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S. V. S, Augustine D, Mushtaq S, Baeshen HA, Ashi H, Hassan RN, Alshahrani M, Patil S. Revitalizing oral cancer research: Crispr-Cas9 technology the promise of genetic editing. Front Oncol 2024; 14:1383062. [PMID: 38915370 PMCID: PMC11194394 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2024.1383062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 06/26/2024] Open
Abstract
This review presents an in-depth analysis of the immense potential of CRISPR-Cas9 technology in revolutionizing oral cancer research. It underscores the inherent limitations of conventional treatments while emphasizing the pressing need for groundbreaking approaches. The unparalleled capability of CRISPR-Cas9 to precisely target and modify specific genes involved in cancer progression heralds a new era in therapeutic intervention. Employing genome-wide CRISPR screens, vulnerabilities in oral cancer cells can be identified, thereby unravelling promising targets for therapeutic interventions. In the realm of oral cancer, the disruptive power of CRISPR-Cas9 manifests through its capacity to perturb genes that are intricately associated with drug resistance, consequently augmenting the efficacy of chemotherapy. To address the challenges that arise, this review diligently examines pertinent issues such as off-target effects, efficient delivery mechanisms, and the ethical considerations surrounding germline editing. Through precise gene editing, facilitated by CRISPR/Cas9, it becomes possible to overcome drug resistance by rectifying mutations, thereby enhancing the efficacy of personalized treatment strategies. This review delves into the prospects of CRISPR-Cas9, illuminating its potential applications in the domains of medicine, agriculture, and biotechnology. It is paramount to emphasize the necessity of ongoing research endeavors and the imperative to develop targeted therapies tailored specifically for oral cancer. By embracing this comprehensive overview, we can pave the way for ground-breaking treatments that instill renewed hope for enhanced outcomes in individuals afflicted by oral cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sowmya S. V.
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Dental Sciences, MS Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Dominic Augustine
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Dental Sciences, MS Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Shazia Mushtaq
- College of Applied Medical Sciences, Dental Health Department, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hosam Ali Baeshen
- Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, King Abdulziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Heba Ashi
- Department of Dental Public Health, Faculty of Dentistry, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Reem Nabil Hassan
- Biological Sciences Department (Genome), Faculty of Sciences, King Abdul-Aziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Alshahrani
- Endodontic Department, Faculty of Dentistry, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shankargouda Patil
- College of Dental Medicine, Roseman University of Health Sciences, South Jordan, UT, United States
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2
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He H, Xu T, Cao F, Xu Y, Dai T, Liu T. PcAvh87, a virulence essential RxLR effector of Phytophthora cinnamomi suppresses host defense and induces cell death in plant nucleus. Microbiol Res 2024; 286:127789. [PMID: 38870619 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2024.127789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2024] [Revised: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
Plants have developed intricate immune mechanisms to impede Phytophthora colonization. In response, Phytophthora secretes RxLR effector proteins that disrupt plant defense and promote infection. The specific molecular interactions through which Phytophthora RxLR effectors undermine plant immunity, however, remain inadequately defined. In this study, we delineate the role of the nuclear-localized RxLR effector PcAvh87, which is pivotal for the full virulence of Phytophthora cinnamomi. Gene expression analysis indicates that PcAvh87 expression is significantly upregulated during the initial infection stages, interacting with the immune responses triggered by the elicitin protein INF1 and pro-apoptotic protein BAX. Utilizing PEG/CaCl2-mediated protoplast transformation and CRISPR/Cas9-mediated gene editing, we generated PcAvh87 knockout mutants, which demonstrated compromised hyphal growth, sporangium development, and zoospore release, along with a marked reduction in pathogenicity. This underscores PcAvh87's crucial role as a virulence determinant. Notably, PcAvh87, conserved across the Phytophthora genus, was found to modulate the activity of plant immune protein 113, thereby attenuating plant immune responses. This implies that the PcAvh87-mediated regulatory mechanism could be a common strategy in Phytophthora species to manipulate plant immunity. Our findings highlight the multifaceted roles of PcAvh87 in promoting P. cinnamomi infection, including its involvement in sporangia production, mycelial growth, and the targeting of plant immune proteins to enhance pathogen virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haibin He
- Co-Innovation Center for the Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Tingyan Xu
- Co-Innovation Center for the Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Fuliang Cao
- Co-Innovation Center for the Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yue Xu
- Co-Innovation Center for the Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Tingting Dai
- Co-Innovation Center for the Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Tingli Liu
- School of Food Science, Nanjing Xiaozhuang University, 3601 Hongjin Avenue, Nanjing 211171, China.
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3
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Wang JD, Zhang JS, Li XX, Wang KJ, Li M, Mao YY, Wan XH. Knockout of TGF-β receptor II by CRISPR/Cas9 delays mesenchymal transition of Lens epithelium and posterior capsule opacification. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 259:129290. [PMID: 38199534 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.129290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Posterior capsule opacification (PCO) is the most common postoperative complication of cataract surgery. Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) is related to epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) of lens epithelial cells (LECs) that is proven to induce PCO formation in clinical and experimental studies. In this study, CRISPR sequences targeting exon of TGF-βRII were knocked out with lentiviral transfection in LECs. Rabbits' PCO model was established and recombinant adeno-associated virus (AAV) for transferring the gRNA of TGF βRII were intravitreally injected. SgRNA inhibited TGF-βRII expression and human LECs proliferation. In TGF-βRII knockout group, LECs motility and migration were suppressed, N-cadherin and vimentin expressions were significantly decreased, whereas E-cadherin was increased. The animal model showed that TGF-βRII knockout in vivo was effective in suppressing PCO. The current study suggested that the CRISPR/Cas9 endonuclease system could suppress TGF-βRII secretion, which participates in the EMT procedure of LECs in vitro and PCO in vivo. These findings might provide a new gene-editing approach and insight into a novel therapeutic strategy for PCO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Da Wang
- Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Jing Shang Zhang
- Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Xiao Xia Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, Beijing Shijitan Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing 100038, China
| | - Kai Jie Wang
- Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Meng Li
- Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Ying Yan Mao
- Beijing Tongren Hospital, Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Capital Medical University, Beijing Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Xiu Hua Wan
- Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Beijing 100730, China.
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Hashemabadi M, Sasan H, Amandadi M, Esmaeilzadeh-Salestani K, Esmaeili-Mahani S, Ravan H. CRISPR/Cas9-Mediated Disruption of ZNF543 Gene: An Approach Toward Discovering Its Relation to TRIM28 Gene in Parkinson's Disease. Mol Biotechnol 2023; 65:243-251. [PMID: 35467255 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-022-00494-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Genetic studies of familial forms of Parkinson's disease (PD) have shown that the ZNF543 gene is a candidate gene that operates relevant to this disease. However, until now, there is no evidence for ZNF543 gene function in PD, and mechanisms resulting from its mutation have not been elucidated. Given the same genetic location of the ZNF543 gene with TRIM28 and their effects on PD pathogenesis, we surmised that ZNF543 might act as a transcription factor for TRIM28 gene expression. By knocking out the ZNF543 gene via the CRISPR/Cas9 editing platform, we assessed the functional effect of loss of expression of this gene on TRIM28 gene expression. Four sgRNAs with different PAM sequences were designed against two parts of the regulatory region of ZNF543 gene, and highly efficient disruption of ZNF543 expression in human neuroblastoma cell line was evaluated by polymerase chain reaction and T7 endonuclease assay. Moreover, evaluation of TRIM28 gene expression in ZNF543-knocked-out cells indicated a significant increase in TRIM28 gene expression, suggesting that ZNF543 probably regulates the expression of TRIM28. This approach offers a window into pinpointing the mechanism by which ZNF543 gene mutations mediate PD pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Hashemabadi
- Department of Genetic, Faculty of Biological Science, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hosseinali Sasan
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran.
| | - Mojdeh Amandadi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Science, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Keyvan Esmaeilzadeh-Salestani
- Chair of Crop Science and Plant Biology, Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Fr. R.Kreutzwaldi 1, 51014, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Saeed Esmaeili-Mahani
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran
| | - Hadi Ravan
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran
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Wani AK, Akhtar N, Singh R, Prakash A, Raza SHA, Cavalu S, Chopra C, Madkour M, Elolimy A, Hashem NM. Genome centric engineering using ZFNs, TALENs and CRISPR-Cas9 systems for trait improvement and disease control in Animals. Vet Res Commun 2023; 47:1-16. [PMID: 35781172 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-022-09967-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Livestock is an essential life commodity in modern agriculture involving breeding and maintenance. The farming practices have evolved mainly over the last century for commercial outputs, animal welfare, environment friendliness, and public health. Modifying genetic makeup of livestock has been proposed as an effective tool to create farmed animals with characteristics meeting modern farming system goals. The first technique used to produce transgenic farmed animals resulted in random transgene insertion and a low gene transfection rate. Therefore, genome manipulation technologies have been developed to enable efficient gene targeting with a higher accuracy and gene stability. Genome editing (GE) with engineered nucleases-Zinc finger nucleases (ZFNs) and transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs) regulates the targeted genetic alterations to facilitate multiple genomic modifications through protein-DNA binding. The application of genome editors indicates usefulness in reproduction, animal models, transgenic animals, and cell lines. Recently, CRISPR/Cas system, an RNA-dependent genome editing tool (GET), is considered one of the most advanced and precise GE techniques for on-target modifications in the mammalian genome by mediating knock-in (KI) and knock-out (KO) of several genes. Lately, CRISPR/Cas9 tool has become the method of choice for genome alterations in livestock species due to its efficiency and specificity. The aim of this review is to discuss the evolution of engineered nucleases and GETs as a powerful tool for genome manipulation with special emphasis on its applications in improving economic traits and conferring resistance to infectious diseases of animals used for food production, by highlighting the recent trends for maintaining sustainable livestock production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atif Khurshid Wani
- School of Bioengineering and Biosciences, Lovely Professional University, Punjab, 144411, India
| | - Nahid Akhtar
- School of Bioengineering and Biosciences, Lovely Professional University, Punjab, 144411, India
| | - Reena Singh
- School of Bioengineering and Biosciences, Lovely Professional University, Punjab, 144411, India
| | - Ajit Prakash
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina, 120 Mason Farm Road, CB# 7260, 3093 Genetic Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-2760, USA
| | - Sayed Haidar Abbas Raza
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Simona Cavalu
- Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, P -ta 1Decembrie 10, 410073, Oradea, Romania
| | - Chirag Chopra
- School of Bioengineering and Biosciences, Lovely Professional University, Punjab, 144411, India
| | - Mahmoud Madkour
- Animal Production Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza, 12622, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Elolimy
- Animal Production Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza, 12622, Egypt
| | - Nesrein M Hashem
- Department of Animal and Fish Production, Faculty of Agriculture (El-Shatby), Alexandria University, Alexandria, 21545, Egypt.
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Kostyusheva A, Brezgin S, Babin Y, Vasilyeva I, Glebe D, Kostyushev D, Chulanov V. CRISPR-Cas systems for diagnosing infectious diseases. Methods 2022; 203:431-446. [PMID: 33839288 PMCID: PMC8032595 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2021.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Infectious diseases are a global health problem affecting billions of people. Developing rapid and sensitive diagnostic tools is key for successful patient management and curbing disease spread. Currently available diagnostics are very specific and sensitive but time-consuming and require expensive laboratory settings and well-trained personnel; thus, they are not available in resource-limited areas, for the purposes of large-scale screenings and in case of outbreaks and epidemics. Developing new, rapid, and affordable point-of-care diagnostic assays is urgently needed. This review focuses on CRISPR-based technologies and their perspectives to become platforms for point-of-care nucleic acid detection methods and as deployable diagnostic platforms that could help to identify and curb outbreaks and emerging epidemics. We describe the mechanisms and function of different classes and types of CRISPR-Cas systems, including pros and cons for developing molecular diagnostic tests and applications of each type to detect a wide range of infectious agents. Many Cas proteins (Cas3, Cas9, Cas12, Cas13, Cas14 etc.) have been leveraged to create highly accurate and sensitive diagnostic tools combined with technologies of signal amplification and fluorescent, potentiometric, colorimetric, lateral flow assay detection and other. In particular, the most advanced platforms -- SHERLOCK/v2, DETECTR, CARMEN or CRISPR-Chip -- enable detection of attomolar amounts of pathogenic nucleic acids with specificity comparable to that of PCR but with minimal technical settings. Further developing CRISPR-based diagnostic tools promises to dramatically transform molecular diagnostics, making them easily affordable and accessible virtually anywhere in the world. The burden of socially significant diseases, frequent outbreaks, recent epidemics (MERS, SARS and the ongoing COVID-19) and outbreaks of zoonotic viruses (African Swine Fever Virus etc.) urgently need the developing and distribution of express-diagnostic tools. Recently devised CRISPR-technologies represent the unprecedented opportunity to reshape epidemiological surveillance and molecular diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasiya Kostyusheva
- National Medical Research Center of Tuberculosis and Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Health, Moscow, Russia.
| | - Sergey Brezgin
- National Medical Research Center of Tuberculosis and Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Health, Moscow, Russia,Institute of Immunology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Yurii Babin
- National Medical Research Center of Tuberculosis and Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Health, Moscow, Russia
| | - Irina Vasilyeva
- National Medical Research Center of Tuberculosis and Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Health, Moscow, Russia
| | - Dieter Glebe
- Institute of Medical Virology, University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Dmitry Kostyushev
- National Medical Research Center of Tuberculosis and Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Health, Moscow, Russia,Sirius University of Science and Technology, Sochi, Russia
| | - Vladimir Chulanov
- National Medical Research Center of Tuberculosis and Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Health, Moscow, Russia,Sechenov University, Moscow, Russia
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Barkova OY, Larkina TA, Krutikova AA, Polteva EA, Shcherbakov YS, Peglivanyan GK, Pozovnikova MV. Innovative Approaches to Genome Editing in Chickens. CYTOL GENET+ 2022. [DOI: 10.3103/s0095452722020037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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8
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Shortt K, Heruth DP. Identification of Genes Regulating Hepatocyte Injury by a Genome-Wide CRISPR-Cas9 Screen. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2544:227-251. [PMID: 36125723 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2557-6_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Gene editing introduces stable mutations into the genome and has powerful applications extending from research to clinical gene therapy. CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing can be employed to study directly the functional impact of stable gene knockout, activation, and knockdown. Here, we describe the end-to-end methodology by which we employ genome-wide CRISPR-Cas9 knockout to study drug toxicity using acetaminophen (APAP) in a hepatocellular carcinoma liver model as an example. This methodology can be extended to other proliferative cell types and chemical metabolic and toxicity models. By employing a massively parallelized genome-wide knockout model, the genes responsible for cellular toxicity and proliferation may be assayed concurrently. Resultant data are interrogated in the context of existing gene expression data, pathway analysis, drug-gene interactions, and orthogonal confirmatory assays to better understand the metabolic mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniel P Heruth
- Children's Mercy Research Institute, Kansas City, MO, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Missouri Kansas City School of Medicine, Kansas City, MO, USA.
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Rautela I, Uniyal P, Thapliyal P, Chauhan N, Bhushan Sinha V, Dev Sharma M. An extensive review to facilitate understanding of CRISPR technology as a gene editing possibility for enhanced therapeutic applications. Gene 2021; 785:145615. [PMID: 33775851 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2021.145615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 03/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
CRISPR are the sequences in bacterial and archaeal genome which provide resistance against viral infections. They might be the natural part of bacterial genomes for providing protection against viruses like bacteriophages but science has successfully achieved their use in the benefit of man-kind by using them for the treatment of deadly diseases like cancer, AIDS or genetic disorders like sickle cell disease and Leber congenital amaurosis. CRISPR system is majorly divided into two classes i.e class I and class II, of which the class II CRISPR/Cas9 system performs site specific cleavage of DNA with a guide RNA Cas12 (Cpf1). With the new emerging discoveries it is being found that CRISPR not only works on double stranded DNA but can also be useful to induce any sort of site specific cleavage in RNA too by Cas13 earlier known as C2c2, which is a protein found in CRISPR system and has ability to cure viral infections in plants. CRISPR is being used in the field of gene manipulation and various animals models are available to serve this purpose with short lifespan, rapid reproducibility and lower maintenance cost. Many successful studies and experiments performed using CRISPR, reveals their potency and utility to bring revolution in the areas which were previously believed to be out of scope of science and medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indra Rautela
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Applied and Life Sciences (SALS), Uttaranchal University, Dehradun 248001, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Pooja Uniyal
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Basic and Applied Sciences, Shri Guru Ram Rai University, Patel Nagar, Dehradun 248001, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Priya Thapliyal
- Department of Biochemistry, H.N.B. Garhwal (A Central) University, Srinagar 246174, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Neha Chauhan
- Department of Medical Microbiology, College of Paramedical Sciences, Shri Guru Ram Rai University, Patel Nagar, Dehradun 248001, Uttarakhand, India
| | | | - Manish Dev Sharma
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Basic and Applied Sciences, Shri Guru Ram Rai University, Patel Nagar, Dehradun 248001, Uttarakhand, India.
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Dhar BC, Steimberg N, Mazzoleni G. Point-of-Care Pathogen Detection with CRISPR-based Programmable Nucleic Acid Binding Proteins. ChemMedChem 2021; 16:1566-1575. [PMID: 33258314 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202000782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The contemporary discovery of extremely versatile engineered nucleic acid-binding proteins has transformed a brave new world in the genome-editing scientific area. Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-mediated programmable nucleic acid-binding proteins have brought about a revolution in diagnostic platforms. The groundbreaking finding that bacteria and archaea that harbored prokaryotes have transmitted adaptive immunity through CRISPR and CRISPR-associated (Cas) proteins has driven revolutionary advances in molecular biology. Importantly, advances in gene editing focus how expanding visions in CRISPR-Cas biology are revolutionizing the area of molecular diagnostics for identifying DNA and RNA in emerging microbiological pathogens, for single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) identifications, and for cell-free mutation. Recent advances, such as improvements in multiplexing and quantitative capabilities as well as instrument-free detection of nucleic acids, will potentially leverage the introduction of these novel technologies to detecting bacteria and viruses at the point of care (POC). In this review, we highlight the fundamental features of CRISPR/Cas-based molecular diagnostic technologies and summarize a vision of the next applications for identifying pathogens in POC settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bidhan C Dhar
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina (UNC), 205 S Columbia St., Chapel Hill, NC, 27514, USA
| | - Nathalie Steimberg
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Viale Europa 11, 25123, Brescia, Italy.,Interuniversity Research Center "Integrated Models for Prevention and Protection in Environmental and Occupational Health" (MISTRAL), University of Brescia/ University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 1, 20126, Milan, Italy
| | - Giovanna Mazzoleni
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Viale Europa 11, 25123, Brescia, Italy.,Interuniversity Research Center "Integrated Models for Prevention and Protection in Environmental and Occupational Health" (MISTRAL), University of Brescia/ University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 1, 20126, Milan, Italy
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Mustafa MI, Makhawi AM. SHERLOCK and DETECTR: CRISPR-Cas Systems as Potential Rapid Diagnostic Tools for Emerging Infectious Diseases. J Clin Microbiol 2021; 59:e00745-20. [PMID: 33148705 PMCID: PMC8106734 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.00745-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Infectious diseases are one of the most intimidating threats to human race, responsible for an immense burden of disabilities and deaths. Rapid diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases offers a better understanding of their pathogenesis. According to the World Health Organization, the ideal approach for detecting foreign pathogens should be rapid, specific, sensitive, instrument-free, and cost-effective. Nucleic acid pathogen detection methods, typically PCR, have numerous limitations, such as highly sophisticated equipment requirements, reagents, and trained personnel relying on well-established laboratories, besides being time-consuming. Thus, there is a crucial need to develop novel nucleic acid detection tools that are rapid, specific, sensitive, and cost-effective, particularly ones that can be used for versatile point-of-care diagnostic applications. Two new methods exploit unpredicted in vitro properties of CRISPR-Cas effectors, turning activated nucleases into basic amplifiers of a specific nucleic acid binding event. These effectors can be attached to a diversity of reporters and utilized in tandem with isothermal amplification approaches to create sensitive identification in multiple deployable field formats. Although still in their beginning, SHERLOCK and DETECTR technologies are potential methods for rapid detection and identification of infectious diseases, with ultrasensitive tests that do not require complicated processing. This review describes SHERLOCK and DETECTR technologies and assesses their properties, functions, and prospective to become the ultimate diagnostic tools for diagnosing infectious diseases and curbing disease outbreaks.
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Perisse IV, Fan Z, Singina GN, White KL, Polejaeva IA. Improvements in Gene Editing Technology Boost Its Applications in Livestock. Front Genet 2021; 11:614688. [PMID: 33603767 PMCID: PMC7885404 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.614688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Accelerated development of novel CRISPR/Cas9-based genome editing techniques provides a feasible approach to introduce a variety of precise modifications in the mammalian genome, including introduction of multiple edits simultaneously, efficient insertion of long DNA sequences into specific targeted loci as well as performing nucleotide transitions and transversions. Thus, the CRISPR/Cas9 tool has become the method of choice for introducing genome alterations in livestock species. The list of new CRISPR/Cas9-based genome editing tools is constantly expanding. Here, we discuss the methods developed to improve efficiency and specificity of gene editing tools as well as approaches that can be employed for gene regulation, base editing, and epigenetic modifications. Additionally, advantages and disadvantages of two primary methods used for the production of gene-edited farm animals: somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT or cloning) and zygote manipulations will be discussed. Furthermore, we will review agricultural and biomedical applications of gene editing technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iuri Viotti Perisse
- Department of Animal, Dairy and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, UT, United States
| | - Zhiqiang Fan
- Department of Animal, Dairy and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, UT, United States
| | - Galina N. Singina
- L.K. Ernst Federal Research Center for Animal Husbandry, Podolsk, Russia
| | - Kenneth L. White
- Department of Animal, Dairy and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, UT, United States
| | - Irina A. Polejaeva
- Department of Animal, Dairy and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, UT, United States
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Dong Z, Long J, Huang L, Hu Z, Chen P, Hu N, Zheng N, Huang X, Lu C, Pan M. Construction and application of an HSP70 promoter-inducible genome editing system in transgenic silkworm to induce resistance to Nosema bombycis. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2019; 103:9583-9592. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-019-10135-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Revised: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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14
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Dong C, Hao GF, Hua HL, Liu S, Labena AA, Chai G, Huang J, Rao N, Guo FB. Anti-CRISPRdb: a comprehensive online resource for anti-CRISPR proteins. Nucleic Acids Res 2019; 46:D393-D398. [PMID: 29036676 PMCID: PMC5753274 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkx835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 09/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
CRISPR-Cas is a tool that is widely used for gene editing. However, unexpected off-target effects may occur as a result of long-term nuclease activity. Anti-CRISPR proteins, which are powerful molecules that inhibit the CRISPR–Cas system, may have the potential to promote better utilization of the CRISPR-Cas system in gene editing, especially for gene therapy. Additionally, more in-depth research on these proteins would help researchers to better understand the co-evolution of bacteria and phages. Therefore, it is necessary to collect and integrate data on various types of anti-CRISPRs. Herein, data on these proteins were manually gathered through data screening of the literatures. Then, the first online resource, anti-CRISPRdb, was constructed for effectively organizing these proteins. It contains the available protein sequences, DNA sequences, coding regions, source organisms, taxonomy, virulence, protein interactors and their corresponding three-dimensional structures. Users can access our database at http://cefg.uestc.edu.cn/anti-CRISPRdb/ without registration. We believe that the anti-CRISPRdb can be used as a resource to facilitate research on anti-CRISPR proteins and in related fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuan Dong
- School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, PR China.,Center for Informational Biology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, PR China.,Key Laboratory for Neuro-information of the Ministry of Education, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, PR China
| | - Ge-Fei Hao
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, PR China
| | - Hong-Li Hua
- School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, PR China.,Center for Informational Biology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, PR China.,Key Laboratory for Neuro-information of the Ministry of Education, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, PR China
| | - Shuo Liu
- School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, PR China.,Center for Informational Biology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, PR China.,Key Laboratory for Neuro-information of the Ministry of Education, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, PR China
| | - Abraham Alemayehu Labena
- School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, PR China.,Center for Informational Biology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, PR China.,Key Laboratory for Neuro-information of the Ministry of Education, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, PR China
| | - Guoshi Chai
- School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, PR China.,Center for Informational Biology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, PR China.,Key Laboratory for Neuro-information of the Ministry of Education, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, PR China
| | - Jian Huang
- School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, PR China.,Center for Informational Biology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, PR China.,Key Laboratory for Neuro-information of the Ministry of Education, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, PR China
| | - Nini Rao
- School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, PR China.,Center for Informational Biology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, PR China
| | - Feng-Biao Guo
- School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, PR China.,Center for Informational Biology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, PR China.,Key Laboratory for Neuro-information of the Ministry of Education, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, PR China
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15
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Kaul T, Raman NM, Eswaran M, Thangaraj A, Verma R, Sony SK, Sathelly KM, Kaul R, Yadava P, Agrawal PK. Data Mining by Pluralistic Approach on CRISPR Gene Editing in Plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:801. [PMID: 31354748 PMCID: PMC6632506 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Genome engineering by site-specific nucleases enables reverse genetics and targeted editing of genomes in an efficacious manner. Contemporary revolutionized progress in targeted-genome engineering technologies based on Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR)-related RNA-guided endonucleases facilitate coherent interrogation of crop genome function. Evolved as an innate component of the adaptive immune response in bacterial and archaeal systems, CRISPR/Cas system is now identified as a versatile molecular tool that ensures specific and targeted genome modification in plants. Applications of this genome redaction tool-kit include somatic genome editing, rectification of genetic disorders or gene therapy, treatment of infectious diseases, generation of animal models, and crop improvement. We review the utilization of these synthetic nucleases as precision, targeted-genome editing platforms with the inherent potential to accentuate basic science "strengths and shortcomings" of gene function, complement plant breeding techniques for crop improvement, and charter a knowledge base for effective use of editing technology for ever-increasing agricultural demands. Furthermore, the emerging importance of Cpf1, Cas9 nickase, C2c2, as well as other innovative candidates that may prove more effective in driving novel applications in crops are also discussed. The mined data has been prepared as a library and opened for public use at www.lipre.org.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanushri Kaul
- Nutritional Improvement of Crops Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
| | - Nitya Meenakshi Raman
- Nutritional Improvement of Crops Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
| | - Murugesh Eswaran
- Nutritional Improvement of Crops Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
| | - Arulprakash Thangaraj
- Nutritional Improvement of Crops Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
| | - Rachana Verma
- Nutritional Improvement of Crops Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
| | - Sonia Khan Sony
- Nutritional Improvement of Crops Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
| | - Krishnamurthy M. Sathelly
- Nutritional Improvement of Crops Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
| | - Rashmi Kaul
- Nutritional Improvement of Crops Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
| | - Pranjal Yadava
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Maize Research, Indian Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology (ICAR), New Delhi, India
| | - Pawan Kumar Agrawal
- National Agricultural Science Fund, Indian Council of Agricultural Research, New Delhi, India
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16
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Hershko E, Weiss LE, Michaeli T, Shechtman Y. Multicolor localization microscopy and point-spread-function engineering by deep learning. OPTICS EXPRESS 2019; 27:6158-6183. [PMID: 30876208 DOI: 10.1364/oe.27.006158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 01/26/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Deep learning has become an extremely effective tool for image classification and image restoration problems. Here, we apply deep learning to microscopy and demonstrate how neural networks can exploit the chromatic dependence of the point-spread function to classify the colors of single emitters imaged on a grayscale camera. While existing localization microscopy methods for spectral classification require additional optical elements in the emission path, e.g., spectral filters, prisms, or phase masks, our neural net correctly identifies static and mobile emitters with high efficiency using a standard, unmodified single-channel configuration. Furthermore, we show how deep learning can be used to design new phase-modulating elements that, when implemented into the imaging path, result in further improved color differentiation between species, including simultaneously differentiating four species in a single image.
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17
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Park AHK, Shoman H, Ma M, Shekhar S, Chrostowski L. Ring resonator based polarization diversity WDM receiver. OPTICS EXPRESS 2019; 27:6147-6157. [PMID: 30876207 DOI: 10.1364/oe.27.006147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 01/26/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
A ring resonator based 4 channel wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) receiver with polarization diversity is demonstrated at 10 Gb/s per channel. By forming a waveguide loop between the two output ports of a polarization splitter-rotator (PSR), the input signals in the quasi-transverse-electric (quasi-TE) and the quasi-transverse-magnetic (quasi-TM) polarizations can be demultiplexed by the same set of ring resonator filters, thus reducing the number of required channel control circuits by half compared to methods which process the two polarizations individually. Large signal measurement results indicate that the design can tolerate a signal delay of up to 30% of the unit interval (UI) between the two polarizations, which implies that compensating for manufacturing variability with optical delay lines on chip is not necessary for a robust operation. The inter-channel crosstalk is found negligible down to 0.4nm (50 GHz) spacing, at which point the adjacent channel isolation is 17 dB, proving the design's compatibility for dense WDM application.
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Abstract
Recent advances in RNA engineering during the last two decades have supported the development of RNA-based therapeutics targeting a variety of human diseases. The broad scope of these emerging drugs clearly demonstrates the versatility of RNA. Ribozymes have been seen as promising candidates in this area. However, efficient intracellular application of ribozymes remains challenging, and other strategies appear to have outperformed ribozymes as molecular drugs. Nevertheless, trans-cleaving ribozymes have been applied for specific cleavage of target mRNAs in order to inhibit undesired gene expression. Furthermore, ribozymes have been engineered to allow site-directed RNA sequence alterations, enabling the correction of genetic misinformation at the RNA level. This chapter provides an overview of ribozyme-based strategies, highlighting the promises and pitfalls for potential therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darko Balke
- University of Greifswald, Institute of Biochemistry Felix-Hausdorff-Str. 4 17487 Greifswald Germany
| | - Sabine Müller
- University of Greifswald, Institute of Biochemistry Felix-Hausdorff-Str. 4 17487 Greifswald Germany
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19
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Shortt K, Heruth DP, Zhang N, Wu W, Singh S, Li DY, Zhang LQ, Wyckoff GJ, Qi LS, Friesen CA, Ye SQ. Identification of Novel Regulatory Genes in APAP Induced Hepatocyte Toxicity by a Genome-Wide CRISPR-Cas9 Screen. Sci Rep 2019; 9:1396. [PMID: 30718897 PMCID: PMC6362041 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-37940-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Acetaminophen (APAP) is a commonly used analgesic responsible for more than half of acute liver failure cases. Identification of previously unknown genetic risk factors would provide mechanistic insights and novel therapeutic targets for APAP-induced liver injury. This study used a genome-wide CRISPR-Cas9 screen to evaluate genes that are protective against, or cause susceptibility to, APAP-induced liver injury. HuH7 human hepatocellular carcinoma cells containing CRISPR-Cas9 gene knockouts were treated with 15 mM APAP for 30 minutes to 4 days. A gene expression profile was developed based on the 1) top screening hits, 2) overlap of expression data from APAP overdose studies, and 3) predicted affected biological pathways. We further demonstrated the implementation of intermediate time points for the identification of early and late response genes. This study illustrated the power of a genome-wide CRISPR-Cas9 screen to systematically identify novel genes involved in APAP-induced hepatotoxicity and to provide potential targets to develop novel therapeutic modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Shortt
- Division of Experimental and Translational Genetics, University of Missouri Kansas City School of Medicine, Kansas City, USA.,Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics, University of Missouri Kansas City School of Medicine, Kansas City, MO, USA.,Division of Cell Biology and Biophysics, University of Missouri Kansas City School of Biological Sciences, Kansas City, MO, USA.,Precision Genomics, Intermountain Healthcare, St. George, UT, 84790, USA
| | - Daniel P Heruth
- Division of Experimental and Translational Genetics, University of Missouri Kansas City School of Medicine, Kansas City, USA.
| | - NiNi Zhang
- Division of Experimental and Translational Genetics, University of Missouri Kansas City School of Medicine, Kansas City, USA.,Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Nutrition, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xian, China
| | - Weibin Wu
- Division of Experimental and Translational Genetics, University of Missouri Kansas City School of Medicine, Kansas City, USA.,Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics, University of Missouri Kansas City School of Medicine, Kansas City, MO, USA
| | - Shipra Singh
- Division of Experimental and Translational Genetics, University of Missouri Kansas City School of Medicine, Kansas City, USA.,Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics, University of Missouri Kansas City School of Medicine, Kansas City, MO, USA
| | - Ding-You Li
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Nutrition, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, USA
| | - Li Qin Zhang
- Division of Experimental and Translational Genetics, University of Missouri Kansas City School of Medicine, Kansas City, USA. .,Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri Kansas City School of Medicine, Kansas City, MO, USA.
| | - Gerald J Wyckoff
- Division of Molecular Biology & Biochemistry, University of Missouri Kansas City School of Biological Sciences, Kansas City, MO, USA
| | - Lei S Qi
- Department of Bioengineering, Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, ChEM-H, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Craig A Friesen
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Nutrition, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, USA
| | - Shui Qing Ye
- Division of Experimental and Translational Genetics, University of Missouri Kansas City School of Medicine, Kansas City, USA.,Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics, University of Missouri Kansas City School of Medicine, Kansas City, MO, USA.,Division of Cell Biology and Biophysics, University of Missouri Kansas City School of Biological Sciences, Kansas City, MO, USA
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20
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Gene Drives and Genome Modification in Nonhuman Animals: A Concern for Informed Consent? Camb Q Healthc Ethics 2018; 28:93-99. [PMID: 30570468 DOI: 10.1017/s0963180118000427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, CRISPR-Cas9 has become one of the simplest and most cost-effective genetic engineering techniques among scientists and researchers aiming to alter genes in organisms. As Zika came to the fore as a global health crisis, many suggested the use of CRISPR-Cas9 gene drives in mosquitoes as a possible means to prevent the transmission of the virus without the need to subject humans to risky experimental treatments. This paper suggests that using gene drives or other forms of genome editing in nonhumans (like mosquitos) for the purposes of disease prevention raises important issues about informed consent. Additionally, it examines the consequences this line of inquiry could have for the use of gene drives as a tool in public health and suggests that the guidance offered by informed consent protocols could help the scientific community deploy gene drives in a way that ensures that ongoing research is consistent with our ethical priorities.
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21
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Araújo T, Khayat A, Quintana L, Calcagno D, Mourão R, Modesto A, Paiva J, Lima A, Moreira F, Oliveira E, Souza M, Othman M, Liehr T, Abdelhay E, Gomes R, Santos S, Assumpção P. Piwi like RNA-mediated gene silencing 1 gene as a possible major player in gastric cancer. World J Gastroenterol 2018; 24:5338-5350. [PMID: 30598579 PMCID: PMC6305533 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v24.i47.5338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Revised: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To establish a permanent piwi like RNA-mediated gene silencing 1 (PIWIL1) gene knockout in AGP01 gastric cancer cell line using CRISPR-Cas9 system and analyze phenotypic modifications as well as gene expression alterations.
METHODS CRISPR-Cas9 system used was purchased from Dharmacon GE Life Sciences (Lafayette, CO, United States) and permanent knockout was performed according to manufacturer’s recommendations. Wound-healing assay was performed to investigate the effect of PIWIL1 knockout on migration capability of cells and Boyden chamber invasion assay was performed to investigate the effect on invasion capability. For the gene expression analysis, a one-color microarray-based gene expression analysis kit (Agilent Technologies, Santa Clara, CA, United States) was used according to the protocol provided by the manufacturer.
RESULTS PIWIL1 gene knockout caused a significant decrease in AGP01 migration capacity as well as a significant decrease in cell invasiveness. Moreover, functional analysis based on grouping of all differentially expressed mRNAs identified a total of 35 genes (5 up-regulated and 30 down-regulated) encoding proteins involved in cellular invasion and migration. According to current literature, 9 of these 35 genes (DOCK2, ZNF503, PDE4D, ABL1, ABL2, LPAR1, SMAD2, WASF3 and DACH1) are possibly related to the mechanisms used by PIWIL1 to promote carcinogenic effects related to migration and invasion, since their functions are consistent with the changes observed (being up- or down-regulated after knockout).
CONCLUSION Taken together, these data reinforce the idea that PIWIL1 plays a crucial role in the signaling pathway of gastric cancer, regulating several genes involved in migration and invasion processes; therefore, its use as a therapeutic target may generate promising results in the treatment of gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taíssa Araújo
- Núcleo de Pesquisas em Oncologia, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66073-000, Brazil
| | - André Khayat
- Núcleo de Pesquisas em Oncologia, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66073-000, Brazil
| | - Luciana Quintana
- Núcleo de Pesquisas em Oncologia, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66073-000, Brazil
| | - Danielle Calcagno
- Núcleo de Pesquisas em Oncologia, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66073-000, Brazil
| | - Ronald Mourão
- Núcleo de Pesquisas em Oncologia, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66073-000, Brazil
| | - Antônio Modesto
- Núcleo de Pesquisas em Oncologia, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66073-000, Brazil
| | - Juliana Paiva
- Núcleo de Pesquisas em Oncologia, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66073-000, Brazil
| | - Adhara Lima
- Núcleo de Pesquisas em Oncologia, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66073-000, Brazil
| | - Fabiano Moreira
- Núcleo de Pesquisas em Oncologia, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66073-000, Brazil
| | - Edivaldo Oliveira
- Laboratório de Cultura de Tecidos e Citogenética, Instituto Evandro Chagas, Belém 66087-082, Brazil
| | - Michel Souza
- Laboratório de Cultura de Tecidos e Citogenética, Instituto Evandro Chagas, Belém 66087-082, Brazil
| | - Moneeb Othman
- Institute of Human Genetics, Universitätsklinikum Jena, Jena 07747, Germany
| | - Thomas Liehr
- Institute of Human Genetics, Universitätsklinikum Jena, Jena 07747, Germany
| | - Eliana Abdelhay
- Laboratório de Célula Tronco, Centro de Transplante de Medula Óssea, Instituto Nacional de Câncer José Alencar Gomes da Silva, Rio de Janeiro 20230-130, Brazil
| | - Renata Gomes
- Laboratório de Célula Tronco, Centro de Transplante de Medula Óssea, Instituto Nacional de Câncer José Alencar Gomes da Silva, Rio de Janeiro 20230-130, Brazil
| | - Sidney Santos
- Núcleo de Pesquisas em Oncologia, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66073-000, Brazil
| | - Paulo Assumpção
- Núcleo de Pesquisas em Oncologia, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66073-000, Brazil
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22
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Zhang Y, Arango G, Li F, Xiao X, Putatunda R, Yu J, Yang XF, Wang H, Watson LT, Zhang L, Hu W. Comprehensive off-target analysis of dCas9-SAM-mediated HIV reactivation via long noncoding RNA and mRNA profiling. BMC Med Genomics 2018; 11:78. [PMID: 30200981 PMCID: PMC6131778 DOI: 10.1186/s12920-018-0394-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background CRISPR/CAS9 (epi)genome editing revolutionized the field of gene and cell therapy. Our previous study demonstrated that a rapid and robust reactivation of the HIV latent reservoir by a catalytically-deficient Cas9 (dCas9)-synergistic activation mediator (SAM) via HIV long terminal repeat (LTR)-specific MS2-mediated single guide RNAs (msgRNAs) directly induces cellular suicide without additional immunotherapy. However, potential off-target effect remains a concern for any clinical application of Cas9 genome editing and dCas9 epigenome editing. After dCas9 treatment, potential off-target responses have been analyzed through different strategies such as mRNA sequence analysis, and functional screening. In this study, a comprehensive analysis of the host transcriptome including mRNA, lncRNA, and alternative splicing was performed using human cell lines expressing dCas9-SAM and HIV-targeting msgRNAs. Results The control scrambled msgRNA (LTR_Zero), and two LTR-specific msgRNAs (LTR_L and LTR_O) groups show very similar expression profiles of the whole transcriptome. Among 839 identified lncRNAs, none exhibited significantly different expression in LTR_L vs. LTR_Zero group. In LTR_O group, only TERC and scaRNA2 lncRNAs were significantly decreased. Among 142,791 mRNAs, four genes were differentially expressed in LTR_L vs. LTR_Zero group. There were 21 genes significantly downregulated in LTR_O vs. either LTR_Zero or LTR_L group and one third of them are histone related. The distributions of different types of alternative splicing were very similar either within or between groups. There were no apparent changes in all the lncRNA and mRNA transcripts between the LTR_L and LTR_Zero groups. Conclusion This is an extremely comprehensive study demonstrating the rare off-target effects of the HIV-specific dCas9-SAM system in human cells. This finding is encouraging for the safe application of dCas9-SAM technology to induce target-specific reactivation of latent HIV for an effective “shock-and-kill” strategy. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12920-018-0394-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonggang Zhang
- Center for Metabolic Disease Research, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, 3500 N Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA.,Center for Stem Cell Research and Application, Institute of Blood Transfusion, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College (CAMS & PUMC), Chengdu, 610052, China
| | - Gustavo Arango
- Department of Computer Science, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24060, USA
| | - Fang Li
- Center for Metabolic Disease Research, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, 3500 N Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Xiao Xiao
- Center for Metabolic Disease Research, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, 3500 N Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Raj Putatunda
- Center for Metabolic Disease Research, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, 3500 N Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Jun Yu
- Center for Metabolic Disease Research, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, 3500 N Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Xiao-Feng Yang
- Center for Metabolic Disease Research, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, 3500 N Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Hong Wang
- Center for Metabolic Disease Research, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, 3500 N Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Layne T Watson
- Department of Computer Science, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24060, USA.,Department of Mathematics, Department of Aerospace and Ocean Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24060, USA
| | - Liqing Zhang
- Department of Computer Science, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24060, USA.
| | - Wenhui Hu
- Center for Metabolic Disease Research, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, 3500 N Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA. .,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, 3500 N Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA.
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23
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Nerys-Junior A, Braga-Dias LP, Pezzuto P, Cotta-de-Almeida V, Tanuri A. Comparison of the editing patterns and editing efficiencies of TALEN and CRISPR-Cas9 when targeting the human CCR5 gene. Genet Mol Biol 2018; 41:167-179. [PMID: 29583154 PMCID: PMC5901495 DOI: 10.1590/1678-4685-gmb-2017-0065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 06/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The human C-C chemokine receptor type-5 (CCR5) is the major transmembrane
co-receptor that mediates HIV-1 entry into target CD4+ cells. Gene therapy to
knock-out the CCR5 gene has shown encouraging results in providing a functional
cure for HIV-1 infection. In gene therapy strategies, the initial region of the
CCR5 gene is a hotspot for producing functional gene knock-out. Such target gene
editing can be done using programmable endonucleases such as transcription
activator-like effector nucleases (TALEN) or clustered regularly interspaced
short palindromic repeats (CRISPR-Cas9). These two gene editing approaches are
the most modern and effective tools for precise gene modification. However,
little is known of potential differences in the efficiencies of TALEN and
CRISPR-Cas9 for editing the beginning of the CCR5 gene. To examine which of
these two methods is best for gene therapy, we compared the patterns and amount
of editing at the beginning of the CCR5 gene using TALEN and CRISPR-Cas9
followed by DNA sequencing. This comparison revealed that CRISPR-Cas9 mediated
the sorting of cells that contained 4.8 times more gene editing than TALEN+
transfected cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arildo Nerys-Junior
- Laboratório de Virologia Molecular, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Luciene P Braga-Dias
- Laboratório do Serviço de Biotecnologia e Desenvolvimento Animal, Instituto de Ciência e Tecnologia em Biomodelos, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Paula Pezzuto
- Laboratório de Virologia Molecular, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | | | - Amilcar Tanuri
- Laboratório de Virologia Molecular, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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24
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Uppada V, Gokara M, Rasineni GK. Diagnosis and therapy with CRISPR advanced CRISPR based tools for point of care diagnostics and early therapies. Gene 2018; 656:22-29. [PMID: 29496558 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2018.02.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Revised: 02/14/2018] [Accepted: 02/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Molecular diagnostics is of critical importance to public health worldwide. It facilitates not only detection and characterization of diseases, but also monitors drug responses, assists in the identification of genetic modifiers and disease susceptibility. Based upon DNA variation, a wide range of molecular-based tests are available to assess/diagnose diseases. The CRISPR-Cas9 system has recently emerged as a versatile tool for biological and medical research. In this system, a single guide RNA (sgRNA) directs the endonuclease Cas9 to a targeted DNA sequence for site-specific manipulation. As designing CRISPR-guided nucleases can be done easily and relatively fast, the CRISPR/Cas9 system has evolved as widely used DNA editing tool. This technique led to a large number of gene editing studies in variety of organisms. CRISPR/Cas9-mediated diagnosis and therapy has picked up pace due to specificity and accuracy of CRISPR. The aim is not only to identify specific pathogens, especially virus but also to repair disease-causing alleles by changing the DNA sequence at the exact location on the chromosome. At present, PCR-based molecular diagnostic testing predominates; however, alternative technologies aimed at reducing genome complexity without PCR are anticipated to gain momentum in the coming years. Furthermore, development of integrated chip devices should allow point-of-care testing and facilitate genetic readouts from single cells and molecules. Together with molecular based therapy CRISPR based diagnostic testing will be a revolution in modern health care settings. In this review, we emphasize on current developing diagnostic techniques based upon CRISPR Cas approach along with short insights on its therapeutic usage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanita Uppada
- Department of Animal Biology, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad 500046, Telangana, India
| | - Mahesh Gokara
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad 500046, Telangana, India
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Zhang J, Zhao J, Zheng X, Cai K, Mao Q, Xia H. Establishment of a novel hepatic steatosis cell model by Cas9/sgRNA-mediated DGKθ gene knockout. Mol Med Rep 2018; 17:2169-2176. [PMID: 29207074 PMCID: PMC5783457 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.8140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Accepted: 08/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
To investigate the role of diacylglycerol kinase θ (DGKθ) in lipid metabolism and insulin resistance, the present study generated an in vitro hepatic steatosis cell model by knockout of the DGKθ gene in liver cancer cell line HepG2 using CRISPR/Cas9 technology. The cell line was characterized by Oil Red O staining and shown to exhibit increased intracellular lipid accumulation, compared with that in wild‑type liver cancer cell line HepG2. The gene expression levels of signaling proteins in pathways involved in lipid metabolism, insulin resistance and gluconeogenesis were also examined. The DGKθ‑knockout HepG2 cells showed increased mRNA and protein expression levels of lipid synthesis‑related genes, fatty acid synthase, peroxisome proliferator‑activated receptor‑γ and sterol regulatory element‑binding protein‑1c, and decreased expression levels of the lipolysis‑related gene, carnitine palmitoyltransferase1A. These changes may account for the increased intracellular lipid content of this cell line. The DGKθ‑knockout HepG2 cells also exhibited an increased phosphorylation level of protein kinase Cε and decreased phosphorylation levels of insulin receptor substrate 1, mechanistic target of rapamycin and protein kinase B (also known as Akt). These changes have been reported to mediate insulin resistance. Taken together, an in vitro hepatic steatosis cell model was established in the present study, providing a valuable tool for understanding the pathogenesis of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and associated insulin resistance, and for developing treatment strategies for this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Zhang
- Laboratory of Gene Therapy, Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710062, P.R. China
| | - Junli Zhao
- Laboratory of Gene Therapy, Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710062, P.R. China
| | - Xiaojing Zheng
- Laboratory of Gene Therapy, Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710062, P.R. China
| | - Kai Cai
- Laboratory of Gene Therapy, Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710062, P.R. China
| | - Qinwen Mao
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Haibin Xia
- Laboratory of Gene Therapy, Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710062, P.R. China
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Bhatt JM, Challa AK. First Year Course-Based Undergraduate Research Experience (CURE) Using the CRISPR/Cas9 Genome Engineering Technology in Zebrafish. JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY & BIOLOGY EDUCATION 2018; 19:jmbe-19-3. [PMID: 29904527 PMCID: PMC5969413 DOI: 10.1128/jmbe.v19i1.1245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2016] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Genetic analysis in model systems can provide a rich context for conceptual understanding of gene structure, regulation, and function. With an intent to create a rich learning experience in molecular genetics, we developed a semester-long course-based undergraduate research experience (CURE) using the CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing system to disrupt specific genes in the zebrafish. The course was offered to freshman students; nine students worked in four groups (two to three members per group) to design, synthesize, and test the nuclease activity of the CRISPR (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats)/sgRNAs for targeted disruption of specific genes in the zebrafish. Each group worked with a gene with an already known mutant phenotype that can be visually scored and a gene that had not been studied in zebrafish previously. Embedded in the course were a series of workshop-styled units or tutorials, including tours to core facilities. The focus was on introducing and developing skills that could be accommodated within the span of a semester. Each group successfully cloned at least one plasmid-encoding CRISPR/sgRNA template, visually analyzed injected embryos, and performed genotyping assays to detect CRISPR-Cas9 activity. In-class discussions, a final end-of-semester written test, and group oral presentations were assessed for an understanding of the CRISPR-Cas9 system, application of the CRISPR-Cas9 system as a gene manipulation tool, and experimental methods used to create plasmid vectors and synthesize sgRNA. In addition, poster presentations were evaluated by faculty, graduate students, and senior undergraduate students at a University research exposition. Self-reflections in the form of group conversations were video recorded. All students (9/9) distinctly showed learning gains after completing the activity, but the extent of the gains was variable, as seen from results of a written test and poster presentation assessment. Qualitative analysis of evaluations and self-reporting data indicated several gains, suggesting that all students found many aspects of the CURE valuable and gained project-specific (conceptual) and transferrable skills (science process and science identity).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay M. Bhatt
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294
| | - Anil Kumar Challa
- Department of Genetics, Transgenic & Genetically Engineered Models (TGEMs) Core Facility, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294
- Corresponding author. Mailing address: Department of Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Hugh Kaul Human Genetics Building, Rm. 624, 720 20th Street South, Birmingham, AL 35294. Phone: 614-736-1361. Fax: 205-975-4418. E-mail:
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Abstract
This chapter describes the potential use of viral-mediated gene transfer in the central nervous system for genome editing in the context of Huntington's disease. Here, we provide protocols that cover the design of various genome editing strategies, the cloning of CRISPR/Cas9 elements into lentiviral vectors, and the assessment of cleavage efficiency, as well as potential unwanted effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Vachey
- Laboratory of Neurotherapies and Neuromodulation (LNCM), Neuroscience Research Center (CRN), Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Nicole Déglon
- Laboratory of Neurotherapies and Neuromodulation (LNCM), Neuroscience Research Center (CRN), Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland.
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Roberts K, Schluns J, Walker A, Jones JD, Quinn KP, Hestekin J, Wolchok JC. Cell derived extracellular matrix fibers synthesized using sacrificial hollow fiber membranes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 13:015023. [PMID: 28855424 DOI: 10.1088/1748-605x/aa895c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The therapeutic potential of biological scaffolds as adjuncts to synthetic polymers motivates the engineering of fibers formed using the extracellular matrix (ECM) secreted by cells. To capture the ECM secreted by cells during in vitro culture, a solvent degradable hollow fiber membrane (HFM) was created and utilized as a cell culture platform. NIH/3T3 fibroblasts were injected into the narrow (0.986 ± 0.042 mm) lumina of mesoporous polysulfone HFMs and maintained in culture for up to 3 weeks. Following cell culture, HFMs were dissolved using N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone and the accumulated ECM was collected. The ECM retained the filamentous dimensions of the HFM lumen. The process yielded up to 0.89 ± 0.20 mg of ECM for every mm of HFM dissolved. Immunofluorescence, second-harmonic generation microscopy, and tandem mass spectrometry indicated the presence of an array of ECM constituents, including collagen, fibronectin, and proteoglycans, while FTIR spectra suggested thorough HFM material dissolution. Isolated ECM fibers, although fragile, were amenable to handling and exhibited an average elastic modulus of 34.6 ± 15.3 kPa, ultimate tensile strength of 5.2 ± 2.2 kPa, and elongation-at-break of 29% ± 18%. ECM fibers consisted of an interconnected yet porous (32.7% ± 5.8% open space) network which supported the attachment and in vitro proliferation of mammalian cells. ECM fibers were similarly synthesized using muscle and astrocyte cells, suggesting process robustness across different cell types. Ultimately, these ECM fibers could be utilized as an alternative to synthetics for the manufacture of woven meshes targeting wound healing or regenerative medicine applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Roberts
- Cell and Molecular Biology Program, University of Arkansas, 850 W Dickson St., Rm. 601, Fayetteville, AR 72701, United States of America
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Han W, She Q. CRISPR History: Discovery, Characterization, and Prosperity. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2017; 152:1-21. [PMID: 29150001 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2017.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
CRISPR research is a very young research field since it was only 10years ago when the system was found to confer antiviral defense. Nevertheless, there has been an explosion of publications in CRISPR research in the past 5years. The research was started with the comparative genomics of microbial genomes early this century, which revealed the prevalence of clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) and CRISPR-associated (Cas) in bacteria and archaea. Series of hypotheses were made based on bioinformatics analyses and tested experimentally within a few years after the CRISPR acronym was coined. These findings have not only led to the discovery of the unique antiviral system and the involved molecular mechanisms, but also to the development of CRISPR technology with various well-developed applications, such as genome editing in all three domains of life. Currently, widespread research efforts in multiple research disciplines have constantly yielded new insights into molecular mechanisms of CRISPR antiviral immunity, and new applications in scientific research and biomedical applications. Retrospectively, it is worth pointing out that close interdisciplinary interactions have fostered series of discoveries in the CRISPR research and worked as the driving force in the fast developing research field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenyuan Han
- Archaea Center, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen Biocenter, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Qunxin She
- Archaea Center, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen Biocenter, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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30
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Singh V, Gohil N, Ramírez García R, Braddick D, Fofié CK. Recent Advances in CRISPR-Cas9 Genome Editing Technology for Biological and Biomedical Investigations. J Cell Biochem 2017; 119:81-94. [PMID: 28544016 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.26165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Accepted: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The Type II CRISPR-Cas9 system is a simple, efficient, and versatile tool for targeted genome editing in a wide range of organisms and cell types. It continues to gain more scientific interest and has established itself as an extremely powerful technology within our synthetic biology toolkit. It works upon a targeted site and generates a double strand breaks that become repaired by either the NHEJ or the HDR pathway, modifying or permanently replacing the genomic target sequences of interest. These can include viral targets, single-mutation genetic diseases, and multiple-site corrections for wide scale disease states, offering the potential to manage and cure some of mankind's most persistent biomedical menaces. Here, we present the developing progress and future potential of CRISPR-Cas9 in biological and biomedical investigations, toward numerous therapeutic, biomedical, and biotechnological applications, as well as some of the challenges within. J. Cell. Biochem. 119: 81-94, 2018. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijai Singh
- Department of Microbiology, Synthetic Biology Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Institute of Advanced Research, Koba Institutional Area, Gandhinagar 382007, India
| | - Nisarg Gohil
- Department of Microbiology, Synthetic Biology Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Institute of Advanced Research, Koba Institutional Area, Gandhinagar 382007, India
| | - Robert Ramírez García
- Department of Microbiology, Synthetic Biology Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Institute of Advanced Research, Koba Institutional Area, Gandhinagar 382007, India
| | | | - Christian Kuete Fofié
- Department of Microbiology, Synthetic Biology Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Institute of Advanced Research, Koba Institutional Area, Gandhinagar 382007, India.,Faculty of Science, Laboratory of Animal Physiology and Phytopharmacology, University of Dschang, Dschang, Cameroon
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31
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Swamy MN, Wu H, Shankar P. Recent advances in RNAi-based strategies for therapy and prevention of HIV-1/AIDS. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2016; 103:174-186. [PMID: 27013255 PMCID: PMC4935623 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2016.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2015] [Revised: 03/10/2016] [Accepted: 03/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
RNA interference (RNAi) provides a powerful tool to silence specific gene expression and has been widely used to suppress host factors such as CCR5 and/or viral genes involved in HIV-1 replication. Newer nuclease-based gene-editing technologies, such as zinc finger nucleases (ZFN), transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALEN) and the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/Cas9 system, also provide powerful tools to ablate specific genes. Because of differences in co-receptor usage and the high mutability of the HIV-1 genome, a combination of host factors and viral genes needs to be suppressed for effective prevention and treatment of HIV-1 infection. Whereas the continued presence of small interfering/short hairpin RNA (si/shRNA) mediators is needed for RNAi to be effective, the continued expression of nucleases in the gene-editing systems is undesirable. Thus, RNAi provides the only practical way for expression of multiple silencers in infected and uninfected cells, which is needed for effective prevention/treatment of infection. There have been several advances in the RNAi field in terms of si/shRNA design, targeted delivery to HIV-1 susceptible cells, and testing for efficacy in preclinical humanized mouse models. Here, we comprehensively review the latest advances in RNAi technology towards prevention and treatment of HIV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manjunath N Swamy
- Center of Emphasis in Infectious Disease, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, TX 79905, USA.
| | - Haoquan Wu
- Center of Emphasis in Infectious Disease, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, TX 79905, USA
| | - Premlata Shankar
- Center of Emphasis in Infectious Disease, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, TX 79905, USA.
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32
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Choi JG, Dang Y, Abraham S, Ma H, Zhang J, Guo H, Cai Y, Mikkelsen JG, Wu H, Shankar P, Manjunath N. Lentivirus pre-packed with Cas9 protein for safer gene editing. Gene Ther 2016; 23:627-33. [PMID: 27052803 DOI: 10.1038/gt.2016.27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2015] [Revised: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The CRISPR/Cas9 system provides an easy way to edit specific site/s in the genome and thus offers tremendous opportunity for human gene therapy for a wide range of diseases. However, one major concern is off-target effects, particularly with long-term expression of Cas9 nuclease when traditional expression methods such as via plasmid/viral vectors are used. To overcome this limitation, we pre-packaged Cas9 protein (Cas9P LV) in lentiviral particles for transient exposure and showed its effectiveness for gene disruption in cells, including primary T cells expressing specific single guide RNAs (sgRNAs). We then constructed an 'all in one virus' to express sgRNAs in association with pre-packaged Cas9 protein (sgRNA/Cas9P LV). We successfully edited CCR5 in TZM-bl cells by this approach. Using an sgRNA-targeting HIV long terminal repeat, we also were able to disrupt HIV provirus in the J-LAT model of viral latency. Moreover, we also found that pre-packaging Cas9 protein in LV particle reduced off-target editing of chromosome 4:-29134166 locus by CCR5 sgRNA, compared with continued expression from the vector. These results show that sgRNA/Cas9P LV can be used as a safer approach for human gene therapy applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- J G Choi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Center of Emphasis in Infectious Disease, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, TX, USA
| | - Y Dang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Center of Emphasis in Infectious Disease, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, TX, USA
| | - S Abraham
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Center of Emphasis in Infectious Disease, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, TX, USA
| | - H Ma
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Center of Emphasis in Infectious Disease, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, TX, USA
| | - J Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Center of Emphasis in Infectious Disease, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, TX, USA
| | - H Guo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Center of Emphasis in Infectious Disease, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, TX, USA
| | - Y Cai
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - J G Mikkelsen
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - H Wu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Center of Emphasis in Infectious Disease, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, TX, USA
| | - P Shankar
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Center of Emphasis in Infectious Disease, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, TX, USA
| | - N Manjunath
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Center of Emphasis in Infectious Disease, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, TX, USA
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Qi X, Zhang J, Zhao Y, Chen T, Xiang Y, Hui J, Cai D, Liu Y, Xia L, Yu T, Li G. The applications of CRISPR screen in functional genomics. Brief Funct Genomics 2016; 16:34-37. [DOI: 10.1093/bfgp/elw020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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34
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Dong ZQ, Chen TT, Zhang J, Hu N, Cao MY, Dong FF, Jiang YM, Chen P, Lu C, Pan MH. Establishment of a highly efficient virus-inducible CRISPR/Cas9 system in insect cells. Antiviral Res 2016; 130:50-7. [PMID: 26979473 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2016.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2015] [Revised: 03/07/2016] [Accepted: 03/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Although current antiviral strategies can inhibit baculovirus infection and decrease viral DNA replication to a certain extent, novel tools are required for specific and accurate elimination of baculovirus genomes from infected insects. Using the newly developed clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats/associated protein 9 nuclease (CRISPR/Cas9) technology, we disrupted a viral genome in infected insect cells in vitro as a defense against viral infection. We optimized the CRISPR/Cas9 system to edit foreign and viral genome in insect cells. Using Bombyx mori nucleopolyhedrovirus (BmNPV) as a model, we found that the CRISPR/Cas9 system was capable of cleaving the replication key factor ie-1 in BmNPV thus effectively inhibiting virus proliferation. Furthermore, we constructed a virus-inducible CRISPR/Cas9 editing system, which minimized the probability of off-target effects and was rapidly activated after viral infection. This is the first report describing the application of the CRISPR/Cas9 system in insect antiviral research. Establishment of a highly efficient virus-inducible CRISPR/Cas9 system in insect cells provides insights to produce virus-resistant transgenic strains for future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhan-Qi Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China
| | - Ting-Ting Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China; Institute of Life Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Nan Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China
| | - Ming-Ya Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China
| | - Fei-Fan Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China
| | - Ya-Ming Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China
| | - Peng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China
| | - Cheng Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China; Key Laboratory for Sericulture Functional Genomics and Biotechnology of Agricultural Ministry, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China.
| | - Min-Hui Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China; Key Laboratory for Sericulture Functional Genomics and Biotechnology of Agricultural Ministry, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China.
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Berger A, Maire S, Gaillard MC, Sahel JA, Hantraye P, Bemelmans AP. mRNA trans-splicing in gene therapy for genetic diseases. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-RNA 2016; 7:487-98. [PMID: 27018401 PMCID: PMC5071737 DOI: 10.1002/wrna.1347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2015] [Revised: 01/27/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Spliceosome-mediated RNA trans-splicing, or SMaRT, is a promising strategy to design innovative gene therapy solutions for currently intractable genetic diseases. SMaRT relies on the correction of mutations at the post-transcriptional level by modifying the mRNA sequence. To achieve this, an exogenous RNA is introduced into the target cell, usually by means of gene transfer, to induce a splice event in trans between the exogenous RNA and the target endogenous pre-mRNA. This produces a chimeric mRNA composed partly of exons of the latter, and partly of exons of the former, encoding a sequence free of mutations. The principal challenge of SMaRT technology is to achieve a reaction as complete as possible, i.e., resulting in 100% repairing of the endogenous mRNA target. The proof of concept of SMaRT feasibility has already been established in several models of genetic diseases caused by recessive mutations. In such cases, in fact, the repair of only a portion of the mutant mRNA pool may be sufficient to obtain a significant therapeutic effect. However in the case of dominant mutations, the target cell must be freed from the majority of mutant mRNA copies, requiring a highly efficient trans-splicing reaction. This likely explains why only a few examples of SMaRT approaches targeting dominant mutations are reported in the literature. In this review, we explain in details the mechanism of trans-splicing, review the different strategies that are under evaluation to lead to efficient trans-splicing, and discuss the advantages and limitations of SMaRT. WIREs RNA 2016, 7:487-498. doi: 10.1002/wrna.1347 For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adeline Berger
- Centre de recherche Institut de la Vision, Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie UM80, Paris, France
| | - Séverine Maire
- Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives (CEA), Département des Sciences du Vivant (DSV), Institut d'Imagerie Biomédicale (I2BM), Molecular Imaging Research Center (MIRCen), Fontenay-aux-Roses, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, UMR 9199, Neurodegenerative Diseases Laboratory, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Marie-Claude Gaillard
- Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives (CEA), Département des Sciences du Vivant (DSV), Institut d'Imagerie Biomédicale (I2BM), Molecular Imaging Research Center (MIRCen), Fontenay-aux-Roses, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, UMR 9199, Neurodegenerative Diseases Laboratory, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - José-Alain Sahel
- Centre de recherche Institut de la Vision, Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie UM80, Paris, France.,Centre Hospitalier National d'Ophtalmologie des Quinze-Vingts, INSERM-DHOS, Paris, France.,Fondation Ophtalmologique Adolphe de Rothschild, Paris, France.,Institute of Ophthalmology, University College of London, London, UK
| | - Philippe Hantraye
- Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives (CEA), Département des Sciences du Vivant (DSV), Institut d'Imagerie Biomédicale (I2BM), Molecular Imaging Research Center (MIRCen), Fontenay-aux-Roses, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, UMR 9199, Neurodegenerative Diseases Laboratory, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Alexis-Pierre Bemelmans
- Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives (CEA), Département des Sciences du Vivant (DSV), Institut d'Imagerie Biomédicale (I2BM), Molecular Imaging Research Center (MIRCen), Fontenay-aux-Roses, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, UMR 9199, Neurodegenerative Diseases Laboratory, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
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36
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel A Lefferts
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center and Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH
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38
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CRISPR/Cas9 system as an innovative genetic engineering tool: Enhancements in sequence specificity and delivery methods. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2015; 1856:234-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2015.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2015] [Revised: 09/26/2015] [Accepted: 09/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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CRISPR comes of age: A fairytale turned into bedside reality? Genes Dis 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gendis.2015.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Zhang Y, Yin C, Zhang T, Li F, Yang W, Kaminski R, Fagan PR, Putatunda R, Young WB, Khalili K, Hu W. CRISPR/gRNA-directed synergistic activation mediator (SAM) induces specific, persistent and robust reactivation of the HIV-1 latent reservoirs. Sci Rep 2015; 5:16277. [PMID: 26538064 PMCID: PMC4633726 DOI: 10.1038/srep16277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2015] [Accepted: 10/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Current antiretroviral therapy does not eliminate the integrated and transcriptionally silent HIV-1 provirus in latently infected cells. Recently, a "shock and kill" strategy has been extensively explored to eradicate the HIV-1 latent reservoirs for a permanent cure of AIDS. The therapeutic efficacy of currently used agents remains disappointing because of low efficiency, non-specificity and cellular toxicity. Here we present a novel catalytically-deficient Cas9-synergistic activation mediator (dCas9-SAM) technology to selectively, potently and persistently reactivate the HIV-1 latent reservoirs. By screening 16 MS2-mediated single guide RNAs, we identified long terminal repeat (LTR)-L and O that surround the enhancer region (-165/-145 for L and -92/-112 for O) and induce robust reactivation of HIV-1 provirus in HIV-1 latent TZM-bI epithelial, Jurkat T lymphocytic and CHME5 microglial cells. This compulsory reactivation induced cellular suicide via toxic buildup of viral proteins within HIV-1 latent Jurkat T and CHME5 microglial cells. These results suggest that this highly effective and target-specific dCas9-SAM system can serve as a novel HIV-latency-reversing therapeutic tool for the permanent elimination of HIV-1 latent reservoirs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonggang Zhang
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Neurovirology and The Comprehensive NeuroAIDS Center, Temple University School of Medicine, 3500 N Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA 19140
| | - Chaoran Yin
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Neurovirology and The Comprehensive NeuroAIDS Center, Temple University School of Medicine, 3500 N Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA 19140
| | - Ting Zhang
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Neurovirology and The Comprehensive NeuroAIDS Center, Temple University School of Medicine, 3500 N Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA 19140
| | - Fang Li
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Neurovirology and The Comprehensive NeuroAIDS Center, Temple University School of Medicine, 3500 N Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA 19140
| | - Wensheng Yang
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Neurovirology and The Comprehensive NeuroAIDS Center, Temple University School of Medicine, 3500 N Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA 19140
| | - Rafal Kaminski
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Neurovirology and The Comprehensive NeuroAIDS Center, Temple University School of Medicine, 3500 N Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA 19140
| | - Philip Regis Fagan
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Neurovirology and The Comprehensive NeuroAIDS Center, Temple University School of Medicine, 3500 N Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA 19140
| | - Raj Putatunda
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Neurovirology and The Comprehensive NeuroAIDS Center, Temple University School of Medicine, 3500 N Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA 19140
| | - Won-Bin Young
- Department of Radiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15219
| | - Kamel Khalili
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Neurovirology and The Comprehensive NeuroAIDS Center, Temple University School of Medicine, 3500 N Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA 19140
| | - Wenhui Hu
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Neurovirology and The Comprehensive NeuroAIDS Center, Temple University School of Medicine, 3500 N Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA 19140
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