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Abele C, Perez A, Höglund A, Pierozan P, Breitholtz M, Karlsson O. Automated Image-Based Fluorescence Screening of Mitochondrial Membrane Potential in Daphnia magna: An Advanced Ecotoxicological Testing Tool. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024. [PMID: 39190186 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.4c02897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/28/2024]
Abstract
This study demonstrated the strengths of in vivo molecular staining coupled with automated imaging analysis in Daphnia magna. A multiwell plate protocol was developed to assess mitochondrial membrane potential using the JC-1 dye. The suitability of five common anesthetics was initially tested, and 5% ethanol performed best in terms of anesthetic effects and healthy recovery. The staining conditions were optimized to 30 min staining with 2 μM JC-1 for best J-aggregate formation. The protocol was validated with the model compound carbonyl cyanide 3-chlorophenylhydrazone (CCCP) and used to measure the effect of four environmental contaminants, 2,4-dinitrophenol, triclosan, n-(1,3-dimethylbutyl)-N'-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine (6PPD), and ibuprofen, on mitochondrial health. Test organisms were imaged using an automated confocal microscope, and fluorescence intensities were automatically quantified. The effect concentrations for CCCP were lower by a factor of 30 compared with the traditional OECD 202 acute toxicity test. Mitochondrial effects were also detected at lower concentrations for all tested environmental contaminants compared to the OCED 202 test. For 2,4-dinitrophenol, mitochondria effects were detectable after 2 h exposure to environmentally relevant concentrations and predicted organism death was observed after 24 h. The high sensitivity and time efficiency of this novel automated imaging method make it a valuable tool for advancing ecotoxicological testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cedric Abele
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Environmental Sciences, Stockholm University, 11418 Stockholm, Sweden
- Stockholm University Center for Circular and Sustainable Systems (SUCCeSS), Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Amira Perez
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Environmental Sciences, Stockholm University, 11418 Stockholm, Sweden
- Stockholm University Center for Circular and Sustainable Systems (SUCCeSS), Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Andrey Höglund
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Environmental Sciences, Stockholm University, 11418 Stockholm, Sweden
- Stockholm University Center for Circular and Sustainable Systems (SUCCeSS), Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Paula Pierozan
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Environmental Sciences, Stockholm University, 11418 Stockholm, Sweden
- Stockholm University Center for Circular and Sustainable Systems (SUCCeSS), Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Magnus Breitholtz
- Stockholm University Center for Circular and Sustainable Systems (SUCCeSS), Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Environmental Science, Stockholm University, 11418 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Oskar Karlsson
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Environmental Sciences, Stockholm University, 11418 Stockholm, Sweden
- Stockholm University Center for Circular and Sustainable Systems (SUCCeSS), Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
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Di Cicco M, Tabilio Di Camillo A, Di Marzio W, Sáenz ME, Galassi DMP, Pieraccini G, Galante A, Di Censo D, Di Lorenzo T. Subchronic Effects of Tetrachloroethylene on Two Freshwater Copepod Species: Implications for Groundwater Risk Assessment. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2024. [PMID: 39185674 DOI: 10.1002/etc.5977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2024] [Revised: 07/17/2024] [Accepted: 07/23/2024] [Indexed: 08/27/2024]
Abstract
Aliphatic chlorinated hydrocarbons, notably tetrachloroethylene (also known as perchloroethylene [PCE]), are persistent, mobile, and toxic (PMT) and/or very persistent, mobile, and toxic (vPMT) groundwater pollutants, often exceeding safe drinking water thresholds. The present study delves into the groundwater risk assessment of PCE with a novel focus on the sensitivity of stygobitic species-organisms uniquely adapted to groundwater environments. Through a comparative analysis of the subchronic effects of PCE on the locomotion behavior of two copepod species, the stygobitic Moraria sp. and the nonstygobitic Bryocamptus zschokkei, we highlighted the inadequacy of the current European predicted-no-effect concentration of PCE for groundwater ecosystems. Our findings indicate significant behavioral impairments in both species at a concentration (32 ng/L PCE) well below the threshold deemed safe, suggesting that the current European guidelines for groundwater risk assessment may not adequately protect the unique biodiversity of groundwater habitats. Importantly, B. zschokkei demonstrated sensitivity to PCE comparable to or greater than that of the target stygobitic species, suggesting its utility as a substitute species in groundwater risk assessment. The present study adds to the limited research on the ecotoxicological sensitivity of groundwater species to PMT/vPMT chemicals and highlights the need for refined groundwater risk-assessment methodologies that consider the susceptibilities of stygobitic species. Environ Toxicol Chem 2024;00:1-13. © 2024 The Author(s). Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mattia Di Cicco
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Agostina Tabilio Di Camillo
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
- National Research Council-Research Institute on Terrestrial Ecosystems (CNR-IRET), Florence, Italy
| | - Walter Di Marzio
- Department of Basic Sciences, Program Research in Ecotoxicology, National University of Luján, National Scientific and Technical Research Council (PRIET-UNLU-CONICET), Luján, Argentina
| | - Maria Elena Sáenz
- Department of Basic Sciences, Program Research in Ecotoxicology, National University of Luján, National Scientific and Technical Research Council (PRIET-UNLU-CONICET), Luján, Argentina
| | | | | | - Angelo Galante
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
- Gran Sasso National Laboratory, INFN, L'Aquila, Italy
- CNR-SPIN, c/o Department of Physical and Chemical Science, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Davide Di Censo
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging, and Clinical Sciences, "G. D'Annunzio" University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
- Institute for Advanced Biomedical Technologies, "G. D'Annunzio" University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Tiziana Di Lorenzo
- National Research Council-Research Institute on Terrestrial Ecosystems (CNR-IRET), Florence, Italy
- National Biodiversity Future Center, Palermo, Italy
- "Emil Racovita" Institute of Speleology, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes & CHANGE-Global Change and Sustainability Institute, and Departamento de Biologia Animal, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
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Paylar B, Bezabhe YH, Jass J, Olsson PE. Exploring the Sublethal Impacts of Cu and Zn on Daphnia magna: a transcriptomic perspective. BMC Genomics 2024; 25:790. [PMID: 39160502 PMCID: PMC11331620 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-024-10701-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 08/12/2024] [Indexed: 08/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Metal contamination of aquatic environments remains a major concern due to their persistence. The water flea Daphnia magna is an important model species for metal toxicity studies and water quality assessment. However, most research has focused on physiological endpoints such as mortality, growth, and reproduction in laboratory settings, as well as neglected toxicogenomic responses. Copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn) are essential trace elements that play crucial roles in many biological processes, including iron metabolism, connective tissue formation, neurotransmitter synthesis, DNA synthesis, and immune function. Excess amounts of these metals result in deviations from homeostasis and may induce toxic responses. In this study, we analyzed Daphnia magna transcriptomic responses to IC5 levels of Cu (120 µg/L) and Zn (300 µg/L) in environmental water obtained from a pristine lake with adjusted water hardness (150 mg/L CaCO3). The study was carried out to gain insights into the Cu and Zn regulated stress response mechanisms in Daphnia magna at transcriptome level. A total of 2,688 and 3,080 genes were found to be differentially expressed (DEG) between the control and Cu and the control and Zn, respectively. There were 1,793 differentially expressed genes in common for both Cu and Zn, whereas the number of unique DEGs for Cu and Zn were 895 and 1,287, respectively. Gene ontology and KEGG pathways enrichment were carried out to identify the molecular functions and biological processes affected by metal exposures. In addition to well-known biomarkers, novel targets for metal toxicity screening at the genomic level were identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berkay Paylar
- Biology, The Life Science Center, School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, SE-701 82, Örebro, Sweden
- , Örebro, Sweden
| | - Yared H Bezabhe
- Biology, The Life Science Center, School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, SE-701 82, Örebro, Sweden
- , Örebro, Sweden
| | - Jana Jass
- Biology, The Life Science Center, School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, SE-701 82, Örebro, Sweden
- , Örebro, Sweden
| | - Per-Erik Olsson
- Biology, The Life Science Center, School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, SE-701 82, Örebro, Sweden.
- , Örebro, Sweden.
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Aruoja V, Tunēns J, Kahru A, Blinova I, Heinlaan M. Feeding inhibition in daphnids - A sensitive and rapid toxicity endpoint for chemical stress? Heliyon 2024; 10:e35213. [PMID: 39166034 PMCID: PMC11334833 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e35213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2024] [Revised: 07/02/2024] [Accepted: 07/24/2024] [Indexed: 08/22/2024] Open
Abstract
The planktonic Crustacea Daphnia are among the most employed organisms in ecotoxicology, mainly in regulatory assays that follow OECD/ISO protocols. The most common endpoint for acute testing (24-48 h) without feeding of organisms is usually monitored as mortality or immobilization. A rapid and physiologically and environmentally more relevant toxicity endpoint could be the impaired feeding of daphnids. Decreased feeding of test organisms upon exposure to toxicants has been used to evaluate sub-lethal effects occurring already in minutes to hours. This endpoint, however, has not been used systematically and the respective data are inconsistent due to heterogeneity of experimental design. The aim of this review is to evaluate the scientific literature where impaired Daphnia feeding has been used in ecotoxicological research. The search made in WoS (June 5, 2024) using combination of keywords "Daphni* AND feed* yielded 152 articles. Out of these 152 papers 46 addressed feeding of d aphnids upon exposure to various toxicants (insecticides, heavy metals, pharmaceuticals, contaminated environmental samples and toxic cyanobacteria; in total 59 different chemicals/combinations). These 46 papers formed the basis of the critical analysis presented in the current review. For 18 chemicals it was possible to compare the sensitivity of the feeding and mortality endpoints. We conclude that although the feeding inhibition of Daphnia sp. did not prove systematically more sensitive than mortality/immobilization, it is a sub-lethal endpoint that allows rapid evaluation of toxic effects of chemicals to aquatic crustaceans - important and sensitive organisms in the aquatic food web.
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Affiliation(s)
- Villem Aruoja
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, National Institute of Chemical Physics and Biophysics, Akadeemia Tee 23, 12618, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Juris Tunēns
- Department of Marine Monitoring, Latvian Institute of Aquatic Ecology, Agency of Daugavpils University, Voleru Iela 4, LV-1007, Riga, Latvia
| | - Anne Kahru
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, National Institute of Chemical Physics and Biophysics, Akadeemia Tee 23, 12618, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Irina Blinova
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, National Institute of Chemical Physics and Biophysics, Akadeemia Tee 23, 12618, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Margit Heinlaan
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, National Institute of Chemical Physics and Biophysics, Akadeemia Tee 23, 12618, Tallinn, Estonia
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Cho H, Sung SE, Jang G, Esterhuizen M, Ryu CS, Kim Y, Kim YJ. Adverse effects of the 5-alpha-reductase inhibitor finasteride on Daphnia magna: Endocrine system and lipid metabolism disruption. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2024; 281:116606. [PMID: 38896907 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2024.116606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Revised: 06/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Finasteride, a steroid 5-alpha reductase inhibitor, is commonly used for the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia and hair loss. However, despite continued use, its environmental implications have not been thoroughly investigated. Thus, we investigated the acute and chronic adverse impacts of finasteride on Daphnia magna, a crucial planktonic crustacean in freshwater ecosystems selected as bioindicator organism for understanding the ecotoxicological effects. Chronic exposure (for 23 days) to finasteride negatively affected development and reproduction, leading to reduced fecundity, delayed first brood, reduced growth, and reduced neonate size. Additionally, acute exposure (< 24 h) caused decreased expression levels of genes crucial for reproduction and development, especially EcR-A/B (ecdysone receptors), Jhe (juvenile hormone esterase), and Vtg2 (vitellogenin), with oxidative stress-related genes. Untargeted lipidomics/metabolomic analyses revealed lipidomic alteration, including 19 upregulated and 4 downregulated enriched lipid ontology categories, and confirmed downregulation of metabolites. Pathway analysis implicated significant effects on metabolic pathways, including the pentose phosphate pathway, histidine metabolism, beta-alanine metabolism, as well as alanine, aspartate, and glutamate metabolism. This comprehensive study unravels the intricate molecular and metabolic responses of D. magna to finasteride exposure, underscoring the multifaceted impacts of this anti-androgenic compound on a keystone species of freshwater ecosystems. The findings emphasize the importance of understanding the environmental repercussions of widely used pharmaceuticals to protect biodiversity in aquatic ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunki Cho
- Environmental Safety Group, KIST Europe Forschungsgesellschaft mbH, Saarbrücken 66123, Germany; Department of Pharmacy, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Si-Eun Sung
- Biologische Experimentalphysik, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Giup Jang
- MetaDx Laboratory, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Maranda Esterhuizen
- University of Helsinki, Ecosystems and Environment Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Lahti, Finland
| | - Chang Seon Ryu
- Environmental Safety Group, KIST Europe Forschungsgesellschaft mbH, Saarbrücken 66123, Germany.
| | - Youngsam Kim
- Environmental Safety Group, KIST Europe Forschungsgesellschaft mbH, Saarbrücken 66123, Germany; Division of Energy & Environment Technology, University of Science & Technology, Daejeon 34113, South Korea.
| | - Young Jun Kim
- Environmental Safety Group, KIST Europe Forschungsgesellschaft mbH, Saarbrücken 66123, Germany; Division of Energy & Environment Technology, University of Science & Technology, Daejeon 34113, South Korea
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6
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Rowan E, Leung A, Grintzalis K. A Novel Method for the Assessment of Feeding Rate as a Phenotypic Endpoint for the Impact of Pollutants in Daphnids. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2024. [PMID: 39056977 DOI: 10.1002/etc.5960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2024] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
Traditional approaches for monitoring aquatic pollution primarily rely on chemical analysis and the detection of pollutants in the aqueous environments. However, these methods lack realism and mechanistic insight and, thus, are increasingly supported by effect-based methods, which offer sensitive endpoints. In this context, daphnids, a freshwater species used extensively in molecular ecotoxicology, offer fast and noninvasive approaches to assess the impact of pollutants. Among the phenotypic endpoints used, feeding rate is a highly sensitive approach because it provides evidence of physiological alterations even in sublethal concentrations. However, there has been no standardized method for measuring feeding rate in daphnids, and several approaches follow different protocols. There is a diversity among tests employing large volumes, extensive incubation times, and high animal densities, which in turn utilize measurements of algae via fluorescence, radiolabeling, or counting ingested cells. These tests are challenging and laborious and sometimes require cumbersome instrumentation. In the present study, we optimized the conditions of a miniaturized fast, sensitive, and high-throughput assay to assess the feeding rate based on the ingestion of fluorescent microparticles. The protocol was optimized in neonates in relation to the concentration of microplastic and the number of animals to increase reproducibility. Daphnids, following exposures to nonlethal concentrations, were incubated with microplastics; and, as filter feeders, they ingest microparticles. The new approach revealed differences in the physiology of daphnids in concentrations below the toxicity limits for a range of pollutants of different modes of action, thus proving feeding to be a more sensitive and noninvasive endpoint in pollution assessment. Environ Toxicol Chem 2024;00:1-11. © 2024 The Author(s). Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Rowan
- School of Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Dublin, Republic of Ireland
| | - Anne Leung
- School of Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Dublin, Republic of Ireland
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7
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Daniel D, Vieira M, da Costa JP, Girão AV, Nunes B. Effects of microplastics on key reproductive and biochemical endpoints of the freshwater microcrustacean Daphnia magna. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2024; 281:109917. [PMID: 38583695 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2024.109917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Revised: 04/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
Human activities have directly impacted the environment, causing significant ecological imbalances. From the different contaminants resulting from human activities, plastics are of major environmental concern. Due to their high use and consequent discharge, plastics tend to accumulate in aquatic environments. There, plastics can form smaller particles (microplastics, MPs), due to fragmentation and weathering, which are more prone to interact with aquatic organisms and cause deleterious effects, including at the basis of different food webs. This study assessed the effects of two microplastics (polyethylene terephthalate, PET; and polypropylene, PP; both of common domestic use) in the freshwater cladoceran species Daphnia magna. Toxic effects were assessed by measuring reproductive traits (first brood and total number of offspring), and activities of biomarkers involved in xenobiotic metabolism (phase I: cytochrome P-450 isoenzymes CYP1A1, 1A2 and 3A4; phase II/conjugation: glutathione S-transferases; and antioxidant defense (catalase)). Both MPs showed a potential to significantly reduce reproductive parameters in D. magna. Furthermore, PET caused a significant increase in some isoenzymes of CYP450 in acutely exposed organisms, but this effect was not observed in chronically exposed animals. Similarly, the activity of the antioxidant defense (CAT) was significantly increased in acutely exposed animals, but not in chronically exposed organisms. This pattern of effects suggests a possible mechanism of long-term adaptation to the presence of the tested MPs. In conclusion, the herein tested MPs have shown the potential to induce deleterious effects on D. magna mainly observed in terms of the reproductive outcomes. Changes at the biochemical level seems transient and are not likely to occur in long term, environmentally exposed crustaceans.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Daniel
- Centro de Estudos do Ambiente e do Mar (CESAM), Campus de Santiago, Universidade de Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; Departamento de Biologia, Universidade de Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Madalena Vieira
- Centro de Estudos do Ambiente e do Mar (CESAM), Campus de Santiago, Universidade de Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; Departamento de Biologia, Universidade de Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - João Pinto da Costa
- Centro de Estudos do Ambiente e do Mar (CESAM), Campus de Santiago, Universidade de Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; Departamento de Química, Universidade de Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Ana Violeta Girão
- Departamento de Engenharia de Materiais e Cerâmica, CICECO, Universidade de Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Bruno Nunes
- Centro de Estudos do Ambiente e do Mar (CESAM), Campus de Santiago, Universidade de Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; Departamento de Biologia, Universidade de Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
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8
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Wang D, Abbott J, Brenninger FA, Klein K, Nava-Bolaños A, Yong L, Richter XYL. Female alternative reproductive tactics: diversity and drivers. Trends Ecol Evol 2024:S0169-5347(24)00140-X. [PMID: 38955568 DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2024.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Revised: 06/04/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
It is often argued that anisogamy causes alternative reproductive tactics (ARTs) to be more common in males than females. We challenge this view by pointing out logical flaws in the argument. We then review recent work on the diversity of female ARTs, listing several understudied types such as solitary versus communal breeding and facultative parthenogenesis. We highlight an important difference between male and female ARTs that caused female ARTs to be overlooked: male ARTs tend to focus on successful fertilization, whereas female ARTs occur at many stages of reproduction and often form complex networks of decision points. We propose to study correlated female ARTs as a whole to better understand their drivers and eco-evolutionary dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daiping Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1 Beichen West Road, Chaoyang, 100101 Beijing, China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
| | - Jessica Abbott
- Department of Biology, Lund University, 22362 Lund, Sweden
| | - Franziska A Brenninger
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Kora Klein
- Faculty of Biology, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, 55122 Mainz, Germany
| | - Angela Nava-Bolaños
- Unidad Multidisciplinaria de Docencia e Investigación, Facultad de Ciencias, Campus Juriquilla, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Boulevard Juriquilla, Jurica La Mesa, Juriquilla, 76230 Querétaro, México
| | - Lengxob Yong
- Marine Resources Research Institute, South Carolina Department of Natural Resources, Charleston, SC 29412, USA
| | - Xiang-Yi Li Richter
- Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Baltzerstrasse 6, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland.
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9
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Dziuba MK, McIntire KM, Seto K, Davenport ES, Rogalski MA, Gowler CD, Baird E, Vaandrager M, Huerta C, Jaye R, Corcoran FE, Withrow A, Ahrendt S, Salamov A, Nolan M, Tejomurthula S, Barry K, Grigoriev IV, James TY, Duffy MA. Phylogeny, morphology, virulence, ecology, and host range of Ordospora pajunii (Ordosporidae), a microsporidian symbiont of Daphnia spp. mBio 2024; 15:e0058224. [PMID: 38651867 PMCID: PMC11237803 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00582-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The impacts of microsporidia on host individuals are frequently subtle and can be context dependent. A key example of the latter comes from a recently discovered microsporidian symbiont of Daphnia, the net impact of which was found to shift from negative to positive based on environmental context. Given this, we hypothesized low baseline virulence of the microsporidian; here, we investigated the impact of infection on hosts in controlled conditions and the absence of other stressors. We also investigated its phylogenetic position, ecology, and host range. The genetic data indicate that the symbiont is Ordospora pajunii, a newly described microsporidian parasite of Daphnia. We show that O. pajunii infection damages the gut, causing infected epithelial cells to lose microvilli and then rupture. The prevalence of this microsporidian could be high (up to 100% in the lab and 77% of adults in the field). Its overall virulence was low in most cases, but some genotypes suffered reduced survival and/or reproduction. Susceptibility and virulence were strongly host-genotype dependent. We found that North American O. pajunii were able to infect multiple Daphnia species, including the European species Daphnia longispina, as well as Ceriodaphnia spp. Given the low, often undetectable virulence of this microsporidian and potentially far-reaching consequences of infections for the host when interacting with other pathogens or food, this Daphnia-O. pajunii symbiosis emerges as a valuable system for studying the mechanisms of context-dependent shifts between mutualism and parasitism, as well as for understanding how symbionts might alter host interactions with resources. IMPORTANCE The net outcome of symbiosis depends on the costs and benefits to each partner. Those can be context dependent, driving the potential for an interaction to change between parasitism and mutualism. Understanding the baseline fitness impact in an interaction can help us understand those shifts; for an organism that is generally parasitic, it should be easier for it to become a mutualist if its baseline virulence is relatively low. Recently, a microsporidian was found to become beneficial to its Daphnia hosts in certain ecological contexts, but little was known about the symbiont (including its species identity). Here, we identify it as the microsporidium Ordospora pajunii. Despite the parasitic nature of microsporidia, we found O. pajunii to be, at most, mildly virulent; this helps explain why it can shift toward mutualism in certain ecological contexts and helps establish O. pajunii is a valuable model for investigating shifts along the mutualism-parasitism continuum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin K. Dziuba
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Kristina M. McIntire
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Kensuke Seto
- Faculty of Environment and Information Sciences, Yokohama National University, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Elizabeth S. Davenport
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Mary A. Rogalski
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Biology Department, Bowdoin College, Brunswick, Maine, USA
| | - Camden D. Gowler
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Emma Baird
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Megan Vaandrager
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Cristian Huerta
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Riley Jaye
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Fiona E. Corcoran
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Alicia Withrow
- Center for Advanced Microscopy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Steven Ahrendt
- United States Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Asaf Salamov
- United States Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Matt Nolan
- United States Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Sravanthi Tejomurthula
- United States Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Kerrie Barry
- United States Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Igor V. Grigoriev
- United States Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, USA
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Timothy Y. James
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Meghan A. Duffy
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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Prosnier L. Zooplankton as a model to study the effects of anthropogenic sounds on aquatic ecosystems. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 928:172489. [PMID: 38621539 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.172489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 03/23/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
There is a growing interest in the impact of acoustic pollution on aquatic ecosystems. Currently, research has primarily focused on hearing species, particularly fishes and mammals. However, species from lower trophic levels, including many invertebrates, are less studied despite their ecological significance. Among these taxa, studies examining the effects of sound on holozooplankton are extremely rare. This literature review examines the effects of sound on both marine and freshwater zooplankton. It highlights two differences: the few used organisms and the types of sound source. Marine studies focus on the effects of very intense acute sound on copepods, while freshwater studies focus on less intense chronic sound on cladocerans. But, in both, various negative effects are reported. The effects of sound remain largely unknown, although previous studies have shown that zooplankton can detect vibrations using mechanoreceptors. The perception of their environment can be affected by sounds, potentially causing stress. Limited research suggests that sound may affect the physiology, behaviour, and fitness of zooplankton. Following this review, I highlight the potential to use methods from ecology, ecotoxicology, and parasitology to study the effects of sound at the individual level, including changes in physiology, development, survival, and behaviour. Responses to sound, which could alter species interactions and population dynamics, are expected to have larger-scale implications with bottom-up effects, such as changes in food web dynamics and ecosystem functioning. To improve the study of the effect of sound, to better use zooplankton as biological models and as bioindicators, researchers need to better understand how they perceive their acoustic environment. Consequently, an important challenge is the measurement of particle motion to establish useable dose-response relationships and particle motion soundscapes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loïc Prosnier
- Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, University of Saint Etienne, Saint-Etienne, France; France Travail, Saint-Etienne, France.
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11
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Kato Y, Nitta JH, Perez CAG, Adhitama N, Religia P, Toyoda A, Iwasaki W, Watanabe H. Identification of gene isoforms and their switching events between male and female embryos of the parthenogenetic crustacean Daphnia magna. Sci Rep 2024; 14:9407. [PMID: 38688940 PMCID: PMC11061156 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-59774-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024] Open
Abstract
The cladoceran crustacean Daphnia exhibits phenotypic plasticity, a phenomenon that leads to diverse phenotypes from one genome. Alternative usage of gene isoforms has been considered a key gene regulation mechanism for controlling different phenotypes. However, to understand the phenotypic plasticity of Daphnia, gene isoforms have not been comprehensively analyzed. Here we identified 25,654 transcripts derived from the 9710 genes expressed during environmental sex determination of Daphnia magna using the long-read RNA-Seq with PacBio Iso-Seq. We found that 14,924 transcripts were previously unidentified and 5713 genes produced two or more isoforms. By a combination of Illumina short-read RNA-Seq, we detected 824 genes that implemented switching of the highest expressed isoform between females and males. Among the 824 genes, we found isoform switching of an ortholog of CREB-regulated transcription coactivator, a major regulator of carbohydrate metabolism in animals, and a correlation of this switching event with the sexually dimorphic expression of carbohydrate metabolic genes. These results suggest that a comprehensive catalog of isoforms may lead to understanding the molecular basis for environmental sex determination of Daphnia. We also infer the applicability of the full-length isoform analyses to the elucidation of phenotypic plasticity in Daphnia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiko Kato
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan.
- Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives (OTRI), Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan.
| | - Joel H Nitta
- Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Nikko Adhitama
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
- Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives (OTRI), Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Pijar Religia
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Atsushi Toyoda
- Advanced Genomics Center, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Wataru Iwasaki
- Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hajime Watanabe
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
- Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives (OTRI), Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
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12
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Thielsch A, Francesconi C, Luka Boštjančić L, Leeb C, Theissinger K. The functional role of Daphnia in the host-pathogen interaction of crayfish and the crayfish plague disease agent (Aphanomyces astaci). J Invertebr Pathol 2024; 203:108069. [PMID: 38286329 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2024.108069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 01/31/2024]
Abstract
Pathogen spores have been recognized as prey with implications for resource dynamics, energy transfer and disease transmission. In aquatic ecosystems, filter-feeders are able to consume such motile forms of pathogens that can cause severe disease in susceptible hosts. The interactions between European crayfish and the crayfish plague pathogen Aphanomyces astaci are of particular conservation interest. In this study, we aim to evaluate the ecological interactions between Ap. astaci, its host Astacus astacus and individuals of the genus Daphnia, filter-feeding planktonic crustaceans. Our focus was on the consumption of the motile zoospores by Daphnia individuals, but we also considered the potential of Daphnia as non-target hosts. We conducted a series of infection and life-history experiments with Ap. astaci, three Daphnia species (D. magna, D. galeata, and D. pulex) and the noble crayfish As. astacus. We did not observe any lethal effects in the infection experiments involving Ap. astaci and Daphnia. Only D. pulex showed differences in some life-history traits. The feeding experiment using the motile zoospores of Ap. astaci as alternative food source or as supplement to different amounts of algal food revealed their nutritional value: D. magna individuals survived, grew, and reproduced on a zoospore diet alone. When zoospores were supplemented to the regular algal diet, all life-history parameters have been significantly improved. However, this successful consumption of zoospores did not result in a reduced mortality of the susceptible crayfish As. astacus during the infection experiment. Nevertheless, the pathogen load of Ap. astaci in the tissues of As. astacus was significantly reduced as a consequence of the feeding activity of Daphnia. Our results indicate that an abundant filter-feeding community can reduce the amount of infective zoospores in the water body and thus be beneficial to susceptible crayfish hosts, potentially acting as a general buffer against zoospore-transmitted diseases in lentic waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Thielsch
- Rhineland-Palatinate Technical University Kaiserslautern Landau, Institute for Environmental Sciences, Department of Molecular Ecology, Fortstr. 7, 76829 Landau, Germany.
| | - Caterina Francesconi
- Rhineland-Palatinate Technical University Kaiserslautern Landau, Institute for Environmental Sciences, Department of Molecular Ecology, Fortstr. 7, 76829 Landau, Germany; LOEWE Centre for Translational Biodiversity Genomics (LOEWE-TBG), Senckenberganlage 25, 60325 Frankfurt, Germany.
| | - Ljudevit Luka Boštjančić
- Rhineland-Palatinate Technical University Kaiserslautern Landau, Institute for Environmental Sciences, Department of Molecular Ecology, Fortstr. 7, 76829 Landau, Germany; LOEWE Centre for Translational Biodiversity Genomics (LOEWE-TBG), Senckenberganlage 25, 60325 Frankfurt, Germany; Department of Computer Science, ICube, UMR 7357, University of Strasbourg, CNRS, Centre de Recherche en Biomédecine de Strasbourg, Rue Eugène Boeckel 1, 67000 Strasbourg, France.
| | - Christoph Leeb
- Austrian Research Centre for Forests, Natural Hazards and Landscape (BFW), Seckendorff-Gudent-Weg 8, 1131 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Kathrin Theissinger
- Rhineland-Palatinate Technical University Kaiserslautern Landau, Institute for Environmental Sciences, Department of Molecular Ecology, Fortstr. 7, 76829 Landau, Germany; LOEWE Centre for Translational Biodiversity Genomics (LOEWE-TBG), Senckenberganlage 25, 60325 Frankfurt, Germany.
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13
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Pérez-Pereira A, Carrola JS, Tiritan ME, Ribeiro C. Enantioselectivity in ecotoxicity of pharmaceuticals, illicit drugs, and industrial persistent pollutants in aquatic and terrestrial environments: A review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 912:169573. [PMID: 38151122 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.169573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023]
Abstract
At present, there is a serious concern about the alarming number of recalcitrant contaminants that can negatively affect biodiversity threatening the ecological status of marine, estuarine, freshwater, and terrestrial ecosystems (e.g., agricultural soils and forests). Contaminants of emerging concern (CEC) such as pharmaceuticals (PHAR), illicit drugs (ID), industrial persistent pollutants, such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and chiral ionic solvents are globally spread and potentially toxic to non-target organisms. More than half of these contaminants are chiral and have been measured at different enantiomeric proportions in diverse ecosystems. Enantiomers can exhibit different toxicodynamics and toxicokinetics, and thus, can cause different toxic effects. Therefore, the enantiomeric distribution in occurrence cannot be neglected as the toxicity and other adverse biological effects are expected to be enantioselective. Hence, this review aims to reinforce the recognition of the stereochemistry in environmental risk assessment (ERA) of chiral CEC and gather up-to-date information about the current knowledge regarding the enantioselectivity in ecotoxicity of PHAR, ID, persistent pollutants (PCBs and PBDEs) and chiral ionic solvents present in freshwater and agricultural soil ecosystems. We performed an online literature search to obtain state-of-the-art research about enantioselective studies available for assessing the impact of these classes of CEC. Ecotoxicity assays have been carried out using organisms belonging to different trophic levels such as microorganisms, plants, invertebrates, and vertebrates, and considering ecologically relevant aquatic and terrestrial species or models organisms recommended by regulatory entities. A battery of ecotoxicity assays was also reported encompassing standard acute toxicity to sub-chronic and chronic assays and different endpoints as biomarkers of toxicity (e.g., biochemical, morphological alterations, reproduction, behavior, etc.). Nevertheless, we call attention to the lack of knowledge about the potential enantioselective toxicity of many PHAR, ID, and several classes of industrial compounds. Additionally, several questions regarding key species, selection of most appropriate toxicological assays and ERA of chiral CEC are addressed and critically discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Pérez-Pereira
- 1H-TOXRUN - One Health Toxicology Research Unit, University Institute of Health Sciences, CESPU, CRL, 4585-116 Gandra, Portugal; University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), Vila Real, Portugal
| | - J S Carrola
- University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), Vila Real, Portugal; Inov4Agro - Institute for Innovation, Capacity Building and Sustainability of Agri-food Production, Portugal
| | - M E Tiritan
- 1H-TOXRUN - One Health Toxicology Research Unit, University Institute of Health Sciences, CESPU, CRL, 4585-116 Gandra, Portugal; Laboratory of Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Interdisciplinary Center of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), University of Porto, Edifício do Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Matosinhos, Portugal.
| | - C Ribeiro
- 1H-TOXRUN - One Health Toxicology Research Unit, University Institute of Health Sciences, CESPU, CRL, 4585-116 Gandra, Portugal.
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14
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Brans KI, Vad CF, Horváth Z, Santy L, Cuypers K, Ptacnik R, De Meester L. Regional and fine-scale local adaptation in salinity tolerance in Daphnia inhabiting contrasting clusters of inland saline waters. Proc Biol Sci 2024; 291:20231917. [PMID: 38320606 PMCID: PMC10846942 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2023.1917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Understanding the spatial scales at which organisms can adapt to strong natural and human-induced environmental gradients is important. Salinization is a key threat to biodiversity, ecosystem functioning and the provision of ecosystem services of freshwater systems. Clusters of naturally saline habitats represent ideal test cases to study the extent and scale of local adaptation to salinization. We studied local adaptation of the water flea Daphnia magna, a key component of pond food webs, to salinity in two contrasting landscapes-a dense cluster of sodic bomb crater ponds and a larger-scale cluster of soda pans. We show regional differentiation in salinity tolerance reflecting the higher salinity levels of soda pans versus bomb crater ponds. We found local adaptation to differences in salinity levels at the scale of tens of metres among bomb crater pond populations but not among geographically more distant soda pan populations. More saline bomb crater ponds showed an upward shift of the minimum salt tolerance observed across clones and a consequent gradual loss of less tolerant clones in a nested pattern. Our results show evolutionary adaptation to salinity gradients at different spatial scales, including fine-tuned local adaptation in neighbouring habitat patches in a natural landscape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristien I. Brans
- Laboratory of Aquatic Ecology, Evolution and Conservation, KU Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Etterbeek Brussels, B-1050 Elsene, Belgium
| | - Csaba F. Vad
- Laboratory of Aquatic Ecology, Evolution and Conservation, KU Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Institute of Aquatic Ecology, HUN-REN Centre for Ecological Research, Budapest H-1113, Hungary
| | - Zsófia Horváth
- Laboratory of Aquatic Ecology, Evolution and Conservation, KU Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Institute of Aquatic Ecology, HUN-REN Centre for Ecological Research, Budapest H-1113, Hungary
| | - Luca Santy
- Laboratory of Aquatic Ecology, Evolution and Conservation, KU Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Kiani Cuypers
- Laboratory of Aquatic Ecology, Evolution and Conservation, KU Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Robert Ptacnik
- WasserCluster Lunz, Biologische Station GmbH, Dr. Carl Kupelwieser Promenade 5, A-3293 Lunz am See, Austria
| | - Luc De Meester
- Laboratory of Aquatic Ecology, Evolution and Conservation, KU Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Leibniz Institut für Gewässerökologie und Binnenfischerei (IGB), D-12587 Berlin, Germany
- Institute of Biology, Freie Universität Berlin, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
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15
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Xu S, Neupane S, Wang H, Pham TP, Snyman M, Huynh TV, Wang L. Efficient CRISPR genome editing and integrative genomic analyses reveal the mosaicism of Cas-induced mutations and pleiotropic effects of scarlet gene in an emerging model system. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.01.29.577787. [PMID: 38352317 PMCID: PMC10862705 DOI: 10.1101/2024.01.29.577787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
Despite the revolutionary impacts of CRISPR-Cas gene editing systems, the effective and widespread use of CRISPR technologies in emerging model organisms still faces significant challenges. These include the inefficiency in generating heritable mutations at the organismal level, limited knowledge about the genomic consequences of gene editing, and an inadequate understanding of the inheritance patterns of CRISPR-Cas-induced mutations. This study addresses these issues by 1) developing an efficient microinjection delivery method for CRISPR editing in the microcrustacean Daphnia pulex; 2) assessing the editing efficiency of Cas9 and Cas12a nucleases, examining mutation inheritance patterns, and analyzing the local and global mutation spectrum in the scarlet mutants; and 3) investigating the transcriptomes of scarlet mutants to understand the pleiotropic effects of scarlet underlying their swimming behavior changes. Our reengineered CRISPR microinjection method results in efficient biallelic editing with both nucleases. While indels are dominant in Cas-induced mutations, a few on-site large deletions (>1kb) are observed, most likely caused by microhomology-mediated end joining repair. Knock-in of a stop codon cassette to the scarlet locus was successful, despite complex induced mutations surrounding the target site. Moreover, extensive germline mosaicism exists in some mutants, which unexpectedly produce different phenotypes/genotypes in their asexual progenies. Lastly, our transcriptomic analyses unveil significant gene expression changes associated with scarlet knock-out and altered swimming behavior in mutants, including several genes (e.g., NMDA1, ABAT, CNTNAP2) involved in human neurodegenerative diseases. This study expands our understanding of the dynamics of gene editing in the tractable model organism Daphnia and highlights its promising potential as a neurological disease model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sen Xu
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, 65211, USA
| | - Swatantra Neupane
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, 65211, USA
| | - Hongjun Wang
- Department of Biology, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas, 76019, USA
| | - Thinh Phu Pham
- Department of Biology, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas, 76019, USA
| | - Marelize Snyman
- Department of Biology, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas, 76019, USA
| | - Trung V. Huynh
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, 65211, USA
| | - Li Wang
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, 65211, USA
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16
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Bogri A, Jensen EEB, Borchert AV, Brinch C, Otani S, Aarestrup FM. Transmission of antimicrobial resistance in the gut microbiome of gregarious cockroaches: the importance of interaction between antibiotic exposed and non-exposed populations. mSystems 2024; 9:e0101823. [PMID: 38095429 PMCID: PMC10805027 DOI: 10.1128/msystems.01018-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a major global health concern, further complicated by its spread via the microbiome bacterial members. While mathematical models discuss AMR transmission through the symbiotic microbiome, experimental studies are scarce. Herein, we used a gregarious cockroach, Pycnoscelus surinamensis, as an in vivo animal model for AMR transmission investigations. We explored whether the effect of antimicrobial treatment is detectable with metagenomic sequencing, and whether AMR genes can be spread and established in unchallenged (not treated with antibiotics) individuals following contact with treated donors, and under various frequencies of interaction. Gut and soil substrate microbiomes were investigated by metagenomic sequencing for bacterial community composition and resistome profiling. We found that tetracycline treatment altered the treated gut microbiome by decreasing bacterial diversity and increasing the abundance of tetracycline resistance genes. Untreated cockroaches that interacted with treated donors also had elevated tetracycline resistance. The levels of resistance differed depending on the magnitude and frequency of donor transfer. Additionally, treated donors showed signs of microbiome recovery due to their interaction with the untreated ones. Similar patterns were also recorded in the soil substrate microbiomes. Our results shed light on how interacting microbiomes facilitate AMR gene transmission to previously unchallenged hosts, a dynamic influenced by the interaction frequencies, using an in vivo model to validate theoretical AMR transmission models.IMPORTANCEAntimicrobial resistance is a rising threat to human and animal health. The spread of resistance through the transmission of the symbiotic gut microbiome is of concern and has been explored in theoretical modeling studies. In this study, we employ gregarious insect populations to examine the emergence and transmission of antimicrobial resistance in vivo and validate modeling hypotheses. We find that antimicrobial treatment increases the levels of resistance in treated populations. Most importantly, we show that resistance increased in untreated populations after interacting with the treated ones. The level of resistance transmission was affected by the magnitude and frequency of population mixing. Our results highlight the importance of microbial transmission in the spread of antimicrobial resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amalia Bogri
- Research Group for Genomic Epidemiology, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs., Lyngby, Denmark
| | | | - Asbjørn Vedel Borchert
- Research Group for Genomic Epidemiology, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs., Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Christian Brinch
- Research Group for Genomic Epidemiology, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs., Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Saria Otani
- Research Group for Genomic Epidemiology, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs., Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Frank M. Aarestrup
- Research Group for Genomic Epidemiology, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs., Lyngby, Denmark
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17
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Mishra M. Daphnia magna as a Model Organism to Predict the Teratogenic Effect of Different Compounds. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2753:261-281. [PMID: 38285344 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3625-1_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
For aquatic ecosystem Daphnia magna is evolving as a model organism to check the teratogenicity of numerous compounds. D. magna can be easily cultured in the laboratory, and the teratogen effect of several compounds can be easily studied. The developmental stages are well studied in D. magna. All the developmental stages are transparent so the defect can be easily accessed. So, the postembryonic developmental changes can be easily studied after the exposure with teratogen. More importantly, D. magna also have a swimming behavioral phenotype. The behavioral defect can be easily accessed after teratogen exposure. The current chapter summarizes numerous protocols associated with embryo and adult staining and adult behavioral assays that can be used to access the teratogenicity of any unknown compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monalisa Mishra
- Neural Developmental Biology Lab, Department of Life Science, NIT Rourkela, Rourkela, Odisha, India.
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18
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O'Keeffe FE, Pendleton RC, Holland CV, Luijckx P. Increased virulence due to multiple infection in Daphnia leads to limited growth in 1 of 2 co-infecting microsporidian parasites. Parasitology 2024; 151:58-67. [PMID: 37981808 PMCID: PMC10941049 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182023001130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/21/2023]
Abstract
Recent outbreaks of various infectious diseases have highlighted the ever-present need to understand the drivers of the outbreak and spread of disease. Although much of the research investigating diseases focuses on single infections, natural systems are dominated by multiple infections. These infections may occur simultaneously, but are often acquired sequentially, which may alter the outcome of infection. Using waterfleas (Daphnia magna) as a model organism, we examined the outcome of sequential and simultaneous multiple infections with 2 microsporidian parasites (Ordospora colligata and Hamiltosporidium tvaerminnensis) in a fully factorial design with 9 treatments and 30 replicates. We found no differences between simultaneous and sequential infections. However, H. tvaerminnensis fitness was impeded by multiple infection due to increased host mortality, which gave H. tvaerminnensis less time to grow. Host fecundity was also reduced across all treatments, but animals infected with O. colligata at a younger age produced the fewest offspring. As H. tvaerminnensis is both horizontally and vertically transmitted, this reduction in offspring may have further reduced H. tvaerminnensis fitness in co-infected treatments. Our findings suggest that in natural populations where both species co-occur, H. tvaerminnensis may evolve to higher levels of virulence following frequent co-infection by O. colligata.
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Affiliation(s)
- Floriane E. O'Keeffe
- Department of Zoology, School of Natural Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Rebecca C. Pendleton
- Department of Zoology, School of Natural Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Celia V. Holland
- Department of Zoology, School of Natural Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Pepijn Luijckx
- Department of Zoology, School of Natural Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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19
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Schunck F, Liess M. Ultra-low esfenvalerate exposure may disrupt interspecific competition. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 906:167455. [PMID: 37804718 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.167455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/09/2023]
Abstract
Field and mesocosm studies repeatedly show that higher tier processes reduce the predictive accuracy of toxicity evaluation and thus their value for pesticide risk assessment. Therefore, understanding the influence of ecological complexity on toxicant effects is crucial to improve realism of aquatic risk assessment. Here we investigate the influence of repeated exposure to ecologically realistic concentrations of esfenvalerate on the two similarly sensitive species Daphnia magna and Culex pipiens in a food limited and highly competitive environment. We show that significant perturbations in population development are only present at 100 ng/L (close to the EC50). In contrast, interspecific competition between species is already reduced at 0.1 ng/L (≤ 3 orders of magnitude below the acute lethal EC50). We conclude that extremely low, environmentally relevant concentrations can disrupt species interactions. This toxicant mediated alteration of competitive balances in ecological communities may be the underlying mechanism for shifts in species distribution at ultra-low pesticide concentrations. A realistic risk assessment should therefore consider these processes in order to predict potential pesticide effects on the structure of communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Schunck
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research (UFZ), Dept. of System-Ecotoxicology, Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany; Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule (RWTH), Institute of Ecology & Computational Life Science, Templergraben 55, 52056 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Matthias Liess
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research (UFZ), Dept. of System-Ecotoxicology, Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany; Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule (RWTH), Institute of Ecology & Computational Life Science, Templergraben 55, 52056 Aachen, Germany
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20
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Sreetharan S, Frelon S, Horemans N, Laloi P, Salomaa S, Adam-Guillermin C. Ionizing radiation exposure effects across multiple generations: evidence and lessons from non-human biota. Int J Radiat Biol 2023; 100:1312-1329. [PMID: 38079349 DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2023.2281512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/30/2024]
Abstract
A Task Group (TG121) of the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) Committee 1 was launched in 2021 to study the effects of ionizing radiation in offspring and next generations. In this report, we summarize the evidence of multi- and trans-generational effects in non-human biota species that was discussed at the ICRP workshop entitled "Effects of Ionizing Radiation Exposure in Offspring and Next Generations" in June 2022. Epigenetic changes, including changes in DNA methylation, have been observed in trans- and multi-generational irradiation studies in both plants and animals. There were also reports of changes in offspring survival and reproduction. The reported evidence for altered reproduction is an area of potential concern, due to possible effects at the population or ecosystem level. Different considerations are also discussed regarding non-human biota data, such as transferability of data between different species or extending knowledge to humans, differences in species radiosensitivity, the presence of adaptive responses, and dose reconstruction for exposures that occur across multiple generations. Overall, there is a diverse range of available data of the effects in non-human biota, and it will require careful consideration when incorporating this evidence into the system of radiological protection of humans and of the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shayenthiran Sreetharan
- Radiation Safety, London Health Sciences Centre (LHSC), London, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sandrine Frelon
- Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire (IRSN), PSE-ENV/SRTE/LECO, Cadarache, Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France
| | - Nele Horemans
- Belgian Nuclear Research Centre (SCK CEN), Biosphere Impact Studies (BIS), Mol, Belgium
- Centre of Environmental Sciences, University of Hasselt, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Patrick Laloi
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, ENTPE, UMR 5023 LEHNA, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Sisko Salomaa
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Christelle Adam-Guillermin
- PSE-SANTE/SDOS/LMDN, Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire (IRSN), Cadarache, Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France
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21
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Coone M, Bisschop K, Vanoverberghe I, Verslype C, Decaestecker E. Genotype specific and microbiome effects of hypoxia in the model organism Daphnia magna. J Evol Biol 2023; 36:1669-1683. [PMID: 37822108 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.14233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
The fitness of the host is highly influenced by the interplay between the host and its associated microbiota. The flexible nature of these microbiota enables them to respond swiftly to shifts in the environment, which plays a key role in the host's capacity to withstand environmental stresses. To understand the role of the microbiome in host tolerance to hypoxia, one of the most significant chemical changes occurring in water ecosystems due to climate change, we performed a reciprocal gut transplant experiment with the freshwater crustacean Daphnia magna. In a microbiome transplant experiment, two genotypes of germ-free recipients were inoculated with gut microbiota from Daphnia donors of their own genotype or from the other genotype, that had been either pre-exposed to normoxic or hypoxic conditions. We found that D. magna individuals had a higher survival probability in hypoxia if their microbiome had been pre-exposed to hypoxia. The bacterial communities of the recipients changed over time with a reduction in alpha diversity, which was stronger when donors were pre-exposed to a hypoxic environment. While donor genotype had no influence on the long-term survival probability in hypoxia, donor genotypes was the most influential factor of the microbial community 3 days after the transplantation. Our results indicate that microbiome influencing factors mediate host fitness in a hypoxic environment in a time depending way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manon Coone
- Aquatic Biology, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, Kortrijk, Belgium
- Digestive Oncology, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Karen Bisschop
- Aquatic Biology, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, Kortrijk, Belgium
- Terrestrial Ecology, Department of Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | | | - Chris Verslype
- Digestive Oncology, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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22
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El-Tabakh MAM, Elhawary EA, Hwihy HM, Darweesh KF, Shaapan RM, Ghazala EA, Mokhtar MM, Waheeb HO, Emam DEM, Bakr NA, Shehata AZI. UPLC/ESI/MS profiling of red algae Galaxaura rugosa extracts and its activity against malaria mosquito vector, Anopheles pharoensis, with reference to Danio rerio and Daphnia magna as bioindicators. Malar J 2023; 22:368. [PMID: 38041142 PMCID: PMC10691061 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-023-04795-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anopheles pharoensis has a major role in transmitting several human diseases, especially malaria, in Egypt?. Controlling Anopheles is considered as an effective strategy to eliminate the spread of malaria worldwide. Galaxaura rugosa is a species of red algae found in tropical to subtropical marine environments. The presence of G. rugosa is indicative of the ecosystem's overall health. The current work aims to investigate UPLC/ESI/MS profile of G. rugosa methanol and petroleum ether extracts and its activity against An. pharoensis and non-target organisms, Danio rerio and Daphnia magna. METHODS Galaxaura rugosa specimens have been identified using DNA barcoding for the COI gene and verified as G. rugosa. The UPLC/ESI/MS profiling of G. rugosa collected from Egypt was described. The larvicidal and repellent activities of G. rugosa methanol and petroleum ether extracts against An. pharoensis were evaluated, as well as the toxicity of tested extracts on non-target organisms, Dan. rerio and Dap. magna. RESULTS The UPLC/ESI/MS analysis of methanol and petroleum ether extracts led to the tentative identification of 57 compounds belonging to different phytochemical classes, including flavonoids, tannins, phenolic acids, phenyl propanoids. Larval mortality was recorded at 93.33% and 90.67% at 80 and 35 ppm of methanol and petroleum ether extracts, respectively, while pupal mortality recorded 44.44 and 22.48% at 35 and 30 ppm, respectively. Larval duration was recorded at 5.31 and 5.64 days by methanol and petroleum ether extracts at 80 and 35 ppm, respectively. A decrease in acetylcholinesterase (AChE) level and a promotion in Glutathione-S-transferase (GST) level of An. pharoensis 3rd instar larvae were recorded by tested extracts. The petroleum ether extract was more effective against An. pharoensis starved females than methanol extract. Also, tested extracts recorded LC50 of 1988.8, 1365.1, and 11.65, 14.36 µg/mL against Dan. rerio, and Dap. magna, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Using red algae derivatives in An. pharoensis control could reduce costs and environmental impact and be harmless to humans and other non-target organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Esraa A Elhawary
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain-Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Hossam M Hwihy
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, 11651, Egypt
| | - Kareem F Darweesh
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, 11651, Egypt
| | - Raafat M Shaapan
- Department of Zoonosis, Veterinary Research Institute, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
| | - Emad A Ghazala
- EEAA, Ras Muhammed National Park, Qesm Sharm Ash Sheikh, South Sina, Egypt
| | - Mostafa M Mokhtar
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, 11651, Egypt
| | - Hassan O Waheeb
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, 11651, Egypt
| | - Deyaa E M Emam
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, 11651, Egypt
| | - Nader A Bakr
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, 11651, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Z I Shehata
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, 11651, Egypt
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23
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Santos JL, Ebert D. The limits of stress-tolerance for zooplankton resting stages in freshwater ponds. Oecologia 2023; 203:453-465. [PMID: 37971560 PMCID: PMC10684647 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-023-05478-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
In seasonal environments, many organisms evolve strategies such as diapause to survive stressful periods. Understanding the link between habitat stability and diapause strategy can help predict a population's survival in a changing world. Indeed, resting stages may be an important way freshwater organisms can survive periods of drought or freezing, and as the frequency and extent of drought or freezing vary strongly among habitats and are predicted to change with climate change, it raises questions about how organisms cope with, and survive, environmental stress. Using Daphnia magna as a model system, we tested the ability of resting stages from different populations to cope with stress during diapause. The combination of elevated temperatures and wet conditions during diapause shows to prevent hatching altogether. In contrast, hatching is relatively higher after a dry and warm diapause, but declines with rising temperatures, while time to hatch increases. Resting stages produced by populations from summer-dry habitats perform slightly, but consistently, better at higher temperatures and dryness, supporting the local adaptation hypothesis. A higher trehalose content in resting eggs from summer-dry habitat might explain such pattern. Considering that temperatures and summer droughts are projected to increase in upcoming years, it is fundamental to know how resting stages resist stressful conditions so as to predict and protect the ecological functioning of freshwater ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana L Santos
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Zoology, University of Basel, Vesalgasse 1, 4051, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Dieter Ebert
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Zoology, University of Basel, Vesalgasse 1, 4051, Basel, Switzerland
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24
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Shahmohamadloo RS, Rudman SM, Clare CI, Westrick JA, Wang X, De Meester L, Fryxell JM. Intraspecific genetic variation is critical to robust toxicological predictions of aquatic contaminants. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.06.06.543817. [PMID: 37333160 PMCID: PMC10274664 DOI: 10.1101/2023.06.06.543817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
Environmental risk assessment is a critical tool for protecting aquatic life and its effectiveness is predicated on predicting how natural populations respond to contaminants. Yet, routine toxicity testing typically examines only one genotype, which may render risk assessments inaccurate as populations are most often composed of genetically distinct individuals. To determine the importance of intraspecific variation in the translation of toxicity testing to populations, we quantified the magnitude of genetic variation within 20 Daphnia magna clones derived from one lake using whole genome sequencing and phenotypic assays. We repeated these assays across two exposure levels of microcystins, a cosmopolitan and lethal aquatic contaminant produced by harmful algal blooms. We found considerable intraspecific genetic variation in survival, growth, and reproduction, which was amplified by microcystins exposure. Finally, using simulations we demonstrate that the common practice of employing a single genotype to calculate toxicity tolerance failed to produce an estimate within the 95% confidence interval over half of the time. These results illuminate the importance of incorporating intraspecific genetic variation into toxicity testing to reliably predict how natural populations will respond to aquatic contaminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- René S. Shahmohamadloo
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Vancouver, Washington, 98686, United States
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Seth M. Rudman
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Vancouver, Washington, 98686, United States
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Catherine I. Clare
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Vancouver, Washington, 98686, United States
| | - Judy A. Westrick
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, 48202, United States
| | - Xueqi Wang
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Luc De Meester
- Laboratory of Aquatic Ecology, Evolution, and Conservation, University of Leuven, Charles Deberiotstraat 32, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - John M. Fryxell
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
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25
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Padilla Suarez EG, Pugliese S, Galdiero E, Guida M, Libralato G, Saviano L, Spampinato M, Pappalardo C, Siciliano A. Multigenerational tests on Daphnia spp.: a vision and new perspectives. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 337:122629. [PMID: 37775025 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.122629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/01/2023]
Abstract
Multigenerational toxicity testing is a valuable tool for understanding the long-term effects of contaminants on aquatic organisms. This review focuses on the use of multigenerational tests with Daphnia, a widely used model organism in aquatic toxicological studies. The review highlights the importance of studying multiple generations to assess Daphnia spp. reproductive, growth, and physiological responses to various contaminants. We discuss the outcomes of multigenerational tests involving different contaminants, including nanoparticles, pesticides, and pharmaceuticals. The results reveal that multigenerational exposure can lead to transgenerational effects, where the impacts of contaminants are observed in subsequent generations even after the initial exposure has ceased. These transgenerational effects often manifest as reproduction, growth, and development alterations. Furthermore, we emphasize the need for standardized protocols in multigenerational testing to ensure comparability and reproducibility of results across studies. We also discuss the implications of multigenerational testing for ecological risk assessment, as it provides a more realistic representation of the long-term effects of contaminants on populations and ecosystems. Overall, this review highlights the significance of multigenerational tests with Daphnia in advancing our understanding of the ecological impacts of contaminants. Such tests provide valuable insights into the potential risks associated with long-term exposure to pollutants and contribute to the development of effective mitigation strategies for aquatic ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - S Pugliese
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - E Galdiero
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.
| | - M Guida
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy; NBFC, National Biodiversity Future Center, Palermo, 90133, Italy
| | - G Libralato
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - L Saviano
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - M Spampinato
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy; NBFC, National Biodiversity Future Center, Palermo, 90133, Italy
| | - C Pappalardo
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - A Siciliano
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
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26
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McKnight EGW, Jones CLC, Pearce NJT, Frost PC. Environmental Stress and the Morphology of Daphnia pulex. Physiol Biochem Zool 2023; 96:438-449. [PMID: 38237189 DOI: 10.1086/728316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
AbstractMorphological variation is sometimes used as an indicator of environmental stress in animals. Here, we assessed how multiple morphological traits covaried in Daphnia pulex exposed to five common forms of environmental stress (high temperature, presence of predator cues, high salinity, low food abundance, and low Ca). We measured animal body length, body width, head width, eyespot diameter, and tail spine length along with mass in animals of five different ages (3, 6, 9, 12, and 15 d). There were strong allometric relationships among all morphological traits in reference animals and strong univariate effects of environmental stress on body mass and body length. We found that environmental stressors altered bivariate relationships between select pairwise combinations of morphological traits, with effects being dependent on animal age. Multivariate analyses further revealed high connectivity among body size-related traits but that eyespot diameter and tail spine length were less tightly associated with body size. Animals exposed to natural lake water with and without supplemental food also varied in morphology, with body size differences being suggestive of starvation and other unknown nutritional deficiencies. Yet our results demonstrate that the scaling of body morphological traits of Daphnia pulex is largely invariant with possible context-dependent plasticity in eye size and tail spine lengths. The strong coordination of traits indicates tight molecular coordination of body size during development despite strong and varied environmental stress.
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27
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Huang J, Jin J, Sun Y, Zhang L, Huang Y, Yang Z. Can long-term salinity acclimation eliminate the inhibitory effect of salinization on anti-predation defense of Daphnia? ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:115805-115819. [PMID: 37889416 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-30609-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
Freshwater salinization, due to road salt and other increased anthropogenic activities, has become a significant threat to freshwater organisms. However, whether freshwater salinization affects the response of aquatic organisms to their predators, especially prey that have been acclimated to salinity environments for a long time, remains unclear. In the present study, we investigated the changes in anti-predator defense of Daphnia magna with and without salinity acclimation at five different salinities (0, 0.6, 0.8, 0.10, and 0.12 M). Results showed that freshwater salinization weakened the induced defense response of D. magna, regardless of whether it had undergone long-term salinity acclimation. Specifically, induced defense traits such as smaller body size, higher relative spine length, more relative reproductive output, and smaller body size neonates disappeared at ≥ 0.08 M salinities. In addition, there were no significant differences in most traits of induced defense strength between D. magna with and without salinity acclimation at the same salinity. Importantly, the integrated induced defense response index decreased with increasing salinity. Our study showed that salinity-tolerant organisms do not recover their induced defense at high salinities, underlining the importance of incorporating interspecific interactions when estimating the effects of freshwater salinization on organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Huang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, School of Biological Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, China
- College of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, 212100, China
| | - Jin Jin
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, School of Biological Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Yunfei Sun
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, School of Biological Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Lu Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, School of Biological Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Yuan Huang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, School of Biological Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Zhou Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, School of Biological Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, China.
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28
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Houwenhuyse S, Callens M, Bulteel L, Decaestecker E. Comparison between the gut bacterial community of laboratory cultured and wild Daphnia. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2023; 99:fiad116. [PMID: 37740575 DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fiad116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The fitness of an organism is often impacted by the composition and biological activity of its associated bacterial community. Many factors, including host genetics, diet, and temperature can influence the bacterial community composition. Furthermore, these factors can differ strongly between natural and laboratory environments. Consequently, several studies have highlighted results from laboratory experiments investigating host-associated bacterial communities to be conflicting with those obtained under field conditions. Here, we compared the Daphnia magna gut bacterial communities in natural host populations with those of laboratory cultured hosts. We further analyzed changes in the gut bacterial communities after transferring hosts from natural populations to the laboratory on the short- and long-term. Results show that, in general, the gut bacterial communities from natural populations differ from those of laboratory cultures and that their composition and diversity changed one hour after being transferred to the laboratory. Over the following 14 days, the composition and diversity changed gradually. On the longer term (after two years of rearing hosts in the laboratory) the composition and diversity of the gut bacterial communities was strongly altered compared to the initial state. Our findings indicate that the gut bacterial communities of Daphnia magna in laboratory experiments is not representative for natural field conditions, and that caution should be taken when interpreting results from laboratory experiments for natural settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shira Houwenhuyse
- Laboratory of Aquatic Biology, Department of Biology, University of Leuven- KU Leuven, Campus KULAK, E. Sabbelaan 53, 8500 Kortrijk, Belgium
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Sciences, Gent University, Karel Lodewijk Ledeganckstraat 35, 9000, Gent, Belgium
| | - Martijn Callens
- Laboratory of Aquatic Biology, Department of Biology, University of Leuven- KU Leuven, Campus KULAK, E. Sabbelaan 53, 8500 Kortrijk, Belgium
- Animal Sciences Unit - Aquatic Environment and Quality, Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, Oostende 8400, Belgium
| | - Lore Bulteel
- Laboratory of Aquatic Biology, Department of Biology, University of Leuven- KU Leuven, Campus KULAK, E. Sabbelaan 53, 8500 Kortrijk, Belgium
| | - Ellen Decaestecker
- Laboratory of Aquatic Biology, Department of Biology, University of Leuven- KU Leuven, Campus KULAK, E. Sabbelaan 53, 8500 Kortrijk, Belgium
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29
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Liu H, Zheng Y, Zhu B, Tong Y, Xin W, Yang H, Jin P, Hu Y, Huang M, Chang W, Ballarin F, Li S, Hou Z. Marine-montane transitions coupled with gill and genetic convergence in extant crustacean. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadg4011. [PMID: 37352347 PMCID: PMC10289665 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adg4011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/25/2023]
Abstract
Marine-terrestrial transition represents an important aspect of organismal evolution that requires numerous morphological and genetic innovations and has been hypothesized to be caused by geological changes. We used talitrid crustaceans with marine-coastal-montane extant species at a global scale to investigate the marine origination and terrestrial adaptation. Using genomic data, we demonstrated that marine ancestors repeatedly colonized montane terrestrial habitats during the Oligocene to Miocene. Biological transitions were well correlated with plate collisions or volcanic island formation, and top-down cladogenesis was observed on the basis of a positive relationship between ancestral habitat elevation and divergence time for montane lineages. We detected convergent variations of convoluted gills and convergent evolution of SMC3 associated with montane transitions. Moreover, using CRISPR-Cas9 mutagenesis, we proposed that SMC3 potentially regulates the development of exites, such as talitrid gills. Our results provide a living model for understanding biological innovations and related genetic regulatory mechanisms associated with marine-terrestrial transitions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongguang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- Southeast Asia Biodiversity Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yezin, Nay Pyi Taw 05282, Myanmar
| | - Yami Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Bingyue Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yan Tong
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Wenpei Xin
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Han Yang
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Pengyu Jin
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yueyao Hu
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Mengyi Huang
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Wanjin Chang
- Xiamen University Malaysia, Jalan Sunsuria, Bandar Sunsuria, 43900 Sepang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Francesco Ballarin
- Systematic Zoology Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, 1-1 Minami-Osawa, Hachioji-shi, 192-0397, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shuqiang Li
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Zhonge Hou
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
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30
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Lowman RL, Yampolsky LY. Lipofuscin, amyloids, and lipid peroxidation as potential markers of aging in Daphnia. Biogerontology 2023:10.1007/s10522-023-10036-z. [PMID: 37195481 DOI: 10.1007/s10522-023-10036-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Accumulation of autofluorescent waste products, amyloids, and products of lipid peroxidation (LPO) are important hallmarks of aging. Until now, these processes have not been documented in Daphnia, a convenient model organism for longevity and senescence studies. We conducted a longitudinal cohort study of autofluorescence and Congo Red (CR) fluorescent staining for amyloids in four clones of D. magna. Additionally, we used a single time point cross-sectional common garden experiment within a single clone in which autofluorescence and BODIPY C11 fluorescence were measured. We observed a robust increase in autofluorescent spots that show diagnostic co-staining by Sudan Black indicating lipofuscin aggregates, particularly in the upper body region. There was also a significant clone-by-age interaction indicating that some genotypes accumulated lipofuscins faster than others. Contrary to predictions, CR fluorescence and lipid peroxidation did not consistently increase with age. CR fluorescence demonstrated a slight non-monotonous relationship with age, achieving the highest values at intermediate ages, possibly due to elimination of physiological heterogeneity in our genetically uniform cohorts. LPO demonstrated a significant ovary status-by-age interaction, decreasing with age when measured in Daphnia with full ovaries (late phase ovarian cycle) and showing no significant trend or slight increase with age when measured during the early phase in the ovarian cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- R L Lowman
- Department of Biological Sciences, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, 37614, USA
| | - L Y Yampolsky
- Department of Biological Sciences, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, 37614, USA.
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31
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Maruoka N, Makino T, Urabe J. RNA-seq analysis to identify genes related to resting egg production of panarctic Daphnia pulex. BMC Genomics 2023; 24:262. [PMID: 37198540 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-023-09369-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The genus Daphnia switches its reproductive mode from subitaneous egg production to resting egg production in response to environmental stimuli. Although this life history trait is essential for surviving unsuitable environments, the molecular mechanism of resting egg production is little understood. In this study, we examined genes related to induction of resting egg production using two genotypes of panarctic Daphnia pulex, the JPN1 and JPN2 lineages, which differ genetically in the frequency of resting egg production. We reared these genotypes under high and low food levels. At the high food level, individuals of both genotypes continually produced subitaneous eggs, whereas at the low food level, only the JPN2 genotype produced resting eggs. Then, we performed RNA-seq analysis on specimens of three instars, including before and after egg production. RESULTS These results showed that expressed genes differed significantly between individuals grown under high and low food levels and among individuals of different instars and genotypes. Among these differentially expressed genes (DEGs), we found 16 that changed expression level before resting egg production. Some of these genes showed high-level expression only before resting egg production and one gene was an ortholog of bubblegum (bgm), which is reportedly up-regulated before diapause in bumblebees. According to gene ontology (GO) enrichment analysis, one GO term annotated as long-chain fatty acid biosynthetic process was enriched among these 16 genes. In addition, GO terms related to glycometabolism were enriched among down-regulated genes of individuals holding resting eggs, compared to those before resting egg production. CONCLUSIONS We found candidate genes highly expressed only before resting egg production. Although functions of candidate genes found in this study have not been reported previously in Daphnia, catabolism of long-chain fatty acids and metabolism of glycerates are related to diapause in other organisms. Thus, it is highly probable that candidate genes identified in this study are related to the molecular mechanism regulating resting egg production in Daphnia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natsumi Maruoka
- Graduate School of Life sciences, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8578, 022-795-6686, Miyagi, Japan.
- Center for Bioscience Research and Education, Utsunomiya University, 350 Mine-machi, Utsunomiya, 321-8505, 028-649-5129, Tochigi, Japan.
| | - Takashi Makino
- Graduate School of Life sciences, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8578, 022-795-6686, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Jotaro Urabe
- Graduate School of Life sciences, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8578, 022-795-6686, Miyagi, Japan
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Vinogradov AE, Anatskaya OV. Systemic Alterations of Cancer Cells and Their Boost by Polyploidization: Unicellular Attractor (UCA) Model. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24076196. [PMID: 37047167 PMCID: PMC10094663 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Using meta-analyses, we introduce a unicellular attractor (UCA) model integrating essential features of the ‘atavistic reversal’, ‘cancer attractor’, ‘somatic mutation’, ‘genome chaos’, and ‘tissue organization field’ theories. The ‘atavistic reversal’ theory is taken as a keystone. We propose a possible mechanism of this reversal, its refinement called ‘gradual atavism’, and evidence for the ‘serial atavism’ model. We showed the gradual core-to-periphery evolutionary growth of the human interactome resulting in the higher protein interaction density and global interactome centrality in the UC center. In addition, we revealed that UC genes are more actively expressed even in normal cells. The modeling of random walk along protein interaction trajectories demonstrated that random alterations in cellular networks, caused by genetic and epigenetic changes, can result in a further gradual activation of the UC center. These changes can be induced and accelerated by cellular stress that additionally activates UC genes (especially during cell proliferation), because the genes involved in cellular stress response and cell cycle are mostly of UC origin. The functional enrichment analysis showed that cancer cells demonstrate the hyperactivation of energetics and the suppression of multicellular genes involved in communication with the extracellular environment (especially immune surveillance). Collectively, these events can unleash selfish cell behavior aimed at survival at all means. All these changes are boosted by polyploidization. The UCA model may facilitate an understanding of oncogenesis and promote the development of therapeutic strategies.
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Molecular Responses of Daphnids to Chronic Exposures to Pharmaceuticals. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24044100. [PMID: 36835510 PMCID: PMC9964447 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24044100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Pharmaceutical compounds are among several classes of contaminants of emerging concern, such as pesticides, heavy metals and personal care products, all of which are a major concern for aquatic ecosystems. The hazards posed by the presence of pharmaceutical is one which affects both freshwater organisms and human health-via non-target effects and by the contamination of drinking water sources. The molecular and phenotypic alterations of five pharmaceuticals which are commonly present in the aquatic environment were explored in daphnids under chronic exposures. Markers of physiology such as enzyme activities were combined with metabolic perturbations to assess the impact of metformin, diclofenac, gabapentin, carbamazepine and gemfibrozil on daphnids. Enzyme activity of markers of physiology included phosphatases, lipase, peptidase, β-galactosidase, lactate dehydrogenase, glutathione-S-transferase and glutathione reductase activities. Furthermore, targeted LC-MS/MS analysis focusing on glycolysis, the pentose phosphate pathway and the TCA cycle intermediates was performed to assess metabolic alterations. Exposure to pharmaceuticals resulted in the changes in activity for several enzymes of metabolism and the detoxification enzyme glutathione-S-transferase. Metabolic perturbations on key pathways revealed distinct groups and metabolic fingerprints for the different exposures and their mixtures. Chronic exposure to pharmaceuticals at low concentrations revealed significant alterations of metabolic and physiological endpoints.
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Jeong H, Yoon C, Lee JS, Byeon E. Differential susceptibility to arsenic in glutathione S-transferase omega 2 (GST-O2)-targeted freshwater water flea Daphnia magna mutants. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2023; 254:106364. [PMID: 36463774 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2022.106364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2022] [Revised: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
To examine the role of glutathione S-transferase omega class (GST-O2) genes in the biotransformation and detoxification in Daphnia magna, various responses such as in vivo endpoints, arsenic speciation, enzymatic activities, and gene expression pathways related to arsenic metabolism were investigated in wild-type (WT) and GST-O2-mutant-type (MT) fleas produced by CRISPR/Cas9. Sensitivity to arsenic in MT fleas was higher than in WT fleas. Also, the reduction rate of arsenate (AsV) to arsenite (AsIII) in the MT group was significantly lower and led to accumulation of higher arsenic concentrations, resulting in decreased protection against arsenic toxicity. Relative mRNA expression of other GST genes in the GST-O2-targeted MT group generally increased but the enzymatic activity of GST decreased compared with the WT group. Oxidative stress on arsenic exposure was more strongly induced in the MT group compared with the WT group, resulting in a decrease in the ability to defend against toxicity in GST-O2-targeted mutant D. magna. Our results suggest that GST-O2 plays an important role in arsenic biotransformation and detoxification functions in D. magna.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haksoo Jeong
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, South Korea
| | - Cheolho Yoon
- Ochang Center, Korea Basic Science Institute, Cheongju 28119, South Korea
| | - Jae-Seong Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, South Korea.
| | - Eunjin Byeon
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, South Korea.
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Vogt G. Environmental Adaptation of Genetically Uniform Organisms with the Help of Epigenetic Mechanisms-An Insightful Perspective on Ecoepigenetics. EPIGENOMES 2022; 7:1. [PMID: 36648862 PMCID: PMC9844400 DOI: 10.3390/epigenomes7010001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 12/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Organisms adapt to different environments by selection of the most suitable phenotypes from the standing genetic variation or by phenotypic plasticity, the ability of single genotypes to produce different phenotypes in different environments. Because of near genetic identity, asexually reproducing populations are particularly suitable for the investigation of the potential and molecular underpinning of the latter alternative in depth. Recent analyses on the whole-genome scale of differently adapted clonal animals and plants demonstrated that epigenetic mechanisms such as DNA methylation, histone modifications and non-coding RNAs are among the molecular pathways supporting phenotypic plasticity and that epigenetic variation is used to stably adapt to different environments. Case studies revealed habitat-specific epigenetic fingerprints that were maintained over subsequent years pointing at the existence of epigenetic ecotypes. Environmentally induced epimutations and corresponding gene expression changes provide an ideal means for fast and directional adaptation to changing or new conditions, because they can synchronously alter phenotypes in many population members. Because microorganisms inclusive of human pathogens also exploit epigenetically mediated phenotypic variation for environmental adaptation, this phenomenon is considered a universal biological principle. The production of different phenotypes from the same DNA sequence in response to environmental cues by epigenetic mechanisms also provides a mechanistic explanation for the "general-purpose genotype hypothesis" and the "genetic paradox of invasions".
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Affiliation(s)
- Günter Vogt
- Faculty of Biosciences, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 234, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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