 and SMYD5), which are known or predicted to have methyltransferase activity on histone and non-histone substrates. The abundance of information concerning SMYD2 and SMYD3 is of note, whereas the other members of the SMYD family have not been so thoroughly studied CONCLUSION: Here we review the literature regarding SMYD proteins published in the last five years, including basic molecular biology mechanistic studies using in vitro systems and animal models, as well as human studies with a more translational or clinical approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ascensión Rueda-Robles
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology "José Mataix", Center of Biomedical Research, University of Granada, Avda. del Conocimiento s/n, 18016, Armilla, Granada, Spain
| | - Matteo Audano
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Ana I Álvarez-Mercado
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology "José Mataix", Center of Biomedical Research, University of Granada, Avda. del Conocimiento s/n, 18016, Armilla, Granada, Spain; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, School of Pharmacy, University of Granada, 18071, Granada, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Granada, Granada, 18014, Spain.
| | - Teresa Rubio-Tomás
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), 08036, Barcelona, Spain; School of Medicine, University of Crete, 70013, Herakleion, Crete, Greece.
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Novel insights into SMYD2 and SMYD3 inhibitors: from potential anti-tumoural therapy to a variety of new applications. Mol Biol Rep 2021; 48:7499-7508. [PMID: 34510321 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-021-06701-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The revelance of the epigenetic regulation of cancer led to the design and testing of many drugs targeting epigenetic modifiers. The Su(Var)3-9, Enhancer-of-zeste and Trithorax (SET) and myeloid, Nervy, and DEAF-1 (MYND) domain-containing protein 2 (SMYD2) and 3 (SMYD3) are methyltransferases which act on histone and non-histone proteins to promote tumorigenesis in many cancer types. In addition to their oncogenic roles, SMYD2 and SMYD3 are involved in many other physiopathological conditions. In this review we will focus on the advances made in the last five years in the field of pharmacology regarding drugs targeting SMYD2 (such as LLY-507 or AZ505) and SMYD3 (such as BCI-121 or EPZ031686) and their potential cellular and molecular mechanisms of action and application in anti-tumoural therapy and/or against other diseases.
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Abstract
Epigenetics examines heritable changes in DNA and its associated proteins except mutations in gene sequence. Epigenetic regulation plays fundamental roles in kidney cell biology through the action of DNA methylation, chromatin modification via epigenetic regulators and non-coding RNA species. Kidney diseases, including acute kidney injury, chronic kidney disease, diabetic kidney disease and renal fibrosis are multistep processes associated with numerous molecular alterations even in individual kidney cells. Epigenetic alterations, including anomalous DNA methylation, aberrant histone alterations and changes of microRNA expression all contribute to kidney pathogenesis. These changes alter the genome-wide epigenetic signatures and disrupt essential pathways that protect renal cells from uncontrolled growth, apoptosis and development of other renal associated syndromes. Molecular changes impact cellular function within kidney cells and its microenvironment to drive and maintain disease phenotype. In this chapter, we briefly summarize epigenetic mechanisms in four kidney diseases including acute kidney injury, chronic kidney disease, diabetic kidney disease and renal fibrosis. We primarily focus on current knowledge about the genome-wide profiling of DNA methylation and histone modification, and epigenetic regulation on specific gene(s) in the pathophysiology of these diseases and the translational potential of identifying new biomarkers and treatment for prevention and therapy. Incorporating epigenomic testing into clinical research is essential to elucidate novel epigenetic biomarkers and develop precision medicine using emerging therapies.
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Liu L, Liu F, Guan Y, Zou J, Zhang C, Xiong C, Zhao TC, Bayliss G, Li X, Zhuang S. Critical roles of SMYD2 lysine methyltransferase in mediating renal fibroblast activation and kidney fibrosis. FASEB J 2021; 35:e21715. [PMID: 34143514 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202000554rrr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2020] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
SET and MYND domain protein 2 (SMYD2) is a lysine methyltransferase that mediates histone H3 lysine 36 trimethylation (H3K36me3) and acts as a regulator of tumorgenesis and cystic growth. However, its role in renal fibrosis remains unknown. In this study, we found that SMYD2 was highly expressed in the murine kidney of renal fibrosis induced by unilateral ureteral obstruction, and primarily located in interstitial fibroblasts and renal tubular epithelial cells. Pharmacological inhibition of SMYD2 with AZ505, a highly selective inhibitor of SMYD2, protected against renal fibrosis and inhibited activation/proliferation of renal interstitial fibroblasts and conversion of epithelial cells to a profibrotic phenotype in this model. In cultured renal interstitial fibroblasts, treatment with AZ505 or silencing of SMYD2 by specific siRNA also inhibited serum- or TGF-β1-induced activation and proliferation of renal interstitial fibroblasts. Mechanistic studies showed that SMYD2 inhibition reduced phosphorylation of several profibrotic signaling molecules, including Smad3, extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2, AKT, signal transducer and activator of transcription-3 and nuclear factor-κB in both injured kidney and cultured renal fibroblasts. AZ505 was also effective in suppressing renal expression of Snail and Twist, two transcriptional factors that mediate renal partial epithelial-mesenchymal transition and fibrosis. Conversely, AZ505 treatment prevented downregulation of Smad7, a renoprotective factor in vivo and in vitro. These results indicate that SMYD2 plays a critical role in mediating conversion of epithelial cells to a profibrotic phenotype, renal fibroblast activation and renal fibrogenesis, and suggest that SMYD2 may be a potential target for the treatment of chronic fibrosis in kidney disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lirong Liu
- Department of Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital and Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA.,Center for Clinical Laboratories, the Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China.,School of Clinical Laboratory Science, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Feng Liu
- Department of Nephrology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yingjie Guan
- Department of Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital and Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Jianan Zou
- Department of Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital and Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Chunyun Zhang
- Department of Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital and Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Chongxiang Xiong
- Department of Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital and Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Ting C Zhao
- Department of Surgery, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI, USA
| | - George Bayliss
- Department of Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital and Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Xiaogang Li
- Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Shougang Zhuang
- Department of Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital and Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA.,Department of Nephrology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Wang Y, Jin G, Guo Y, Cao Y, Niu S, Fan X, Zhang J. SMYD2 suppresses p53 activity to promote glucose metabolism in cervical cancer. Exp Cell Res 2021; 404:112649. [PMID: 34015314 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2021.112649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Reprogrammed energy metabolism, especially the Warburg effect, is emerged as a hallmark of cancer. The protein lysine methyltransferase SMYD2 functions as an oncogene and is implicated in various malignant phenotypes of human cancers. However, the role of SMYD2 in tumor metabolism is still largely unknown. Here, we report that SMYD2 is highly expressed in human cervical cancer and its aberrant expression is linked to a poor prognosis. Bioinformatic analysis revealed a novel link between SMYD2 expression and aerobic glycolysis. Through loss-of-function experiments, we demonstrated that SMYD2 knockdown or inhibition induced a metabolic shift from aerobic glycolysis to oxidative phosphorylation, as evidenced by glucose uptake, lactate production, extracellular acidification, and the oxygen consumption rate. In contrast, SMYD2 overexpression promoted glycolytic metabolism in cervical cancer cells. Moreover, SMYD2 was required for tumor growth in cervical cancer and this oncogenic activity was largely glycolysis-dependent. Mechanistically, SMYD2 altered the methylation status of p53 and inhibited its transcriptional activity. Genetic silencing of p53 largely abrogated the effects of SMYD2 in promoting aerobic glycolysis. Taken together, our findings reveal a novel function of SMYD2 in regulating the Warburg effect in cervical cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wang
- Department of Gynecology, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050011, China
| | - Ge Jin
- Department of Gynecological Oncology, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050011, China
| | - Yunfeng Guo
- Department of Gynecological Oncology, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050011, China
| | - Yuan Cao
- Department of Gynecological Oncology, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050011, China
| | - Shuhuai Niu
- Department of Gynecological Oncology, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050011, China
| | - Xiaomei Fan
- Department of Gynecological Oncology, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050011, China.
| | - Jun Zhang
- Department of Gynecology, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050011, China.
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Li LX, Li X. Epigenetically Mediated Ciliogenesis and Cell Cycle Regulation, and Their Translational Potential. Cells 2021; 10:cells10071662. [PMID: 34359832 PMCID: PMC8307023 DOI: 10.3390/cells10071662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary cilia biogenesis has been closely associated with cell cycle progression. Cilia assemble when cells exit the cell cycle and enter a quiescent stage at the post-mitosis phase, and disassemble before cells re-enter a new cell cycle. Studies have focused on how the cell cycle coordinates with the cilia assembly/disassembly process, and whether and how cilia biogenesis affects the cell cycle. Appropriate regulation of the functions and/or expressions of ciliary and cell-cycle-associated proteins is pivotal to maintaining bodily homeostasis. Epigenetic mechanisms, including DNA methylation and histone/chromatin modifications, are involved in the regulation of cell cycle progression and cilia biogenesis. In this review, first, we discuss how epigenetic mechanisms regulate cell cycle progression and cilia biogenesis through the regulation of DNA methylation and chromatin structures, to either promote or repress the transcription of genes associated with those processes and the modification of cytoskeleton network, including microtubule and actin. Next, we discuss the crosstalk between the cell cycle and ciliogenesis, and the involvement of epigenetic regulators in this process. In addition, we discuss cilia-dependent signaling pathways in cell cycle regulation. Understanding the mechanisms of how epigenetic regulators contribute to abnormal cell cycle regulation and ciliogenesis defects would lead to developing therapeutic strategies for the treatment of a wide variety of diseases, such as cancers, polycystic kidney disease (PKD), and other ciliopathy-associated disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Xiaoyan Li
- Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA;
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Xiaogang Li
- Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA;
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-507-266-0110
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Rubio-Tomás T. The SMYD family proteins in immunology: An update of their obvious and non-obvious relations with the immune system. Heliyon 2021; 7:e07387. [PMID: 34235289 PMCID: PMC8246384 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e07387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Epigenetics is an emerging field, due to its relevance in the regulation of a wide range of biological processes. The Su(Var)3–9, Enhancer-of-zeste and Trithorax (SET) and Myeloid, Nervy, and DEAF-1 (MYND) domain-containing (SMYD) proteins, named SMYD1, SMYD2, SMYD3, SMYD4 and SMYD5, are enzymes that catalyse methylation of histone and non-histone substrates, thereby playing a key role in gene expression regulation in many biological contexts, such as muscle development and physiology, haematopoiesis and many types of cancer. This review focuses on a relatively unexplored aspect of SMYD family members - their relation with immunology. Here, immunology is defined in the broadest sense of the word, including basic research on macrophage function or host immunity against pathogen infection, as well as clinical studies, most of which are centred on blood cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Rubio-Tomás
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), 08036, Barcelona, Spain.,School of Medicine, University of Crete, 70013, Herakleion, Crete, Greece.,Biomedical Sciences Research Center Alexander Fleming, 16672, Vari, Greece
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Khan MIK, Charles RCM, Ramachandran R, Gupta S, Govindaraju G, Mishra R, Rajavelu A, Coumar MS, Chavali S, Dhayalan A. The ribosomal protein eL21 interacts with the protein lysine methyltransferase SMYD2 and regulates its steady state levels. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2021; 1868:119079. [PMID: 34147559 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2021.119079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The protein lysine methyltransferase, SMYD2 is involved in diverse cellular events by regulating protein functions through lysine methylation. Though several substrate proteins of SMYD2 are well-studied, only a limited number of its interaction partners have been identified and characterized. Here, we performed a yeast two-hybrid screening of SMYD2 and found that the ribosomal protein, eL21 could interact with SMYD2. SMYD2-eL21 interaction in the human cells was confirmed by immunoprecipitation methods. In vitro pull-down assays revealed that SMYD2 interacts with eL21 directly through its SET and MYND domain. Computational mapping, followed by experimental studies identified that Lys81 and Lys83 residues of eL21 are important for the SMYD2-eL21 interaction. Evolutionary analysis showed that these residues might have co-evolved with the emergence of SMYD2. We found that eL21 regulates the steady state levels of SMYD2 by promoting its transcription and inhibiting its proteasomal degradation. Importantly, SMYD2-eL21 interaction plays an important role in regulating cell proliferation and its dysregulation might lead to tumorigenesis. Our findings highlight a novel extra-ribosomal function of eL21 on regulating SMYD2 levels and imply that ribosomal proteins might regulate wide range of cellular functions through protein-protein interactions in addition to their core function in translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Imran K Khan
- Department of Biotechnology, Pondicherry University, Puducherry 605 014, India
| | | | - Reshma Ramachandran
- Department of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Tirupati, Tirupati 517 507, India
| | - Somlee Gupta
- Department of Biotechnology, Pondicherry University, Puducherry 605 014, India
| | - Gayathri Govindaraju
- Interdisciplinary Biology, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Trivandrum 695 014, India
| | - Rashmi Mishra
- Department of Biotechnology, Pondicherry University, Puducherry 605 014, India
| | - Arumugam Rajavelu
- Interdisciplinary Biology, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Trivandrum 695 014, India
| | | | - Sreenivas Chavali
- Department of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Tirupati, Tirupati 517 507, India.
| | - Arunkumar Dhayalan
- Department of Biotechnology, Pondicherry University, Puducherry 605 014, India.
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Novel structural and functional impact of damaging single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) on human SMYD2 protein using computational approaches. Meta Gene 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mgene.2021.100871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
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SMYD2 promotes tumorigenesis and metastasis of lung adenocarcinoma through RPS7. Cell Death Dis 2021; 12:439. [PMID: 33935284 PMCID: PMC8089105 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-021-03720-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The protein methyltransferase SET and MYND domain-containing protein 2 (SMYD2) is a transcriptional regulator that methylates histones and nonhistone proteins. As an oncogene, SMYD2 has been investigated in numerous types of cancer. However, its involvement in lung cancer remains elusive. The prognostic value of SMYD2 expression in lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) was determined through bioinformatics analysis, reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction, western blotting, and immunohistochemistry. The effect of SMYD2 on LUAD cell proliferation and metastasis was explored in vivo and in vitro, and the underlying mechanisms were investigated via RNA-seq, and chromatin immunoprecipitation-quantitative PCR. SMYD2 expression was significantly upregulated in LUAD cell lines and tissues. High SMYD2 expression was associated with shorter overall and disease-free survival in LUAD patients. Inhibition of SMYD2 with SMYD2 knockdown or AZ505 dramatically inhibited the proliferation, migration, and invasion ability of GLC-82 and SPC-A1 cells and remarkably reduced tumor growth in mice. Mechanically, SMYD2 may activate the transcription of ribosomal small subunit protein 7 (RPS7) by binding to its promoter. Following overexpression of SMYD2, the proliferation, migration, and invasion of cells increased, which was partially reversed by RPS7. Thus, SMYD2 might modulate tumorigenesis and metastasis mediated by RPS7 LUAD. SMYD2 might be a prognostic biomarker and therapeutic target in LUAD.
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Posttranslational Modifications in Ferroptosis. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2020; 2020:8832043. [PMID: 33294126 PMCID: PMC7718049 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8832043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Ferroptosis was first coined in 2012 to describe the form of regulated cell death (RCD) characterized by iron-dependent lipid peroxidation. To date, ferroptosis has been implicated in many diseases, such as carcinogenesis, degenerative diseases (e.g., Huntington's, Alzheimer's, and Parkinson's diseases), ischemia-reperfusion injury, and cardiovascular diseases. Previous studies have identified numerous targets involved in ferroptosis; for example, acyl-CoA synthetase long-chain family member 4 (ACSL4) and p53 induce while glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4) and apoptosis-inducing factor mitochondria-associated 2 (AIFM2, also known as FSP1) inhibit ferroptosis. At least three major pathways (the glutathione-GPX4, FSP1-coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10), and GTP cyclohydrolase-1- (GCH1-) tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) pathways) have been identified to participate in ferroptosis regulation. Recent advances have also highlighted the crucial roles of posttranslational modifications (PTMs) of proteins in ferroptosis. Here, we summarize the recently discovered knowledge regarding the mechanisms underlying ferroptosis, particularly the roles of PTMs in ferroptosis regulation.
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Synthesis and structure–activity relationship studies of LLY-507 analogues as SMYD2 inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2020; 30:127598. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2020.127598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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