1
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Zhang Q, Zhang Y, Jiu Y. Host caveolin-1 facilitates Zika virus infection by promoting viral RNA replication. J Cell Sci 2024; 137:jcs261877. [PMID: 38660993 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.261877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) has gained notoriety in recent years because there are no targeted therapies or vaccines available so far. Caveolin-1 (Cav-1) in host cells plays crucial functions in the invasion of many viruses. However, its specific involvement in ZIKV infection has remained unclear. Here, we reveal that depleting Cav-1 leads to a substantial reduction in ZIKV RNA levels, protein expression and viral particle production, indicating that ZIKV exploits Cav-1 for its infection. By dissecting each stage of the viral life cycle, we unveil that, unlike its invasion role in many other viruses, Cav-1 depletion selectively impairs ZIKV replication, resulting in altered replication dynamics and reduced strand-specific RNA levels, but does not affect viral entry, maturation and release. These results reveal an unforeseen function of Cav-1 in facilitating ZIKV replication, which provides new insights into the intricate interaction between Cav-1 and ZIKV and underscores Cav-1 as a potential candidate for anti-ZIKV approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Zhang
- Unit of Cell Biology and Imaging Study of Pathogen Host Interaction, The Center for Microbes, Development and Health, Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Shanghai Institute of Immunity and Infection, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Yue Zhang
- Unit of Cell Biology and Imaging Study of Pathogen Host Interaction, The Center for Microbes, Development and Health, Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Shanghai Institute of Immunity and Infection, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yuquan Road No. 19(A), Shijingshan District, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yaming Jiu
- Unit of Cell Biology and Imaging Study of Pathogen Host Interaction, The Center for Microbes, Development and Health, Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Shanghai Institute of Immunity and Infection, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yuquan Road No. 19(A), Shijingshan District, Beijing 100049, China
- Key Laboratory of Virology and Biosafety, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
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2
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Li S, Xiao D, Zhang L, Chen R, Song D, Wen Y, Wu R, Zhao Q, Du S, Yan Q, Cao S, Huang X. Porcine deltacoronavirus enters ST cells by clathrin-mediated endocytosis and does not require Rab5, Rab7, or Rab11. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0255323. [PMID: 37962380 PMCID: PMC10714841 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02553-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV) is a newly emerged enteric virus threatening pig industries worldwide. Our previous work showed that PDCoV enters porcine kidney (PK-15) cells through a caveolae-dependent pathway, but the entry mechanism for PDCoV into swine testicle (ST) cells remains unclear. Mechanisms of virus entry can be different with different virus isolates and cell types. Here, we determined that PDCoV enters ST cells via clathrin-mediated endocytosis. Additionally, we found that PDCoV entry does not require Rab5, Rab7, or Rab11. These findings provide additional understanding of the entry mechanisms of PDCoV and possible antiviral targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiqian Li
- Research Center for Swine Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Dai Xiao
- Research Center for Swine Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Luwen Zhang
- Research Center for Swine Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Rui Chen
- Research Center for Swine Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Daili Song
- Research Center for Swine Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yiping Wen
- Research Center for Swine Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Rui Wu
- Research Center for Swine Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qin Zhao
- Research Center for Swine Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Senyan Du
- Research Center for Swine Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qigui Yan
- Research Center for Swine Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Sanjie Cao
- Research Center for Swine Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Sichuan Science-Observation Experimental Station for Veterinary Drugs and Veterinary Diagnostic Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Chengdu, China
- National Animal Experiments Teaching Demonstration Center, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaobo Huang
- Research Center for Swine Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Sichuan Science-Observation Experimental Station for Veterinary Drugs and Veterinary Diagnostic Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Chengdu, China
- National Animal Experiments Teaching Demonstration Center, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
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3
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Giriyappagoudar M, Vastrad B, Horakeri R, Vastrad C. Study on Potential Differentially Expressed Genes in Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis by Bioinformatics and Next-Generation Sequencing Data Analysis. Biomedicines 2023; 11:3109. [PMID: 38137330 PMCID: PMC10740779 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11123109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a chronic progressive lung disease with reduced quality of life and earlier mortality, but its pathogenesis and key genes are still unclear. In this investigation, bioinformatics was used to deeply analyze the pathogenesis of IPF and related key genes, so as to investigate the potential molecular pathogenesis of IPF and provide guidance for clinical treatment. Next-generation sequencing dataset GSE213001 was obtained from Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO), and the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified between IPF and normal control group. The DEGs between IPF and normal control group were screened with the DESeq2 package of R language. The Gene Ontology (GO) and REACTOME pathway enrichment analyses of the DEGs were performed. Using the g:Profiler, the function and pathway enrichment analyses of DEGs were performed. Then, a protein-protein interaction (PPI) network was constructed via the Integrated Interactions Database (IID) database. Cytoscape with Network Analyzer was used to identify the hub genes. miRNet and NetworkAnalyst databaseswereused to construct the targeted microRNAs (miRNAs), transcription factors (TFs), and small drug molecules. Finally, receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was used to validate the hub genes. A total of 958 DEGs were screened out in this study, including 479 up regulated genes and 479 down regulated genes. Most of the DEGs were significantly enriched in response to stimulus, GPCR ligand binding, microtubule-based process, and defective GALNT3 causes HFTC. In combination with the results of the PPI network, miRNA-hub gene regulatory network and TF-hub gene regulatory network, hub genes including LRRK2, BMI1, EBP, MNDA, KBTBD7, KRT15, OTX1, TEKT4, SPAG8, and EFHC2 were selected. Cyclothiazide and rotigotinethe are predicted small drug molecules for IPF treatment. Our findings will contribute to identification of potential biomarkers and novel strategies for the treatment of IPF, and provide a novel strategy for clinical therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muttanagouda Giriyappagoudar
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Karnataka Institute of Medical Sciences (KIMS), Hubballi 580022, Karnataka, India;
| | - Basavaraj Vastrad
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, K.L.E. Socitey’s College of Pharmacy, Gadag 582101, Karnataka, India;
| | - Rajeshwari Horakeri
- Department of Computer Science, Govt First Grade College, Hubballi 580032, Karnataka, India;
| | - Chanabasayya Vastrad
- Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Chanabasava Nilaya, Bharthinagar, Dharwad 580001, Karnataka, India
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4
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Caillet C, Stofberg ML, Muleya V, Shonhai A, Zininga T. Host cell stress response as a predictor of COVID-19 infectivity and disease progression. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:938099. [PMID: 36032680 PMCID: PMC9411049 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.938099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) caused by a coronavirus identified in December 2019 has caused a global pandemic. COVID-19 was declared a pandemic in March 2020 and has led to more than 6.3 million deaths. The pandemic has disrupted world travel, economies, and lifestyles worldwide. Although vaccination has been an effective tool to reduce the severity and spread of the disease there is a need for more concerted approaches to fighting the disease. COVID-19 is characterised as a severe acute respiratory syndrome . The severity of the disease is associated with a battery of comorbidities such as cardiovascular diseases, cancer, chronic lung disease, and renal disease. These underlying diseases are associated with general cellular stress. Thus, COVID-19 exacerbates outcomes of the underlying conditions. Consequently, coronavirus infection and the various underlying conditions converge to present a combined strain on the cellular response. While the host response to the stress is primarily intended to be of benefit, the outcomes are occasionally unpredictable because the cellular stress response is a function of complex factors. This review discusses the role of the host stress response as a convergent point for COVID-19 and several non-communicable diseases. We further discuss the merits of targeting the host stress response to manage the clinical outcomes of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celine Caillet
- Department of Biochemistry, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | | | - Victor Muleya
- Department of Biochemistry, Midlands State University, Gweru, Zimbabwe
| | - Addmore Shonhai
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Venda, Thohoyandou, South Africa
| | - Tawanda Zininga
- Department of Biochemistry, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
- *Correspondence: Tawanda Zininga,
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Porcine Deltacoronavirus (PDCoV) Entry into PK-15 Cells by Caveolae-Mediated Endocytosis. Viruses 2022; 14:v14030496. [PMID: 35336903 PMCID: PMC8950576 DOI: 10.3390/v14030496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 02/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV) is a newly emerged enteric virus affecting pig breeding industries worldwide, and its pathogenic mechanism remains unclear. (2) Methods: In this study, we preliminarily identified the endocytic pathway of PDCoV in PK-15 cells, using six chemical inhibitors (targeting clathrin-mediated endocytosis, caveolae-mediated endocytosis, macropinocytosis pathway and endosomal acidification), overexpression of dominant-negative (DN) mutants to treat PK-15 cells and proteins knockdown. (3) Results: The results revealed that PDCoV entry was not affected after treatment with chlorpromazine (CPZ), 5-(N-ethyl-N-isopropyl) amiloride (EIPA)or ammonium chloride (NH4Cl), indicating that the entry of PDCoV into PK-15 cells were clathrin-, micropinocytosis-, PH-independent endocytosis. Conversely, PDCoV infection was sensitive to nystatin, dynasore and methyl-β-cyclodextrin (MβCD) with reduced PDCoV internalization, indicating that entry of PDCoV into PK-15 cells was caveolae-mediated endocytosis that required dynamin and cholesterol; indirect immunofluorescence and shRNA interference further validated these results. (4) Conclusions: In conclusion, PDCoV entry into PK-15 cells depends on caveolae-mediated endocytosis, which requires cholesterol and dynamin. Our finding is the first initial identification of the endocytic pathway of PDCoV in PK-15 cells, providing a theoretical basis for an in-depth understanding of the pathogenic mechanism of PDCoV and the design of new antiviral targets.
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6
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Glebov OO. Low-Dose Fluvoxamine Modulates Endocytic Trafficking of SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein: A Potential Mechanism for Anti-COVID-19 Protection by Antidepressants. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:787261. [PMID: 34975483 PMCID: PMC8716620 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.787261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Commonly prescribed antidepressants may be associated with protection against severe COVID-19. The mechanism of their action in this context, however, remains unknown. Here, I investigated the effect of an antidepressant drug fluvoxamine on membrane trafficking of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein and its cell host receptor ACE2 in HEK293T cells. A sub-therapeutic concentration (80 nM) of fluvoxamine rapidly upregulated fluid-phase endocytosis, resulting in enhanced accumulation of the spike-ACE2 complex in enlarged early endosomes. Diversion of endosomal trafficking provides a simple cell biological mechanism consistent with the protective effect of antidepressants against COVID-19, highlighting their therapeutic and prophylactic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleg O. Glebov
- Institute of Neuroregeneration and Neurorehabilitation, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
- Department of Old Age Psychiatry, The Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
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7
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Makvandi P, Chen M, Sartorius R, Zarrabi A, Ashrafizadeh M, Dabbagh Moghaddam F, Ma J, Mattoli V, Tay FR. Endocytosis of abiotic nanomaterials and nanobiovectors: Inhibition of membrane trafficking. NANO TODAY 2021; 40:101279. [PMID: 34518771 PMCID: PMC8425779 DOI: 10.1016/j.nantod.2021.101279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Humans are exposed to nanoscopical nanobiovectors (e.g. coronavirus SARS-CoV-2) as well as abiotic metal/carbon-based nanomaterials that enter cells serendipitously or intentionally. Understanding the interactions of cell membranes with these abiotic and biotic nanostructures will facilitate scientists to design better functional nanomaterials for biomedical applications. Such knowledge will also provide important clues for the control of viral infections and the treatment of virus-induced infectious diseases. In the present review, the mechanisms of endocytosis are reviewed in the context of how nanomaterials are uptaken into cells. This is followed by a detailed discussion of the attributes of man-made nanomaterials (e.g. size, shape, surface functional groups and elasticity) that affect endocytosis, as well as the different human cell types that participate in the endocytosis of nanomaterials. Readers are then introduced to the concept of viruses as nature-derived nanoparticles. The mechanisms in which different classes of viruses interact with various cell types to gain entry into the human body are reviewed with examples published over the last five years. These basic tenets will enable the avid reader to design advanced drug delivery and gene transfer nanoplatforms that harness the knowledge acquired from endocytosis to improve their biomedical efficacy. The review winds up with a discussion on the hurdles to be addressed in mimicking the natural mechanisms of endocytosis in nanomaterials design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pooyan Makvandi
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Centre for Materials Interfaces, Viale Rinaldo Piaggio 34, 56025 Pontedera, Pisa, Italy
| | - Meiling Chen
- Department of Stomatology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Rossella Sartorius
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology (IBBC), National Research Council (CNR), Naples 80131, Italy
| | - Ali Zarrabi
- Sabanci University Nanotechnology Research and Application Center (SUNUM), Tuzla, Istanbul 34956, Turkey
| | - Milad Ashrafizadeh
- Sabanci University Nanotechnology Research and Application Center (SUNUM), Tuzla, Istanbul 34956, Turkey
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Sabanci University, Orta Mahalle, Üniversite Caddesi No. 27, Orhanlı, Tuzla, 34956 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Farnaz Dabbagh Moghaddam
- Department of Biology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran 1477893855, Iran
| | - Jingzhi Ma
- Department of Stomatology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Virgilio Mattoli
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Centre for Materials Interfaces, Viale Rinaldo Piaggio 34, 56025 Pontedera, Pisa, Italy
| | - Franklin R Tay
- The Graduate School, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, United States
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8
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Sun J, Fahmi NA, Nassereddeen H, Cheng S, Martinez I, Fan D, Yong J, Zhang W. Computational Methods to Study Human Transcript Variants in COVID-19 Infected Lung Cancer Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:9684. [PMID: 34575842 PMCID: PMC8464664 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22189684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbes and viruses are known to alter host transcriptomes by means of infection. In light of recent challenges posed by the COVID-19 pandemic, a deeper understanding of the disease at the transcriptome level is needed. However, research about transcriptome reprogramming by post-transcriptional regulation is very limited. In this study, computational methods developed by our lab were applied to RNA-seq data to detect transcript variants (i.e., alternative splicing (AS) and alternative polyadenylation (APA) events). The RNA-seq data were obtained from a publicly available source, and they consist of mock-treated and SARS-CoV-2 infected (COVID-19) lung alveolar (A549) cells. Data analysis results show that more AS events are found in SARS-CoV-2 infected cells than in mock-treated cells, whereas fewer APA events are detected in SARS-CoV-2 infected cells. A combination of conventional differential gene expression analysis and transcript variants analysis revealed that most of the genes with transcript variants are not differentially expressed. This indicates that no strong correlation exists between differential gene expression and the AS/APA events in the mock-treated or SARS-CoV-2 infected samples. These genes with transcript variants can be applied as another layer of molecular signatures for COVID-19 studies. In addition, the transcript variants are enriched in important biological pathways that were not detected in the studies that only focused on differential gene expression analysis. Therefore, the pathways may lead to new molecular mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiao Sun
- Department of Computer Science, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816, USA; (J.S.); (N.A.F.)
- Genomics and Bioinformatics Cluster, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816, USA;
| | - Naima Ahmed Fahmi
- Department of Computer Science, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816, USA; (J.S.); (N.A.F.)
- Genomics and Bioinformatics Cluster, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816, USA;
| | - Heba Nassereddeen
- Genomics and Bioinformatics Cluster, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816, USA;
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816, USA
| | - Sze Cheng
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA;
| | - Irene Martinez
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Universität Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany;
| | - Deliang Fan
- School of Electrical, Computer and Energy Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA;
| | - Jeongsik Yong
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA;
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Computer Science, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816, USA; (J.S.); (N.A.F.)
- Genomics and Bioinformatics Cluster, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816, USA;
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Padarti A, Abou-Fadel J, Zhang J. Resurgence of phosphotyrosine binding domains: Structural and functional properties essential for understanding disease pathogenesis. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2021; 1865:129977. [PMID: 34391832 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2021.129977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Phosphotyrosine Binding (PTB) Domains, usually found on scaffold proteins, are pervasive in many cellular signaling pathways. These domains are the second-largest family of phosphotyrosine recognition domains and since their initial discovery, dozens of PTB domains have been structurally determined. SCOPE OF REVIEW Due to its signature sequence flexibility, PTB domains can bind to a large variety of ligands including phospholipids. PTB peptide binding is divided into classical binding (canonical NPXY motifs) and non-classical binding (all other motifs). The first atypical PTB domain was discovered in cerebral cavernous malformation 2 (CCM2) protein, while only one third in size of the typical PTB domain, it remains functionally equivalent. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS PTB domains are involved in numerous signaling processes including embryogenesis, neurogenesis, and angiogenesis, while dysfunction is linked to major disorders including diabetes, hypercholesterolemia, Alzheimer's disease, and strokes. PTB domains may also be essential in infectious processes, currently responsible for the global pandemic in which viral cellular entry is suspected to be mediated through PTB and NPXY interactions. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE We summarize the structural and functional updates in the PTB domain over the last 20 years in hopes of resurging interest and further analyzing the importance of this versatile domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akhil Padarti
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine (MTM), Texas Tech University Health Science Center El Paso, 5001 El Paso Drive, El Paso, TX 79905, USA
| | - Johnathan Abou-Fadel
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine (MTM), Texas Tech University Health Science Center El Paso, 5001 El Paso Drive, El Paso, TX 79905, USA
| | - Jun Zhang
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine (MTM), Texas Tech University Health Science Center El Paso, 5001 El Paso Drive, El Paso, TX 79905, USA.
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10
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Orlowski S, Mourad JJ, Gallo A, Bruckert E. Coronaviruses, cholesterol and statins: Involvement and application for Covid-19. Biochimie 2021; 189:51-64. [PMID: 34153377 PMCID: PMC8213520 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2021.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The infectious power of coronaviruses is dependent on cholesterol present in the membranes of their target cells. Indeed, the virus enters the infected cell either by fusion or by endocytosis, in both cases involving cholesterol-enriched membrane microdomains. These membrane domains can be disorganized in-vitro by various cholesterol-altering agents, including statins that inhibit cell cholesterol biosynthesis. As a consequence, numerous cell physiology processes, such as signaling cascades, can be compromised. Also, some examples of anti-bacterial and anti-viral effects of statins have been observed for infectious agents known to be cholesterol dependent. In-vivo, besides their widely-reported hypocholesterolemic effect, statins display various pleiotropic effects mediated, at least partially, by perturbation of membrane microdomains as a consequence of the alteration of endogenous cholesterol synthesis. It should thus be worth considering a high, but clinically well-tolerated, dose of statin to treat Covid-19 patients, in the early phase of infection, to inhibit virus entry into the target cells, in order to control the viral charge and hence avoid severe clinical complications. Based on its efficacy and favorable biodisposition, an option would be considering Atorvastatin, but randomized controlled clinical trials are required to test this hypothesis. This new therapeutic proposal takes benefit from being a drug repurposing, applied to a widely-used drug presenting a high efficiency-to-toxicity ratio. Additionally, this therapeutic strategy avoids any risk of drug resistance by viral mutation since it is host-targeted. Noteworthy, the same pharmacological approach could also be proposed to address different animal coronavirus endemic infections that are responsible for heavy economic losses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphane Orlowski
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CNRS UMR 9198, and CEA / DRF / Institut des Sciences du Vivant Frédéric-Joliot / SB2SM, and Université Paris-Saclay, 91191, Gif-sur-Yvette, Cedex, France.
| | - Jean-Jacques Mourad
- Department of Internal Medicine and ESH Excellence Centre, Groupe Hospitalier Paris Saint-Joseph, Paris, France.
| | - Antonio Gallo
- Department of Endocrinology and Prevention of Cardiovascular Diseases, Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition (ICAN), La Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, AP-HP, Paris, France.
| | - Eric Bruckert
- Department of Endocrinology and Prevention of Cardiovascular Diseases, Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition (ICAN), La Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, AP-HP, Paris, France.
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11
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Buqaileh R, Saternos H, Ley S, Aranda A, Forero K, AbouAlaiwi WA. Can cilia provide an entry gateway for SARS-CoV-2 to human ciliated cells? Physiol Genomics 2021; 53:249-258. [PMID: 33855870 PMCID: PMC8213509 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00015.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
A worldwide coronavirus pandemic is in full swing and, at the time of writing, there are only few treatments that have been successful in clinical trials, but no effective antiviral treatment has been approved. Because of its lethality, it is important to understand the current strain's effects and mechanisms not only in the respiratory system but also in other affected organ systems as well. Past coronavirus outbreaks caused by SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV inflicted life-threatening acute kidney injuries (AKI) on their hosts leading to significant mortality rates, which went somewhat overlooked in the face of the severe respiratory effects. Recent evidence has emphasized renal involvement in SARS-CoV-2, stressing that kidneys are damaged in patients with COVID-19. The mechanism by which this virus inflicts AKI is still unclear, but evidence from other coronavirus strains may hold some clues. Two theories exist for the proposed mechanism of AKI: 1) the AKI is a secondary effect to reduced blood and oxygen levels causing hyperinflammation and 2) the AKI is due to cytotoxic effects. Kidneys express angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 (ACE2), the confirmed SARS-CoV-2 target receptor as well as collectrin, an ACE2 homologue that localizes to the primary cilium, an organelle historically targeted by coronaviruses. Although the available literature suggests that kidney damage is leading to higher mortality rates in patients with COVID-19, especially in those with preexisting kidney and cardiovascular diseases, the pathogenesis of COVID-19 is still being investigated. Here, we present brief literature review supporting our proposed hypothesis of a possible link between SARS-CoV-2 cellular infection and cilia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raghad Buqaileh
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio
| | - Hannah Saternos
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio
| | - Sidney Ley
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio
| | - Arianna Aranda
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio
| | - Kathleen Forero
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio
| | - Wissam A AbouAlaiwi
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio
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12
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Rossi G, Galosi L, Gavazza A, Cerquetella M, Mangiaterra S. Therapeutic approaches to coronavirus infection according to "One Health" concept. Res Vet Sci 2021; 136:81-88. [PMID: 33588098 PMCID: PMC7871813 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2021.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Coronaviridae constantly infect human and animals causing respiratory, gastroenteric or systemic diseases. Over time, these viruses have shown a marked ability to mutate, jumping over the human-animal barrier, thus becoming from enzootic to zoonotic. In the last years, numerous therapeutic protocols have been developed, mainly for severe acute respiratory syndromes in humans. The aim of this review is to summarize drugs or other approaches used in coronavirus infections focusing on different roles of these molecules or bacterial products on viral adhesion and replication or in modulating the host's immune system. Within the "One Health" concept, the study of viral pathogenic role and possible therapeutic approaches in both humans and animals is essential to protect public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giacomo Rossi
- Corresponding author at: School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Via Circonvallazione 93/95 – 62024, Matelica (MC), Italy
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13
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Li Q, Liu Y, Xu S, Zhao K, Ling Y, Liu R, Ali A, Bai J. Caveolin-1 is involved in encephalomyocarditis virus replication in BHK-21 cells. Virol J 2021; 18:63. [PMID: 33761945 PMCID: PMC7989721 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-021-01521-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Encephalomyocarditis virus, member of Cardiovirus genus within Picornaviridae family, is an important pathogen that infects different domestic and wild animals. However, the molecular mechanism of its entry remains unclear. In this study, we investigated the mechanism of EMCV infectivity in relation to endocytic pathway using BHK-21 cells. Methods The function of numerous cellular key factors implicated in the various endocytic mechanisms were systematically explored using chemical inhibitors. Furthermore, RNA interference (RNAi) as well as the overexpression of dominant protein combined to virus infectivity assays, and confocal microscopy was used to examine EMCV infection in details. Results The results indicated that the EMCV entry into BHK-21 cells depends on caveolin, dynamin, and actin but not clathrin nor macropinocytosis pathways. The effects of overexpression and knockdown of caveolin-1, one components of the caveolae, was examined on EMCV infection. The results showed that EMCV infection was positive correlation with caveolin-1 expression. Confocal microscopy analysis and internalization assay showed that caveolin-1 is required at the early stage of EMCV infection. Conclusions Caveolin-1, dynamin, and actin-dependent endocytosis pathways are necessary for EMCV infection in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiongyi Li
- Biomedical Research Center, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioengineering of State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, China.,College of Life Science and Engineering, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Biomedical Research Center, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioengineering of State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, China.,College of Life Science and Engineering, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Shujuan Xu
- Biomedical Research Center, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioengineering of State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, China.,College of Life Science and Engineering, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Kexue Zhao
- Biomedical Research Center, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioengineering of State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, China.,College of Life Science and Engineering, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Ying Ling
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Rongxiu Liu
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Amjad Ali
- Biomedical Research Center, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioengineering of State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jialin Bai
- Biomedical Research Center, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioengineering of State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, China. .,College of Life Science and Engineering, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, China.
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14
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Ripa I, Andreu S, López-Guerrero JA, Bello-Morales R. Membrane Rafts: Portals for Viral Entry. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:631274. [PMID: 33613502 PMCID: PMC7890030 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.631274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Membrane rafts are dynamic, small (10-200 nm) domains enriched with cholesterol and sphingolipids that compartmentalize cellular processes. Rafts participate in roles essential to the lifecycle of different viral families including virus entry, assembly and/or budding events. Rafts seem to participate in virus attachment and recruitment to the cell surface, as well as the endocytic and non-endocytic mechanisms some viruses use to enter host cells. In this review, we will introduce the specific role of rafts in viral entry and define cellular factors implied in the choice of one entry pathway over the others. Finally, we will summarize the most relevant information about raft participation in the entry process of enveloped and non-enveloped viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inés Ripa
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sabina Andreu
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain
| | - José Antonio López-Guerrero
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Raquel Bello-Morales
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain
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15
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Parry NMA. COVID-19 and pets: When pandemic meets panic. FORENSIC SCIENCE INTERNATIONAL: REPORTS 2020; 2:100090. [PMID: 38620282 PMCID: PMC7151387 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsir.2020.100090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
As the novel coronavirus outbreak spreads globally with devastating effects on human health, pets are also becoming unnecessary victims amidst the pandemic panic. Many have been reluctantly left home alone by owners who have been forced to temporarily evacuate their homes. And, although no evidence exists to indicate that they can either transmit the virus or develop its associated coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), fear among the public that pets might play a role in spreading COVID-19 has resulted in pets being abandoned or even killed. This article outlines some of the ways in which the current pandemic has negatively impacted the welfare of pets. It also highlights the relationships between animal, human, and environmental health, as well as the importance of taking a collaborative transdisciplinary One Health approach to help prevent future COVID-19 outbreaks.
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16
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Wicik Z, Eyileten C, Jakubik D, Simões SN, Martins DC, Pavão R, Siller-Matula JM, Postula M. ACE2 Interaction Networks in COVID-19: A Physiological Framework for Prediction of Outcome in Patients with Cardiovascular Risk Factors. J Clin Med 2020; 9:E3743. [PMID: 33233425 PMCID: PMC7700637 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9113743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection (coronavirus disease 2019; COVID-19) is associated with adverse outcomes in patients with cardiovascular disease (CVD). The aim of the study was to characterize the interaction between SARS-CoV-2 and Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 (ACE2) functional networks with a focus on CVD. METHODS Using the network medicine approach and publicly available datasets, we investigated ACE2 tissue expression and described ACE2 interaction networks that could be affected by SARS-CoV-2 infection in the heart, lungs and nervous system. We compared them with changes in ACE-2 networks following SARS-CoV-2 infection by analyzing public data of human-induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (hiPSC-CMs). This analysis was performed using the Network by Relative Importance (NERI) algorithm, which integrates protein-protein interaction with co-expression networks. We also performed miRNA-target predictions to identify which miRNAs regulate ACE2-related networks and could play a role in the COVID19 outcome. Finally, we performed enrichment analysis for identifying the main COVID-19 risk groups. RESULTS We found similar ACE2 expression confidence levels in respiratory and cardiovascular systems, supporting that heart tissue is a potential target of SARS-CoV-2. Analysis of ACE2 interaction networks in infected hiPSC-CMs identified multiple hub genes with corrupted signaling which can be responsible for cardiovascular symptoms. The most affected genes were EGFR (Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor), FN1 (Fibronectin 1), TP53, HSP90AA1, and APP (Amyloid Beta Precursor Protein), while the most affected interactions were associated with MAST2 and CALM1 (Calmodulin 1). Enrichment analysis revealed multiple diseases associated with the interaction networks of ACE2, especially cancerous diseases, obesity, hypertensive disease, Alzheimer's disease, non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, and congestive heart failure. Among affected ACE2-network components connected with the SARS-Cov-2 interactome, we identified AGT (Angiotensinogen), CAT (Catalase), DPP4 (Dipeptidyl Peptidase 4), CCL2 (C-C Motif Chemokine Ligand 2), TFRC (Transferrin Receptor) and CAV1 (Caveolin-1), associated with cardiovascular risk factors. We described for the first time miRNAs which were common regulators of ACE2 networks and virus-related proteins in all analyzed datasets. The top miRNAs regulating ACE2 networks were miR-27a-3p, miR-26b-5p, miR-10b-5p, miR-302c-5p, hsa-miR-587, hsa-miR-1305, hsa-miR-200b-3p, hsa-miR-124-3p, and hsa-miR-16-5p. CONCLUSION Our study provides a complete mechanistic framework for investigating the ACE2 network which was validated by expression data. This framework predicted risk groups, including the established ones, thus providing reliable novel information regarding the complexity of signaling pathways affected by SARS-CoV-2. It also identified miRNAs that could be used in personalized diagnosis in COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zofia Wicik
- Centro de Matemática, Computação e Cognição, Universidade Federal do ABC, Santo Andre 09606-045, Brazil; (Z.W.); (D.C.M.J.); (R.P.)
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Warsaw, Center for Preclinical Research and Technology CEPT, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland; (C.E.); (D.J.); (M.P.)
| | - Ceren Eyileten
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Warsaw, Center for Preclinical Research and Technology CEPT, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland; (C.E.); (D.J.); (M.P.)
| | - Daniel Jakubik
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Warsaw, Center for Preclinical Research and Technology CEPT, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland; (C.E.); (D.J.); (M.P.)
| | - Sérgio N. Simões
- Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Espírito Santo, Serra, Espírito Santo 29056-264, Brazil;
| | - David C. Martins
- Centro de Matemática, Computação e Cognição, Universidade Federal do ABC, Santo Andre 09606-045, Brazil; (Z.W.); (D.C.M.J.); (R.P.)
| | - Rodrigo Pavão
- Centro de Matemática, Computação e Cognição, Universidade Federal do ABC, Santo Andre 09606-045, Brazil; (Z.W.); (D.C.M.J.); (R.P.)
| | - Jolanta M. Siller-Matula
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Warsaw, Center for Preclinical Research and Technology CEPT, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland; (C.E.); (D.J.); (M.P.)
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Division of Cardiology, Medical University of Vienna,1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Marek Postula
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Warsaw, Center for Preclinical Research and Technology CEPT, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland; (C.E.); (D.J.); (M.P.)
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Haake C, Cook S, Pusterla N, Murphy B. Coronavirus Infections in Companion Animals: Virology, Epidemiology, Clinical and Pathologic Features. Viruses 2020; 12:E1023. [PMID: 32933150 PMCID: PMC7551689 DOI: 10.3390/v12091023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronaviruses are enveloped RNA viruses capable of causing respiratory, enteric, or systemic diseases in a variety of mammalian hosts that vary in clinical severity from subclinical to fatal. The host range and tissue tropism are largely determined by the coronaviral spike protein, which initiates cellular infection by promoting fusion of the viral and host cell membranes. Companion animal coronaviruses responsible for causing enteric infection include feline enteric coronavirus, ferret enteric coronavirus, canine enteric coronavirus, equine coronavirus, and alpaca enteric coronavirus, while canine respiratory coronavirus and alpaca respiratory coronavirus result in respiratory infection. Ferret systemic coronavirus and feline infectious peritonitis virus, a mutated feline enteric coronavirus, can lead to lethal immuno-inflammatory systemic disease. Recent human viral pandemics, including severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS), and most recently, COVID-19, all thought to originate from bat coronaviruses, demonstrate the zoonotic potential of coronaviruses and their potential to have devastating impacts. A better understanding of the coronaviruses of companion animals, their capacity for cross-species transmission, and the sharing of genetic information may facilitate improved prevention and control strategies for future emerging zoonotic coronaviruses. This article reviews the clinical, epidemiologic, virologic, and pathologic characteristics of nine important coronaviruses of companion animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Haake
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Sarah Cook
- Graduate Group Integrative Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA;
| | - Nicola Pusterla
- Department of Medicine & Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA;
| | - Brian Murphy
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA;
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18
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Fecchi K, Anticoli S, Peruzzu D, Iessi E, Gagliardi MC, Matarrese P, Ruggieri A. Coronavirus Interplay With Lipid Rafts and Autophagy Unveils Promising Therapeutic Targets. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:1821. [PMID: 32849425 PMCID: PMC7431668 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronaviruses are enveloped, single-stranded, positive-sense RNA viruses that can infect animal and human hosts. The infection induces mild or sometimes severe acute respiratory diseases. Nowadays, the appearance of a new, highly pathogenic and lethal coronavirus variant, SARS-CoV-2, responsible for a pandemic (COVID-19), represents a global problem for human health. Unfortunately, only limited approaches are available to treat coronavirus infections and a vaccine against this new coronavirus variant is not yet available. The plasma membrane microdomain lipid rafts have been found by researchers to be involved in the replication cycle of numerous viruses, including coronaviruses. Indeed, some pathogen recognition receptors for coronaviruses as for other viruses cluster into lipid rafts, and it is therefore conceivable that the first contact between virus and host cells occurs into these specialized regions, representing a port of cell entry for viruses. Recent data highlighted the peculiar pro-viral or anti-viral role played by autophagy in the host immune responses to viral infections. Coronaviruses, like other viruses, were reported to be able to exploit the autophagic machinery to increase their replication or to inhibit the degradation of viral products. Agents known to disrupt lipid rafts, such as metil-β-cyclodextrins or statins, as well as autophagy inhibitor agents, were shown to have an anti-viral role. In this review, we briefly describe the involvement of lipid rafts and autophagy in coronavirus infection and replication. We also hint how lipid rafts and autophagy may represent a potential therapeutic target to be investigated for the treatment of coronavirus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katia Fecchi
- Reference Center for Gender Specific Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Simona Anticoli
- Reference Center for Gender Specific Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Daniela Peruzzu
- Reference Center for Gender Specific Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Iessi
- Reference Center for Gender Specific Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Paola Matarrese
- Reference Center for Gender Specific Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Anna Ruggieri
- Reference Center for Gender Specific Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
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19
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Glebov OO. Understanding SARS-CoV-2 endocytosis for COVID-19 drug repurposing. FEBS J 2020; 287:3664-3671. [PMID: 32428379 PMCID: PMC7276759 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The quest for the effective treatment against coronavirus disease 2019 pneumonia caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)‐coronavirus 2(CoV‐2) coronavirus is hampered by the lack of knowledge concerning the basic cell biology of the infection. Given that most viruses use endocytosis to enter the host cell, mechanistic investigation of SARS‐CoV‐2 infection needs to consider the diversity of endocytic pathways available for SARS‐CoV‐2 entry in the human lung epithelium. Taking advantage of the well‐established methodology of membrane trafficking studies, this research direction allows for the rapid characterisation of the key cell biological mechanism(s) responsible for SARS‐CoV‐2 infection. Furthermore, 11 clinically approved generic drugs are identified as potential candidates for repurposing as blockers of several potential routes for SARS‐CoV‐2 endocytosis. More broadly, the paradigm of targeting a fundamental aspect of human cell biology to protect against infection may be advantageous in the context of future pandemic outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleg O Glebov
- Institute of Neuroregeneration and Neurorehabilitation, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China.,Department of Old Age Psychiatry, The Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, England, UK
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20
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Multifaceted Functions of Host Cell Caveolae/Caveolin-1 in Virus Infections. Viruses 2020; 12:v12050487. [PMID: 32357558 PMCID: PMC7291293 DOI: 10.3390/v12050487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Virus infection has drawn extensive attention since it causes serious or even deadly diseases, consequently inducing a series of social and public health problems. Caveolin-1 is the most important structural protein of caveolae, a membrane invagination widely known for its role in endocytosis and subsequent cytoplasmic transportation. Caveolae/caveolin-1 is tightly associated with a wide range of biological processes, including cholesterol homeostasis, cell mechano-sensing, tumorigenesis, and signal transduction. Intriguingly, the versatile roles of caveolae/caveolin-1 in virus infections have increasingly been appreciated. Over the past few decades, more and more viruses have been identified to invade host cells via caveolae-mediated endocytosis, although other known pathways have been explored. The subsequent post-entry events, including trafficking, replication, assembly, and egress of a large number of viruses, are caveolae/caveolin-1-dependent. Deprivation of caveolae/caveolin-1 by drug application or gene editing leads to abnormalities in viral uptake, viral protein expression, or virion release, whereas the underlying mechanisms remain elusive and must be explored holistically to provide potential novel antiviral targets and strategies. This review recapitulates our current knowledge on how caveolae/caveolin-1 functions in every step of the viral infection cycle and various relevant signaling pathways, hoping to provide a new perspective for future viral cell biology research.
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21
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Ferreira BJ, Lannes-Costa PS, Santos GDS, Mermelstein C, Einicker-Lamas M, Nagao PE. Involvement of lipid microdomains in human endothelial cells infected by Streptococcus agalactiae type III belonging to the hypervirulent ST-17. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2020; 115:e190398. [PMID: 32187326 PMCID: PMC7066991 DOI: 10.1590/0074-02760190398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Streptococcus agalactiae capsular type III strains are a
leading cause of invasive neonatal infections. Many pathogens have developed
mechanisms to escape from host defense response using the host membrane
microdomain machinery. Lipid rafts play an important role in a variety of
cellular functions and the benefit provided by interaction with lipid rafts
can vary from one pathogen to another. OBJECTIVES This study aims to evaluate the involvement of membrane microdomains during
infection of human endothelial cell by S. agalactiae. METHODS The effects of cholesterol depletion and PI3K/AKT signaling pathway
activation during S. agalactiae-human umbilical vein
endothelial cells (HUVEC) interaction were analysed by pre-treatment with
methyl-β-cyclodextrin (MβCD) or LY294002 inhibitors, immunofluorescence and
immunoblot analysis. The involvement of lipid rafts was analysed by
colocalisation of bacteria with flotillin-1 and caveolin-1 using
fluorescence confocal microscopy. FINDINGS In this work, we demonstrated the importance of the integrity of lipid rafts
microdomains and activation of PI3K/Akt pathway during invasion of
S. agalactiae strain to HUVEC cells. Our results
suggest the involvement of flotillin-1 and caveolin-1 during the invasion of
S. agalactiae strain in HUVEC cells. CONCLUSIONS The collection of our results suggests that lipid microdomain affects the
interaction of S. agalactiae type III belonging to the
hypervirulent ST-17 with HUVEC cells through PI3K/Akt signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Jandre Ferreira
- Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcântara Gomes, Laboratório de Biologia Molecular e Fisiologia de Estreptococos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Pamella Silva Lannes-Costa
- Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcântara Gomes, Laboratório de Biologia Molecular e Fisiologia de Estreptococos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Gabriela da Silva Santos
- Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcântara Gomes, Laboratório de Biologia Molecular e Fisiologia de Estreptococos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Cláudia Mermelstein
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Marcelo Einicker-Lamas
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Prescilla Emy Nagao
- Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcântara Gomes, Laboratório de Biologia Molecular e Fisiologia de Estreptococos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
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22
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Tilocca B, Soggiu A, Musella V, Britti D, Sanguinetti M, Urbani A, Roncada P. Molecular basis of COVID-19 relationships in different species: a one health perspective. Microbes Infect 2020; 22:218-220. [PMID: 32194253 PMCID: PMC7102648 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2020.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Outside the Hubei province, China, the mild form of infection and the progressive recover of the COVID-19 patients suggest the intervention of "unconventional" biological mechanisms worthy of attention. Based on the high-homology between the Spike protein epitopes of taxonomically-related coronaviruses, we hypothesized that past contact with infected dogs shield humans against the circulating SARS-CoV-2. Elseways, the recurrent virus exposure over a short time-lapse might result in the Antibody Dependent Enhancement, triggering the violent immune reaction responsible for the severe clinical outcomes observed in the Hubei province. Nevertheless, further experimental studies are desired for a confidential evaluation of the postulated hypotheses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Tilocca
- Department of Health Science, University "Magna Græcia" of Catanzaro, Viale Europa, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Alessio Soggiu
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Milano, Via Celoria n10, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Musella
- Department of Health Science, University "Magna Græcia" of Catanzaro, Viale Europa, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Domenico Britti
- Department of Health Science, University "Magna Græcia" of Catanzaro, Viale Europa, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Maurizio Sanguinetti
- Department of Basic Biotechnological Sciences, Intensivological and Perioperative Clinics, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo S. Vito n1, 00168 Rome, Italy; Dipartimento Scienze di Laboratorio e Infettivologiche, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Gemelli IRCCS, Largo S. Vito n8, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Urbani
- Department of Basic Biotechnological Sciences, Intensivological and Perioperative Clinics, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo S. Vito n1, 00168 Rome, Italy; Dipartimento Scienze di Laboratorio e Infettivologiche, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Gemelli IRCCS, Largo S. Vito n8, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Paola Roncada
- Department of Health Science, University "Magna Græcia" of Catanzaro, Viale Europa, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy.
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23
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Egger AN, Rajabi‐Estarabadi A, Williams NM, Resnik SR, Fox JD, Wong LL, Jozic I. The importance of caveolins and caveolae to dermatology: Lessons from the caves and beyond. Exp Dermatol 2020; 29:136-148. [PMID: 31845391 PMCID: PMC7028117 DOI: 10.1111/exd.14068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Revised: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Caveolae are flask-shaped invaginations of the cell membrane rich in cholesterol and sphingomyelin, with caveolin proteins acting as their primary structural components that allow compartmentalization and orchestration of various signalling molecules. In this review, we discuss how pleiotropic functions of caveolin-1 (Cav1) and its intricate roles in numerous cellular functions including lipid trafficking, signalling, cell migration and proliferation, as well as cellular senescence, infection and inflammation, are integral for normal development and functioning of skin and its appendages. We then examine how disruption of the homeostatic levels of Cav1 can lead to development of various cutaneous pathophysiologies including skin cancers, cutaneous fibroses, psoriasis, alopecia, age-related changes in skin and aberrant wound healing and propose how levels of Cav1 may have theragnostic value in skin physiology/pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andjela N. Egger
- Wound Healing and Regenerative Medicine Research ProgramDr. Phillip Frost Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous SurgeryUniversity of Miami Miller School of MedicineMiamiFLUSA
| | - Ali Rajabi‐Estarabadi
- Wound Healing and Regenerative Medicine Research ProgramDr. Phillip Frost Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous SurgeryUniversity of Miami Miller School of MedicineMiamiFLUSA
| | - Natalie M. Williams
- Wound Healing and Regenerative Medicine Research ProgramDr. Phillip Frost Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous SurgeryUniversity of Miami Miller School of MedicineMiamiFLUSA
| | - Sydney R. Resnik
- Wound Healing and Regenerative Medicine Research ProgramDr. Phillip Frost Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous SurgeryUniversity of Miami Miller School of MedicineMiamiFLUSA
| | - Joshua D. Fox
- Wound Healing and Regenerative Medicine Research ProgramDr. Phillip Frost Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous SurgeryUniversity of Miami Miller School of MedicineMiamiFLUSA
| | - Lulu L. Wong
- Wound Healing and Regenerative Medicine Research ProgramDr. Phillip Frost Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous SurgeryUniversity of Miami Miller School of MedicineMiamiFLUSA
| | - Ivan Jozic
- Wound Healing and Regenerative Medicine Research ProgramDr. Phillip Frost Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous SurgeryUniversity of Miami Miller School of MedicineMiamiFLUSA
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Goralskii L, Radzіkhovsky N, Dyshkant О, Dunaievska O, Sokulskiy I. Experimental study of tropism in cultivated canine coronavirus in the small intestine of puppies. REGULATORY MECHANISMS IN BIOSYSTEMS 2019. [DOI: 10.15421/021972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The varying extents of natural disease induced by coronavirus in dogs are not completely clear because the pathogenesis of coronavirus enteritis is not studied sufficiently. In this study, based on the results of clinical, virological, morphological and histochemical studies, we determined the pathogenic role of coronavirus in infected dogs using experimental infection, per os, of isolated canine coronavirus (Nick) with titer of infectious activity equaling 4.8 ± 0.04 lg TCID50/cm, cultivated on heterologous cell cultures. This allowed us to determine, supplement, and generalize the data on pathogenesis of the disease and determine the histological changes in the small intestine, where the initial replication of the pathogen takes place. It was found that lesions and the pattern of the pathomorphological changes (destruction, necrosis and edema of the stroma of the villi, lysis of the cytoplasm, deformation of the enterocyte nuclei) in the small intestine of experimentally infected dogs depend on the development of the pathological process related not only to the changes in histoarchitectonics of the wall of the intestine, but also to tension of the histochemical statics, and obviously the dynamic of the cells (accumulation of the main and acidic proteins in enterocytes’ cytoplasm, hypersecretion of the mucus by goblet cells, decrease of Schiff iodine acid-positive substances in the enterocytes’ cytoplasm, formation of basophilous inclusion bodies), which leads to disorders in metabolic processes in the organism of infected dogs as a response to the virus infection. The examined dogs were found to have morphological changes in the small intestine similar to those in spontaneously infected animals. During the action of coronavirus, the contacts between the enterocytes become damaged, which leads to inhibition of the protective functions of the intestine. At the same time, the pathological process in the experimentally infected animals developed rapidly and had an acute course. Thus, coronavirus enteritis as a separate disease is practically unobserved in field conditions, which makes microscopic survey of the pathogenic impact of the latter on the organism of dogs impossible. Therefore, experimental mono-infection allows a detailed study to be conducted of pathomorphological changes of the initial place of the reproduction of the virus – the small intestine affected by coronavirus enteritis.
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Zhao T, Cui L, Yu X, Zhang Z, Shen X, Hua X. Porcine sapelovirus enters PK-15 cells via caveolae-dependent endocytosis and requires Rab7 and Rab11. Virology 2019; 529:160-168. [PMID: 30710800 PMCID: PMC7125664 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2019.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Revised: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
To comprehensively understand the endocytosis of Sapelovirus A (PSV) entry into PK-15 cells, we studied PSV infection in the context of cell perturbations through drug inhibition, siRNA silencing and overexpression of dominant negative (DN) mutants. We showed here that PSV infection of PK-15 cells was unaffected by pretreated with chlorpromazine, EIPA, knockdown of the clathrin heavy chain or overexpression of Eps15 DN mutant. Conversely, PSV infection was sensitive to NH4Cl, chloroquine, dynasore, nystatin, MβCD and wortmannin with reduced PSV VP1 expression levels and virus titer. Additionally, PSV invasion leaded to rapid actin rearrangement and disruption of the cellular actin network enhanced PSV infection. After internalization the virus was transported to late endosomes and/or cycling endosomes that requires the participation of Rab7 and Rab11. Our findings demonstrate that PSV uses caveolae-dependent endocytosis as the predominant entry portal into PK-15 cells which requires low pH, dynamin, Rab7 and Rab11.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Zhao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Li Cui
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiangqian Yu
- Shanghai Pudong New Area Center for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai 200136, China
| | - Zhonghai Zhang
- Shanghai Pudong New Area Center for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai 200136, China
| | - Xiaojuan Shen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiuguo Hua
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, China.
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