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Abdul S, Masue V, Mlemba MA, Massawe R, Mosha V, Leyaro BJ, Msuya SE. Performance Evaluation of Rapid Test for Schistosoma Mansoni among School Aged Children in Mwanga District Council, Kilimanjaro Tanzania. East Afr Health Res J 2024; 8:13-19. [PMID: 39234341 PMCID: PMC11371011 DOI: 10.24248/eahrj.v8i1.743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 09/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Schistosomiasis is an acute and chronic tropical disease caused by trematodes of the genus Schistosoma. It is a disease of public health concern and mostly affects developing countries of the tropics. According to WHO burden of the disease is as high as 80-85%, principally in sub-Saharan Africa. Although the majority of the infection is often linked with morbidity, it also results in considerable death. The overall annual mortality rate might exceed 200,000 people in Africa due to different complications of urinary and intestinal Schistosomiasis. Children are at a greater risk of acquiring the infection as well as reinfection, and this might cause growth retardation, anemia and low school performance. Objective The study aimed at determining the prevalence of Schistosoma mansoni, associated factors and evaluating the performance of Point of Care Circulating Cathodic Antigen comparison (POC-CCA) against a routine method (formal Ether) of detection methods among school aged children at Mwanga District Council, Kilimanjaro Tanzania. Methodology This was a cross sectional study conducted from April - June 2019 in Mwanga District Council. A minimum of 288 primary school children in Mwanga District were enrolled. Random sampling technique was used to select the participants. Interviews were conducted with study participants followed by single stool and urine sample collection. formal-ether concentration technique, urine dipstick and Point of Care Circulating Cathodic Antigen (POC-CCA) were used for stool and urine analysis. Data were entered and cleaned by using SPSS Version 20. Descriptive statistics were summarised using frequency and proportion for categorical variables and mean and standard dispersion for continuous variables. Logistic regression was used to identify independent factors associated with schistosomiasis. Any association with P value <.05 was considered significant. Results A total of 288 participants were enrolled. The mean age of participants was 9.8 (±2.4) years. The prevalence of Schistosoma mansoni among the 288 students was 7.3% by formal ether method and 80.4% by POC-CCA. Social demographic characteristics, and hygiene practice assessed were not associated with Schistosoma mansoni in this study. Water source was statistically significantly associated with the prevalence of Schistosoma mansoni. Conclusion The prevalence of Schistosoma mansoni among school aged children is low by using formal-ether concentration technique (routine method). The annual projects of deworming might have helped decrease the endemicity of the infection. This is due to regular deworming project as recommended by WHO. Despite various efforts which are done to deworm, school aged children are still at risk of acquiring infection, due to poor hygienic practice especially from water sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seif Abdul
- Institute of Public Health, Department of Community Health, Kilimanjaro Christian Medical University College, Moshi, Tanzania
- Institute of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, Kilimanjaro Christian Medical University College, Moshi, Tanzania
| | - Victoria Masue
- Institute of Public Health, Department of Community Health, Kilimanjaro Christian Medical University College, Moshi, Tanzania
| | - Magreth A. Mlemba
- Institute of Public Health, Department of Community Health, Kilimanjaro Christian Medical University College, Moshi, Tanzania
| | - Rafaeli Massawe
- Institute of Public Health, Department of Community Health, Kilimanjaro Christian Medical University College, Moshi, Tanzania
| | - Victor Mosha
- Institute of Public Health, Department of Community Health, Kilimanjaro Christian Medical University College, Moshi, Tanzania
- Kilimanjaro Christian Research Institute, Moshi, Tanzania
| | - Beatrice J. Leyaro
- Institute of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, Kilimanjaro Christian Medical University College, Moshi, Tanzania
| | - Sia E. Msuya
- Institute of Public Health, Department of Community Health, Kilimanjaro Christian Medical University College, Moshi, Tanzania
- Institute of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, Kilimanjaro Christian Medical University College, Moshi, Tanzania
- Department of Community Medicine, Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre, Moshi, Tanzania
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Oyeyemi OT, Ogundahunsi O, Schunk M, Fatem RG, Shollenberger LM. Neglected tropical disease (NTD) diagnostics: current development and operations to advance control. Pathog Glob Health 2024; 118:1-24. [PMID: 37872790 PMCID: PMC10769148 DOI: 10.1080/20477724.2023.2272095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) have become important public health threats that require multi-faceted control interventions. As late treatment and management of NTDs contribute significantly to the associated burdens, early diagnosis becomes an important component for surveillance and planning effective interventions. This review identifies common NTDs and highlights the progress in the development of diagnostics for these NTDs. Leveraging existing technologies to improve NTD diagnosis and improving current operational approaches for deployment of developed diagnostics are crucial to achieving the 2030 NTD elimination target. Point-of-care NTD (POC-NTD) diagnostic tools are recommended preferred diagnostic options in resource-constrained areas for mapping risk zones and monitoring treatment efficacy. However, few are currently available commercially. Technical training of remote health care workers on the use of POC-NTD diagnostics, and training of health workers on the psychosocial consequences of these diagnostics are critical in harnessing POC-NTD diagnostic potential. While the COVID-19 pandemic has challenged the possibility of achieving NTD elimination in 2030 due to the disruption of healthcare services and dwindling financial support for NTDs, the possible contribution of NTDs in exacerbating COVID-19 pandemic should motivate NTD health system strengthening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oyetunde T. Oyeyemi
- Department of Biosciences and Biotechnology, University of Medical Sciences, Ondo, Nigeria
- Department of Biological Sciences, Old Dominion University, Virginia, USA
| | - Olumide Ogundahunsi
- The Central Office for Research and Development (CORD), University of Medical Sciences, Ondo, Nigeria
| | - Mirjam Schunk
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Medical Center of the University of Munich (LMU) institution, Munich, Germany
| | - Ramzy G. Fatem
- Schistosome Biological Supply Center, Theodor Bilharz Research Institute, Giza, Egypt
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Liu CL, Zhou T, Cheng LB, Fisher D, Pronyuk K, Musabaev E, Dang YP, Zhao L. The History of Controlling and Treating Infectious Diseases in Ancient China. Curr Med Sci 2024; 44:64-70. [PMID: 38393523 DOI: 10.1007/s11596-024-2831-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
Infectious diseases are the common enemies of mankind. In the course of historical development, they persistently threaten human health and safety. Even today, despite the developments in medical science, we cannot escape the fear and suffering caused by infectious diseases. Whether in ancient or modern times, the source of infection, route of transmission, and a susceptible population are the three key conditions for the prevalence and spread of infectious diseases. All factors closely related to these three conditions can affect the prevalence of infectious diseases. China is one of the cradles of world civilization. The ancient people accumulated a great deal of experience and lessons in the long struggle against infectious diseases. In the face of the current threat posed by widespread infectious disease, it is imperative to review and summarize ancient Chinese ideas and health policies on epidemic prevention and control to inspire contemporary efforts in the prevention and control of infectious disease. The combination of prevention-oriented epidemic prevention ideology and traditional medicine provides valuable insights, especially for impoverished and medically underserved regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cui-Ling Liu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Tao Zhou
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Huanggang Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Huanggang, 438000, China
| | - Liang-Bin Cheng
- Clinical College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, 430065, China
- Department of Liver Diseases, Hubei Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, 430061, China
| | - David Fisher
- Department of Medical Biosciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of the Western Cape, Bellville, Cape Town, 7535, South Africa
| | - Khrystyna Pronyuk
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Bogomolets National Medical University, Kyiv, 02132, Ukraine
| | - Erkin Musabaev
- The Research Institute of Virology, Ministry of Health, Tashkent, 100122, Uzbekistan
| | - Yi-Ping Dang
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China.
| | - Lei Zhao
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China.
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Zhou Z, Li J, Jiang J, Luo Y, Yingzi M. Characteristics of peripheral lymphocyte subsets in patients with different stages of schistosomiasis japonica. Parasite Immunol 2023; 45:e13006. [PMID: 37551055 DOI: 10.1111/pim.13006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/09/2023]
Abstract
Immune cells are important for the development of schistosomiasis japonica and are also critical for the treatment of schistosomiasis. The immune cells in the peripheral blood help assess the immune state. The peripheral lymphocytes in schistosomiasis mansoni were well studied; however, immune cells in patients with different stages of schistosomiasis japonica are not well analysed. Here, we performed a preliminary study to explore characteristics of peripheral lymphocyte subsets in patients with different stages of schistosomiasis japonica. 135 patients with Schistosoma japonicum infection and 25 healthy volunteers were included in this study, including 84 patients with chronic S. japonicum infection and 51 patients with advanced S. japonicum infection. Flow cytometry analysis was performed to evaluate peripheral lymphocytes including T cells, B cells, and natural killer (NK) cells. Blood routine and liver function test data were analysed. Ultrasound examination was used to access liver fibrosis according to the World Health Organization standard about ultrasound in schistosomiasis. Demographic data analysis suggested there was no difference in age and gender in patients with S. japonicum infection and health control group. Liver function tests showed that patients with advanced schistosomiasis had a higher incidence of liver function abnormality and blood lipid than those with chronic schistosomiasis. Blood routine results reflected that haemoglobin, red blood cells, platelets, as well as lymphocytes in the advanced group were significantly less than that in the chronic group. Furthermore, flow cytometry analysis indicated that the percentage of CD4+ T cells was lower in the advanced group, but the percentage of CD19+ B cells was higher in the advanced group. In addition, the number of CD3+ T cells, CD3+ CD4+ T cells, CD3+ CD8+ T cells, and NK cells was less in the advanced group when compared with those in the chronic group. In addition, there was a correlation between the decrease in CD4+ T cells and more severe fibrosis on ultrasound images. Our results indicated that the immune state in the peripheral is different in different stages of S. japonicum infection. Lymphocyte subset analysis has potential to facilitate differential diagnosis of different stages of schistosomiasis japonica and even to be a prognostic factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoqin Zhou
- Center for Organ Transplantation, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Junhui Li
- Center for Organ Transplantation, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jie Jiang
- Center for Organ Transplantation, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yulin Luo
- Center for Organ Transplantation, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ming Yingzi
- Center for Organ Transplantation, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
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Liu J, Wang X, Sheng F, Giri BR, Li S, Xia T, Li X, Cheng G. Metagenomic sequencing for identifying pathogen-specific circulating DNAs and development of diagnostic methods for schistosomiasis. iScience 2023; 26:107495. [PMID: 37636036 PMCID: PMC10457526 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.107495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Timely diagnosis of Schistosoma infection, particularly in the early stage is crucial for identifying infected hosts and then taking effective control strategies. Here, metagenomic next-generation sequencing was used to identify pathogen-specific circulating DNAs (cDNAs) in the sera/plasma of New Zealand rabbits infected with S. japonicum, and the identified cDNAs were validated by PCR and qPCR. Loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP)-based CRISPR-Cas12a and recombinase polymerase amplification-based lateral flow strip (RPA-LF) methods combined with the newly identified cDNA were developed to evaluate the potentials for diagnosing murine and human schistosomiasis. The results indicated that twenty-two cDNAs were identified. The developed LAMP-based CRISPR/Cas12a and RPA-LF methods showed a good potential for diagnosing murine or human schistosomiasis as early as 5 days of post-infection with 5 cercariae infection. In a word, S. japonicum specific cDNAs in circulation of infected hosts could be effective biomarkers for detecting Schistosoma infection particularly for early stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyi Liu
- Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, #500 Zhen-nan Road, Shanghai 200331, People’s Republic of China
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaoxu Wang
- School of Biotechnology Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhen Jiang 212100, People’s Republic of China
| | - Fei Sheng
- Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, #500 Zhen-nan Road, Shanghai 200331, People’s Republic of China
| | - Bikash R. Giri
- Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, #500 Zhen-nan Road, Shanghai 200331, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shun Li
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, People’s Republic of China
| | - Tianqi Xia
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xuxin Li
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, People’s Republic of China
| | - Guofeng Cheng
- Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, #500 Zhen-nan Road, Shanghai 200331, People’s Republic of China
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Xu S, Zhang YWQ, Habib MR, Li SZ, Yuan Y, Ke WH, Jiang N, Dong H, Zhao QP. Inhibition of alternative oxidase disrupts the development and oviposition of Biomphalaria glabrata snails. Parasit Vectors 2023; 16:73. [PMID: 36804043 PMCID: PMC9938623 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-022-05642-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Biomphalaria glabrata is one of the main intermediate hosts of Schistosoma mansoni, the most widespread species of Schistosoma. Our previous studies proved that alternative oxidase (AOX), the terminal oxidase in the mitochondrial respiratory chain, widely exists in several species of intermediate host snails of Schistosoma. Meanwhile, inhibition of AOX activity in Oncomelania hupensis snails could dramatically enhance the molluscicidal effect of niclosamide. As a hermaphroditic aquatic mollusc, the high fecundity and population density of B. glabrata increase the difficulty of snail control, which is one of the critical strategies for schistosomiasis elimination. The present study aimed to investigate the possible role of AOX in the development and fecundity of B. glabrata snail, which could be manipulated more manageable than other species of intermediate host snails of Schistosoma. METHODS The dynamic expression of the AOX gene was investigated in different developmental stages and tissues of B. glabrata, with morphological change and oviposition behaviour observed from juvenile to adult snails. Furtherly, dsRNA-mediated knockdown of BgAOX mRNA and the AOX protein activity inhibiting was performed to investigate the effect of AOX on the development and oviposition of snails. RESULTS The BgAOX gene expression profile is highly related to the development from late juveniles to adults, especially to the reproductive system of snails, with a positive correlation of 0.975 between egg production and BgAOX relative expression in ovotestis of snails. The inhibition of BgAOX at the transcriptional level and AOX activity could efficiently inhibit snail growth. However, the interference at the BgAOX protein activity level led to more severe tissue damage and more significant inhibition of oviposition than at the transcriptional level. This inhibition of growth and oviposition decreased gradually with the increase in the snail size. CONCLUSIONS The inhibition of AOX could efficiently disrupt the development and oviposition of B. glabrata snails, and the intervention targeting AOX at the juvenile stage is more effective for snails. This investigation explored the role of AOX in the growth and development of snails. It would benefit snail control in the future by providing a potential target while using molluscicides more efficiently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sha Xu
- grid.49470.3e0000 0001 2331 6153Department of Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province China
| | - Yang-Wen-Qing Zhang
- grid.49470.3e0000 0001 2331 6153Department of Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province China
| | - Mohamed R. Habib
- grid.420091.e0000 0001 0165 571XMedical Malacology Laboratory, Theodor Bilharz Research Institute, Giza, Egypt
| | - Shi-Zhu Li
- grid.453135.50000 0004 1769 3691National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Tropical Diseases Research, WHO Collaborating Center for Tropical Diseases, Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Yuan
- Hubei Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhan, Hubei Province China
| | - Wei Hao Ke
- grid.49470.3e0000 0001 2331 6153Department of Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province China
| | - Ni Jiang
- grid.49470.3e0000 0001 2331 6153Department of Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province China
| | - Huifen Dong
- grid.49470.3e0000 0001 2331 6153Department of Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province China
| | - Qin-Ping Zhao
- Department of Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China.
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A retrospective analysis of schistosomiasis related literature from 2011-2020: Focusing on the next decade. Acta Trop 2023; 238:106750. [PMID: 36372254 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2022.106750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 11/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Schistosomiasis, an ancient and neglected tropical disease, which poses a huge threat to over 200 million people globally. It is necessary to have a general summary of schistosomiasis research after the new roadmap 2021-2030 issued by WHO. This study analyzes the current status of schistosomiasis research from the perspective of the One Health concept by analyzing important research literature published from 2011 to 2020, while further highlighting research priorities, difficulties, and research directions in order to propose suggestions for tropical disease studies research. METHODS Published literature related to schistosomiasis was searched from the Web of Science Core Collection (WoSCC) database. Focusing on a visual analysis of the main research literature in the field of schistosomiasis, CiteSpace software was used to conduct co-occurrence analysis with keywords, countries, institutions, and authors. Moreover, clustering and burst analyses of keywords and co-citation analysis of authors, publications, and journals were performed. RESULTS A total of 6638 schistosomiasis-related articles were published from 2011 to 2020, all of which can be sourced from the WoSCC database. The publication of schistosomiasis research has remained stable over the past 10 years, and contains studies in the area of human epidemiology, animal surveillance and the environment. The top five high-frequency keywords included Schistosoma mansoni, schistosomiasis, infection, praziquantel, and Schistosoma japonicum. The keywords formed nine clusters, including praziquantel, epidemiology, Schistosoma japonicum, helminths, protein, diagnosis, schistosomiasis, response, and haematobium. In recent years, most research studies focused on the mechanism of liver fibrosis, eliminating schistosomiasis, controlling risk factors, and the relationship between schistosomiasis infection and host immunity. The most productive countries include the United States, China, and Brazil, and the most productive institutions are the University of Basel, the Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, and the University of São Paulo. Highly productive authors include Jürg Utzinger and Donald P. McManus. At the time of writing, the author with the highest co-citation frequency (993 times) was Peter Hotez, and the journal with the highest co-citation frequency (3,720 times) was PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases. Human schistosomiasis, published by Colley et al. (2014), was the most frequently co-cited publication (494 times). CONCLUSIONS This study provides a preliminary description of the current status of schistosomiasis research and an initial exploration of future research directions. The One Health concept was applied in the field of schistosomiasis control, as confirmed by this bibliometric analysis. Our study provides guidance for the development of research on schistosomiasis and other neglected tropical diseases.
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SjHSP90 recombinant protein and its possible application in the diagnosis of schistosomiasis and treatment efficacy monitoring. Acta Trop 2023; 238:106793. [PMID: 36509131 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2022.106793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Revised: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The fraction antigen of Schistosoma japonicum (107-121 kDa) eggs can be used for treatment efficacy monitoring, but the methods are laborious. This study analyzed the antigen and its feasibility for infection screening and treatment efficacy monitoring, which is the key to schistosomiasis control. METHODS The fraction antigens have been analyzed by shotgun mass spectrometry. The recombinant proteins of candidates from the fraction antigens have been prokaryotic expression and purification in large amounts with high purity. The sera have been collected from rabbits and mice models of schistosomiasis infection and treatment. ELISA evaluated the diagnostic value of the candidate proteins. RESULTS SJCHGC00820 and SJCHGC06900, with higher credibility, were identified through Shotgun mass spectrometry. ELISA results showed that rSj00820 has a diagnostic value for schistosomiasis (positive OD/negative OD P/N=3.6), while rSj06900 showed negative (P/N)<2. In rabbits, the specific serum antibodies for SjHSP90(rSj00820) in the infected animals peaked 6 weeks after infection and gradually decreased after treatment, reaching negative levels at 11 weeks. SjHSP90-ELISA was used to test serum samples from infected mice. The sensitivity and specificity reached >90%, similar to the diagnostic value obtained with soluble egg antigen (SEA) (SEA-ELISA). After treatment, the negative conversion rate reached >80%, significantly superior to SEA-ELISA. CONCLUSIONS The SjHSP90-ELISA can be used for the immunological diagnosis and treatment efficacy monitoring of schistosomiasis. The study lays a foundation for further developing screening and diagnostic kits.
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Adeyemo P, Léger E, Hollenberg E, Diouf N, Sène M, Webster JP, Häsler B. Estimating the financial impact of livestock schistosomiasis on traditional subsistence and transhumance farmers keeping cattle, sheep and goats in northern Senegal. Parasit Vectors 2022; 15:101. [PMID: 35317827 PMCID: PMC8938966 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-021-05147-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Schistosomiasis is a disease that poses major threats to human and animal health, as well as the economy, especially in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). Whilst many studies have evaluated the economic impact of schistosomiasis in humans, to date only one has been performed in livestock in SSA and none in Senegal. This study aimed to estimate the financial impact of livestock schistosomiasis in selected regions of Senegal. METHODS Stochastic partial budget models were developed for traditional ruminant farmers in 12 villages in northern Senegal. The models were parameterised using data from a cross-sectional survey, focus group discussions, scientific literature and available statistics. Two scenarios were defined: scenario 1 modelled a situation in which farmers tested and treated their livestock for schistosomiasis, whilst scenario 2 modelled a situation in which there were no tests or treatment. The model was run with 10,000 iterations for 1 year; results were expressed in West African CFA francs (XOF; 1 XOF was equivalent to 0.0014 GBP at the time of analysis). Sensitivity analyses were conducted to assess the impact of uncertain variables on the disease costs. RESULTS Farmers surveyed were aware of schistosomiasis in their ruminant livestock and reported hollowing around the eyes, diarrhoea and weight loss as the most common clinical signs in all species. For scenario 1, the median disease costs per year and head of cattle, sheep and goats were estimated at 13,408 XOF, 27,227 XOF and 27,694 XOF, respectively. For scenario 2, the disease costs per year and head of cattle, sheep and goats were estimated at 49,296 XOF, 70,072 XOF and 70,281 XOF, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that the financial impact of livestock schistosomiasis on traditional subsistence and transhumance farmers is substantial. Consequently, treating livestock schistosomiasis has the potential to generate considerable benefits to farmers and their families. Given the dearth of data in this region, our study serves as a foundation for further in-depth studies to provide estimates of disease impact and as a baseline for future economic analyses. This will also enable One Health economic studies where the burden on both humans and animals is estimated and included in cross-sectoral cost-benefit and cost-effectiveness analyses of disease control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Praise Adeyemo
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hawkshead Lane, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, AL9 7TA UK
- Present Address: Dr Ameyo Stella Adadevoh (DRASA) Health Trust, Yaba, Lagos Nigeria
| | - Elsa Léger
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hawkshead Lane, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, AL9 7TA UK
- London Centre for Neglected Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Elizabeth Hollenberg
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hawkshead Lane, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, AL9 7TA UK
| | - Nicolas Diouf
- Institut Supérieur de Formation Agricole et Rurale, Université de Thiès, Bambey, Senegal
- Unité de Formation et de Recherche des Sciences Agronomiques, d’Aquaculture et de Technologies Alimentaires, Université Gaston Berger, Saint-Louis, Senegal
| | - Mariama Sène
- Unité de Formation et de Recherche des Sciences Agronomiques, d’Aquaculture et de Technologies Alimentaires, Université Gaston Berger, Saint-Louis, Senegal
| | - Joanne P. Webster
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hawkshead Lane, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, AL9 7TA UK
- London Centre for Neglected Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Barbara Häsler
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hawkshead Lane, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, AL9 7TA UK
- London Centre for Neglected Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
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Impact of the coronavirus disease 2019 lockdown on Schistosoma host Oncomelania hupensis density in Wuhan. Acta Trop 2022; 226:106224. [PMID: 34757041 PMCID: PMC8575659 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2021.106224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2021] [Revised: 09/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Snails that host the parasitic worm Schistosoma were once controlled or eliminated in Wuhan, China. However, safety measures associated with the outbreak of novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) halted snail detection and extermination efforts. The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on urban schistosomiasis transmission remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate snail density and the associated risk of a schistosomiasis outbreak in Wuhan. METHODS The density and infection status of snails were monitored by global positioning system satellites, and outbreak risk was calculated by adjusting the Kaiser model. SigmaPlot was used to create a three-dimensional risk matrix. RESULTS The living snail frame occurrence rate was 1.48%, and the average living snail density was 0.054/0.11 m2 in 2020, indicating an increase relative to the respective 2019 values (0.019/0.11 m2). No infectious snails were observed in the survey area. The possibility, harmfulness, and uncontrollability indicator values were 0.842, 0.870, and 0.866, respectively. The areas at greatest risk were the northern bank of Tianxingzhou and the Tianxingzhou and Hongshan districts overall. The existing snail sites in the northern bank of Tianxingzhou exhibited the highest risk scores, followed by those in Pak Sha Chau, with the highest risk score found in Yangsiji Village. The events likely to occur in Hongshan District were also likely to have high severity. CONCLUSIONS During the COVID-19 outbreak, the risk of schistosomiasis increased due to snail colonies returning to their sites of origin in Wuhan, suggesting a need for strengthened infection control and prevention measures.
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Rogers MJ, McManus DP, Muhi S, Gordon CA. Membrane Technology for Rapid Point-of-Care Diagnostics for Parasitic Neglected Tropical Diseases. Clin Microbiol Rev 2021; 34:e0032920. [PMID: 34378956 PMCID: PMC8404699 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00329-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Parasitic neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) affect over one billion people worldwide, with individuals from communities in low-socioeconomic areas being most at risk and suffering the most. Disease management programs are hindered by the lack of infrastructure and resources for clinical sample collection, storage, and transport and a dearth of sensitive diagnostic methods that are inexpensive as well as accurate. Many diagnostic tests and tools have been developed for the parasitic NTDs, but the collection and storage of clinical samples for molecular and immunological diagnosis can be expensive due to storage, transport, and reagent costs, making these procedures untenable in most areas of endemicity. The application of membrane technology, which involves the use of specific membranes for either sample collection and storage or diagnostic procedures, can streamline this process, allowing for long-term sample storage at room temperature. Membrane technology can be used in serology-based diagnostic assays and for nucleic acid purification prior to molecular analysis. This facilitates the development of relatively simple and rapid procedures, although some of these methods, mainly due to costs, lack accessibility in low-socioeconomic regions of endemicity. New immunological procedures and nucleic acid storage, purification, and diagnostics protocols that are simple, rapid, accurate, and cost-effective must be developed as countries progress control efforts toward the elimination of the parasitic NTDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeleine J. Rogers
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Donald P. McManus
- Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Stephen Muhi
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Service, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Catherine A. Gordon
- Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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From the One Health Perspective: Schistosomiasis Japonica and Flooding. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10121538. [PMID: 34959493 PMCID: PMC8709050 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10121538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Schistosomiasis is a water-borne parasitic disease distributed worldwide, while schistosomiasis japonica localizes in the People’s Republic of China, the Philippines, and a few regions of Indonesia. Although significant achievements have been obtained in these endemic countries, great challenges still exist to reach the elimination of schistosomiasis japonica, as the occurrence of flooding can lead to several adverse consequences on the prevalence of schistosomiasis. This review summarizes the influence of flooding on the transmission of schistosomiasis japonica and interventions responding to the adverse impacts from the One Health perspective in human beings, animals, and the environment. For human and animals, behavioral changes and the damage of water conservancy and sanitary facilities will increase the intensity of water contact. For the environment, the density of Oncomelania snails significantly increases from the third year after flooding, and the snail habitats can be enlarged due to active and passive diffusion. With more water contact of human and other reservoir hosts, and larger snail habitats with higher density of living snails, the transmission risk of schistosomiasis increases under the influence of flooding. With the agenda set for global schistosomiasis elimination, interventions from the One Health perspective are put forward to respond to the impacts of increased flooding. For human beings, conducting health education to increase the consciousness of self-protection, preventive chemotherapy for high-risk populations, supply of safe water, early case finding, timely reporting, and treating cases will protect people from infection and prevent the outbreak of schistosomiasis. For animals, culling susceptible domestic animals, herding livestock in snail-free areas, treating livestock with infection or at high risk of infection, harmless treatment of animal feces to avoid water contamination, and monitoring the infection status of wild animals in flooding areas are important to cut off the transmission chain from the resources. For the environment, early warning of flooding, setting up warning signs and killing cercaria in risk areas during and post flooding, reconstructing damaged water conservancy facilities, developing hygiene and sanitary facilities, conducting snail surveys, using molluscicide, and predicting areas with high risk of schistosomiasis transmission after flooding all contribute to reducing the transmission risk of schistosomiasis. These strategies need the cooperation of the ministry of health, meteorological administration, water resources, agriculture, and forestry to achieve the goal of minimizing the impact of flooding on the transmission of schistosomiasis. In conclusion, flooding is one of the important factors affecting the transmission of schistosomiasis japonica. Multi-sectoral cooperation is needed to effectively prevent and control the adverse impacts of flooding on human beings, animals, and the environment.
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Zhang JY, Gu MM, Yu QF, Sun MT, Zou HY, Zhou ZJ, Lu DB. Genetic diversity and structure of Oncomelania hupensis hupensis in two eco-epidemiological settings as revealed by the mitochondrial COX1 gene sequences. Mol Biol Rep 2021; 49:511-518. [PMID: 34725747 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-021-06907-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oncomelania hupensis hupensis is the only intermediate host of Schistosoma japonicum, the causative agent of schistosomiasis in China and is therefore of significant medical and veterinary health importance. Although tremendous progress has been achieved, there remains an understudied area of approximately 2.06 billion m2 of potential snail habitats. This area could be further increased by annual flooding. Therefore, an understanding of population genetics of snails in these areas may be useful for future monitoring and control activities. METHODS AND RESULTS We sampled snails from Hexian (HX), Zongyang (ZY) and Shitai (ST) in Anhui (schistosomiasis transmission control), and from Hengtang (HT), Taicang (TC), Dongsan (DS) and Xisan (XS) in Jiangsu (schistosomiasis transmission interrupted), downstream of Anhui. ST, DS and XS are classified as hilly and mountainous areas, and HX, ZY, TC and HT as lake and marshland areas. The mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I gene were sequenced. Out of 115 snails analyzed, 29 haplotypes were identified. We observed 56 (8.72%) polymorphic sites consisting of 51 transitions, four transversions and one multiple mutational change. The overall haplotype and nucleotide diversity were 0.899 and 0.01569, respectively. Snail populations in Anhui had higher genetic diversity than in Jiangsu. 73.32% of total variation was distributed among sites and 26.68% within sites. Snails were significantly separated according to eco-epidemiological settings in both network and phylogenetic analyses. CONCLUSION Our results could provide important guidance towards assessing coevolutionary interactions of snails with S. japonicum, as well as for future molluscan host monitoring and control activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie-Ying Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology and Statistics, School of Public Health, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Man-Man Gu
- Department of Epidemiology and Statistics, School of Public Health, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Qiu-Fu Yu
- Department of Epidemiology and Statistics, School of Public Health, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Meng-Tao Sun
- Department of Epidemiology and Statistics, School of Public Health, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Hui-Ying Zou
- Department of Epidemiology and Statistics, School of Public Health, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Zhi-Jun Zhou
- Center for Disease Prevention and Control of Wuzhong District, Suzhou, China
| | - Da-Bing Lu
- Department of Epidemiology and Statistics, School of Public Health, Soochow University, Suzhou, China.
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Tropical Medicine in China: Bibliometric Analysis Based on Web of Science (2010-2019). J Trop Med 2021; 2021:4267230. [PMID: 34422063 PMCID: PMC8371669 DOI: 10.1155/2021/4267230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The current study quantitatively assessed research trends in tropical medicine in China via a bibliometric method, which used the Web of Science database to analyse the research-based literature related to tropical medicine published from 2010 to 2019. Methods Articles were analysed according to the output and research performance of institutes and countries that collaborated with China. Distribution of keywords was applied to evaluate research trends. Results Our findings showed that 3372 articles in the field of tropical medicine have been indexed under the Web of Science database during the past 10 years, indicating that studies pertaining to tropical medicine have been growing from 2010 to 2019. The Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC) system, which published 549 articles on tropical medicine, may be considered as the flagship of tropical medicine in China. The United States ranked first in internationally collaborative articles with China. Furthermore, Parasite & Vectors, which published 707 papers, emerged as the top journal according to the number of publications. Conclusions This study highlights the key institutes and topics pertaining to tropical medicine research in China. Although there has been rapid progress in research on tropical medicine in China, some gaps still remain.
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Tang CL, Li YH, Dai WQ, Zhu YW, Wu ZX, Li Y, Zuo T. GENE EXPRESSION LEVEL, IMMUNOLOCALIZATION, AND FUNCTION OF FATTY ACID-BINDING PROTEIN FROM SCHISTOSOMA JAPONICUM. J Parasitol 2021; 107:529-536. [PMID: 34198340 DOI: 10.1645/19-42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The Schistosoma japonicum fatty acid-binding protein (FABP) is used in the cell membrane to absorb and transport fatty acids, which cannot be resynthesized by the organism and combined with hydrophobic ligands. Among the 5 stages of the worm life cycle examined, FABP messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) expression was highest in male adult worms, followed by the liver-stage schistosome, and was the lowest in the lung-stage schistosome. The fabp gene-coding region was cloned and expressed to obtain recombinant S. japonicum FABP (rSjFABP) with a molecular weight of approximately 18 kDa. Mice were then immunized against rSjFABP to prepare anti-FABP serum. Using immunohistochemical techniques, FABP protein was found to localize to the eggshell, parenchyma, and digestive tract. Double-stranded RNA-mediated knockdown of FABP mRNA by RNA interference decreased the number of transcripts by >70%. Moreover, the egg production rate decreased, whereas the abnormal egg ratio was significantly increased in the FABP-silenced group compared with the negative control group (P < 0.05). These results demonstrate that FABP localizes in adults and in various stages. FABP contributes to the egg-laying capacity of adults, which may be related to the reproductive function of S. japonicum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Lian Tang
- Wuchang Hospital affiliated to Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430063, China
| | - Yan-Hong Li
- Department of Endocrinology, Wuchang Hospital affiliated to Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430063, China
| | - Wen-Qin Dai
- Wuchang Hospital affiliated to Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430063, China
| | - Ya-Wen Zhu
- Wuchang Hospital affiliated to Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430063, China
| | - Zhao-Xia Wu
- Wuchang Hospital affiliated to Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430063, China
| | - Yan Li
- Wuchang Hospital affiliated to Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430063, China
| | - Tao Zuo
- Wuhan Pulmonary Hospital, Wuhan Institute for Tuberculosis Control, Wuhan 430030, China
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Xiong YH, Xu XN, Zheng B. Patented technologies for schistosomiasis control and prevention filed by Chinese applicants. Infect Dis Poverty 2021; 10:84. [PMID: 34118989 PMCID: PMC8199835 DOI: 10.1186/s40249-021-00869-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many valuable and productive patented technologies have been developed to control schistosomiasis in China in the past 70 years. We conducted a research to analyse patented technologies for schistosomiasis control and prevention filed by Chinese applicants for determining the future patent layout. METHODS The patent databases of China National Intellectual Property Administration and Baiten were comprehensively searched, and patented technologies for schistosomiasis control and prevention, published between January 1950 and December 2020 filed by Chinese applicants were sorted on 30 December 2020. The patent types, technical fields, and patent development trends were analysed using patent indexing. RESULTS There are 184 valid schistosomiasis control technology patents, among them 128 invention patents. The patents related to schistosomiasis control and prevention technology have gone through the germination, growth, and maturity stages. These phases correspond with three phases in schistosomiasis control in China. The main technical aspects were fundamental research (n = 37), detection (n = 13), chemotherapy (n = 61), and armamentarium/devices (n = 73), of which the number of patents for detection for diagnosis was smaller. The top three specialised technical fields for patents subgroups, focusing on antiparasitic agents, DNA or RNA, vectors and medicines, of which schistosomicides are the major dominant subgroup. CONCLUSIONS We recommend that technologies to be patented for schistosomiasis control and prevention be focused on detection, preliminary studies for molecular detection methods should be significantly enhanced, and patent layout must be performed, which will, in turn, promote accuracy of early diagnosis, not only in humans but also in livestock. It is necessary to develop more anti-schistosomal drugs safely and effectively, exceptionally eco-friendly molluscicides and herbal extracts anti-schistosomes, improve treatment, develop vaccines for use in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Hong Xiong
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, National Health Commission, WHO Centre for Tropical Diseases, National Center for International Research On Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Xue-Nian Xu
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, National Health Commission, WHO Centre for Tropical Diseases, National Center for International Research On Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Bin Zheng
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, National Health Commission, WHO Centre for Tropical Diseases, National Center for International Research On Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200025, China.
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Zheng JX, Xia S, Lv S, Zhang Y, Bergquist R, Zhou XN. Infestation risk of the intermediate snail host of Schistosoma japonicum in the Yangtze River Basin: improved results by spatial reassessment and a random forest approach. Infect Dis Poverty 2021; 10:74. [PMID: 34011383 PMCID: PMC8135174 DOI: 10.1186/s40249-021-00852-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oncomelania hupensis is only intermediate snail host of Schistosoma japonicum, and distribution of O. hupensis is an important indicator for the surveillance of schistosomiasis. This study explored the feasibility of a random forest algorithm weighted by spatial distance for risk prediction of schistosomiasis distribution in the Yangtze River Basin in China, with the aim to produce an improved precision reference for the national schistosomiasis control programme by reducing the number of snail survey sites without losing predictive accuracy. METHODS The snail presence and absence records were collected from Anhui, Hunan, Hubei, Jiangxi and Jiangsu provinces in 2018. A machine learning of random forest algorithm based on a set of environmental and climatic variables was developed to predict the breeding sites of the O. hupensis intermediated snail host of S. japonicum. Different spatial sizes of a hexagonal grid system were compared to estimate the need for required snail sampling sites. The predictive accuracy related to geographic distances between snail sampling sites was estimated by calculating Kappa and the area under the curve (AUC). RESULTS The highest accuracy (AUC = 0.889 and Kappa = 0.618) was achieved at the 5 km distance weight. The five factors with the strongest correlation to O. hupensis infestation probability were: (1) distance to lake (48.9%), (2) distance to river (36.6%), (3) isothermality (29.5%), (4) mean daily difference in temperature (28.1%), and (5) altitude (26.0%). The risk map showed that areas characterized by snail infestation were mainly located along the Yangtze River, with the highest probability in the dividing, slow-flowing river arms in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River in Anhui, followed by areas near the shores of China's two main lakes, the Dongting Lake in Hunan and Hubei and the Poyang Lake in Jiangxi. CONCLUSIONS Applying the machine learning of random forest algorithm made it feasible to precisely predict snail infestation probability, an approach that could improve the sensitivity of the Chinese schistosome surveillance system. Redesign of the snail surveillance system by spatial bias correction of O. hupensis infestation in the Yangtze River Basin to reduce the number of sites required to investigate from 2369 to 1747.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Xin Zheng
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research; WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases; National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology; NHC Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Shang Xia
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research; WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases; National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology; NHC Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Shanghai, 200025, China
- School of Global Health, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine; One Health Center, The University of Edinburgh, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Shan Lv
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research; WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases; National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology; NHC Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Shanghai, 200025, China
- School of Global Health, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine; One Health Center, The University of Edinburgh, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research; WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases; National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology; NHC Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Shanghai, 200025, China
- School of Global Health, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine; One Health Center, The University of Edinburgh, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Robert Bergquist
- Ingerod, Brastad, Sweden/formerly with the UNICEF/UNDP/World Bank/WHO Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases (TDR), World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Xiao-Nong Zhou
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research; WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases; National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology; NHC Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Shanghai, 200025, China.
- School of Global Health, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine; One Health Center, The University of Edinburgh, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200025, China.
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Population genomic analyses of schistosome parasites highlight critical challenges facing endgame elimination efforts. Sci Rep 2021; 11:6884. [PMID: 33767307 PMCID: PMC7994584 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-86287-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Schistosomiasis persists in Asian regions despite aggressive elimination measures. To identify factors enabling continued parasite transmission, we performed reduced representation genome sequencing on Schistosoma japonicum miracidia collected across multiple years from transmission hotspots in Sichuan, China. We discovered strong geographic structure, suggesting that local, rather than imported, reservoirs are key sources of persistent infections in the region. At the village level, parasites collected after referral for praziquantel treatment are closely related to local pre-treatment populations. Schistosomes within villages are also highly related, suggesting that only a few parasites from a limited number of hosts drive re-infection. The close familial relationships among miracidia from different human hosts also implicate short transmission routes among humans. At the individual host level, genetic evidence indicates that multiple humans retained infections following referral for treatment. Our findings suggest that end-game schistosomiasis control measures should focus on completely extirpating local parasite reservoirs and confirming successful treatment of infected human hosts.
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Favre TC, Massara CL, Beck LCNH, Cabello RKSA, Pieri OS. Adherence to diagnosis followed by selective treatment of schistosomiasis mansoni and related knowledge among schoolchildren in an endemic area of Minas Gerais, Brazil, prior to and after the implementation of educational actions. Parasite Epidemiol Control 2021; 13:e00208. [PMID: 33732914 PMCID: PMC7941185 DOI: 10.1016/j.parepi.2021.e00208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 11/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Brazilian guidelines for schistosomiasis elimination recommend regular search of infection carriers and their timely treatment. This study evaluates the effect of educational actions (EAs) among schoolchildren on adherence to diagnosis and treatment, as well as on knowledge of the disease. Methods In April/2013, a questionnaire was applied to 6th-to-8th-grade pupils of eight public schools to evaluate prior knowledge of disease and self-reported risk behavior. Baseline parasitological survey (PS) was done in May/2013, followed by selective treatment and cure assessment. The schools were then randomly allocated to experimental (EG) and control (CG) groups, with and without EAs, respectively. EAs were conducted for 3 months from August/2013. Questionnaire was reapplied in November/2013, April/2014, October/2014, and October/2015 to evaluate changes in knowledge about the disease and self-reported risk behavior. Two further annual PSs (May/2014 and May/2015), each followed by treatment of positives, allowed to evaluate between-group differences and intra-group changes in adherence to diagnosis and treatment, and to follow-up prevalence and intensity of infection. Results Adherence to diagnosis did not differ significantly between EG (84.1%) and CG (81.1%) at baseline but was significantly higher in EG in subsequent PSs. Overall, adherence to treatment was higher than 90% in all three PSs; cure was 98.4%, egg-reduction was 99.8% and reinfection, 2.8%. Prevalence fell significantly in EC (from 23.5% to 6.8%) and CG (from 21.8% to 2.4%), the same occurring with intensity (from 54.2 to 4.6 epg in EG and from 38.4 to 1.3 epg in CG). Disease knowledge increased significantly in EG and CG; knowledge about disease transmission increased significantly more in the EG. Self-reported risk behavior remained above 67% and did not differ significantly between EG and CG. Conclusion EAs increased adherence of schoolchildren and improved knowledge about the disease, confirming that EAs are an important tool to enhance schoolchildren participation in control campaigns. Educational actions improved adherence to stool testing. Disease knowledge also improved with educational actions. Risk behavior stayed high despite educational actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tereza Cristina Favre
- Environmental and Health Education Laboratory, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Cristiano Lara Massara
- Helmintology and Medical Malacology Research Group, René Rachou Institute, Fiocruz, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | | | - Otavio Sarmento Pieri
- Environmental and Health Education Laboratory, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Corresponding author.
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Rahman MO, Sassa M, Parvin N, Islam MR, Yajima A, Ota E. Diagnostic test accuracy for detecting Schistosoma japonicum and S. mekongi in humans: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009244. [PMID: 33730048 PMCID: PMC7968889 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Most of national schistosomiasis elimination programmes in Asia are relying on stool examination, particularly Kato Katz stool examination technique for regular transmission monitoring. However, the Kato-Katz technique has shown low sensitivity for the detection of light-intensity infections, and therefore highly sensitive diagnostic tools are urgently required to monitor prevalence of infection in low transmission settings. The objective of this systematic review was to evaluate and synthesize the performance of diagnostic tests for detecting Schistosoma japonicum and S. mekongi infection in people living in endemic areas. Methodology/Principal findings We comprehensively searched these nine electronic databases and other resources until July 2019, with no language or publication limits: PubMed, EMBASE, MEDLINE, Web of Science, BIOSIS Citation Index, HTA, CINAHL PLUS, The Cochrane Library, and PsycINFO. We included original studies that assessed diagnostic performance using antibody, antigen, and molecular tests with stool examination test as a reference standard. Two reviewers independently extracted a standard set of data and assessed study quality. We estimated the pooled estimates of sensitivity and specificity for each index test. We used diagnostic odds ratio to determine the overall accuracy and hierarchical summary receiver operating characteristics (HSROC) curve to assess the index tests performance. Fifteen studies (S. japonicum [n = 13] and S. mekongi [n = 2]) testing 15,303 participants were included in the review. Five studies reported performance of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), seven studies reported indirect hemagglutination assay (IHA), and four studies reported polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for detecting S. japonicum. The pooled sensitivity and specificity were 0.93 (95% CI: 0.84–0.98) and 0.40 (95% CI: 0.29–0.53) for ELISA, 0.97 (95% CI: 0.90–0.99) and 0.66 (95% CI: 0.58–0.73) for IHA, and 0.89 (95% CI: 0.71–0.96) and 0.49 (95% CI: 0.29–0.69) for PCR respectively. A global summary indicated the best performance for IHA, closely followed by ELISA. We were unable to perform meta-analysis for S. mekongi due to insufficient number of studies. Conclusions/Significance IHA showed the highest detection accuracy for S. japonicum. Further studies are needed to determine the suitable diagnostic methods to verify the absence of transmission of S. mekongi and also to compare detection accuracy against more sensitive reference standards such as PCR. Schistosomiasis remains a serious public health problem worldwide. Accurate diagnostic tests play a key role in control of schistosomiasis, especially in Asia where the prevalence and intensity of infection is low. As stool examination techniques, particularly the Kato-Katz technique has shown low sensitivity for the detection of light-intensity infections, highly sensitive diagnostics are urgently required to monitor prevalence of infection in low transmission settings. The purpose of this review was to assess and synthesize the performance of diagnostic tests for detecting schistosomiasis in people living in endemic areas in Asia. A comprehensive search, without any limit of language, date or types of publication, were performed for both- multiple electronic databases and other resources to identify the eligible studies. Robust analytical approaches such as diagnostic meta-analysis, HSROC curve, and diagnostic odds ratio, were used to provide more diagnostic accuracy of index tests. We assessed performance of three diagnostic tests (ELISA, IHA, and PCR) for detecting infection with S. japonicum using stool examination as a reference standard. In these meta-analyses, IHA showed the highest detection accuracy, followed by ELISA. We could not perform meta-analysis for S. mekongi due to insufficient number of studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Obaidur Rahman
- Department of Global Health Nursing, Graduate School of Nursing Science, St. Luke's International University, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Global Health Policy, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Miho Sassa
- Department of Global Health Policy, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Parasitology, Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN), Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Natasha Parvin
- Department of Accounting and Information System, Hajee Mohammad Danesh Science & Technology University, Dinajpur, Bangladesh
| | - Md Rashedul Islam
- Department of Global Health Policy, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,Division of Prevention, Center for Public Health Sciences, National Cancer Center, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Aya Yajima
- Malaria and Neglected Tropical Diseases Unit, Division of Progammes of Disease Control, World Health Organization Western Pacific Regional Office, World Health Organization
| | - Erika Ota
- Department of Global Health Nursing, Graduate School of Nursing Science, St. Luke's International University, Tokyo, Japan
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Brattig NW, Bergquist R, Qian MB, Zhou XN, Utzinger J. Helminthiases in the People's Republic of China: Status and prospects. Acta Trop 2020; 212:105670. [PMID: 32841589 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2020.105670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Helminth infections, many of them listed as neglected tropical diseases by the World Health Organization, remain a public health issue in many parts of the world. The People's Republic of China (P.R. China) stands out due to impressive progress in the control and local elimination of helminth infections. An important contextual factor is P.R. China's sustained social and economic development that allowed implementation of health-related poverty alleviation, improving water, sanitation and hygiene, enhancing information, education and communication, coupled with major engineering and infrastructure development and intersectoral collaboration. Nonetheless, food-borne trematodiases, soil-transmitted helminthiases, echinococcosis, cysticercosis/taeniasis and schistosomiasis still exert a considerable burden in P.R. China, even though the numbers of infected people have decreased substantially since the new millennium. This special issue of Acta Tropica provides a comprehensive update of the current knowledge of the main helminth infections in P.R. China, summarises progress in research and discusses future prospects for gaining and sustaining control towards the final goal of breaking transmission and hence, eliminating helminthiases. It consists of 34 articles with a wide coverage that can be grouped into six domains: (i) epidemiological assessment and disease burden estimates; (ii) diagnostics and antigen characterisation; (iii) drug and vaccine development; (iv) host-parasite interactions and snail genetics; (v) surveillance and public health response; and (vi) capacity building and international cooperation. The control and elimination of helminthiases not only furthers the health and wellbeing of the Chinese people, but also provides innovative approaches, tools and strategies, which can be adopted and applied in other countries and regions of the world where helminthiases still prevail.
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22
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Guo Q, Chen C, Zhou K, Li Y, Tong L, Yue Y, Zhou K, Liu J, Fu Z, Lin J, Zhao J, Sun P, Hong Y. Evaluation of a real-time PCR assay for diagnosis of schistosomiasis japonica in the domestic goat. Parasit Vectors 2020; 13:535. [PMID: 33109260 PMCID: PMC7590668 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-020-04420-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Schistosomiasis japonica is an infectious disease caused by Schistosoma japonicum that seriously endangers human health. Domestic animals have important roles in disease transmission and goats are considered a primary reservoir host and source of infection. The prevalence and intensity of schistosomiasis infections have significantly decreased in China, and a more sensitive, specific detection method is urgently needed. The aim of this study was to develop a real-time PCR assay for accurate detection of S. japonicum infection in goats. Methods A real-time PCR method for detecting schistosomiasis japonica in goats was developed by amplification of a specific S. japonicum DNA fragment, and validated using a total of 94 negative and 159 positive plasma and serum samples collected in our previous study of S. japonicum infection. Both plasma and serum samples were evaluated by real-time PCR and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). In addition, 120 goat plasma samples from an S. japonicum-endemic area (Wangjiang) and 33 from a non-endemic region (Weihai) were collected and evaluated using our method. Results The sensitivity and specificity of the real-time PCR for detecting infected samples were 98.74% (157/159, 95% CI: 95.53–99.85%) and 100% (94/94, 95% CI: 96.15–100%), respectively. For the ELISA, sensitivity and specificity were 98.11% (156/159, 95% CI: 94.59–99.61%) and 90.43% (85/94, 95% CI: 82.60–95.53%), respectively. Further, we found positivity rates for S. japonicum infection in Wangjiang and Weihai of 8.33% (10/120, 95% CI: 4.07–14.79%) and 0% (0/33, 95% CI: 0–10.58%), respectively. Conclusions The results of this study indicate that our real-time PCR method exhibits higher sensitivity and specificity than ELISA and is a useful method for detection of S. japonicum infection in goats.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinghong Guo
- National Reference Laboratory of Animal Schistosomiasis, Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 200241, P. R. China
| | - Cheng Chen
- National Reference Laboratory of Animal Schistosomiasis, Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 200241, P. R. China
| | - Keke Zhou
- National Reference Laboratory of Animal Schistosomiasis, Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 200241, P. R. China
| | - Yugang Li
- Huancui Development Center for Animal Husbandry, Weihai, 264200, P. R. China
| | - Laibao Tong
- Wangjiang County Center for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Anqing, 246000, P. R. China
| | - Yongcheng Yue
- National Reference Laboratory of Animal Schistosomiasis, Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 200241, P. R. China
| | - Kerou Zhou
- National Reference Laboratory of Animal Schistosomiasis, Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 200241, P. R. China
| | - Jinming Liu
- National Reference Laboratory of Animal Schistosomiasis, Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 200241, P. R. China
| | - Zhiqiang Fu
- National Reference Laboratory of Animal Schistosomiasis, Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 200241, P. R. China
| | - Jiaojiao Lin
- National Reference Laboratory of Animal Schistosomiasis, Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 200241, P. R. China
| | - Jiaxi Zhao
- Wangjiang County Center for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Anqing, 246000, P. R. China
| | - Pengxiang Sun
- Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Huancui, Weihai, 264200, P. R. China
| | - Yang Hong
- National Reference Laboratory of Animal Schistosomiasis, Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 200241, P. R. China.
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Xiong T, Jiang N, Xu S, Li SZ, Zhang Y, Xu XJ, Dong HF, Zhao QP. Metabolic profiles of Oncomelania hupensis after molluscicidal treatment: Carbohydrate metabolism targeted and energy deficiency. Acta Trop 2020; 210:105580. [PMID: 32533936 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2020.105580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Revised: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Oncomelania hupensis is the intermediate host of Schistosoma japonicum, one of the Schistosoma species that can cause human schistosomiasis. Molluscicidal treatment remains the primary means to control snail. Niclosamide is the only molluscicide recommended by the World Health Organization, and it has been used throughout schistosomiasis-endemic areas in China for almost 30 years. In our previous studies on transcriptomics, morphology, and enzymology of snails after molluscicidal treatment, two effective molluscicides were used, 50% wettable powder of niclosamide ethanolamine salt (WPN) and a new molluscicide derived from niclosamide, the salt of quinoid-2', 5-dichloro-4'-nitro-salicylanilide (LDS, simplified for Liu Dai Shui Yang An). Genes involved in cell structure mintenance, inhibition of neurohumoral transmission, and energy metabolism showed significant differential expression after molluscicide treatments. Damages in the structure of liver and muscle cells were accompanied by inhibited activities of enzymes related to carbohydrate metabolism and energy supply. This study was designed to clarify the dynamic metabolic process by metabonomics, together with the previous transcriptomic and enzymological profiles, to identify potential metabolite markers and metabolism pathways that related to the toxic mechanism of the molluscicide. In total, 56 metabolites were identified for O. hupensis, and 75% of these metabolites consisted of amino acids and derivatives, organic acids, and nucleic acid components. The concentration of glucose, maltose, succinate, choline, and alanine changed significantly after molluscicide treatments. These changes in metabolites mainly occurred in the process of carbohydrate metabolism, energy metabolism, and amino acid metabolism, primarily related to glycolysis/gluconeogenesis, oxidative phosphorylation, and transamination by KEGG pathway identification. Most of the identified pathways were also related to those differentially expressed unigenes and observed enzymes from our previous studies. Inhibited aerobic respiration and oxidative phosphorylation, and energy deficiency were implied further to be the leading causes of the final death of snails after molluscicide treatments. The hypothesised mathematical model in this study identified the rational hysteresis to explain the inconsistency of responses of unigenes, enzymes, and metabolites to molluscicide treatments. This study contributes to the comprehensive understanding of the molluscicidal mechanism in the metabolic process and this could assist in improving existing molluscicide formulations or development of new molluscicides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Xiong
- Department of Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, Hubei Province, China; Department of Microbiology, School of Medical Sciences, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410208, Hunan Province, China
| | - Ni Jiang
- Department of Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, Hubei Province, China
| | - Sha Xu
- Department of Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, Hubei Province, China
| | - Shi Zhu Li
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Tropical Diseases Research, WHO Collaborating Center for Tropical Diseases, Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, Hubei Province, China
| | - Xing Jian Xu
- Institute of Schistosomiasis Control, Hubei Provincial Center for Diseases Control and Prevention, Wuhan 430079, Hubei Province, China
| | - Hui Fen Dong
- Department of Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, Hubei Province, China
| | - Qin Ping Zhao
- Department of Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, Hubei Province, China.
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Keller D, Rothen J, Dangy JP, Saner C, Daubenberger C, Allan F, Ame SM, Ali SM, Kabole F, Hattendorf J, Rollinson D, Seyfarth R, Knopp S. Performance of a real-time PCR approach for diagnosing Schistosoma haematobium infections of different intensity in urine samples from Zanzibar. Infect Dis Poverty 2020; 9:128. [PMID: 32887642 PMCID: PMC7487541 DOI: 10.1186/s40249-020-00726-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Efforts to control and eliminate schistosomiasis have accelerated over the past decade. As parasite burden, associated morbidity and egg excretion decrease, diagnosis with standard parasitological methods becomes harder. We assessed the robustness and performance of a real-time PCR (qPCR) approach in comparison with urine filtration microscopy and reagent strip testing for the diagnosis of Schistosoma haematobium infections of different intensities. Methods The robustness of DNA isolation and qPCR was validated in eight laboratories from Europe and Africa. Subsequently, 792 urine samples collected during cross-sectional surveys of the Zanzibar Elimination of Schistosomiasis Transmission (ZEST) project in 2012–2017 were examined with qPCR in 2018. Diagnostic sensitivity of the qPCR was calculated at different infection intensity categories, using urine filtration microscopy as reference test. Spearman’s rank correlation between Ct-values and S. haematobium egg counts was assessed and Ct-value percentiles for infection intensity categories determined. Results S. haematobium Dra1 DNA-positive samples were identified correctly in all eight laboratories. Examination of urine samples from Zanzibar revealed Dra1 DNA in 26.8% (212/792) by qPCR, S. haematobium eggs in 13.3% (105/792) by urine filtration, and microhaematuria in 13.8% (109/792) by reagent strips. Sensitivity of the qPCR increased with augmenting egg counts: 80.6% (29/36) for counts between 1 and 4 eggs, 83.3% (15/18) for counts between 5 and 9 eggs, 100% (23/23) for counts between 10 and 49 eggs, and 96.4% (27/28) for counts of 50+ eggs. There was a significant negative correlation between Ct-values and egg counts (Spearman’s rho = − 0.49, P < 0.001). Seventy-five percent of the Ct-values were ≥ 33 in the egg-negative category, < 31 in the light intensity category, and < 24 in the heavy intensity category. Conclusions While the sensitivity of the qPCR was ~ 80% for very light intensity infections (egg counts < 10), in general, the Dra1 based qPCR assay detected twice as many S. haematobium infections compared with classical parasitological tests. The qPCR is hence a sensitive, urine-based approach for S. haematobium diagnosis that can be used for impact assessment of schistosomiasis elimination programmes, individual diagnosis, and in improved format also for verification and certification of elimination. Trial registration ISRCTN, ISRCTN48837681. Registered 05 September 2012 - Retrospectively registered.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Julian Rothen
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, 4002, Basel, Switzerland.,University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, 4001, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jean-Pierre Dangy
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, 4002, Basel, Switzerland.,University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, 4001, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Corina Saner
- Biolytix AG, Benkenstrasse 254, 4108, Witterswil, Switzerland
| | - Claudia Daubenberger
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, 4002, Basel, Switzerland.,University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, 4001, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Fiona Allan
- Wolfson Wellcome Biomedical Laboratories, Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London, SW7 5BD, UK
| | - Shaali M Ame
- Public Health Laboratory Ivo de Carneri, P.O. Box 122, Chake-Chake, Pemba, United Republic of Tanzania
| | - Said M Ali
- Public Health Laboratory Ivo de Carneri, P.O. Box 122, Chake-Chake, Pemba, United Republic of Tanzania
| | - Fatma Kabole
- Neglected Diseases Programme, Ministry of Health, P.O. Box 236, Zanzibar Town, Unguja, United Republic of Tanzania
| | - Jan Hattendorf
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, 4002, Basel, Switzerland.,University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, 4001, Basel, Switzerland
| | - David Rollinson
- Wolfson Wellcome Biomedical Laboratories, Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London, SW7 5BD, UK
| | - Ralf Seyfarth
- Biolytix AG, Benkenstrasse 254, 4108, Witterswil, Switzerland
| | - Stefanie Knopp
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, 4002, Basel, Switzerland. .,University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, 4001, Basel, Switzerland.
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Abstract
Background: Schistosomiasis has continued to plague low-resource areas of the Nigerian population. Mass drug administration (MDA) has been the only adopted interventional program for decades. However, it appears this effort does not culminate in transmission and morbidity reduction. Purpose: To highlight the current situation of schistosomiasis in Nigeria, why MDA alone cannot achieve the expected result, identify research needs, and promotion of integrated control approach for schistosomiasis. Method: A viewpoint based on practices, research findings, and personal and professional experience in the field of schistosomiasis control. Conclusion: This viewpoint strongly advocates a commitment to the integrated control approach through the development of robust schistosomiasis control policy for the country. It stressed the need for research priorities in neglected areas of schistosomiasis that are germane for control of the disease. The government’s willpower to implement important recommendations from research outcomes is important to achieve success.
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Bergquist NR. Schistosomiasis Consortium for Operational Research and Evaluation: Mission Accomplished. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2020; 103:1-4. [PMID: 32400351 PMCID: PMC7351299 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.19-0838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The Schistosomiasis Consortium for Operational Research and Evaluation (SCORE), a program focusing on schistosomiasis control in sub-Saharan Africa between 2008 and 2019, investigated ways to improve coverage and efficacy of ongoing chemotherapy programs and concluded that because of continued transmission, mass distribution of praziquantel cannot eliminate the disease without complementary control activities. Schistosomiasis Consortium for Operational Research and Evaluation's activities comprised large-scale, multicountry field studies comparing various mass drug administration strategies and some specific research avenues, such as assessment of high-sensitivity diagnostics, identification of hotspots, quantification of the role of the snail host, predictive modeling, and changes in schistosome population genetics under drug pressure. The discoveries made and the insights gained regarding cost-effective strategies for delivering preventive chemotherapy should assist policy makers to develop guidelines for the control and ultimate elimination of schistosomiasis.
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Chen Y, Liu J, Xiao Y, Zhong C, Wei F, Liu S. Spatiotemporal pattern analysis of schistosomiasis based on village level in the transmission control stage in lake and marshland areas in China. Parasitology 2020; 147:199-212. [PMID: 31699184 PMCID: PMC10317698 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182019001537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Revised: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Hubei Province is one of the endemic regions with severe schistosomiasis in China. To eliminate schistosomiasis in lake and marshland regions, this study detected hotspots of schistosomiasis cases both spatially and spatiotemporally on the basis of spatial autocorrelation; clustering and outlier, purely spatial and spatiotemporal cluster analyses at the village level from 2013 to 2017 in Hubei Province. The number of cases confirmed positive by an immunodiagnostic test and etiological diagnosis and advanced schistosomiasis cases dramatically declined during the study period. Significant global spatial autocorrelation of schistosomiasis patients was found at the village level in the whole province in 5 years. Clustering and outlier analysis showed that most HH villages were mainly concentrated along the Yangtze River, especially in Jianghan Plain. Spatial and spatiotemporal cluster analyses showed that significant clusters of the schistosomiasis cases were detected at the village level. In general, space and spatiotemporal clustering of schistosomiasis cases at the village level demonstrated a downward trend from 2013 from 2017 in Hubei Province. High-risk regions included Jianghan Plain along the middle reach of Yangtze River and Yangxin County in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River in Hubei Province. To eliminate schistosomiasis, precise control and management of schistosomiasis cases should be strictly implemented. Moreover, comprehensive prevention and control measures should be continuously strengthened in these regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyan Chen
- Hubei Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhan, China
| | - Jianbing Liu
- Hubei Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhan, China
| | - Ying Xiao
- Hubei Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhan, China
| | - Chenhui Zhong
- Hubei Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhan, China
| | - Fenghua Wei
- Hubei Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhan, China
| | - Si Liu
- Hubei Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhan, China
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28
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Saelens G, Gabriël S. Currently Available Monitoring and Surveillance Systems for Taenia spp., Echinococcus spp., Schistosoma spp., and Soil-Transmitted Helminths at the Control/Elimination Stage: A Systematic Review. Pathogens 2020; 9:E47. [PMID: 31935916 PMCID: PMC7168685 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9010047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Revised: 01/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
An increasing global focus on neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) has resulted in the set up of numerous control and elimination activities worldwide. This is partly true for Taenia solium taeniasis/cysticercosis, the most important foodborne parasitic infection. Despite substantial progress, adequate monitoring and surveillance (M&S) are required to sustain a status of control/elimination. This is often lacking, especially for T. solium. Therefore, the objective was to conduct a systematic literature review of the currently available M&S systems at the control/elimination stage of the four top-ranked helminth NTDs. Specifically, Taenia spp., Echinococcus spp., Schistosoma spp., and soil-transmitted helminths (STHs) were considered to determine if there are any similarities between their M&S systems and whether certain approaches can be adopted from each other. The systematic review demonstrated that rigorous M&S systems have been designed for the control/elimination stage of both STHs and schistosomiasis, particularly in China. On the other hand, a concept of M&S for Taenia spp. and Echinococcus spp. has not been fully developed yet, due to a lack of epidemiological data and the fact that many endemic countries are far away from reaching control/elimination. Moreover, accurate diagnostic tools for all four diseases are still imperfect, which complicates proper M&S. Finally, there is an urgent need to develop and harmonize/standardize M&S activities in order to reliably determine and compare the epidemiological situation worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ganna Saelens
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke B-9820, Belgium
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29
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Luo F, Yin M, Mo X, Sun C, Wu Q, Zhu B, Xiang M, Wang J, Wang Y, Li J, Zhang T, Xu B, Zheng H, Feng Z, Hu W. An improved genome assembly of the fluke Schistosoma japonicum. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2019; 13:e0007612. [PMID: 31390359 PMCID: PMC6685614 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0007612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Schistosoma japonicum is a parasitic flatworm that causes human schistosomiasis, which is a significant cause of morbidity in China and the Philippines. A single draft genome was available for S. japonicum, yet this assembly is very fragmented and only covers 90% of the genome, which make it difficult to be applied as a reference in functional genome analysis and genes discovery. FINDINGS In this study, we present a high-quality assembly of the fluke S. japonicum genome by combining 20 G (~53X) long single molecule real time sequencing reads with 80 G (~ 213X) Illumina paired-end reads. This improved genome assembly is approximately 370.5 Mb, with contig and scaffold N50 length of 871.9 kb and 1.09 Mb, representing 142.4-fold and 6.2-fold improvement over the released WGS-based assembly, respectively. Additionally, our assembly captured 85.2% complete and 4.6% partial eukaryotic Benchmarking Universal Single-Copy Orthologs. Repetitive elements account for 46.80% of the genome, and 10,089 of the protein-coding genes were predicted from the improved genome, of which 96.5% have been functionally annotated. Lastly, using the improved assembly, we identified 20 significantly expanded gene families in S. japonicum, and those genes were primarily enriched in functions of proteolysis and protein glycosylation. CONCLUSIONS Using the combination of PacBio and Illumina Sequencing technologies, we provided an improved high-quality genome of S. japonicum. This improved genome assembly, as well as the annotation, will be useful for the comparative genomics of the flukes and more importantly facilitate the molecular studies of this important parasite in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Luo
- Department of infectious diseases, Huashan Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Mingbo Yin
- Department of infectious diseases, Huashan Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology of China Ministry of Health, WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, Joint Research Laboratory of Genetics and Ecology on Parasite-host Interaction, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention & Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaojin Mo
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology of China Ministry of Health, WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, Joint Research Laboratory of Genetics and Ecology on Parasite-host Interaction, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention & Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chengsong Sun
- Department of infectious diseases, Huashan Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qunfeng Wu
- Department of infectious diseases, Huashan Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Bingkuan Zhu
- Department of infectious diseases, Huashan Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Manyu Xiang
- Department of infectious diseases, Huashan Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jipeng Wang
- Department of infectious diseases, Huashan Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Wang
- Department of infectious diseases, Huashan Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian Li
- Department of infectious diseases, Huashan Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ting Zhang
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology of China Ministry of Health, WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, Joint Research Laboratory of Genetics and Ecology on Parasite-host Interaction, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention & Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Bin Xu
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology of China Ministry of Health, WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, Joint Research Laboratory of Genetics and Ecology on Parasite-host Interaction, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention & Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Huajun Zheng
- Shanghai-MOST Key Laboratory of Health and Disease Genomics, Chinese National Human Genome Center at Shanghai, Shanghai, China
| | - Zheng Feng
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology of China Ministry of Health, WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, Joint Research Laboratory of Genetics and Ecology on Parasite-host Interaction, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention & Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Hu
- Department of infectious diseases, Huashan Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology of China Ministry of Health, WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, Joint Research Laboratory of Genetics and Ecology on Parasite-host Interaction, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention & Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Dai SM, Edwards J, Guan Z, Lv S, Li SZ, Zhang LJ, Feng J, Feng N, Zhou XN, Xu J. Change patterns of oncomelanid snail burden in areas within the Yangtze River drainage after the three gorges dam operated. Infect Dis Poverty 2019; 8:48. [PMID: 31208457 PMCID: PMC6580481 DOI: 10.1186/s40249-019-0562-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND An "integrated control" strategy has been implemented within seven provinces at highest risk for schistosomiasis along Yangtze River in Peoples' Republic of China (P. R. China) since 2004. Since Oncomelania hupensis is the only intermediate host of the blood fluke (Schistosoma japonicum), controlling the distribution of snails is considered an essential and effective way to reduce the risk of schistosomiasis infection. The study aimed to determine the snail area burden and annual trend among provinces with potential risk for schistosomiasis along the Yangtze River, above and below the Three Gorges Dam (TGD). METHODS This retrospective study utilized data previously collected from the National Parasitic Diseases Control Information Management System (NPDCIMS) on annual snail surveys from 2009 to 2017. Descriptive statistics were performed for analyzing the snail burden by provinces, counties, type of environmental location and year, and mapping was conducted to present the snails distribution. RESULTS From 2009 to 2017, the total snail infested area decreased by 4.22%, from 372 253 hm2 to 356 553 hm2 within the seven high risk provinces. The majority of snails were found in the marshland and lake regions, outside of control embankments. The total snail burden trend remained relatively stable in upstream regions above the TGD from 2010 to 2015, while the trend decreased within downstream regions during this period. In 2016 and 2017, the total snail burden trend increased in both upstream and downstream provinces, however, upstream saw a larger increase. From 2009 to 2017, there were a total of 5990 hm2 of newly developed snail areas in the seven study provinces and the majority were concentrated in regions below the TGD, accounting for 5610 hm2 (93.70%). CONCLUSIONS There has been a decline in total snail counts from 2009 to 2017. Meanwhile, new snail breeding areas were formed mainly within provinces downstream the TGD due to spread of snails, indicated that the oncomelanid snail would be difficult to completely eliminate. We suggest that the national schistosomiasis integrated control strategy, including mollusciding and environmental modification, will need to be enhanced significantly going forward to achieve a greater reduction in snail burden and ultimately to achieve elimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si-Min Dai
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 207 Ruijin Er Road, Shanghai, 200025 China
- Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health; WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases; National Tropical Disease Research Center, 207 Ruijin Er Road, Shanghai, 200025 China
| | - Jeffrey Edwards
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington USA
| | - Zhou Guan
- Center of Disease Control and Prevention of Henan Province, 105 Nongyenan Road, Zhengzhou, 450016 Henan China
| | - Shan Lv
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 207 Ruijin Er Road, Shanghai, 200025 China
- Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health; WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases; National Tropical Disease Research Center, 207 Ruijin Er Road, Shanghai, 200025 China
| | - Shi-Zhu Li
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 207 Ruijin Er Road, Shanghai, 200025 China
- Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health; WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases; National Tropical Disease Research Center, 207 Ruijin Er Road, Shanghai, 200025 China
| | - Li-Juan Zhang
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 207 Ruijin Er Road, Shanghai, 200025 China
- Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health; WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases; National Tropical Disease Research Center, 207 Ruijin Er Road, Shanghai, 200025 China
| | - Jun Feng
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 207 Ruijin Er Road, Shanghai, 200025 China
- Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health; WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases; National Tropical Disease Research Center, 207 Ruijin Er Road, Shanghai, 200025 China
| | - Ning Feng
- Center for Global Public Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Room 211, 155 Changbai Road, Changping District, Beijing, 102206 China
| | - Xiao-Nong Zhou
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 207 Ruijin Er Road, Shanghai, 200025 China
- Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health; WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases; National Tropical Disease Research Center, 207 Ruijin Er Road, Shanghai, 200025 China
| | - Jing Xu
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 207 Ruijin Er Road, Shanghai, 200025 China
- Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health; WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases; National Tropical Disease Research Center, 207 Ruijin Er Road, Shanghai, 200025 China
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Tang CL, Yang JF, Pan Q, Zhang RH, Xie YP, Xiong Y, Zhou HH. Anti-CTLA-4 monoclonal antibody improves efficacy of the glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase protein vaccine against Schistosoma japonicum in mice. Parasitol Res 2019; 118:2287-2293. [PMID: 31168702 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-019-06363-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2019] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Schistosomiasis is a devastating disease caused by Schistosoma infection. Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) has emerged as a candidate vaccine component against Schistosoma japonicum, but only confers partial protection. Cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen-4 (CTLA-4) regulates T cell activation and shows negative effects on vaccine-induced immune protection; however, its potential influence on the protective effects of a GAPDH vaccine against S. japonicum and the underlying mechanism remain unclear. In this study, we established a mouse model of S. japonicum infection, and the mice were randomly divided into uninfected, infected control, anti-CTLA-4 monoclonal antibody (anti-CTLA-4 mAb), GAPDH, and GAPDH combined with anti-CTLA-4 mAb groups to compare the protective effects against infection and the consequent tissue damage. The worm reduction rate in the GAPDH-treated infected mice was 26.58%, which increased to 54.61% when combined with anti-CTLA-4 mAb. The frequency of regulatory T cells (Tregs) was significantly higher in the anti-CTLA-4 mAb group and was lower in the GAPDH group. However, both anti-CTLA-4 mAb and GAPDH elevated the levels of the cytokines IFN-γ, IL-2, IL-4, and IL-5 in the spleens of infected mice, and their combination further enhanced cytokine production. The diameter of egg granuloma in the anti-CTLA-4 mAb group and combined treatment group increased significantly compared to that of the other groups. These results suggest that anti-CTLA-4 mAb can be used as an adjuvant to enhance the immune protection of the GAPDH vaccine via inducing the Th1 immune response, although this comes at the cost of enhanced body injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Lian Tang
- Wuchang Hospital, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, No. 116 Yangyuan Street, Wuhan, 430063, China
| | - Jin-Feng Yang
- Wuchang Hospital, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, No. 116 Yangyuan Street, Wuhan, 430063, China
| | - Qun Pan
- Wuchang Hospital, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, No. 116 Yangyuan Street, Wuhan, 430063, China
| | - Rong-Hui Zhang
- Wuchang Hospital, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, No. 116 Yangyuan Street, Wuhan, 430063, China
| | - Ya-Ping Xie
- Wuchang Hospital, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, No. 116 Yangyuan Street, Wuhan, 430063, China
| | - Ying Xiong
- Wuchang Hospital, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, No. 116 Yangyuan Street, Wuhan, 430063, China.
| | - Hong-Hua Zhou
- Wuchang Hospital, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, No. 116 Yangyuan Street, Wuhan, 430063, China.
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Tang CL, Pan Q, Xie YP, Xiong Y, Zhang RH, Huang J. Effect of Cytotoxic T-Lymphocyte Antigen-4 on the Efficacy of the Fatty Acid-Binding Protein Vaccine Against Schistosoma japonicum. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1022. [PMID: 31134084 PMCID: PMC6514142 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study evaluated the impact of blocking cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen-4 (CTLA-4) activity on the protective effect elicited by the fatty acid binding protein (FABP) vaccine against Schistosoma japonicum infection. Mice were randomly divided into uninfected, infected control, anti-CTLA-4 monoclonal antibody (anti-CTLA-4 mAb), FABP, and combination (anti-CTLA-4 mAb and FABP) groups. An assessment of the S. japonicum worm and egg burden in the infected mice revealed that the worm reduction-rate induced by FABP administration was increased from 26.58 to 54.61% by co-administration of the monoclonal anti-CTLA antibody (anti-CTLA-4 mAb). Furthermore, the regulatory T cell (Treg) percentage was significantly increased in mice after administration of the anti-CTLA-4 mAb, but not the FABP vaccine, and elevated levels of the cytokines interferon (IFN)-γ, interleukin (IL)-2, IL-4, and IL-5 were observed in infected mice that were administered the anti-CTLA-4 mAb. Notably, the diameter of egg granulomas in the anti-CTLA-4 mAb and combination groups was significantly increased compared to that observed in the infected control group. Together, these results suggest that co-administering the FABP vaccine and anti-CTLA-4 treatment may have synergistically increased the immunoprotective effect of the FABP vaccine by promoting T-helper 1-type immune responses, while incurring increased tissue damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Lian Tang
- Wuchang Hospital, Affiliated to Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Qun Pan
- Wuchang Hospital, Affiliated to Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ya-Ping Xie
- Wuchang Hospital, Affiliated to Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ying Xiong
- Wuchang Hospital, Affiliated to Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Rong-Hui Zhang
- Wuchang Hospital, Affiliated to Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jin Huang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Wuhan Fourth Hospital, Puai Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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Williams GM, Li YS, Gray DJ, Zhao ZY, Harn DA, Shollenberger LM, Li SM, Yu X, Feng Z, Guo JG, Zhou J, Dong YL, Li Y, Guo B, Driguez P, Harvie M, You H, Ross AG, McManus DP. Field Testing Integrated Interventions for Schistosomiasis Elimination in the People's Republic of China: Outcomes of a Multifactorial Cluster-Randomized Controlled Trial. Front Immunol 2019; 10:645. [PMID: 31001264 PMCID: PMC6456715 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite significant progress, China faces the challenge of re-emerging schistosomiasis transmission in currently controlled areas due, in part, to the presence of a range of animal reservoirs, notably water buffalo and cattle, which can harbor Schistosoma japonicum infections. Environmental, ecological and social-demographic changes in China, shown to affect the distribution of oncomelanid snails, can also impact future schistosomiasis transmission. In light of their importance in the S. japonicum, lifecycle, vaccination has been proposed as a means to reduce the excretion of egg from cattle and buffalo, thereby interrupting transmission from these reservoir hosts to snails. A DNA-based vaccine (SjCTPI) our team developed showed encouraging efficacy against S. japonicum in Chinese water buffaloes. Here we report the results of a double-blind cluster randomized trial aimed at determining the impact of a combination of the SjCTPI bovine vaccine (given as a prime-boost regimen), human mass chemotherapy and snail control on the transmission of S. japonicum in 12 selected administrative villages around the Dongting Lake in Hunan province. The trial confirmed human praziquantel treatment is an effective intervention at the population level. Further, mollusciciding had an indirect ~50% efficacy in reducing human infection rates. Serology showed that the SjCTPI vaccine produced an effective antibody response in vaccinated bovines, resulting in a negative correlation with bovine egg counts observed at all post-vaccination time points. Despite these encouraging outcomes, the effect of the vaccine in preventing human infection was inconclusive. This was likely due to activities undertaken by the China National Schistosomiasis Control Program, notably the treatment, sacrifice or removal of bovines from trial villages, over which we had no control; as a result, the trial design was compromised, reducing power and contaminating outcome measures. This highlights the difficulties in undertaking field trials of this nature and magnitude, particularly over a long period, and emphasizes the importance of mathematical modeling in predicting the potential impact of control intervention measures. A transmission blocking vaccine targeting bovines for the prevention of S. japonicum with the required protective efficacy would be invaluable in tandem with other preventive intervention measures if the goal of eliminating schistosomiasis from China is to become a reality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gail M. Williams
- School of Public Health, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Yue-Sheng Li
- Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, Infectious Diseases Division, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- World Health Organisation Collaborating Centre for Research and Control of Schistosomiasis in Lake Region, Hunan Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Yueyang, China
| | - Darren J. Gray
- School of Public Health, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, Infectious Diseases Division, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Research School of Population Health, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Zheng-Yuan Zhao
- World Health Organisation Collaborating Centre for Research and Control of Schistosomiasis in Lake Region, Hunan Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Yueyang, China
| | - Donald A. Harn
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine and Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Lisa M. Shollenberger
- Department of Biological Sciences, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA, United States
| | - Sheng-Ming Li
- World Health Organisation Collaborating Centre for Research and Control of Schistosomiasis in Lake Region, Hunan Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Yueyang, China
| | - Xinglin Yu
- World Health Organisation Collaborating Centre for Research and Control of Schistosomiasis in Lake Region, Hunan Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Yueyang, China
| | - Zeng Feng
- Chinese Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Jia-Gang Guo
- World Health Organisation Collaborating Centre for Research and Control of Schistosomiasis in Lake Region, Hunan Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Yueyang, China
| | - Jie Zhou
- World Health Organisation Collaborating Centre for Research and Control of Schistosomiasis in Lake Region, Hunan Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Yueyang, China
| | - Yu-Lan Dong
- World Health Organisation Collaborating Centre for Research and Control of Schistosomiasis in Lake Region, Hunan Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Yueyang, China
| | - Yuan Li
- Centre of Cell and Molecular Biology Experiment, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Biao Guo
- School of Public Health, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Patrick Driguez
- Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, Infectious Diseases Division, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Marina Harvie
- Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, Infectious Diseases Division, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Hong You
- Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, Infectious Diseases Division, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Allen G. Ross
- Menzies Health Institute, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research (ICDDR), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Donald P. McManus
- Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, Infectious Diseases Division, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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Tang CL, Zhou HH, Zhu YW, Huang J, Wang GB. Glutathione S-transferase influences the fecundity of Schistosoma japonicum. Acta Trop 2019; 191:8-12. [PMID: 30578749 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2018.12.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2018] [Revised: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of Schistosoma japonicum glutathione S-transferase (SjGST) on the developmental stages of the parasite. We found that the mRNA levels of GST were higher in schistosomula obtained from the host and the eggs than that in other developmental stages. SjGST was mainly distributed in the egg shells, teguments of the worms, and part of the parenchyma of the worms. GST knockdown with RNA interference in S. japonicum worms resulted in a silencing rate higher than 80%. The egg reduction rate (18%) and abnormal egg ratio (28%) were significantly higher (P < 0.05) in the GST-silenced group than in the negative control group. These results indicate that SjGST plays an important role in the fecundity of S. japonicum, specifically in egg formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Lian Tang
- Wuchang Hospital Affiliated to Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430063, China
| | - Hong-Hua Zhou
- Wuchang Hospital Affiliated to Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430063, China
| | - Ya-Wen Zhu
- Wuchang Hospital Affiliated to Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430063, China
| | - Jin Huang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Wuhan Fourth Hospital, Pu'ai Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430033, China.
| | - Guo-Bo Wang
- Wuchang Hospital Affiliated to Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430063, China.
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Asian Schistosomiasis: Current Status and Prospects for Control Leading to Elimination. Trop Med Infect Dis 2019; 4:tropicalmed4010040. [PMID: 30813615 PMCID: PMC6473711 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed4010040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Revised: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Schistosomiasis is an infectious disease caused by helminth parasites of the genus Schistosoma. Worldwide, an estimated 250 million people are infected with these parasites with the majority of cases occurring in sub-Saharan Africa. Within Asia, three species of Schistosoma cause disease. Schistosoma japonicum is the most prevalent, followed by S. mekongi and S. malayensis. All three species are zoonotic, which causes concern for their control, as successful elimination not only requires management of the human definitive host, but also the animal reservoir hosts. With regard to Asian schistosomiasis, most of the published research has focused on S. japonicum with comparatively little attention paid to S. mekongi and even less focus on S. malayensis. In this review, we examine the three Asian schistosomes and their current status in their endemic countries: Cambodia, Lao People's Democratic Republic, Myanmar, and Thailand (S. mekongi); Malaysia (S. malayensis); and Indonesia, People's Republic of China, and the Philippines (S. japonicum). Prospects for control that could potentially lead to elimination are highlighted as these can inform researchers and disease control managers in other schistosomiasis-endemic areas, particularly in Africa and the Americas.
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Wang L, Zou Y, Zhu X, Bottazzi ME, Hotez PJ, Zhan B. China's shifting neglected parasitic infections in an era of economic reform, urbanization, disease control, and the Belt and Road Initiative. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2019; 13:e0006946. [PMID: 30677027 PMCID: PMC6345419 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0006946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wang
- Beijing Institute of Tropical Medicine, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, PR China
- Departments of Pediatrics and Molecular Virology and Microbiology, National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Prevention and Treatment of Tropical Diseases, Beijing, PR China
| | - Yang Zou
- Beijing Institute of Tropical Medicine, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, PR China
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Prevention and Treatment of Tropical Diseases, Beijing, PR China
| | - Xinping Zhu
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Maria Elena Bottazzi
- Departments of Pediatrics and Molecular Virology and Microbiology, National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Biology, Baylor University, Waco, Texas, United States of America
| | - Peter J. Hotez
- Departments of Pediatrics and Molecular Virology and Microbiology, National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Biology, Baylor University, Waco, Texas, United States of America
| | - Bin Zhan
- Departments of Pediatrics and Molecular Virology and Microbiology, National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Elimination of Schistosoma japonicum Transmission in China: A Case of Schistosomiasis Control in the Severe Epidemic Area of Anhui Province. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16010138. [PMID: 30621070 PMCID: PMC6339220 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16010138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Revised: 12/30/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Over the several decades, China has been incessantly optimizing control strategies in response to the varying epidemic situations of schistosomiasis. We evaluated continuously the changing prevalence under different control strategies of two villages, Sanlian and Guifan, in China through five phases lasting 37 years. We tested residents, calculated prevalence and discussed change causes. We found the prevalence in Sanlian did not differ significant from that of Guifan (p = 0.18) in 1981, but decreased to 2.66%, much lower than Guifan’s 11.25%, in 1984 (p = 0). Besides, prevalence in Guifan increased to 21.25% in 1987, while in Sanlian it rose to 20.78% until 1989. Those data confirmed that praziquantel combined with snail control could better reduce the prevalence. From 1992 to 1994, the prevalence in the two villages displayed downtrends, which showed the World Bank Loan Project worked. From 1995 to 2004, repeated oscillations with no obvious change trend was seen. Since 2005, the prevalence in both villages has shown a significant downtrend (p < 0.05), which suggests the integrated strategy is effective. We considered the control strategies were implemented suitably in the study area under changing social circumstances. Adjusting the strategy in consideration of social transformations is necessary and vital. The experience may be useful for policy making of other epidemic areas with an analogous situation.
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Dong Y, Du CH, Zhang Y, Wang LF, Song J, Wu MS, Yang WC, Lv S, Zhou XN. Role of ecological approaches to eliminating schistosomiasis in Eryuan County evaluated by system modelling. Infect Dis Poverty 2018; 7:129. [PMID: 30593286 PMCID: PMC6309097 DOI: 10.1186/s40249-018-0511-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Schistosomiasis was severely prevalent in Yunnan Province, and it is difficult to achieve its elimination by convention approaches due to complexity of the nature. We explored the comprehensive model to eliminate schistosomiasis in Eryuan County, Yunnan Province, the People's Republic of China, through integration with the ecological protection programme in Erhai Lake, in order to promote an efficient elimination strategy. We expected that this model is able to be tailored to other local settings, which help achieve the goal of precisely eliminating the disease in Yunnan Province. METHODS Eryuan County of Yunnan Province was chosen as the study area, where the data on environmental protection activities in Erhai Lake and on the schistosomiasis control programme were collected through different departments of Erhai County government since 2015. System modelling was performed using system dynamics software to establish a simulation model in order to evaluate the effectiveness of intervention activities. RESULTS Ecological approaches to control schistosomiasis in Eryuan County consist of three major components: (i) implementing precise interventions to stop schistosomiasis transmission by means of controlling the source of infection, blocking the biological transmission chains and cutting off the route of disease transmission; (ii) employing ecological approaches to improve the co-effectiveness of environmental protection and schistosomiasis prevention in the study area; and (iii) strengthening the professional skills of personnel involving in the schistosomiasis control programme. Simulation results showed that this strategy could speed up the progress of schistosomiasis control programme moving from the control stage to the elimination stage. CONCLUSIONS Ecological approaches implemented in schistosomiasis endemic areas of the Eryuan region are able to improve the co-effectiveness of environmental protection and schistosomiasis control, providing a new avenue for eliminating schistosomiasis thanks to the application of precise interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Dong
- Yunnan Institute of Endemic Diseases Control and Prevention, Dali, 671000, Yunnan, China
| | - Chun-Hong Du
- Yunnan Institute of Endemic Diseases Control and Prevention, Dali, 671000, Yunnan, China
| | - Yun Zhang
- Yunnan Institute of Endemic Diseases Control and Prevention, Dali, 671000, Yunnan, China
| | - Li-Fang Wang
- Yunnan Institute of Endemic Diseases Control and Prevention, Dali, 671000, Yunnan, China
| | - Jing Song
- Yunnan Institute of Endemic Diseases Control and Prevention, Dali, 671000, Yunnan, China
| | - Ming-Shou Wu
- Yunnan Institute of Endemic Diseases Control and Prevention, Dali, 671000, Yunnan, China
| | - Wen-Can Yang
- Eryuan Station of Schistosomiasis Control and Prevention, Eryuan, 671200, Yunnan, China
| | - Shan Lv
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, 200025, China.,Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai, 200025, China.,WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, 200025, China.,National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200025, China.,Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Xiao-Nong Zhou
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, 200025, China. .,Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai, 200025, China. .,WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, 200025, China. .,National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200025, China. .,Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, 200025, China.
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Field Evaluation of a Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification (LAMP) Platform for the Detection of Schistosoma japonicum Infection in Oncomelania hupensis Snails. Trop Med Infect Dis 2018; 3:tropicalmed3040124. [PMID: 30558259 PMCID: PMC6306868 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed3040124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2018] [Revised: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Schistosoma infection in snails can be monitored by microscopy or indirectly by sentinel mice. As both these approaches can miss infections, more sensitive tests are needed, particularly in low-level transmission settings. In this study, loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) technique, designed to detect a specific 28S ribosomal Schistosoma japonicum (Sj28S) gene with high sensitivity, was compared to microscopy using snail samples from 51 areas endemic for schistosomiasis in five Chinese provinces. In addition, the results were compared with those from polymerase chain reaction (PCR) by adding DNA sequencing as a reference. The testing of pooled snail samples with the LAMP assay showed that a dilution factor of 1/50, i.e., one infected snail plus 49 non-infected ones, would still result in a positive reaction after the recommended number of amplification cycles. Testing a total of 232 pooled samples, emanating from 4006 snail specimens, showed a rate of infection of 6.5%, while traditional microscopy found only 0.4% positive samples in the same materials. Parallel PCR analysis confirmed the diagnostic accuracy of the LAMP assay, with DNA sequencing even giving LAMP a slight lead. Microscopy and the LAMP test were carried out at local schistosomiasis-control stations, demonstrating that the potential of the latter assay to serve as a point-of-care (POC) test with results available within 60–90 min, while the more complicated PCR test had to be carried out at the National Institute of Parasitic Diseases (NIPD) in Shanghai, China. In conclusion, LAMP was found to be clearly superior to microscopy and as good as, or better than, PCR. As it can be used under field conditions and requires less time than other techniques, LAMP testing would improve and accelerate schistosomiasis control.
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Famakinde DO. Treading the Path towards Genetic Control of Snail Resistance to Schistosome Infection. Trop Med Infect Dis 2018; 3:E86. [PMID: 30274482 PMCID: PMC6160955 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed3030086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Revised: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Schistosomiasis remains the most important tropical snail-borne trematodiasis that threatens many millions of human lives. In achieving schistosomiasis elimination targets, sustainable control of the snail vectors represents a logical approach. Nonetheless, the ineffectiveness of the present snail control interventions emphasizes the need to develop new complementary strategies to ensure more effective control outcomes. Accordingly, the use of genetic techniques aimed at driving resistance traits into natural vector populations has been put forward as a promising tool for integrated snail control. Leveraging the Biomphalaria-Schistosoma model system, studies unraveling the complexities of the vector biology and those exploring the molecular basis of snail resistance to schistosome infection have been expanding in various breadths, generating many significant discoveries, and raising the hope for future breakthroughs. This review provides a compendium of relevant findings, and without neglecting the current existing gaps and potential future challenges, discusses how a transgenic snail approach may be adapted and harnessed to control human schistosomiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damilare O Famakinde
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Idi-Araba, Surulere, Lagos 100254, Nigeria.
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Deng Y, Qiu C, Ding H, Lu DB. The ratio of the seroprevalence to the egg-positive prevalence of Schistosoma japonicum in China: a meta-analysis. BMC Infect Dis 2018; 18:404. [PMID: 30111280 PMCID: PMC6094899 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-018-3320-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Accepted: 08/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Schistosomiasis, caused by Schistosoma japonicum, remains one of the most important parasitic diseases, and detection of S. japonicum infections in humans plays a crucial role in control and treatment. However, comparisons between the parasitological and the immunological examinations in the fields of China are lacking. Therefore we performed a meta-analysis to compare the seroprevalence of Schistosoma japonicum, as determined by IHA or ELISA, with coprological prevalence, as determined by Kato-Katz, and estimate the ratio of the serological to the egg-positive prevalence in order to evaluate the potential threat of egg-negative but worm-positive schistosomiasis. METHODS Studies published up to July 2018 on the parasitological and immunological examinations of schistosomiasis in the fields of China were searched in five databases including CNKI, WanFang, VIP, PubMed and Web of Science. The ratio of the serological to the egg-positive prevalence and its 95%CI for each study were calculated, and then point estimates and their 95%CIs of pooled prevalence ratio were meta-analyzed. Subgroup meta-analyses were also performed according to potential influential factors. RESULTS A total of 23 articles were included. The prevalence ratio varied from 0.57 to 48.83 for IHA to Kato-Katz and ranged from 0.38 to 13.97 for ELISA to Kato-Katz. The pooled ratio was 4.72 (95%CI: 3.87~ 5.76) for IHA to KK and 4.65 (95%CI: 3.50~ 6.17) for ELISA to KK. Subgroup analyses implied that the ratio of the serological to the egg-positive prevalence may decrease with the endemic levels. The highest prevalence ratio was observed when Kato-Katz was performed with three slides per stool or in hilly and mountainous regions. CONCLUSIONS The worm-determined prevalence by IHA or ELISA is 4- to 5-fold higher than the egg-determined prevalence by Kato-Katz, which implied Kato-Katz may largely underestimate the prevalence of S. japonicum in China. The degree of underestimation was greater when Kato-Katz with three slides per stool was carried out, especially in low endemic areas or in hilly and mountainous regions. Therefore, more attention should be paid to those egg-negative but worm-positive patients with the aim of final elimination of S. japonicum in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Deng
- Department of Epidemiology and Statistics, School of Public Health, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, School of Public Health, Soochow University, Suzhou, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of National Health and Family Planning Commission on Parasitic Disease Control and Prevention, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory on Parasite and Vector Control Technology, Jiangsu Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Chen Qiu
- Department of Epidemiology and Statistics, School of Public Health, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, School of Public Health, Soochow University, Suzhou, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of National Health and Family Planning Commission on Parasitic Disease Control and Prevention, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory on Parasite and Vector Control Technology, Jiangsu Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Huan Ding
- Department of Epidemiology and Statistics, School of Public Health, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, School of Public Health, Soochow University, Suzhou, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of National Health and Family Planning Commission on Parasitic Disease Control and Prevention, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory on Parasite and Vector Control Technology, Jiangsu Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Da-Bing Lu
- Department of Epidemiology and Statistics, School of Public Health, Soochow University, Suzhou, China.
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, School of Public Health, Soochow University, Suzhou, People's Republic of China.
- Key Laboratory of National Health and Family Planning Commission on Parasitic Disease Control and Prevention, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory on Parasite and Vector Control Technology, Jiangsu Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, China.
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Weerakoon KG, Gordon CA, McManus DP. DNA Diagnostics for Schistosomiasis Control. Trop Med Infect Dis 2018; 3:tropicalmed3030081. [PMID: 30274477 PMCID: PMC6160968 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed3030081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2018] [Revised: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite extensive efforts over the last few decades, the global disease burden of schistosomiasis still remains unacceptably high. This could partly be attributed to the lack of accurate diagnostic tools for detecting human and animal schistosome infections in endemic areas. In low transmission and low prevalence areas where schistosomiasis elimination is targeted, case detection requires a test that is highly sensitive. Diagnostic tests with low sensitivity will miss individuals with low infection intensity and these will continue to contribute to transmission, thereby interfering with the efficacy of the control measures operating. Of the many diagnostic approaches undertaken to date, the detection of schistosome DNA using DNA amplification techniques including polymerase chain reaction (PCR) provide valuable adjuncts to more conventional microscopic and serological methods, due their accuracy, high sensitivity, and the capacity to detect early pre-patent infections. Furthermore, DNA-based methods represent important screening tools, particularly in those endemic areas with ongoing control where infection prevalence and intensity have been reduced to very low levels. Here we review the role of DNA diagnostics in the path towards the control and elimination of schistosomiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kosala G Weerakoon
- Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, Infectious Diseases Division, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane 4006, Australia.
- School of Public Health, University of Queensland, Brisbane 4006, Australia.
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine and Allied Sciences, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka, Saliyapura 50008, Sri Lanka.
| | - Catherine A Gordon
- Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, Infectious Diseases Division, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane 4006, Australia.
| | - Donald P McManus
- Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, Infectious Diseases Division, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane 4006, Australia.
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Xiao G, Li X, Jiang H, Peng Z, Liu W, Lu Q. Analysis of risk factors and changing trends the infection rate of intestinal schistosomiasis caused by S. japonicum from 2005 to 2014 in Lushan city. Parasitol Int 2018; 67:751-758. [PMID: 30055333 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2018.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Revised: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 07/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Intestinal schistosomiasis caused by S. japonicum has long been a threat to the health of residents within endemic areas, especially along the mid-tier of the Yangtze River basin as well as the Dongting and Poyang lakes. Therefore, we collected monitoring data from 2005 to 2014 in Lushan City, Jiujiang City, Jiangxi Province, which is located downstream of Poyang Lake. We conducted a logistic regression analysis in 2005 and in 2008 and then conducted a time series analysis from 2005 to 2014 in Lushan city. The results of the logistic regression analysis showed that after integrated measures were implemented in Lushan city in 2004, the infection rate of intestinal schistosomiasis decreased sharply in different populations, but fishermen had a greater risk of contracting intestinal schistosomiasis in both 2005 and 2008. From the time series analysis, we found that the infection rate decreased sharply from 2005 to 2009 and then increased slowly from 2009 to 2011 before finally becoming relatively stable and the predicated infection rates in HES, SM2, and SM3 are -1.14%, 0.35%, 0.29%, respectively, compared with 0.41% of schistosomiasis infection in 2014, showing a downward trend. Our study indicated that the integrated measures initiated in 2004 in Lushan city had a positive effect on controlling intestinal schistosomiasis, but we should still emphasize special treatment of particular populations, such as fishermen, and should consider environmental changes, such as changes in the water level of Poyang Lake, in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoliang Xiao
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, PR China
| | - Xinghuo Li
- Xingzi County Station of Schistosomiasis Control, Jiujiang, Jiangxi 330006, PR China
| | - Hongyin Jiang
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, PR China
| | - Zhanghua Peng
- Xingzi County Station of Schistosomiasis Control, Jiujiang, Jiangxi 330006, PR China
| | - Wei Liu
- Xingzi County Station of Schistosomiasis Control, Jiujiang, Jiangxi 330006, PR China
| | - Quqin Lu
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, PR China; Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, PR China.
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Bergquist R, Zhou XN, Rollinson D, Reinhard-Rupp J, Klohe K. Elimination of schistosomiasis: the tools required. Infect Dis Poverty 2017; 6:158. [PMID: 29151362 PMCID: PMC5694902 DOI: 10.1186/s40249-017-0370-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Historically, the target in the schistosomiasis control has shifted from infection to morbidity, then back to infection, but now as a public health problem, before moving on to transmission control. Currently, all endemic countries are encouraged to increase control efforts and move towards elimination as required by the World Health Organization (WHO) roadmap for the global control of the neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) and the WHA65.21 resolution issued by the World Health Assembly. However, schistosomiasis prevalence is still alarmingly high and the global number of disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) due to this infection has in fact increased due to inclusion of some ‘subtle’ clinical symptoms not previously counted. Main body There is a need to restart and improve efforts to reach the elimination goal. To that end, the first conference of the Global Schistosomiasis Alliance (GSA) Research Working Group was held in mid-June 2016 in Shanghai, People’s Republic of China. It reviewed current progress in schistosomiasis control and elimination, identified pressing operational research gaps that need to be addressed and discussed new tools and strategies required to make elimination a reality. The articles emanating from the lectures and discussions during this meeting, together with some additional invited papers, have been collected as a special issue of the ‘Infectious Diseases of Poverty’ entitled ‘Schistosomiasis Research: Providing the Tools Needed for Elimination’, consisting of 26 papers in all. This paper refers to these papers and discusses critical questions arising at the conference related to elimination of schistosomiasis. Conclusion The currently most burning questions are the following: Can schistosomiasis be eliminated? Does it require better, more highly sensitive diagnostics? What is the role of preventive chemotherapy at the elimination stage? Is praziquantel sufficient or do we need new drugs? Contemplating these questions, it is felt that the heterogeneity of the endemic areas in the world requires WHO policies to be upgraded instituting new, differentiated guidelines. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi: 10.1186/s40249-017-0370-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Xiao-Nong Zhou
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, 200025, China.
| | - David Rollinson
- Department of Life Sciences, The Natural History Museum, London, SW7 5BD, UK
| | | | - Katharina Klohe
- Global Schistosomiasis Alliance, Westenriederstrasse 10, 80331, Munich, Germany
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Li SZ, Qian MB, Zhang LJ, Zhou XN. Changing trends of neglected tropical diseases in China. THE LANCET. INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2017; 17:901. [DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(17)30452-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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