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Zhou H, Liu H, Lin M, Wang H, Zhou J, Li M, Yang X, Fu G, Liu C. Hyperbaric oxygen promotes bone regeneration by activating the mechanosensitive Piezo1 pathway in osteogenic progenitors. J Orthop Translat 2024; 48:11-24. [PMID: 39170748 PMCID: PMC11338066 DOI: 10.1016/j.jot.2024.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2024] [Revised: 06/17/2024] [Accepted: 07/03/2024] [Indexed: 08/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) therapy is widely used to treat bone defects, but the correlation of high oxygen concentration and pressure to osteogenesis is unclear. Methods Bilateral monocortical tibial defect surgeries were performed on 12-week-old Prrx1-Cre; Rosa26-tdTomato and Prrx1-Cre; Piezo1fl/+ mice. Daily HBO treatment was applied on post-surgery day (PSD) 1-9; and daily mechanical loading on tibia was from PSD 5 to 8. The mice were euthanized on PSD 10, and bone defect repair in their tibias was evaluated using μCT, biomechanical testing, and immunofluorescence deep-tissue imaging. The degree of angiogenesis-osteogenesis coupling was determined through spatial correlation analysis. Bone marrow stromal cells from knockout mice were cultured in vitro, and their osteogenic capacities of the cells were assessed. The activation of genes in the Piezo1-YAP pathway was evaluated using RNA sequencing and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Results Lineage tracing showed HBO therapy considerably altered the number of Prrx1+ cells and their progeny in a healing bone defect. Using conditional knockdown mice, we found that HBO stimulation activates the Piezo1-YAP axis in Prrx1+ cells and promotes osteogenesis-angiogenesis coupling during bone repair. The beneficial effect of HBO was similar to that of anabolic mechanical stimulation, which also acts through the Piezo1-YAP axis. Subsequent transcriptome sequencing results revealed that similar mechanosensitive pathways are activated by HBO therapy in a bone defect. Conclusion HBO therapy promotes bone tissue regeneration through the mechanosensitive Piezo1-YAP pathway in a population of Prrx1+ osteogenic progenitors. Our results contribute to the understanding of the mechanism by which HBO therapy treats bone defects. The Translational Potential of this Article Hyperbaric oxygen therapy is widely used in clinical settings. Our results show that osteogenesis was induced by the activation of the Piezo1-YAP pathway in osteoprogenitors after HBO stimulation, and the underlying mechanism was elucidated. These results may help improve current HBO methods and lead to the formulation of alternative treatments that achieve the same functional outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Zhou
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Engineering Building south 622, 1088 Xueyuan Avenue, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Biomaterials, Southern University of Science and Technology, Engineering Building south 622, 1088 Xueyuan Avenue, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Hongzhi Liu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Engineering Building south 622, 1088 Xueyuan Avenue, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Biomaterials, Southern University of Science and Technology, Engineering Building south 622, 1088 Xueyuan Avenue, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Minmin Lin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Engineering Building south 622, 1088 Xueyuan Avenue, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Biomaterials, Southern University of Science and Technology, Engineering Building south 622, 1088 Xueyuan Avenue, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Hantang Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Engineering Building south 622, 1088 Xueyuan Avenue, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Biomaterials, Southern University of Science and Technology, Engineering Building south 622, 1088 Xueyuan Avenue, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Jingjing Zhou
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Engineering Building south 622, 1088 Xueyuan Avenue, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Biomaterials, Southern University of Science and Technology, Engineering Building south 622, 1088 Xueyuan Avenue, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Ming Li
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Shenzhen Children's Hospital, No. 7019 Yitian Road, Futian District, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Xue Yang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Shenzhen Children's Hospital, No. 7019 Yitian Road, Futian District, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Guibing Fu
- Department of Pediatric Orthopedics, Shenzhen Children's Hospital, No. 7019 Yitian Road, Futian District, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Chao Liu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Engineering Building south 622, 1088 Xueyuan Avenue, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Biomaterials, Southern University of Science and Technology, Engineering Building south 622, 1088 Xueyuan Avenue, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
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Quadri N, Upadhyai P. Primary cilia in skeletal development and disease. Exp Cell Res 2023; 431:113751. [PMID: 37574037 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2023.113751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
Primary cilia are non-motile, microtubule-based sensory organelle present in most vertebrate cells with a fundamental role in the modulation of organismal development, morphogenesis, and repair. Here we focus on the role of primary cilia in embryonic and postnatal skeletal development. We examine evidence supporting its involvement in physiochemical and developmental signaling that regulates proliferation, patterning, differentiation and homeostasis of osteoblasts, chondrocytes, and their progenitor cells in the skeleton. We discuss how signaling effectors in mechanotransduction and bone development, such as Hedgehog, Wnt, Fibroblast growth factor and second messenger pathways operate at least in part at the primary cilium. The relevance of primary cilia in bone formation and maintenance is underscored by a growing list of rare genetic skeletal ciliopathies. We collate these findings and summarize the current understanding of molecular factors and mechanisms governing primary ciliogenesis and ciliary function in skeletal development and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Quadri
- Department of Medical Genetics, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
| | - Priyanka Upadhyai
- Department of Medical Genetics, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India.
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3
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Moore ER, Maridas DE, Gamer L, Chen G, Burton K, Rosen V. A periosteum-derived cell line to study the role of BMP/TGFβ signaling in periosteal cell behavior and function. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1221152. [PMID: 37799511 PMCID: PMC10547901 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1221152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The periosteum is a thin tissue surrounding each skeletal element that contains stem and progenitor cells involved in bone development, postnatal appositional bone growth, load-induced bone formation, and fracture repair. BMP and TGFβ signaling are important for periosteal activity and periosteal cell behavior, but thorough examination of the influence of these pathways on specific cell populations resident in the periosteum is lacking due to limitations associated with primary periosteal cell isolations and in vitro experiments. Here we describe the generation of a novel periosteum-derived clonal cell (PDC) line from postnatal day 14 mice and use it to examine periosteal cell behavior in vitro. PDCs exhibit key characteristics of periosteal cells observed during skeletal development, maintenance, and bone repair. Specifically, PDCs express established periosteal markers, can be expanded in culture, demonstrate the ability to differentiate into chondrocytes, osteoblasts, and adipocytes, and exhibit an osteogenic response to physical stimulation. PDCs also engage in BMP and/or TGFβ signaling when treated with the activating ligands BMP2 and TGFβ-1, and in response to mechanical stimulation via fluid shear. We believe that this PDC line will be useful for large-scale, long-term experiments that were not feasible when using primary periosteal cells. Anticipated future uses include advancing our understanding of the signaling interactions that occur during appositional bone growth and fracture repair and developing drug screening platforms to discover novel growth and fracture healing factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily R. Moore
- Department of Developmental Biology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
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4
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Onodera S, Azuma T. Hedgehog-Related Mutation Causes Bone Malformations with or without Hereditary Gene Mutations. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12903. [PMID: 37629084 PMCID: PMC10454035 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241612903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The hedgehog (Hh) family consists of numerous signaling mediators that play important roles at various stages of development. Thus, the Hh pathway is essential for bone tissue development and tumorigenesis. Gorlin syndrome is a skeletal and tumorigenic disorder caused by gain-of-function mutations in Hh signaling. In this review, we first present the phenotype of Gorlin syndrome and the relationship between genotype and phenotype in bone and craniofacial tissues, including the causative gene as well as other Hh-related genes. Next, the importance of new diagnostic methods using next-generation sequencing and multiple gene panels will be discussed. We summarize Hh-related genetic disorders, including cilia disease, and the genetics of Hh-related bone diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoko Onodera
- Department of Biochemistry, Tokyo Dental College, 2-9-18 Kanda Misaki-cho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0061, Japan;
| | - Toshifumi Azuma
- Department of Biochemistry, Tokyo Dental College, 2-9-18 Kanda Misaki-cho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0061, Japan;
- Oral Health Science Center, Tokyo Dental College, 2-9-18 Kanda Misaki-cho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0061, Japan
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5
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Cao R, Chen B, Song K, Guo F, Pan H, Cao Y. Characterization and potential of periosteum-derived cells: an overview. Front Med (Lausanne) 2023; 10:1235992. [PMID: 37554503 PMCID: PMC10405467 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2023.1235992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023] Open
Abstract
As a thin fibrous layer covering the bone surface, the periosteum plays a significant role in bone physiology during growth, development and remodeling. Over the past several decades, the periosteum has received considerable scientific attention as a source of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). Periosteum-derived cells (PDCs) have emerged as a promising strategy for tissue engineering due to their chondrogenic, osteogenic and adipogenic differentiation capacities. Starting from the history of PDCs, the present review provides an overview of their characterization and the procedures used for their isolation. This study also summarizes the chondrogenic, osteogenic, and adipogenic abilities of PDCs, serving as a reference about their potential therapeutic applications in various clinical scenarios, with particular emphasis on the comparison with other common sources of MSCs. As techniques continue to develop, a comprehensive analysis of the characterization and regulation of PDCs can be conducted, further demonstrating their role in tissue engineering. PDCs present promising potentials in terms of their osteogenic, chondrogenic, and adipogenic capacities. Further studies should focus on exploring their utility under multiple clinical scenarios to confirm their comparative benefit over other commonly used sources of MSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongkai Cao
- Stomatological Hospital and Dental School of Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Beibei Chen
- Stomatological Hospital and Dental School of Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Kun Song
- Department of Stomatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Fang Guo
- Department of Stomatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Haoxin Pan
- Department of Stomatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yujie Cao
- Department of Stomatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
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Stevenson NL. The factory, the antenna and the scaffold: the three-way interplay between the Golgi, cilium and extracellular matrix underlying tissue function. Biol Open 2023; 12:287059. [PMID: 36802341 PMCID: PMC9986613 DOI: 10.1242/bio.059719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The growth and development of healthy tissues is dependent on the construction of a highly specialised extracellular matrix (ECM) to provide support for cell growth and migration and to determine the biomechanical properties of the tissue. These scaffolds are composed of extensively glycosylated proteins which are secreted and assembled into well-ordered structures that can hydrate, mineralise, and store growth factors as required. The proteolytic processing and glycosylation of ECM components is vital to their function. These modifications are under the control of the Golgi apparatus, an intracellular factory hosting spatially organised, protein-modifying enzymes. Regulation also requires a cellular antenna, the cilium, which integrates extracellular growth signals and mechanical cues to inform ECM production. Consequently, mutations in either Golgi or ciliary genes frequently lead to connective tissue disorders. The individual importance of each of these organelles to ECM function is well-studied. However, emerging evidence points towards a more tightly linked system of interdependence between the Golgi, cilium and ECM. This review examines how the interplay between all three compartments underpins healthy tissue. As an example, it will look at several members of the golgin family of Golgi-resident proteins whose loss is detrimental to connective tissue function. This perspective will be important for many future studies looking to dissect the cause and effect of mutations impacting tissue integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola L Stevenson
- Cell Biology Laboratories, School of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences University of Bristol, Biomedical Sciences Building, University Walk, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
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7
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Xiao H, Yan A, Li M, Wang L, Xiang J. LIPUS accelerates bone regeneration via HDAC6-mediated ciliogenesis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2023; 641:34-41. [PMID: 36521283 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2022.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Delayed fracture union and nonunion are common complications of fracture encountered, while Low-intensity pulsed ultrasound (LIPUS) can stimulate bone regeneration. Still, the underlying mechanism of LIPUS on bone regeneration has been poorly understood, which resulted in varied outcomes in the clinic. Therefore, figuring out the mechanism of LIPUS on bone regeneration can lay the foundation for better use of LIPUS in clinical bone regenerative therapies. In this study, we created transgenic mice to reveal the relationship between the periosteal cells' fate and the number of ciliated cells under the LIPUS stimulation. In vitro, we isolated the periosteal cell and aim to figure out the relationship between LIPUS and HDAC6-mediated ciliogenesis and find out a potential target for LIPUS-based bone regeneration strategies. The results showed that LIPUS promoted femoral bone defect regeneration and enhanced osteogenic differentiation of Prrx1+ cells. However, these pro-effects were significantly weakened when the Prrx1+ cell's primary cilia were knocked down. Besides, LIPUS stimulated the formation of Prrx1+ cells' primary cilia in the bone defect microenvironment. In vitro, the results supported that LIPUS enhanced the osteogenic differentiation of Prrx1+ cells through HDAC6-mediated ciliogenesis. In conclusion, λ LIPUS could promote the osteogenic differentiation of Prrx1+ cells to stimulate bone regeneration and inhibit the expression of HDAC6 to increase the prevalence of primary cilia in Prrx1+ cells. LIPUS could enhance the osteogenic differentiation of Prrx1+ cells mainly through HDAC6-mediated ciliogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Xiao
- Department of Pediatric Orthopaedics, Hunan Children's Hospital, Changsha, Hunan, 410007, China; The Pediatric Academy of University of South China, Changsha, Hunan, 410007, China
| | - An Yan
- Department of Pediatric Orthopaedics, Hunan Children's Hospital, Changsha, Hunan, 410007, China; The Pediatric Academy of University of South China, Changsha, Hunan, 410007, China
| | - Miao Li
- Department of Pediatric Orthopaedics, Hunan Children's Hospital, Changsha, Hunan, 410007, China; The Pediatric Academy of University of South China, Changsha, Hunan, 410007, China
| | - Linfeng Wang
- Department of Sports Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Jie Xiang
- Department of Sports Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China; Shenshan Medical Center, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shanwei, 516600, China.
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8
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Zheng NX, Miao YT, Zhang X, Huang MZ, Jahangir M, Luo S, Lang B. Primary cilia-associated protein IFT172 in ciliopathies. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1074880. [PMID: 36733456 PMCID: PMC9887189 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1074880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Cilium is a highly conserved antenna-like structure protruding from the surface of the cell membrane, which is widely distributed on most mammalian cells. Two types of cilia have been described so far which include motile cilia and immotile cilia and the latter are also known as primary cilia. Dysfunctional primary cilia are commonly associated with a variety of congenital diseases called ciliopathies with multifaceted presentations such as retinopathy, congenital kidney disease, intellectual disability, cancer, polycystic kidney, obesity, Bardet Biedl syndrome (BBS), etc. Intraflagellar transport (IFT) is a bi-directional transportation process that helps maintain a balanced flow of proteins or signaling molecules essential for the communication between cilia and cytoplasm. Disrupted IFT contributes to the abnormal structure or function of cilia and frequently promotes the occurrence of ciliopathies. Intraflagellar transport 172 (IFT172) is a newly identified member of IFT proteins closely involved in some rare ciliopathies such as Mainzer-Saldino syndrome (MZSDS) and BBS, though the underpinning causal mechanisms remain largely elusive. In this review, we summarize the key findings on the genetic and protein characteristic of IFT172, as well as its function in intraflagellar transport, to provide comprehensive insights to understand IFT172-related ciliopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan-Xi Zheng
- Department of Psychiatry, National Clinical Research Centre for Mental Health, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ya-Ting Miao
- Department of Psychiatry, National Clinical Research Centre for Mental Health, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xi Zhang
- Department of Psychiatry, National Clinical Research Centre for Mental Health, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Mu-Zhi Huang
- Department of Psychiatry, National Clinical Research Centre for Mental Health, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Muhammad Jahangir
- Department of Psychiatry, National Clinical Research Centre for Mental Health, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Shilin Luo
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China,Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Centre of Translational Medicine and Innovative Drug, Changsha, China,*Correspondence: Shilin Luo, ; Bing Lang,
| | - Bing Lang
- Department of Psychiatry, National Clinical Research Centre for Mental Health, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China,*Correspondence: Shilin Luo, ; Bing Lang,
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9
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Ma Q, Miri Z, Haugen HJ, Moghanian A, Loca D. Significance of mechanical loading in bone fracture healing, bone regeneration, and vascularization. J Tissue Eng 2023; 14:20417314231172573. [PMID: 37251734 PMCID: PMC10214107 DOI: 10.1177/20417314231172573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
In 1892, J.L. Wolff proposed that bone could respond to mechanical and biophysical stimuli as a dynamic organ. This theory presents a unique opportunity for investigations on bone and its potential to aid in tissue repair. Routine activities such as exercise or machinery application can exert mechanical loads on bone. Previous research has demonstrated that mechanical loading can affect the differentiation and development of mesenchymal tissue. However, the extent to which mechanical stimulation can help repair or generate bone tissue and the related mechanisms remain unclear. Four key cell types in bone tissue, including osteoblasts, osteoclasts, bone lining cells, and osteocytes, play critical roles in responding to mechanical stimuli, while other cell lineages such as myocytes, platelets, fibroblasts, endothelial cells, and chondrocytes also exhibit mechanosensitivity. Mechanical loading can regulate the biological functions of bone tissue through the mechanosensor of bone cells intraosseously, making it a potential target for fracture healing and bone regeneration. This review aims to clarify these issues and explain bone remodeling, structure dynamics, and mechano-transduction processes in response to mechanical loading. Loading of different magnitudes, frequencies, and types, such as dynamic versus static loads, are analyzed to determine the effects of mechanical stimulation on bone tissue structure and cellular function. Finally, the importance of vascularization in nutrient supply for bone healing and regeneration was further discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianli Ma
- Department of Biomaterials, Institute
of Clinical Dentistry, University of Oslo, Norway
- Department of Immunology, School of
Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, PR China
| | - Zahra Miri
- Department of Materials Engineering,
Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Håvard Jostein Haugen
- Department of Biomaterials, Institute
of Clinical Dentistry, University of Oslo, Norway
| | - Amirhossein Moghanian
- Department of Materials Engineering,
Imam Khomeini International University, Qazvin, Iran
| | - Dagnjia Loca
- Rudolfs Cimdins Riga Biomaterials
Innovations and Development Centre, Institute of General Chemical Engineering,
Faculty of Materials Science and Applied Chemistry, Riga Technical University, Riga,
Latvia
- Baltic Biomaterials Centre of
Excellence, Headquarters at Riga Technical University, Riga, Latvia
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10
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Brown S, Malik S, Aljammal M, O'Flynn A, Hobbs C, Shah M, Roberts SJ, Logan MPO. The Prrx1eGFP Mouse Labels the Periosteum During Development and a Subpopulation of Osteogenic Periosteal Cells in the Adult. JBMR Plus 2022; 7:e10707. [PMID: 36751415 PMCID: PMC9893263 DOI: 10.1002/jbm4.10707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The identity of the cells that form the periosteum during development is controversial with current dogma suggesting these are derived from a Sox9-positive progenitor. Herein, we characterize a newly created Prrx1eGFP reporter transgenic mouse line during limb formation and postnatally. Interestingly, in the embryo Prrx1eGFP-labeled cells become restricted around the Sox9-positive cartilage anlage without themselves becoming Sox9-positive. In the adult, the Prrx1eGFP transgene live labels a subpopulation of cells within the periosteum that are enriched at specific sites, and this population is diminished in aged mice. The green fluorescent protein (GFP)-labeled subpopulation can be isolated using fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) and represents approximately 8% of all isolated periosteal cells. The GFP-labeled subpopulation is significantly more osteogenic than unlabeled, GFP-negative periosteal cells. In addition, the osteogenic and chondrogenic capacity of periosteal cells in vitro can be extended with the addition of fibroblast growth factor (FGF) to the expansion media. We provide evidence to suggest that osteoblasts contributing to cortical bone formation in the embryo originate from Prrx1eGFP-positive cells within the perichondrium, which possibly piggyback on invading vascular cells and secrete new bone matrix. In summary, the Prrx1eGFP mouse is a powerful tool to visualize and isolate periosteal cells and to quantify their properties in the embryo and adult. © 2022 The Authors. JBMR Plus published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Brown
- Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular BiophysicsKing's College LondonLondonUK
| | - Saif Malik
- Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular BiophysicsKing's College LondonLondonUK
| | - Maria Aljammal
- Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular BiophysicsKing's College LondonLondonUK
| | - Aine O'Flynn
- Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular BiophysicsKing's College LondonLondonUK
| | - Carl Hobbs
- Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular BiophysicsKing's College LondonLondonUK
| | | | - Scott J Roberts
- UCB PharmaSloughUK,Department of Comparative Biomedical SciencesRoyal Veterinary CollegeLondonUK
| | - Malcolm PO Logan
- Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular BiophysicsKing's College LondonLondonUK
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11
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Moore ER. Primary Cilia: The New Face of Craniofacial Research. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12121724. [PMID: 36551151 PMCID: PMC9776107 DOI: 10.3390/biom12121724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The primary cilium is a solitary, sensory organelle that extends from the surface of nearly every vertebrate cell, including craniofacial cells. This organelle converts chemical and physical external stimuli into intracellular signaling cascades and mediates several well-known signaling pathways simultaneously. Thus, the primary cilium is considered a cellular signaling nexus and amplifier. Primary cilia dysfunction directly results in a collection of diseases and syndromes that typically affect multiple organ systems, including the face and teeth. Despite this direct connection, primary cilia are largely unexplored in craniofacial research. In this review, I briefly summarize craniofacial abnormalities tied to the primary cilium and examine the existing information on primary cilia in craniofacial development and repair. I close with a discussion on preliminary studies that motivate future areas of exploration that are further supported by studies performed in long bone and kidney cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily R Moore
- Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Department of Developmental Biology, 188 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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12
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Functional Heterogeneity of Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cell Subpopulations in Physiology and Pathology. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231911928. [PMID: 36233230 PMCID: PMC9570000 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) are multi-potent cell populations and are capable of maintaining bone and body homeostasis. The stemness and potential therapeutic effect of BMSCs have been explored extensively in recent years. However, diverse cell surface antigens and complex gene expression of BMSCs have indicated that BMSCs represent heterogeneous populations, and the natural characteristics of BMSCs make it difficult to identify the specific subpopulations in pathological processes which are often obscured by bulk analysis of the total BMSCs. Meanwhile, the therapeutic effect of total BMSCs is often less effective partly due to their heterogeneity. Therefore, understanding the functional heterogeneity of the BMSC subpopulations under different physiological and pathological conditions could have major ramifications for global health. Here, we summarize the recent progress of functional heterogeneity of BMSC subpopulations in physiology and pathology. Targeting tissue-resident single BMSC subpopulation offers a potentially innovative therapeutic strategy and improves BMSC effectiveness in clinical application.
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13
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The periosteum, the outer layer of bone, is a major source of skeletal stem/progenitor cells (SSPCs) for bone repair. Here, we discuss recent findings on the characterization, role, and regulation of periosteal SSPCs (pSSPCs) during bone regeneration. RECENT FINDINGS Several markers have been described for pSSPCs but lack tissue specificity. In vivo lineage tracing and transcriptomic analyses have improved our understanding of pSSPC functions during bone regeneration. Bone injury activates pSSPCs that migrate, proliferate, and have the unique potential to form both bone and cartilage. The injury response of pSSPCs is controlled by many signaling pathways including BMP, FGF, Notch, and Wnt, their metabolic state, and their interactions with the blood clot, nerve fibers, blood vessels, and macrophages in the fracture environment. Periosteal SSPCs are essential for bone regeneration. Despite recent advances, further studies are required to elucidate pSSPC heterogeneity and plasticity that make them a central component of the fracture healing process and a prime target for clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Perrin
- Univ Paris Est Creteil, INSERM, IMRB, F-94010, Creteil, France
| | - Céline Colnot
- Univ Paris Est Creteil, INSERM, IMRB, F-94010, Creteil, France.
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14
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Kurenkova AD, Romanova IA, Kibirskiy PD, Timashev P, Medvedeva EV. Strategies to Convert Cells into Hyaline Cartilage: Magic Spells for Adult Stem Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:11169. [PMID: 36232468 PMCID: PMC9570095 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 09/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Damaged hyaline cartilage gradually decreases joint function and growing pain significantly reduces the quality of a patient's life. The clinically approved procedure of autologous chondrocyte implantation (ACI) for treating knee cartilage lesions has several limits, including the absence of healthy articular cartilage tissues for cell isolation and difficulties related to the chondrocyte expansion in vitro. Today, various ACI modifications are being developed using autologous chondrocytes from alternative sources, such as the auricles, nose and ribs. Adult stem cells from different tissues are also of great interest due to their less traumatic material extraction and their innate abilities of active proliferation and chondrogenic differentiation. According to the different adult stem cell types and their origin, various strategies have been proposed for stem cell expansion and initiation of their chondrogenic differentiation. The current review presents the diversity in developing applied techniques based on autologous adult stem cell differentiation to hyaline cartilage tissue and targeted to articular cartilage damage therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasiia D. Kurenkova
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119991 Moscow, Russia or
| | - Irina A. Romanova
- World-Class Research Center “Digital Biodesign and Personalized Healthcare”, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Pavel D. Kibirskiy
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119991 Moscow, Russia or
| | - Peter Timashev
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119991 Moscow, Russia or
- World-Class Research Center “Digital Biodesign and Personalized Healthcare”, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Ekaterina V. Medvedeva
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119991 Moscow, Russia or
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15
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Chen X, Yu B, Wang Z, Li Q, Dai C, Wei J. Progress of Periosteal Osteogenesis: The Prospect of In Vivo Bioreactor. Orthop Surg 2022; 14:1930-1939. [PMID: 35794789 PMCID: PMC9483074 DOI: 10.1111/os.13325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Repairing large segment bone defects is still a clinical challenge. Bone tissue prefabrication shows great translational potentials and has been gradually accepted clinically. Existing bone reconstruction strategies, including autologous periosteal graft, allogeneic periosteal transplantation, xenogeneic periosteal transplantation, and periosteal cell tissue engineering, are all clinically valuable treatments and have made significant progress in research. Herein, we reviewed the research progress of these techniques and briefly explained the relationship among in vivo microenvironment, mechanical force, and periosteum osteogenesis. Moreover, we also highlighted the importance of the critical role of periosteum in osteogenesis and explained current challenges and future perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxue Chen
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, The Ninth Affiliated Hospital of Shanghai Jiaotong Medicine University, Shanghai, China
| | - Baofu Yu
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, The Ninth Affiliated Hospital of Shanghai Jiaotong Medicine University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zi Wang
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, The Ninth Affiliated Hospital of Shanghai Jiaotong Medicine University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qingfeng Li
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, The Ninth Affiliated Hospital of Shanghai Jiaotong Medicine University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chuanchang Dai
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, The Ninth Affiliated Hospital of Shanghai Jiaotong Medicine University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiao Wei
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, The Ninth Affiliated Hospital of Shanghai Jiaotong Medicine University, Shanghai, China
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16
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Foxf2 represses bone formation via Wnt2b/β-catenin signaling. Exp Mol Med 2022; 54:753-764. [PMID: 35668101 PMCID: PMC9256714 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-022-00779-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) into osteoblasts is a critical process for proper skeletal development and acquisition/maintenance of bone mass. However, since this regulatory mechanism has not yet been fully elucidated, the treatment of severe osteoporosis and fractures is a challenge. Here, through a comprehensive analysis of gene expression during the differentiation of MSCs into osteoblasts, we show that the forkhead transcription factor Foxf2 is a crucial regulator of this process. Foxf2 expression transiently increased during MSC osteoblastic differentiation. Overexpression of Foxf2 in MSCs inhibited osteoblastic differentiation, and conversely, knockdown of Foxf2 expression promoted this process. Osteoprogenitor-specific Foxf2 knockout mice developed a high bone mass phenotype due to increased bone formation. RNA-seq analysis and molecular experiments revealed that Foxf2 regulation of bone formation is mediated by Wnt2b. Knockdown of Foxf2 in mouse femurs enhanced bone regeneration in vivo. FOXF2 expression was correlated with hip bone mineral density in postmenopausal women with low bone mass. Finally, inhibition of FOXF2 promoted osteoblastic differentiation of human MSCs. This study uncovers a critical role of Foxf2 in the differentiation of MSCs into osteoblasts and provides insight into the pathogenesis associated with bone-related diseases such as osteoporosis and nonunion after fracture.
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17
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Xiao H, Zhang T, Li CJ, Cao Y, Wang LF, Chen HB, Li SC, Guan CB, Hu JZ, Chen D, Chen C, Lu HB. Mechanical stimulation promotes enthesis injury repair by mobilizing Prrx1+ cells via ciliary TGF-β signaling. eLife 2022; 11:73614. [PMID: 35475783 PMCID: PMC9094755 DOI: 10.7554/elife.73614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Proper mechanical stimulation can improve rotator cuff enthesis injury repair. However, the underlying mechanism of mechanical stimulation promoting injury repair is still unknown. In this study, we found that Prrx1+ cell was essential for murine rotator cuff enthesis development identified by single-cell RNA sequence and involved in the injury repair. Proper mechanical stimulation could promote the migration of Prrx1+ cells to enhance enthesis injury repair. Meantime, TGF-β signaling and primary cilia played an essential role in mediating mechanical stimulation signaling transmission. Proper mechanical stimulation enhanced the release of active TGF-β1 to promote migration of Prrx1+ cells. Inhibition of TGF-β signaling eliminated the stimulatory effect of mechanical stimulation on Prrx1+ cell migration and enthesis injury repair. In addition, knockdown of Pallidin to inhibit TGF-βR2 translocation to the primary cilia or deletion of Ift88 in Prrx1+ cells also restrained the mechanics-induced Prrx1+ cells migration. These findings suggested that mechanical stimulation could increase the release of active TGF-β1 and enhance the mobilization of Prrx1+ cells to promote enthesis injury repair via ciliary TGF-β signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Xiao
- Department of Sports Medicine, Xiangya Hospital Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- Department of Sports Medicine, Xiangya Hospital Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Chang Jun Li
- Department of Endocrinology, Xiangya Hospital Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yong Cao
- Department of Spine Surgery, Xiangya Hospital Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Lin Feng Wang
- Department of Sports Medicine, Xiangya Hospital Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Hua Bin Chen
- Department of Sports Medicine, Xiangya Hospital Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Sheng Can Li
- Department of Sports Medicine, Xiangya Hospital Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Chang Biao Guan
- Department of Sports Medicine, Xiangya Hospital Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jian Zhong Hu
- Department of Spine Surgery, Xiangya Hospital Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Di Chen
- Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Can Chen
- Department of Orthopedic, Xiangya Hospital Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Hong Bin Lu
- Department of Sports Medicine, Xiangya Hospital Central South University, Changsha, China
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18
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Zhang N, Hu L, Cao Z, Liu X, Pan J. Periosteal Skeletal Stem Cells and Their Response to Bone Injury. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:812094. [PMID: 35399528 PMCID: PMC8987235 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.812094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone exhibits remarkable self-repair ability without fibrous scars. It is believed that the robust regenerative capacity comes from tissue-resident stem cells, such as skeletal stem cells (SSCs). Roughly, SSC has two niches: bone marrow (BM) and periosteum. BM-SSCs have been extensively studied for years. In contrast, our knowledge about periosteal SSCs (P-SSCs) is quite limited. There is abundant clinical evidence for the presence of stem cell populations within the periosteum. Researchers have even successfully cultured “stem-like” cells from the periosteum in vitro. However, due to the lack of effective markers, it is difficult to evaluate the stemness of real P-SSCs in vivo. Recently, several research teams have developed strategies for the successful identification of P-SSCs. For the first time, we can assess the stemness of P-SSCs from visual evidence. BM-SSCs and P-SSCs not only have much in common but also share distinct properties. Here, we provide an updated review of P-SSCs and their particular responses to bone injury.
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19
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Prajwal GS, Jeyaraman N, Kanth V K, Jeyaraman M, Muthu S, Rajendran SNS, Rajendran RL, Khanna M, Oh EJ, Choi KY, Chung HY, Ahn BC, Gangadaran P. Lineage Differentiation Potential of Different Sources of Mesenchymal Stem Cells for Osteoarthritis Knee. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:386. [PMID: 35455383 PMCID: PMC9028477 DOI: 10.3390/ph15040386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Tissue engineering and regenerative medicine (TERM) have paved a way for treating musculoskeletal diseases in a minimally invasive manner. The regenerative medicine cocktail involves the usage of mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs), either uncultured or culture-expanded cells along with growth factors, cytokines, exosomes, and secretomes to provide a better regenerative milieu in degenerative diseases. The successful regeneration of cartilage depends on the selection of the appropriate source of MSCs, the quality, quantity, and frequency of MSCs to be injected, and the selection of the patient at an appropriate stage of the disease. However, confirmation on the most favorable source of MSCs remains uncertain to clinicians. The lack of knowledge in the current cellular treatment is uncertain in terms of how beneficial MSCs are in the long-term or short-term (resolution of pain) and improved quality of life. Whether MSCs treatments have any superiority, exists due to sources of MSCs utilized in their potential to objectively regenerate the cartilage at the target area. Many questions on source and condition remain unanswered. Hence, in this review, we discuss the lineage differentiation potentials of various sources of MSCs used in the management of knee osteoarthritis and emphasize the role of tissue engineering in cartilage regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gollahalli Shivashankar Prajwal
- Research Fellow, Fellowship in Orthopaedic Rheumatology (FEIORA), Dr. Ram Manohar Lohiya National Law University, Lucknow 226010, Uttar Pradesh, India; (G.S.P.); (N.J.)
- Indian Stem Cell Study Group (ISCSG) Association, Lucknow 110048, Uttar Pradesh, India; (S.M.); (M.K.)
- Department of Orthopaedics, Mallika Spine Centre, Guntur 522001, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Naveen Jeyaraman
- Research Fellow, Fellowship in Orthopaedic Rheumatology (FEIORA), Dr. Ram Manohar Lohiya National Law University, Lucknow 226010, Uttar Pradesh, India; (G.S.P.); (N.J.)
- Indian Stem Cell Study Group (ISCSG) Association, Lucknow 110048, Uttar Pradesh, India; (S.M.); (M.K.)
- Department of Orthopaedics, Atlas Hospitals, Tiruchirappalli 620002, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Krishna Kanth V
- Department of Orthopaedics, Government Medical College, Mahabubabad 506104, Telangana, India;
| | - Madhan Jeyaraman
- Indian Stem Cell Study Group (ISCSG) Association, Lucknow 110048, Uttar Pradesh, India; (S.M.); (M.K.)
- Department of Orthopaedics, Faculty of Medicine—Sri Lalithambigai Medical College and Hospital, Dr MGR Educational and Research Institute, Chennai 600095, Tamil Nadu, India
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Engineering and Technology, Sharda University, Greater Noida 201306, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Orthopaedic Research Group, Coimbatore 641001, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Sathish Muthu
- Indian Stem Cell Study Group (ISCSG) Association, Lucknow 110048, Uttar Pradesh, India; (S.M.); (M.K.)
- Department of Orthopaedics, Government Medical College, Mahabubabad 506104, Telangana, India;
- Department of Orthopaedics, Faculty of Medicine—Sri Lalithambigai Medical College and Hospital, Dr MGR Educational and Research Institute, Chennai 600095, Tamil Nadu, India
- Orthopaedic Research Group, Coimbatore 641001, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Sree Naga Sowndary Rajendran
- Department of Medicine, Sri Venkateshwaraa Medical College Hospital and Research Centre, Puducherry 605102, Puducherry, India;
| | - Ramya Lakshmi Rajendran
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu 41944, Korea;
| | - Manish Khanna
- Indian Stem Cell Study Group (ISCSG) Association, Lucknow 110048, Uttar Pradesh, India; (S.M.); (M.K.)
- Department of Orthopaedics, Government Medical College and Hospital, Dindigul 624001, Tamil Nadu, India
- Department of Orthopaedics, Prasad Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow 226010, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Eun Jung Oh
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, CMRI, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu 41944, Korea; (E.J.O.); (K.Y.C.); (H.Y.C.)
| | - Kang Young Choi
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, CMRI, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu 41944, Korea; (E.J.O.); (K.Y.C.); (H.Y.C.)
| | - Ho Yun Chung
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, CMRI, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu 41944, Korea; (E.J.O.); (K.Y.C.); (H.Y.C.)
- BK21 FOUR KNU Convergence Educational Program of Biomedical Sciences for Creative Future Talents, Department of Biomedical Science, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Korea
| | - Byeong-Cheol Ahn
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu 41944, Korea;
- BK21 FOUR KNU Convergence Educational Program of Biomedical Sciences for Creative Future Talents, Department of Biomedical Science, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Korea
| | - Prakash Gangadaran
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu 41944, Korea;
- BK21 FOUR KNU Convergence Educational Program of Biomedical Sciences for Creative Future Talents, Department of Biomedical Science, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Korea
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20
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Abstract
The primary cilium is a nonmotile microtubule-based organelle in most vertebrate cell types. The primary cilium plays a critical role in tissue development and homeostasis by sensing and transducing various signaling pathways. Ciliary proteins such as intraflagellar transport (IFT) proteins as well as ciliary motor proteins, kinesin and dynein, comprise a bidirectional intraflagellar transport system needed for cilia formation and function. Mutations in ciliary proteins that lead to loss or dysfunction of primary cilia cause ciliopathies such as Jeune syndrome and Ellis-van Creveld syndrome and cause abnormalities in tooth development. These diseases exhibit severe skeletal and craniofacial dysplasia, highlighting the significance of primary cilia in skeletal development. Cilia are necessary for the propagation of hedgehog, transforming growth factor β, platelet-derived growth factor, and fibroblast growth factor signaling during osteogenesis and chondrogenesis. Ablation of ciliary proteins such as IFT80 or IFT20 blocks cilia formation, which inhibits osteoblast differentiation, osteoblast polarity, and alignment and reduces bone formation. Similarly, cilia facilitate chondrocyte differentiation and production of a cartilage matrix. Cilia also play a key role in mechanosensing and are needed for increased bone formation in response to mechanical forces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z. Chinipardaz
- Department of Basic and
Translational Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, School of Dental
Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA,Department of Periodontics,
School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA,
USA
| | - M. Liu
- Department of Periodontics,
School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA,
USA
| | - D.T. Graves
- Department of Periodontics,
School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA,
USA
| | - S. Yang
- Department of Basic and
Translational Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, School of Dental
Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA,Center for Innovation &
Precision Dentistry, School of Dental Medicine, School of Engineering and
Applied Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA,The Penn Center for
Musculoskeletal Disorders, School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania,
Philadelphia, PA, USA,S. Yang, Department of Basic and
Translational Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, School of Dental
Medicine, 240 S 40th Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6243, USA.
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21
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Mechanical regulation of bone remodeling. Bone Res 2022; 10:16. [PMID: 35181672 PMCID: PMC8857305 DOI: 10.1038/s41413-022-00190-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 67.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone remodeling is a lifelong process that gives rise to a mature, dynamic bone structure via a balance between bone formation by osteoblasts and resorption by osteoclasts. These opposite processes allow the accommodation of bones to dynamic mechanical forces, altering bone mass in response to changing conditions. Mechanical forces are indispensable for bone homeostasis; skeletal formation, resorption, and adaptation are dependent on mechanical signals, and loss of mechanical stimulation can therefore significantly weaken the bone structure, causing disuse osteoporosis and increasing the risk of fracture. The exact mechanisms by which the body senses and transduces mechanical forces to regulate bone remodeling have long been an active area of study among researchers and clinicians. Such research will lead to a deeper understanding of bone disorders and identify new strategies for skeletal rejuvenation. Here, we will discuss the mechanical properties, mechanosensitive cell populations, and mechanotransducive signaling pathways of the skeletal system.
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22
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Harris TL, Silva MJ. Dmp1 Lineage Cells Contribute Significantly to Periosteal Lamellar Bone Formation Induced by Mechanical Loading But Are Depleted from the Bone Surface During Rapid Bone Formation. JBMR Plus 2022; 6:e10593. [PMID: 35309865 PMCID: PMC8914163 DOI: 10.1002/jbm4.10593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Revised: 11/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous work has shown that osteoprogenitor cells (Prx1+) and pre‐osteoblasts (Osx+) contribute to mechanical loading‐induced bone formation. However, the role of mature Dmp1‐expressing osteoblasts has not been reported. In this study we assessed the contribution of osteoblast lineage cells to bone formation at an early time point following mechanical loading (day 8 from onset of loading). We labeled Osx‐expressing and Dmp1‐expressing cells in inducible Osx and Dmp1 reporter mice (iOsx‐Ai9, iDmp1‐Ai9), respectively, 3 weeks before loading. Mice were then loaded daily for 5 days (days 1–5) and were dosed with 5‐ethynyl‐2′‐deoxyuridine (EdU) in their drinking water until euthanasia on day 8. Mice were loaded to lamellar and woven bone inducing stimulation (−7 N/1400 με, −10 N/2000 με) to assess differences in these processes. We found varied responses in males and females to the loading stimuli, inducing modest lamellar (females, −7 N), moderate lamellar (males, −10 N), and robust woven (females, −10 N) bone. Overall, we found that preexisting (ie, lineage positive) Osx‐expressing and Dmp1‐expressing cells contribute largely to the bone formation response, especially during modest bone formation, while our results stuggest that other (non‐lineage–positive) cells support the sustained bone formation response during rapid bone formation. With moderate or robust levels of bone formation, a decrease in preexisting Osx‐expressing and Dmp1‐expressing cells at the bone surface occurred, with a near depletion of Dmp1‐expressing cells from the surface in female mice loaded to −10 N (from 52% to 11%). These cells appeared to be replaced by lineage‐negative cells from the periosteum. We also found a dose response in proliferation, with 17% to 18% of bone surface cells arising via proliferation in modest lamellar, 38% to 53% in moderate lamellar, and 59% to 81% in robust woven bone formation. In summary, our results show predominant contributions by preexisting Osx and Dmp1 lineage cells to loading‐induced lamellar bone formation, whereas recruitment of earlier osteoprogenitors and increased cell proliferation support robust woven bone formation. © 2021 The Authors. JBMR Plus published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor L. Harris
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Musculoskeletal Research Center Washington University School of Medicine St. Louis MO USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering Washington University St. Louis MO USA
| | - Matthew J. Silva
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Musculoskeletal Research Center Washington University School of Medicine St. Louis MO USA
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23
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Deng R, Li C, Wang X, Chang L, Ni S, Zhang W, Xue P, Pan D, Wan M, Deng L, Cao X. Periosteal CD68 + F4/80 + Macrophages Are Mechanosensitive for Cortical Bone Formation by Secretion and Activation of TGF-β1. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2103343. [PMID: 34854257 PMCID: PMC8787385 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202103343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Mechanical force regulates bone density, modeling, and homeostasis. Substantial periosteal bone formation is generated by external mechanical stimuli, yet its mechanism is poorly understood. Here, it is shown that myeloid-lineage cells differentiate into subgroups and regulate periosteal bone formation in response to mechanical loading. Mechanical loading on tibiae significantly increases the number of periosteal myeloid-lineage cells and the levels of active transforming growth factor β (TGF-β), resulting in cortical bone formation. Knockout of Tgfb1 in myeloid-lineage cells attenuates mechanical loading-induced periosteal bone formation in mice. Moreover, CD68+ F4/80+ macrophages, a subtype of myeloid-lineage cells, express and activate TGF-β1 for recruitment of osteoprogenitors. Particularly, mechanical loading induces the differentiation of periosteal CD68+ F4/80- myeloid-lineage cells to the CD68+ F4/80+ macrophages via signaling of piezo-type mechanosensitive ion channel component 1 (Piezo1) for TGF-β1 secretion. Importantly, CD68+ F4/80+ macrophages activate TGF-β1 by expression and secretion of thrombospondin-1 (Thbs1). Administration of Thbs1 inhibitor significantly impairs loading-induced TGF-β activation and recruitment of osteoprogenitors in the periosteum. The results suggest that periosteal myeloid-lineage cells respond to mechanical forces and consequently produce and activate TGF-β1 for periosteal bone formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruoxian Deng
- Department of Orthopaedic SurgeryThe Johns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMD21205USA
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringThe Johns Hopkins UniversityBaltimoreMD21205USA
| | - Changwei Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Prevention and Treatment of Bone and Joint DiseasesShanghai Institute of Traumatology and OrthopaedicsRuijin HospitalShanghai Jiaotong University School of MedicineShanghai200025China
| | - Xiao Wang
- Department of Orthopaedic SurgeryThe Johns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMD21205USA
| | - Leilei Chang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Prevention and Treatment of Bone and Joint DiseasesShanghai Institute of Traumatology and OrthopaedicsRuijin HospitalShanghai Jiaotong University School of MedicineShanghai200025China
| | - Shuangfei Ni
- Department of Orthopaedic SurgeryThe Johns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMD21205USA
| | - Weixin Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedic SurgeryThe Johns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMD21205USA
| | - Peng Xue
- Department of Orthopaedic SurgeryThe Johns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMD21205USA
| | - Dayu Pan
- Department of Orthopaedic SurgeryThe Johns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMD21205USA
| | - Mei Wan
- Department of Orthopaedic SurgeryThe Johns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMD21205USA
| | - Lianfu Deng
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Prevention and Treatment of Bone and Joint DiseasesShanghai Institute of Traumatology and OrthopaedicsRuijin HospitalShanghai Jiaotong University School of MedicineShanghai200025China
| | - Xu Cao
- Department of Orthopaedic SurgeryThe Johns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMD21205USA
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringThe Johns Hopkins UniversityBaltimoreMD21205USA
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24
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Jeyaraman M, Muthu S, Gangadaran P, Ranjan R, Jeyaraman N, Prajwal GS, Mishra PC, Rajendran RL, Ahn BC. Osteogenic and Chondrogenic Potential of Periosteum-Derived Mesenchymal Stromal Cells: Do They Hold the Key to the Future? Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14111133. [PMID: 34832915 PMCID: PMC8618036 DOI: 10.3390/ph14111133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The periosteum, with its outer fibrous and inner cambium layer, lies in a dynamic environment with a niche of pluripotent stem cells for their reparative needs. The inner cambium layer is rich in mesenchymal progenitors, osteogenic progenitors, osteoblasts, and fibroblasts in a scant collagen matrix environment. Their role in union and remodeling of fracture is well known. However, the periosteum as a source of mesenchymal stem cells has not been explored in detail. Moreover, with the continuous expansion of techniques, newer insights have been acquired into the roles and regulation of these periosteal cells. From a therapeutic standpoint, the periosteum as a source of tissue engineering has gained much attraction. Apart from its role in bone repair, analysis of the bone-forming potential of periosteum-derived stem cells is lacking. Hence, this article elucidates the role of the periosteum as a potential source of mesenchymal stem cells along with their capacity for osteogenic and chondrogenic differentiation for therapeutic application in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhan Jeyaraman
- Department of Orthopaedics, School of Medical Sciences and Research, Sharda University, Greater Noida 201306, Uttar Pradesh, India; (M.J.); (R.R.)
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Engineering and Technology, Sharda University, Greater Noida 201310, Uttar Pradesh, India
- International Association of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine (IASRM), Greater Kailash, New Delhi 110048, Uttar Pradesh, India;
| | - Sathish Muthu
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Engineering and Technology, Sharda University, Greater Noida 201310, Uttar Pradesh, India
- International Association of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine (IASRM), Greater Kailash, New Delhi 110048, Uttar Pradesh, India;
- Department of Orthopaedics, Government Medical College and Hospital, Dindigul 624304, Tamil Nadu, India
- Correspondence: (S.M.); (R.L.R.); (B.-C.A.); Tel.: +82-53-420-4914 (R.L.R.); +82-53-420-5583 (B.-C.A.)
| | - Prakash Gangadaran
- BK21 FOUR KNU Convergence Educational Program of Biomedical Sciences for Creative Future Talents, Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Korea;
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu 41944, Korea
| | - Rajni Ranjan
- Department of Orthopaedics, School of Medical Sciences and Research, Sharda University, Greater Noida 201306, Uttar Pradesh, India; (M.J.); (R.R.)
| | - Naveen Jeyaraman
- Department of Orthopaedics, Atlas Hospitals, Tiruchirappalli 620002, Tamil Nadu, India;
| | | | - Prabhu Chandra Mishra
- International Association of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine (IASRM), Greater Kailash, New Delhi 110048, Uttar Pradesh, India;
| | - Ramya Lakshmi Rajendran
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu 41944, Korea
- Correspondence: (S.M.); (R.L.R.); (B.-C.A.); Tel.: +82-53-420-4914 (R.L.R.); +82-53-420-5583 (B.-C.A.)
| | - Byeong-Cheol Ahn
- BK21 FOUR KNU Convergence Educational Program of Biomedical Sciences for Creative Future Talents, Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Korea;
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu 41944, Korea
- Correspondence: (S.M.); (R.L.R.); (B.-C.A.); Tel.: +82-53-420-4914 (R.L.R.); +82-53-420-5583 (B.-C.A.)
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Does Provisional Minifragment Fixation Prevent Compression With Dynamic Compression Plating? A Biomechanical Analysis. J Orthop Trauma 2021; 35:550-554. [PMID: 33935195 DOI: 10.1097/bot.0000000000002059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To compare the compressive force generated by a 3.5-mm compression plate with and without provisional fixation using a 2.0-mm minifragment plate. METHODS Fourth generation composite large humeral sawbones underwent transection and were divided into 2 groups. The first group underwent fixation with a 3.5-mm compression plate; the second group underwent provisional fixation with a 2.0-mm plate followed by definitive fixation using a 3.5-mm plate. Using a load cell, the compressive force generated was measured after insertion of each of 2 eccentrical placed screws and the total compression recorded. RESULTS There was no difference in the force generated after each successive compression screw (P = 0.59 and 0.58, respectively). Likewise, there was no significant difference in the total compression generated when the preload was accounted for (P = 0.93). CONCLUSION Provisional minifragment fixation does not have any adverse effect on the forces generated during compression plating. These findings suggest that provisional minifragment plates do not need to be removed before definitive fixation.
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Primary cilia in hard tissue development and diseases. Front Med 2021; 15:657-678. [PMID: 34515939 DOI: 10.1007/s11684-021-0829-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Bone and teeth are hard tissues. Hard tissue diseases have a serious effect on human survival and quality of life. Primary cilia are protrusions on the surfaces of cells. As antennas, they are distributed on the membrane surfaces of almost all mammalian cell types and participate in the development of organs and the maintenance of homeostasis. Mutations in cilium-related genes result in a variety of developmental and even lethal diseases. Patients with multiple ciliary gene mutations present overt changes in the skeletal system, suggesting that primary cilia are involved in hard tissue development and reconstruction. Furthermore, primary cilia act as sensors of external stimuli and regulate bone homeostasis. Specifically, substances are trafficked through primary cilia by intraflagellar transport, which affects key signaling pathways during hard tissue development. In this review, we summarize the roles of primary cilia in long bone development and remodeling from two perspectives: primary cilia signaling and sensory mechanisms. In addition, the cilium-related diseases of hard tissue and the manifestations of mutant cilia in the skeleton and teeth are described. We believe that all the findings will help with the intervention and treatment of related hard tissue genetic diseases.
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Langhans MT, Gao J, Tang Y, Wang B, Alexander P, Tuan RS. Wdpcp regulates cellular proliferation and differentiation in the developing limb via hedgehog signaling. BMC DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2021; 21:10. [PMID: 34225660 PMCID: PMC8258940 DOI: 10.1186/s12861-021-00241-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Background Mice with a loss of function mutation in Wdpcp were described previously to display severe birth defects in the developing heart, neural tube, and limb buds. Further characterization of the skeletal phenotype of Wdpcp null mice was limited by perinatal lethality. Results We utilized Prx1-Cre mice to generate limb bud mesenchyme specific deletion of Wdpcp. These mice recapitulated the appendicular skeletal phenotype of the Wdpcp null mice including polydactyl and limb bud signaling defects. Examination of late stages of limb development demonstrated decreased size of cartilage anlagen, delayed calcification, and abnormal growth plates. Utilizing in vitro assays, we demonstrated that loss of Wdpcp in skeletal progenitors lead to loss of hedgehog signaling responsiveness and associated proliferative response. In vitro chondrogenesis assays showed this loss of hedgehog and proliferative response was associated with decreased expression of early chondrogenic marker N-Cadherin. E14.5 forelimbs demonstrated delayed ossification and expression of osteoblast markers Runx2 and Sp7. P0 growth plates demonstrated loss of hedgehog signaling markers and expansion of the hypertrophic zones of the growth plate. In vitro osteogenesis assays demonstrated decreased osteogenic differentiation of Wdpcp null mesenchymal progenitors in response to hedgehog stimulation. Conclusions These findings demonstrate how Wdpcp and associated regulation of the hedgehog signaling pathway plays an important role at multiple stages of skeletal development. Wdpcp is necessary for positive regulation of hedgehog signaling and associated proliferation is key to the initiation of chondrogenesis. At later stages, Wdpcp facilitates the robust hedgehog response necessary for chondrocyte hypertrophy and osteogenic differentiation. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12861-021-00241-9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark T Langhans
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Center for Cellular and Molecular Engineering, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 450 Technology Drive, Pittsburgh, PA, 15219-3143, USA
| | - Jingtao Gao
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Center for Cellular and Molecular Engineering, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 450 Technology Drive, Pittsburgh, PA, 15219-3143, USA
| | - Ying Tang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Center for Cellular and Molecular Engineering, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 450 Technology Drive, Pittsburgh, PA, 15219-3143, USA
| | - Bing Wang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Center for Cellular and Molecular Engineering, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 450 Technology Drive, Pittsburgh, PA, 15219-3143, USA
| | - Peter Alexander
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Center for Cellular and Molecular Engineering, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 450 Technology Drive, Pittsburgh, PA, 15219-3143, USA
| | - Rocky S Tuan
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Center for Cellular and Molecular Engineering, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 450 Technology Drive, Pittsburgh, PA, 15219-3143, USA. .,Present Address: Institute for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, China.
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Sun Y, Yuan Y, Wu W, Lei L, Zhang L. The effects of locomotion on bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell fate: insight into mechanical regulation and bone formation. Cell Biosci 2021; 11:88. [PMID: 34001272 PMCID: PMC8130302 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-021-00601-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) refer to a heterogeneous population of cells with the capacity for self-renewal. BMSCs have multi-directional differentiation potential and can differentiate into chondrocytes, osteoblasts, and adipocytes under specific microenvironment or mechanical regulation. The activities of BMSCs are closely related to bone quality. Previous studies have shown that BMSCs and their lineage-differentiated progeny (for example, osteoblasts), and osteocytes are mechanosensitive in bone. Thus, a goal of this review is to discuss how these ubiquious signals arising from mechanical stimulation are perceived by BMSCs and then how the cells respond to them. Studies in recent years reported a significant effect of locomotion on the migration, proliferation and differentiation of BMSCs, thus, contributing to our bone mass. This regulation is realized by the various intersecting signaling pathways including RhoA/Rock, IFG, BMP and Wnt signalling. The mechanoresponse of BMSCs also provides guidance for maintaining bone health by taking appropriate exercises. This review will summarize the regulatory effects of locomotion/mechanical loading on BMSCs activities. Besides, a number of signalling pathways govern MSC fate towards osteogenic or adipocytic differentiation will be discussed. The understanding of mechanoresponse of BMSCs makes the foundation for translational medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanxiu Sun
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yu Yuan
- School of Sport and Health, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou, 510500, Guangdong, China
| | - Wei Wu
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Le Lei
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Lingli Zhang
- School of Physical Education & Sports Science, South China Normal University, 55 Zhongshan Road West, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, 510631, Guangdong, China.
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Activation of creER recombinase in the mouse calvaria induces local recombination without effects on distant skeletal segments. Sci Rep 2021; 11:8214. [PMID: 33859263 PMCID: PMC8050205 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-87611-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Conditional creER-mediated gene inactivation or gene induction has emerged as a robust tool for studying gene functions in mouse models of tissue development, homeostasis, and regeneration. Here, we present a method to conditionally induce cre recombination in the mouse calvarial bone while avoiding systemic recombination in distal bones. To test our method, we utilized Prx1creER-egfp;td-Tomato mice and delivered 4-hydroxytamoxifen (4-OHT) to the mouse calvaria, subperiosteally. First, we showed that two calvaria subperiosteal injections of 10 µg of 4-OHT (3.3 mg of 4-OHT/kg of body weight) can induce local recombination as efficiently as two intraperitoneal systemic injections of 200 μg of tamoxifen (70 mg of tamoxifen/kg of body weight). Then, we studied the recombination efficiency of various subperiosteal calvaria dosages and found that two subperiosteal injections of 5 µg 4-OHT (1.65 mg of 4-OHT/kg of body weight) uphold the same recombination efficiency observed with higher dosages. Importantly, the result indicated that the low dosage does not induce significant systemic recombination in remote skeletal tissues. With the proposed local low dosage protocol, the recombination efficiency at the injection site (calvarial bone) reached 94%, while the recombination efficiency at the mandible and the digits was as low as the efficiency measured in control animals.
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30
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Zhou S, Li G, Zhou T, Zhang S, Xue H, Geng J, Liu W, Sun Y. The role of IFT140 in early bone healing of tooth extraction sockets. Oral Dis 2021; 28:1188-1197. [PMID: 33682229 DOI: 10.1111/odi.13833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Revised: 02/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Primary cilium is a key organelle of regulating bone development and maintenance. The aim of this study is to investigate whether ciliary intraflagellar transporter protein 140 (IFT140) plays a positive role in extraction socket healing by promoting bone formation. MATERIALS AND METHODS A left maxillary first molar extraction model was established using 6-week-old Ift140flox/flox (Ctrl group) and Ift140flox/flox , Osx-cre (cKO group) mice. The maxillary bone samples from 1, 2, and 3 weeks were postoperatively evaluated by micro-CT, molecular biology, and histomorphometry analysis. Alveolar bone marrow stromal cells (aBMSCs) from 4-week-old mice were cultured in vitro and tested for proliferation and osteogenic ability. RESULTS Ciliated cells were predominantly observed in the early socket healing stage with highly expressed ciliary protein IFT140. Compared with the Ctrl group, the healing of extraction sockets in the cKO group was significantly delayed. The proliferation and osteogenic differentiation ability of aBMSCs were reduced in the cKO group. CONCLUSION IFT140 has a facilitating role in the early osteogenesis of extraction socket healing and is involved in regulating the proliferation and osteogenic differentiation of aBMSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Zhou
- Department of Implantology, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Tooth Restoration and Regeneration, Shanghai, China
| | - Gongchen Li
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Tooth Restoration and Regeneration, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tingting Zhou
- Department of Implantology, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Tooth Restoration and Regeneration, Shanghai, China
| | - Shuai Zhang
- Department of Implantology, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Tooth Restoration and Regeneration, Shanghai, China
| | - Hui Xue
- Department of Stomatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Qiqihaer Medical University, Qiqihaer, China
| | - Jiangyu Geng
- Department of Implantology, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Tooth Restoration and Regeneration, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenjing Liu
- Department of Implantology, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Tooth Restoration and Regeneration, Shanghai, China
| | - Yao Sun
- Department of Implantology, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Tooth Restoration and Regeneration, Shanghai, China
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Abstract
Gravity determines shape of body tissue and affects the functions of life, both in plants and animals. The cellular response to gravity is an active process of mechanotransduction. Although plants and animals share some common mechanisms of gravity sensing in spite of their distant phylogenetic origin, each species has its own mechanism to sense and respond to gravity. In this review, we discuss current understanding regarding the mechanisms of cellular gravity sensing in plants and animals. Understanding gravisensing also contributes to life on Earth, e.g., understanding osteoporosis and muscle atrophy. Furthermore, in the current age of Mars exploration, understanding cellular responses to gravity will form the foundation of living in space.
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Moore ER, Mathews OA, Yao Y, Yang Y. Prx1-expressing cells contributing to fracture repair require primary cilia for complete healing in mice. Bone 2021; 143:115738. [PMID: 33188955 PMCID: PMC7769995 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2020.115738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 10/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Bone is a dynamic organ that is continuously modified during development, load-induced adaptation, and fracture repair. Understanding the cellular and molecular mechanisms for natural fracture healing can lead to therapeutics that enhance the quality of newly formed tissue, advance the rate of healing, or replace the need for invasive surgical procedures. Prx1-expressing cells in the periosteum are thought to supply the majority of osteoblasts and chondrocytes in the fracture callus, but the exact mechanisms for this behavior are unknown. The primary cilium is a sensory organelle that is known to mediate several signaling pathways involved in fracture healing and required for Prx1-expressing cells to contribute to juvenile bone development and adult load-induced bone formation. We therefore investigated the role of Prx1-expressing cell primary cilia in fracture repair by developing a mouse model that enabled us to simultaneously track Prx1 lineage cell fate and disrupt Prx1-expressing cell primary cilia in vivo. The cilium KO mice exhibited abnormally large calluses with significantly decreased bone formation and persistent cartilage nodules. Analysis of mRNA expression in the early soft callus revealed downregulation of osteogenesis, Hh signaling, and Wnt signaling, and upregulation of chondrogenesis and angiogenesis. The mutant mice also exhibited decreased Osx and Periostin but increased αSMA and PECAM-1 protein expression in the hard callus. We further used a Gli1LacZ reporter and found that Hh signaling was significantly upregulated in the mutant callus at later stages of healing. Interestingly, altered protein expression and Hh signaling did not correlate with labeled Prx1-lineage cells, suggesting loss of cilia altered Hh signaling non-autonomously. Overall, cilium KO mice demonstrated severely delayed and incomplete fracture healing, and our findings suggest Prx1-expressing cell primary cilia are necessary to tune Hh signaling for proper fracture repair.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - O Amandhi Mathews
- Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA, USA; University of Dallas, Irving, TX, USA
| | - Yichen Yao
- Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA, USA; Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yingzi Yang
- Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
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Feng Y, Liu S, Zha R, Sun X, Li K, Robling A, Li B, Yokota H. Mechanical Loading-Driven Tumor Suppression Is Mediated by Lrp5-Dependent and Independent Mechanisms. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13020267. [PMID: 33450808 PMCID: PMC7828232 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13020267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2020] [Revised: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Advanced breast cancer and prostate cancer metastasize to varying organs including the bone. We show here that mechanical loading to the knee suppresses tumor growth in the loaded bone and the non-loaded mammary pad. Although lipoprotein receptor-related protein 5 (Lrp5) in osteocytes is necessary to induce loading-driven bone formation, loading-driven tumor suppression is regulated by Lrp5-dependent and independent mechanisms. Lrp5 overexpression in osteocytes enhances tumor suppression, but without Lrp5 in osteocytes, mechanical loading elevates dopamine, chemerin, p53, and TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) and reduces cholesterol and nexin. Their systemic changes contribute to inhibiting tumors without Lrp5. Osteoclast development is also inhibited by the load-driven regulation of chemerin and nexin. Abstract Bone is mechanosensitive and lipoprotein receptor-related protein 5 (Lrp5)-mediated Wnt signaling promotes loading-driven bone formation. While mechanical loading can suppress tumor growth, the question is whether Lrp5 mediates loading-driven tumor suppression. Herein, we examined the effect of Lrp5 using osteocyte-specific Lrp5 conditional knockout mice. All mice presented noticeable loading-driven tumor suppression in the loaded tibia and non-loaded mammary pad. The degree of suppression was more significant in wild-type than knockout mice. In all male and female mice, knee loading reduced cholesterol and elevated dopamine. It reduced tumor-promoting nexin, which was elevated by cholesterol and reduced by dopamine. By contrast, it elevated p53, TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL), and chemerin, and they were regulated reversely by dopamine and cholesterol. Notably, Lrp5 overexpression in osteocytes enhanced tumor suppression, and osteoclast development was inhibited by chemerin. Collectively, this study identified Lrp5-dependent and independent mechanisms for tumor suppression. Lrp5 in osteocytes contributed to the loaded bone, while the Lrp5-independent regulation of dopamine- and cholesterol-induced systemic suppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Feng
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China; (Y.F.); (R.Z.); (X.S.); (K.L.)
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA;
| | - Shengzhi Liu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA;
| | - Rongrong Zha
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China; (Y.F.); (R.Z.); (X.S.); (K.L.)
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA;
| | - Xun Sun
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China; (Y.F.); (R.Z.); (X.S.); (K.L.)
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA;
| | - Kexin Li
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China; (Y.F.); (R.Z.); (X.S.); (K.L.)
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA;
| | - Alexander Robling
- Department of Anatomy Cell Biology and Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA;
- Indiana Center for Musculoskeletal Health, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Baiyan Li
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China; (Y.F.); (R.Z.); (X.S.); (K.L.)
- Correspondence: (B.L.); (H.Y.); Tel.: +86-451-8667-1354 (B.L.); +317-278-5177 (H.Y.); Fax: +86-451-8667-1354 (B.L.); +317-278-2455 (H.Y.)
| | - Hiroki Yokota
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China; (Y.F.); (R.Z.); (X.S.); (K.L.)
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA;
- Department of Anatomy Cell Biology and Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA;
- Indiana Center for Musculoskeletal Health, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
- Simon Cancer Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
- Correspondence: (B.L.); (H.Y.); Tel.: +86-451-8667-1354 (B.L.); +317-278-5177 (H.Y.); Fax: +86-451-8667-1354 (B.L.); +317-278-2455 (H.Y.)
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Xiao H, Wang L, Zhang T, Chen C, Chen H, Li S, Hu J, Lu H. Periosteum progenitors could stimulate bone regeneration in aged murine bone defect model. J Cell Mol Med 2020; 24:12199-12210. [PMID: 32931157 PMCID: PMC7579685 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.15891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Revised: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Periosteal stem cells are critical for bone regeneration, while the numbers will decrease with age. This study focused on whether Prx1+ cell, a kind of periosteal stem cell, could stimulate bone regeneration in aged mice. Four weeks and 12 months old Prx1CreER‐GFP; Rosa26tdTomato mice were used to reveal the degree of Prx1+ cells participating in the femoral fracture healing procedure. One week, 8 weeks, 12 and 24 months old Prx1CreER‐GFP mice were used to analyse the real‐time distribution of Prx1+ cells. Twelve months old C57BL/6 male mice (n = 96) were used to create the bone defect model and, respectively, received hydrogel, hydrogel with Prx1− mesenchymal stem cells and hydrogel with Prx1+ cells. H&E staining, Synchrotron radiation‐microcomputed tomography and mechanical test were used to analyse the healing results. The results showed that tdTomato+ cells were involved in bone regeneration, especially in young mice. At the same time, GFP+ cells decreased significantly with age. The Prx1+ cells group could significantly improve bone regeneration in the murine bone defect model via directly differentiating into osteoblasts and had better osteogenic differentiation ability than Prx1− mesenchymal stem cells. Our finding revealed that the quantity of Prx1+ cells might account for decreased bone regeneration ability in aged mice, and transplantation of Prx1+ cells could improve bone regeneration at the bone defect site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Xiao
- Department of Sports Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Key Laboratory of Organ Injury, Aging and Regenerative Medicine of Hunan Province, Changsha, China.,Xiangya Hospital-International Chinese Musculoskeletal Research Society Sports Medicine Research Centre, Changsha, China.,Hunan Engineering Research Center of Sport and Health, Changsha, China
| | - Linfeng Wang
- Department of Sports Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Key Laboratory of Organ Injury, Aging and Regenerative Medicine of Hunan Province, Changsha, China.,Xiangya Hospital-International Chinese Musculoskeletal Research Society Sports Medicine Research Centre, Changsha, China.,Hunan Engineering Research Center of Sport and Health, Changsha, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- Department of Sports Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Key Laboratory of Organ Injury, Aging and Regenerative Medicine of Hunan Province, Changsha, China.,Xiangya Hospital-International Chinese Musculoskeletal Research Society Sports Medicine Research Centre, Changsha, China.,Hunan Engineering Research Center of Sport and Health, Changsha, China
| | - Can Chen
- Department of Sports Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Key Laboratory of Organ Injury, Aging and Regenerative Medicine of Hunan Province, Changsha, China.,Xiangya Hospital-International Chinese Musculoskeletal Research Society Sports Medicine Research Centre, Changsha, China.,Hunan Engineering Research Center of Sport and Health, Changsha, China
| | - Huabin Chen
- Department of Sports Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Key Laboratory of Organ Injury, Aging and Regenerative Medicine of Hunan Province, Changsha, China.,Xiangya Hospital-International Chinese Musculoskeletal Research Society Sports Medicine Research Centre, Changsha, China.,Hunan Engineering Research Center of Sport and Health, Changsha, China
| | - Shengcan Li
- Department of Sports Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Key Laboratory of Organ Injury, Aging and Regenerative Medicine of Hunan Province, Changsha, China.,Xiangya Hospital-International Chinese Musculoskeletal Research Society Sports Medicine Research Centre, Changsha, China.,Hunan Engineering Research Center of Sport and Health, Changsha, China
| | - Jianzhong Hu
- Key Laboratory of Organ Injury, Aging and Regenerative Medicine of Hunan Province, Changsha, China.,Xiangya Hospital-International Chinese Musculoskeletal Research Society Sports Medicine Research Centre, Changsha, China.,Hunan Engineering Research Center of Sport and Health, Changsha, China.,Department of Spine Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Hongbin Lu
- Department of Sports Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Key Laboratory of Organ Injury, Aging and Regenerative Medicine of Hunan Province, Changsha, China.,Xiangya Hospital-International Chinese Musculoskeletal Research Society Sports Medicine Research Centre, Changsha, China.,Hunan Engineering Research Center of Sport and Health, Changsha, China
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Zannit HM, Brodt MD, Silva MJ. Proliferating osteoblasts are necessary for maximal bone anabolic response to loading in mice. FASEB J 2020; 34:12739-12750. [PMID: 32744762 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202000614r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Revised: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Following mechanical loading, osteoblasts may arise via activation, differentiation, or proliferation to form bone. Our objective was to ablate proliferating osteoblast lineage cells in order to investigate the importance of these cells as a source for loading-induced bone formation. We utilized 3.6Col1a1-tk mice in which replicating osteoblast lineage cells can be ablated in an inducible manner using ganciclovir (GCV). Male and female mice were aged to 5- and 12-months and subjected to 5 days of tibial compression. "Experimental" mice were tk-positive, treated with GCV; "control" mice were either tk-negative treated with GCV, or tk-positive treated with PBS. We confirmed that experimental mice had a decrease in tk-positive cells that arose from proliferation. Next, we assessed bone formation after loading to low (7N) and high (11N) forces and observed that periosteal bone formation rate in experimental mice was reduced by approximately 70% for both forces. Remarkably, woven bone formation induced by high-force loading was blocked in experimental mice. Loading-induced lamellar bone formation was diminished but not prevented in experimental mice. We conclude that osteoblast proliferation induced by mechanical loading is a critical source of bone forming osteoblasts for maximal lamellar formation and is essential for woven bone formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather M Zannit
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Orthopaedic Surgery, Musculoskeletal Research Center, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Michael D Brodt
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Orthopaedic Surgery, Musculoskeletal Research Center, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Matthew J Silva
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Orthopaedic Surgery, Musculoskeletal Research Center, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA
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36
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Hedgehog signaling is necessary and sufficient to mediate craniofacial plasticity in teleosts. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:19321-19327. [PMID: 32719137 PMCID: PMC7431006 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1921856117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Phenotypic plasticity has emerged as an important concept in evolutionary biology. It is thought to contribute to an organism’s ability to adapt to environmental change within a single generation, which may facilitate survival and increase fitness. Furthermore, plasticity has the potential to bias the direction and/or speed of evolution by changing patterns of phenotypic variation and exposing new genetic variation to selection (i.e., flexible stem evolution). Our understanding of this important phenomenon is incomplete owing to limited knowledge of the molecular underpinnings of reaction norm evolution. Using the teleost feeding apparatus as a model, we explore this open question and show that the Hh signaling pathway underlies the ability of this structure to respond plastically to alternate feeding regimes. Phenotypic plasticity, the ability of a single genotype to produce multiple phenotypes under different environmental conditions, is critical for the origins and maintenance of biodiversity; however, the genetic mechanisms underlying plasticity as well as how variation in those mechanisms can drive evolutionary change remain poorly understood. Here, we examine the cichlid feeding apparatus, an icon of both prodigious evolutionary divergence and adaptive phenotypic plasticity. We first provide a tissue-level mechanism for plasticity in craniofacial shape by measuring rates of bone deposition within functionally salient elements of the feeding apparatus in fishes forced to employ alternate foraging modes. We show that levels and patterns of phenotypic plasticity are distinct among closely related cichlid species, underscoring the evolutionary potential of this trait. Next, we demonstrate that hedgehog (Hh) signaling, which has been implicated in the evolutionary divergence of cichlid feeding architecture, is associated with environmentally induced rates of bone deposition. Finally, to demonstrate that Hh levels are the cause of the plastic response and not simply the consequence of producing more bone, we use transgenic zebrafish in which Hh levels could be experimentally manipulated under different foraging conditions. Notably, we find that the ability to modulate bone deposition rates in different environments is dampened when Hh levels are reduced, whereas the sensitivity of bone deposition to different mechanical demands increases with elevated Hh levels. These data advance a mechanistic understanding of phenotypic plasticity in the teleost feeding apparatus and in doing so contribute key insights into the origins of adaptive morphological radiations.
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Matthews BG, Wee NKY, Widjaja VN, Price JS, Kalajzic I, Windahl SH. αSMA Osteoprogenitor Cells Contribute to the Increase in Osteoblast Numbers in Response to Mechanical Loading. Calcif Tissue Int 2020; 106:208-217. [PMID: 31673746 PMCID: PMC6995756 DOI: 10.1007/s00223-019-00624-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Bone is a dynamic tissue that site-specifically adapts to the load that it experiences. In response to increasing load, the cortical bone area is increased, mainly through enhanced periosteal bone formation. This increase in area is associated with an increase in the number of bone-forming osteoblasts; however, the origin of the cells involved remains unclear. Alpha-smooth muscle actin (αSMA) is a marker of early osteoprogenitor cells in the periosteum, and we hypothesized that the new osteoblasts that are activated by loading could originate from αSMA-expressing cells. Therefore, we used an in vivo fate-mapping approach in an established axial loading model to investigate the role of αSMA-expressing cells in the load-induced increase in osteoblasts. Histomorphometric analysis was applied to measure the number of cells of different origin on the periosteal surface in the most load-responsive region of the mouse tibia. A single loading session failed to increase the number of periosteal αSMA-expressing cells and osteoblasts. However, in response to multiple episodes of loading, the caudal, but not the cranial, periosteal surface was lined with an increased number of osteoblasts originating from αSMA-expressing cells 5 days after the initial loading session. The proportion of osteoblasts derived from αSMA-labeled progenitors increased by 70% (p < 0.05), and the proportion of αSMA-labeled cells that had differentiated into osteoblasts was doubled. We conclude that αSMA-expressing osteoprogenitors can differentiate and contribute to the increase in periosteal osteoblasts induced by mechanical loading in a site-specific manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- B G Matthews
- Department of Reconstructive Sciences, UConn Health, Farmington, CT, USA
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - N K Y Wee
- Department of Reconstructive Sciences, UConn Health, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - V N Widjaja
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - J S Price
- School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Royal Agricultural University, Cirencester, UK
| | - I Kalajzic
- Department of Reconstructive Sciences, UConn Health, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - S H Windahl
- School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.
- Division of Pathology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden.
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Bowie E, Goetz SC. TTBK2 and primary cilia are essential for the connectivity and survival of cerebellar Purkinje neurons. eLife 2020; 9:51166. [PMID: 31934864 PMCID: PMC7028366 DOI: 10.7554/elife.51166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary cilia are vital signaling organelles that extend from most types of cells, including neurons and glia. These structures are essential for development of many tissues and organs; however, their function in adult tissues, particularly neurons in the brain, remains largely unknown. Tau tubulin kinase 2 (TTBK2) is a critical regulator of ciliogenesis, and is also mutated in a hereditary neurodegenerative disorder, spinocerebellar ataxia type 11 (SCA11). Here, we show that conditional knockout of Ttbk2 in adult mice results in degenerative cerebellar phenotypes that recapitulate aspects of SCA11 including motor coordination deficits and defects to Purkinje cell (PC) integrity. We also find that the Ttbk2 conditional mutant mice quickly lose cilia throughout the brain. We show that conditional knockout of the key ciliary trafficking gene Ift88 in adult mice results in nearly identical cerebellar phenotypes to those of the Ttbk2 knockout, indicating that disruption of ciliary signaling is a key driver of these phenotypes. Our data suggest that primary cilia play an integral role in maintaining the function of PCs in the adult cerebellum and reveal novel insights into mechanisms involved in neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Bowie
- University Program in Genetics and Genomics, Duke University, Durham, United States
| | - Sarah C Goetz
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University, Durham, United States
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Moore ER, Chen JC, Jacobs CR. Prx1-Expressing Progenitor Primary Cilia Mediate Bone Formation in response to Mechanical Loading in Mice. Stem Cells Int 2019; 2019:3094154. [PMID: 31814831 PMCID: PMC6877967 DOI: 10.1155/2019/3094154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2019] [Revised: 09/14/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Increases in mechanical loading can enhance the addition of new bone, altering geometry and density such that bones better withstand higher forces. Bone-forming osteoblasts have long been thought to originate from progenitors, but the exact source is yet to be identified. Previous studies indicate osteogenic precursors arise from Prx1-expressing progenitors during embryonic development and adult fracture repair. However, it is unknown whether this cell population is also a source for mechanically induced active osteoblasts. We first identified that Prx1 is expressed in skeletally mature mouse periosteum, a thin tissue covering the surface of the bone that is rich in osteoprogenitors. We then traced Prx1 progenitor lineage using a transgenic mouse model carrying both a Prx1-driven tamoxifen-inducible Cre and a ROSA-driven lacZ reporter gene. Cells that expressed Prx1 when compressive axial loading was applied were detected within the cortical bone days after stimulation, indicating osteocytes are of Prx1-expressing cell origin. In addition, we evaluated how these cells sense and respond to physical stimulation in vivo by disrupting their primary cilia, which are antenna-like sensory organelles known to enhance mechanical and chemical signaling kinetics. Although Prx1-driven primary cilium disruption did not affect osteoblast recruitment to the bone surface, the relative mineral apposition and bone formation rates were decreased by 53% and 34%, respectively. Thus, this cell population contributes to load-induced bone formation, and primary cilia are needed for a complete response. Interestingly, Prx1-expressing progenitors are easily extracted from periosteum and are perhaps an attractive alternative to marrow stem cells for bone tissue regeneration strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily R. Moore
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, 500 W 120th Street New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Julia C. Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, 500 W 120th Street New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Christopher R. Jacobs
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, 500 W 120th Street New York, NY 10027, USA
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Cabahug-Zuckerman P, Liu C, Cai C, Mahaffey I, Norman SC, Cole W, Castillo AB. Site-Specific Load-Induced Expansion of Sca-1 +Prrx1 + and Sca-1 -Prrx1 + Cells in Adult Mouse Long Bone Is Attenuated With Age. JBMR Plus 2019; 3:e10199. [PMID: 31667455 PMCID: PMC6808224 DOI: 10.1002/jbm4.10199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Revised: 04/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Aging is associated with significant bone loss and increased fracture risk, which has been attributed to a diminished response to anabolic mechanical loading. In adults, skeletal progenitors proliferate and differentiate into bone‐forming osteoblasts in response to increasing mechanical stimuli, though the effects of aging on this response are not well‐understood. Here we show that both adult and aged mice exhibit load‐induced periosteal bone formation, though the response is significantly attenuated with age. We also show that the acute response of adult bone to loading involves expansion of Sca‐1+Prrx1+ and Sca‐1−Prrx1+ cells in the periosteum. On the endosteal surface, loading enhances proliferation of both these cell populations, though the response is delayed by 2 days relative to the periosteal surface. In contrast to the periosteum and endosteum, the marrow does not exhibit increased proliferation of Sca‐1+Prrx1+ cells, but only of Sca‐1−Prrx1+ cells, underscoring fundamental differences in how the stem cell niche in distinct bone envelopes respond to mechanical stimuli. Notably, the proliferative response to loading is absent in aged bone even though there are similar baseline numbers of Prrx1 + cells in the periosteum and endosteum, suggesting that the proliferative capacity of progenitors is attenuated with age, and proliferation of the Sca‐1+Prrx1+ population is critical for load‐induced periosteal bone formation. These findings provide a basis for the development of novel therapeutics targeting these cell populations to enhance osteogenesis for overcoming age‐related bone loss. © 2019 The Authors. JBMR Plus published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela Cabahug-Zuckerman
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery NYU Langone Health, New York University New York NY USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering Tandon School of Engineering, New York University New York NY USA.,Rehabilitation Research and Development Veterans Affairs New York Harbor Healthcare System New York NY USA
| | - Chao Liu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery NYU Langone Health, New York University New York NY USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering Tandon School of Engineering, New York University New York NY USA.,Rehabilitation Research and Development Veterans Affairs New York Harbor Healthcare System New York NY USA
| | - Cinyee Cai
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery NYU Langone Health, New York University New York NY USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering Tandon School of Engineering, New York University New York NY USA
| | - Ian Mahaffey
- Rehabilitation Research and Development Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Healthcare System Palo Alto CA USA
| | - Stephanie C Norman
- Rehabilitation Research and Development Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Healthcare System Palo Alto CA USA
| | - Whitney Cole
- Rehabilitation Research and Development Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Healthcare System Palo Alto CA USA
| | - Alesha B Castillo
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery NYU Langone Health, New York University New York NY USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering Tandon School of Engineering, New York University New York NY USA.,Rehabilitation Research and Development Veterans Affairs New York Harbor Healthcare System New York NY USA
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Pamphlett R, Kum Jew S. Mercury Is Taken Up Selectively by Cells Involved in Joint, Bone, and Connective Tissue Disorders. Front Med (Lausanne) 2019; 6:168. [PMID: 31380381 PMCID: PMC6659129 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2019.00168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The causes of most arthropathies, osteoarthritis, and connective tissue disorders remain unknown, but exposure to toxic metals could play a part in their pathogenesis. Human exposure to mercury is common, so to determine whether mercury could be affecting joints, bones, and connective tissues we used a histochemical method to determine the cellular uptake of mercury in mice. Whole neonatal mice were examined since this allowed histological assessment of mercury in joint, bone, and connective tissue cells. Materials and Methods: Pregnant mice were exposed to a non-toxic dose of 0.5 mg/m3 of mercury vapor for 4 h a day on gestational days 14-18. Neonates were sacrificed at postnatal day 1, fixed in formalin, and transverse blocks of the body were processed for paraffin embedding. Seven micrometer sections were stained for inorganic mercury using silver nitrate autometallography, either alone or combined with CD44 immunostaining to detect progenitor cells. Control neonates were not exposed to mercury during gestation. Results: Uptake of mercury was marked in synovial cells, articular chondrocytes, and periosteal and tracheal cartilage cells. Mercury was seen in fibroblasts in the dermis, aorta, esophagus and striated muscle, some of which were CD44-positive progenitor cells, and in the endothelial cells of small blood vessels. Mercury was also present in renal tubules and liver periportal cells. Conclusions: Mercury is taken up selectively by cells that are predominantly affected in rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis. In addition, fibroblasts in several organs often involved in multisystem connective tissue disorders take up mercury. Mercury provokes the autoimmune, inflammatory, genetic, and epigenetic changes that have been described in a range of arthropathies and bone and connective tissue disorders. These findings support the hypothesis that mercury exposure could trigger some of these disorders, particularly in people with a genetic susceptibility to autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger Pamphlett
- Discipline of Pathology, Brain and Mind Centre, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Department of Neuropathology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Stephen Kum Jew
- Discipline of Pathology, Brain and Mind Centre, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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42
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Wang Y, Chen L, Kang M, Ling L, Tian F, Won-Kim SH, Ho S, Bikle DD. The Fracture Callus Is Formed by Progenitors of Different Skeletal Origins in a Site-Specific Manner. JBMR Plus 2019; 3:e10193. [PMID: 31667451 PMCID: PMC6808225 DOI: 10.1002/jbm4.10193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2019] [Revised: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
We evaluated repair following a mid‐diaphyseal fracture of the tibia in 3‐month‐old mice. We observed differences in the repair process at three different sites of the callus. Site 1: bone developing from the outer layer of the periosteum of the cortex; site 2: bone developing within the bridge/central region of the fracture; and site 3: bone developing within the marrow of the ends of broken bones. We characterized these sites by correlating datasets from X‐ray CT and histology. Correlated data demonstrated the involvement of different cells and different rates of mineralization. The origin of the progenitors and mechanism of progenitor differentiation involved at these sites was then evaluated using lineage tracing of cells expressing Prx1 and Col.2. The Prx1 progeny contributed to intramembranous bone formation (IBF) at site 1 and endochondral bone formation (EndoBF) at site 2 but not to intramedullary bone formation (IMBF) at site 3. IBF at site 1 was confirmed without a chondrocyte intermediate unlike EndoBF at site 2. Additionally, the presence of Col.2 progeny contributed to EndoBF in site 2 and IMBF in site 3 but not to IBF in site 1. However, the Col.2 progeny in IMBF in site 3 appeared to come from Col.2‐expressing osteocytes originating in the cortices of the ends of the fractured bone. In conclusion we have identified three sites of bone fracture repair that differ in their origin of cells and their mechanisms of bone formation. © 2019 The Authors JBMR Plus published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongmei Wang
- Endocrine Unit, University of California San Francisco and Veterans Affairs Medical Center San Francisco CA USA
| | - Ling Chen
- Bioengineering & Biomaterials Micro-CT and Imaging Facility University of California, San Francisco San Francisco CA USA
| | - Misun Kang
- Bioengineering & Biomaterials Micro-CT and Imaging Facility University of California, San Francisco San Francisco CA USA
| | - Lin Ling
- Endocrine Unit, University of California San Francisco and Veterans Affairs Medical Center San Francisco CA USA
| | - Faming Tian
- Endocrine Unit, University of California San Francisco and Veterans Affairs Medical Center San Francisco CA USA
| | - Sun Hee Won-Kim
- Endocrine Unit, University of California San Francisco and Veterans Affairs Medical Center San Francisco CA USA
| | - Sunita Ho
- Bioengineering & Biomaterials Micro-CT and Imaging Facility University of California, San Francisco San Francisco CA USA
| | - Daniel D Bikle
- Endocrine Unit, University of California San Francisco and Veterans Affairs Medical Center San Francisco CA USA
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43
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Moore ER, Zhu YX, Ryu HS, Jacobs CR. Correction to: Periosteal progenitors contribute to load-induced bone formation in adult mice and require primary cilia to sense mechanical stimulation. Stem Cell Res Ther 2018; 9:229. [PMID: 30153854 PMCID: PMC6114857 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-018-0975-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Revised: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Emily R Moore
- Columbia University Department of Biomedical Engineering, 500 W 120th St, New York, NY, 10027, USA.
| | - Ya Xing Zhu
- Columbia University Department of Biomedical Engineering, 500 W 120th St, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Han Seul Ryu
- Columbia University Department of Biomedical Engineering, 500 W 120th St, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Christopher R Jacobs
- Columbia University Department of Biomedical Engineering, 500 W 120th St, New York, NY, 10027, USA
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