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Mphaphuli LME, Coetzee SK, Tau B, Ellis SM. Nursing categories' perceptions of the practice environment and quality of care in North West Province: a cross-sectional survey design. BMC Nurs 2024; 23:390. [PMID: 38844993 PMCID: PMC11155092 DOI: 10.1186/s12912-024-01998-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/10/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is a substantial amount of literature on the perception of the practice environment and quality of care as perceived by registered nurses and community services nurses in South Africa and worldwide, but there is little to no research that could be found regarding other categories of nurses, and how these perceptions differ between the different categories. Therefore, the aim of this study is to describe the different nursing categories' perceptions of the practice environment and quality of care and the association between the variables. METHODS This study applied a cross-sectional survey design. Data were collected in April 2021 in the public sector of the North West Province. Multiphase sampling was applied to all categories of nurses who worked in an in-patient unit in the selected hospital for at least 3 months (n = 236). RESULTS All nursing categories perceived the practice environment as negative, regarding nurse participation in hospital affairs; nurse manager ability, leadership, and support of nurses and staffing and resource adequacy. Perceived quality of care and patient safety items were perceived as neutral and good. However, in all instances, the perceptions of community service nurses and registered nurses were most negative, and enrolled nurse assistants most positive. Adverse events towards patients and nurses were perceived to only occur a few times a year. Overall, nurse perceptions of quality of care and patient safety were most correlated with the subscale of nurse foundations of quality of care and nurse manager ability, leadership, and support of nurses. Adverse events towards patients were most correlated with the collegial nurse-physician relationship subscale, while adverse events towards nurses were correlated with the foundations of quality of care subscale. CONCLUSION Improving the practice environment, especially regarding the subscale nurse foundations of quality of care and nurse manager ability, leadership, and support of nurses, is associated with improved quality of care. Nurses with higher qualifications, registered nurses and community service nurses rated quality of care lower than other categories of nurses, contributing to literature that higher qualified staff are more competent to assess the practice environment and quality of care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lufuno M E Mphaphuli
- NuMIQ Research Focus Area, School of Nursing Science, North-West University, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Siedine K Coetzee
- NuMIQ Research Focus Area, School of Nursing Science, North-West University, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom, South Africa.
| | - Babalwa Tau
- NuMIQ Research Focus Area, School of Nursing Science, North-West University, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Suria M Ellis
- Unit for Business, Mathematics and Informatics, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
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Jaworski A, Craig AT, Dyer CEF, Goncalves J, Neuendorf N, Newland J, Kelly-Hanku A, Pomat W, MacLaren D, Vaz Nery S. Understanding how neglected tropical diseases programs in five Asia-Pacific countries adjusted to the COVID-19 pandemic: A qualitative study. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2024; 18:e0012221. [PMID: 38814987 PMCID: PMC11166303 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0012221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2024] [Revised: 06/11/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Following the COVID-19 pandemic declaration, the World Health Organization recommended suspending neglected tropical diseases (NTD) control activities as part of sweeping strategies to minimise COVID-19 transmission. Understanding how NTD programs were impacted and resumed operations will inform contingency planning for future emergencies. This is the first study that documents how South-East Asian and Pacific NTD programs addressed challenges experienced during the COVID-19 pandemic. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Data was collected through semi-structured interviews with 11 NTD Program Coordinators and related personnel from Fiji, Papua New Guinea, The Philippines, Timor-Leste, and Vanuatu. Constructivist grounded theory methods were drawn on to generate an explanation of factors that enabled or hindered NTD program operations during the COVID-19 pandemic. The COVID-19 pandemic disrupted NTD programs in all countries. Some programs implemented novel strategies by partnering with services deemed essential or used new communications technology to continue (albeit scaled-back) NTD activities. Strong relationships to initiate cross-program integration, sufficient resources to implement adapted activities, and dedicated administrative systems were key enabling factors for recommencement. As the COVID-19 pandemic continued, exacerbating health resources scarcity, programs faced funding shortages and participants needed to find efficiencies through greater integration and activity prioritisation within their NTD units. Emphasising community-led approaches to restore trust and engagement was critical after widespread social anxiety and disconnection. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Sustaining effective NTD programs during a global emergency goes beyond managing immediate activity disruptions and requires attention to how NTD programs can be better ensconced within wider health programs, administrative, and social systems. This study underscores the importance of pre-emergency planning that reinforces NTD control programs as a critical service at all health systems levels, accompanied by governance arrangements that increase NTD staff control over their operations and strategies to maintain strong community relationships. Ensuring NTD units are supported via appropriate funding, personnel, and bureaucratic resources is also required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison Jaworski
- The Kirby Institute, UNSW Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Adam T. Craig
- School of Population Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, UNSW Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Centre for Clinical Research, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Queensland, Australia
| | | | | | - Nalisa Neuendorf
- Papua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research, Goroka, Papua New Guinea
| | - Jamee Newland
- The Kirby Institute, UNSW Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Angela Kelly-Hanku
- The Kirby Institute, UNSW Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Papua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research, Goroka, Papua New Guinea
| | - William Pomat
- The Kirby Institute, UNSW Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Papua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research, Goroka, Papua New Guinea
| | - David MacLaren
- College of Medicine and Dentistry, James Cook University, Cairns, Queensland, Australia
| | - Susana Vaz Nery
- The Kirby Institute, UNSW Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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Tate A, Kollie K, Senyonjo L, Sturrock H, Downs P, Bush S, Bedell A, Molyneux D. Is the neglected tropical disease mass drug administration campaign approach an effective strategy to deliver universal health coverage? A case study of the Liberia neglected tropical disease programme. Int Health 2024; 16:283-292. [PMID: 37191201 PMCID: PMC11062188 DOI: 10.1093/inthealth/ihad035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Revised: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Access to affordable, quality healthcare is the key element of universal health coverage (UHC). This study examines the effectiveness of the neglected tropical disease (NTD) mass drug administration (MDA) campaign approach as a means to deliver UHC, using the example of the Liberia national programme. METHODS We first mapped the location of 3195 communities from the 2019 national MDA treatment data reporting record of Liberia. The association between coverage for onchocerciasis and lymphatic filariasis treatment achieved in these communities was then explored using a binomial geo-additive model. This model employed three key determinants for community 'remoteness': population density and the modelled travel time of communities to their supporting health facility and to their nearest major settlement. RESULTS Maps produced highlight a small number of clusters of low treatment coverage in Liberia. Statistical analysis suggests there is a complex relationship between treatment coverage and geographic location. CONCLUSIONS We accept the MDA campaign approach is a valid mechanism to reach geographically marginal communities and, as such, has the potential to deliver UHC. We recognise there are specific limitations requiring further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Tate
- Sightsavers, 35 Perrymount Road, Haywards Heath, Sussex, RH16 3BW, UK
| | - Karsor Kollie
- Director, Programme for Neglected Tropical Diseases, Monrovia, Liberia
| | - Laura Senyonjo
- Sightsavers, 35 Perrymount Road, Haywards Heath, Sussex, RH16 3BW, UK
| | | | - Phil Downs
- Sightsavers, 35 Perrymount Road, Haywards Heath, Sussex, RH16 3BW, UK
| | - Simon Bush
- Director, Neglected Tropical Diseases, Sightsavers, P.O. Box KIA 18190, Airport, Accra, Ghana
| | - Alex Bedell
- Liberia Country Office, Sightsavers, Monrovia, Liberia
| | - David Molyneux
- Department of Tropical Disease Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool L3 5QA, UK
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Ja'afaru SC, Uzairu A, Chandra A, Sallau MS, Ndukwe GI, Ibrahim MT, Qamar I. Ligand based-design of potential schistosomiasis inhibitors through QSAR, homology modeling, molecular dynamics, pharmacokinetics, and DFT studies. J Taibah Univ Med Sci 2024; 19:429-446. [PMID: 38440085 PMCID: PMC10909894 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtumed.2024.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Objectives Schistosomiasis, a neglected tropical disease, is a leading cause of mortality in affected geographic areas. Currently, because no vaccine for schistosomiasis is available, control measures rely on widespread administration of the drug praziquantel (PZQ). The mass administration of PZQ has prompted concerns regarding the emergence of drug resistance. Therefore, new therapeutic targets and potential compounds are necessary to combat schistosomiasis. Methods Twenty-four potent derivatives of PZQ were optimized via density functional theory (DFT) at the B3LYP/6-31G∗ level. Quantitative structureactivity relationship (QSAR) models were generated and statistically validated, and a lead candidate was selected to develop therapeutic options with improved efficacy against schistosomiasis. The biological and binding energies of the designed compounds were evaluated. In addition, molecular dynamics; drug-likeness; absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity (ADMET); and DFT studies were performed on the newly designed compounds. Results Five QSAR models were generated, among which model 1 had favorable validation parameters (R2train: 0.957, R2adj: 0.941, LOF: 0.101, Q2cv: 0.906, and R2test: 0.783) and was chosen to identify a lead candidate. Other statistical parameters for the chosen model included variance inflation factor values ranging from 1.242 to 1.678, and a Y-scrambling coefficient (cRp2) of 0.747. Five new compounds were designed with improved predicted activity (ranging from 5.081 to 7.022) surpassing those of both the lead compound and PZQ (predicted pEC50 of 5.545). Molecular dynamics simulation revealed high binding affinity of the proposed compounds toward the target receptor. ADMET and drug-likeness assessments indicated adherence to Lipinski's rule of five criteria, thereby suggesting pharmacological and oral safety. In addition, DFT analysis indicated resistance to electronic alteration during chemical reactions. Conclusion The proposed compounds exhibited potential drug characteristics, thus indicating their suitability for further investigation to enhance schistosomiasis treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saudatu C. Ja'afaru
- Department of Chemistry, Ahmadu Bello University Zaria, Nigeria
- Department of Chemistry, Aliko Dangote University of Science and Technology, Wudil, Kano, Nigeria
| | - Adamu Uzairu
- Department of Chemistry, Ahmadu Bello University Zaria, Nigeria
| | - Anshuman Chandra
- School of Physical Sciences, JawaharLal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | | | | | | | - Imteyaz Qamar
- School of Biotechnology, Gautam Buddha University, Greater Noida, India
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5
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Pérez-Tasigchana F, Valcárcel-Pérez I, Arias-Quispe M, Astudillo L, Bruno A, Herrera G. M, Armas R, de Mora D, Pinos J, Olmedo A, Salas R, Jimbo-Sotomayor R, Chiluisa C, Acosta P, Sánchez X, Whittembury A. Effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccines in Ecuador: A test-negative design. Vaccine X 2023; 15:100404. [PMID: 38033879 PMCID: PMC10684373 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvacx.2023.100404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The COVID-19 pandemic poses a significant global health threat, characterized by high morbidity, severity, and the emergence of concerning variants. Latin America has been greatly affected, with high infection and mortality rates. Vaccination plays a crucial role in mitigating severe disease and controlling the pandemic. This study aims to assess the effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccines in preventing SARS-CoV-2 severe acute respiratory infections (SARI) in hospitalized vaccination target groups in Ecuador. Methods This is a test-negative design study. We used data reported through sentinel surveillance of SARI between May 2021 and March 2022 in Ecuador. Patients with case criteria of SARI and hospitalized for a minimum of 24 hours were included in the study. Cases were defined as patients with SARI with a positive RT-qPCR test for SARS-CoV-2 and controls were those with a negative result. Information on vaccination status was obtained from the national vaccination registry, a valid dose of vaccination was considered when it was administered at least 14 days prior to symptom onset. Vaccine effectiveness (VE) (1-OR/OR) was calculated using a logistic regression. Results A total of 1,277 patients were included in the analysis of VE. The adjusted vaccine effectiveness (aVE) in preventing hospitalization, adjusted for sex, age group, presence of one or more comorbidities, and period of the predominance of the omicron variant, was 44.5% for the partial primary schedule, 74.7% for the complete primary schedule, and 79.9% for the complete primary schedule plus booster doses. The aVE in avoiding ICU admissions was close to 80% with both the complete primary schedule and the booster doses, and in avoiding deaths, the aVE was 89% and 98%, respectively. Conclusions In Ecuador, COVID-19 vaccination prevents hospitalizations, ICU admissions, and deaths. The effectiveness of the vaccines improves with more doses, offering increased protection across all age groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Pérez-Tasigchana
- Ministerio de Salud Pública del Ecuador, Ecuador
- Subsecretaría Nacional de Vigilancia, Prevención y Control de la Salud
- Centro de Investigación de Salud Pública y Epidemiología Clínica (CISPEC), Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud Eugenio Espejo, Universidad UTE, Ecuador
| | | | - Maribel Arias-Quispe
- Ministerio de Salud Pública del Ecuador, Ecuador
- Dirección Nacional de Vigilancia Epidemiológica
| | - Lucía Astudillo
- Ministerio de Salud Pública del Ecuador, Ecuador
- Dirección Nacional de Inmunizaciones
| | - Alfredo Bruno
- Instituto Nacional de Investigación en Salud Pública-INSPI, Ecuador
- Universidad Agraria del Ecuador, Ecuador
| | - Marco Herrera G.
- Organización Panamericana de la Salud/Organización Mundial de la Salud
- Universidad Internacional del Ecuador (UIDE), Ecuador
| | - Rubén Armas
- Instituto Nacional de Investigación en Salud Pública-INSPI, Ecuador
- Universidad Espíritu Santo (UEES), Ecuador
| | - Doménica de Mora
- Instituto Nacional de Investigación en Salud Pública-INSPI, Ecuador
| | - Jackeline Pinos
- Organización Panamericana de la Salud/Organización Mundial de la Salud
| | - Alfredo Olmedo
- Organización Panamericana de la Salud/Organización Mundial de la Salud
| | - Ronald Salas
- Organización Panamericana de la Salud/Organización Mundial de la Salud
| | - Ruth Jimbo-Sotomayor
- Centro de Investigación para la Salud en América Latina (CISeAL), Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador (PUCE), Ecuador
| | - Carlos Chiluisa
- Ministerio de Salud Pública del Ecuador, Ecuador
- Dirección Nacional de Vigilancia Epidemiológica
- Universidad Regional Autónoma de los Andes (UNIANDES), Ecuador
| | - Pablo Acosta
- Ministerio de Salud Pública del Ecuador, Ecuador
- Dirección Nacional de Vigilancia Epidemiológica
| | - Xavier Sánchez
- Centro de Investigación para la Salud en América Latina (CISeAL), Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador (PUCE), Ecuador
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Nematollahi MH, Mehrabani M, Hozhabri Y, Mirtajaddini M, Iravani S. Antiviral and antimicrobial applications of chalcones and their derivatives: From nature to greener synthesis. Heliyon 2023; 9:e20428. [PMID: 37810815 PMCID: PMC10556610 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e20428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Chalcones and their derivatives have been widely studied due to their versatile pharmacological and biological activities, such as anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antiviral, and antitumor effects. These compounds have shown suitable antiviral effects through the selective targeting of a variety of viral enzymes, including lactate dehydrogenase, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), fumarate reductase, protein tyrosine phosphatase, topoisomerase-II, protein kinases, integrase/protease, and lactate/isocitrate dehydrogenase, among others. Chalcones and their derivatives have displayed excellent potential for combating pathogenic bacteria and fungi (especially, multidrug-resistant bacteria). However, relevant mechanisms should be further explored, focusing on inhibitory effects against DNA gyrase B, UDP-N-acetylglucosamine enolpyruvyl transferase (MurA), and efflux pumps (e.g., NorA), among others. In addition, the antifungal and antiparasitic activities of these compounds (e.g., antitrypanosomal and antileishmanial properties) have prompted additional explorations. Nonetheless, systematic analysis of the relevant mechanisms, biosafety issues, and pharmacological properties, as well as clinical translation studies, are vital for practical applications. Herein, recent advancements pertaining to the antibacterial, antiviral, antiparasitic, and antifungal activities of chalcones and their derivatives are deliberated, focusing on the relevant mechanisms of action, crucial challenges, and future prospects. Furthermore, due to the great importance of greener and more sustainable synthesis of these valuable compounds, especially on an industrial scale, the progress made in this field has been briefly discussed. Hopefully, this review can serve as a catalyst for researchers to delve deeper into the exploration and designing of novel chalcone compounds with medicinal properties, especially against pathogenic viruses and multidrug-resistant bacteria as major causes of concern for human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Hadi Nematollahi
- Herbal and Traditional Medicines Research Center, School of Pharmacy, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Mehrnaz Mehrabani
- Physiology Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Yaser Hozhabri
- Applied Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Maryamossadat Mirtajaddini
- Physiology Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Siavash Iravani
- Independent Researcher, W Nazar ST, Boostan Ave, Isfahan, Iran
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Adimulam T, Arumugam T, Naidoo A, Naidoo K, Ramsuran V. Polymorphisms within the SARS-CoV-2 Human Receptor Genes Associate with Variable Disease Outcomes across Ethnicities. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:1798. [PMID: 37761938 PMCID: PMC10531089 DOI: 10.3390/genes14091798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The contribution of human genes to the variability of disease outcomes has been shown to be important across infectious diseases. Studies have shown mutations within specific human genes are associated with variable COVID-19 outcomes. We focused on the SARS-CoV-2 receptors/co-receptors to identify the role of specific polymorphisms within ACE2, TMPRSS2, NRP1 and CD147. Polymorphisms within ACE2 (rs2285666), TMPRSS2 (rs12329760), CD147 (rs8259) and NRP1 (rs10080) have been shown to associate with COVID-19 severity. Using cryopreserved samples from COVID-19-positive African, European and South Asian individuals within South Africa, we determined genotype frequencies. The genetic variant rs2285666 was associated with COVID-19 severity with an ethnic bias. African individuals with a CC genotype demonstrate more severe COVID-19 outcomes (OR = 7.5; 95% CI 1.164-80.89; p = 0.024) compared with those with a TT genotype. The expressions of ACE2 and SARS-CoV-2 viral load were measured using droplet digital PCR. Our results demonstrate rs2285666 and rs10080 were significantly associated with increased SARS-CoV-2 viral load and worse outcomes in certain ethnicities. This study demonstrates two important findings. Firstly, SARS-CoV-2 viral load is significantly lower in Africans compared with individuals of European and South Asian descent (p = 0.0002 and p < 0.0001). Secondly, SARS-CoV-2 viral load associates with specific SARS-CoV-2 receptor variants. A limited number of studies have examined the receptor/co-receptor genes within Africa. This study investigated genetic variants within the SARS-CoV-2 receptor/co-receptor genes and their association with COVID-19 severity and SARS-CoV-2 viral load across different ethnicities. We provide a genetic basis for differences in COVID-19 severity across ethnic groups in South Africa, further highlighting the importance of further investigation to determine potential therapeutic targets and to guide vaccination strategies that may prioritize specific genotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theolan Adimulam
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4041, South Africa; (T.A.); (T.A.)
| | - Thilona Arumugam
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4041, South Africa; (T.A.); (T.A.)
| | - Anushka Naidoo
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4041, South Africa; (A.N.); (K.N.)
| | - Kogieleum Naidoo
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4041, South Africa; (A.N.); (K.N.)
- South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC), Durban 4013, South Africa
| | - Veron Ramsuran
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4041, South Africa; (T.A.); (T.A.)
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4041, South Africa; (A.N.); (K.N.)
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8
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Siami Z, Hedayat Yaghoobi M, Karimi P. Tocilizumab in ICU-admitted COVID-19 Patients: A Retrospective Study. Med J Islam Repub Iran 2023; 37:92. [PMID: 38021396 PMCID: PMC10657263 DOI: 10.47176/mjiri.37.92] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Severe and critically-ill COVID-19 patients are characterized by a severe inflammatory response. Pharmacologic inhibition of acute-phase inflammatory pathways such as IL-6 receptor inhibitor, Tocilizumab (TCZ) may improve patient outcomes in these cases. Consequently, the therapeutic benefit of TCZ was evaluated in this study. Methods We evaluated intravenous tocilizumab in severe and critically ill adult COVID-19 patients who met pre-defined stringent CRS criteria. A single-center, prospective, observational cohort study was carried out among consecutive adult (≥18 years of age) in-patients with COVID-19 between March 20, 2020 and March 20, 2021. In total, 354 patients were included in our study. Mortality and time to hospital discharge were compared between patients who received tocilizumab treatment (n = 177) and those who did not (n = 177). Results A total of 354 patients were analyzed whereas 177 patients were included in each group. In those receiving TCZ, all-cause mortality was significantly reduced, corresponding to an adjusted hazard ratio (HR) of 0.57, (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.43-0.76; P < 0.001). Furthermore, time to discharge was significantly improved in the TCZ group (HR: 1.66; 95%CI: 1.17-2.36, P = 0.004). Invasive mechanical ventilation was not statistically different among the study groups after adjusting for confounding variables (HR: 1.38; 95%CI: 0.89-2.14; P = 0.139). Dosing frequency was independent of survival status (P = 0.676). Conclusion The use of TCZ in ICU-hospitalized patients resulted in improved patient survival and reduced duration of hospitalization. Further studies are needed to confirm the efficacy of TCZ in severe and critical COVID-19 cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeinab Siami
- Department of Infectious Disease, School of Medicine, Ziaeian Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mojtaba Hedayat Yaghoobi
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, Emam Ali Hospital, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
| | - Parsa Karimi
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
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Kwon S, Park A. Examining thematic and emotional differences across Twitter, Reddit, and YouTube: The case of COVID-19 vaccine side effects. COMPUTERS IN HUMAN BEHAVIOR 2023; 144:107734. [PMID: 36942128 PMCID: PMC10016349 DOI: 10.1016/j.chb.2023.107734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 03/11/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023]
Abstract
Social media discourse has become a key data source for understanding the public's perception of, and sentiments during a public health crisis. However, given the different niches which platforms occupy in terms of information exchange, reliance on a single platform would provide an incomplete picture of public opinions. Based on the schema theory, this study suggests a 'social media platform schema' to indicate users' different expectations based on previous usages of platform and argues that a platform's distinct characteristics foster distinct platform schema and, in turn, distinct nature of information. We analyzed COVID-19 vaccine side effect-related discussions from Twitter, Reddit, and YouTube, each of which represents a different type of the platform, and found thematic and emotional differences across platforms. Thematic analysis using k-means clustering algorithm identified seven clusters in each platform. To computationally group and contrast thematic clusters across platforms, we employed modularity analysis using the Louvain algorithm to determine a semantic network structure based on themes. We also observed differences in emotional contexts across platforms. Theoretical and public health implications are then discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soyeon Kwon
- Department of Management Information System, College of Business, Dongguk University, 30, Pildong-ro 1gil, Jung-gu, Seoul, 04620, Republic of Korea
| | - Albert Park
- Department of Software and Information Systems, College of Computing and Informatics, UNC Charlotte, Woodward 310H, 9201 University City Blvd, Charlotte, NC, 28223, USA
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Rauniyar R, Prajapati S, Manandhar B, Bastola A, Chalise BS, Shrestha S, Khanal C, Thapa M, Napit R, Bajracharya AM, Shrestha S, Adhikari A, Das Manandhar K. Dengue virus infection during window period of consecutive outbreaks in Nepal and assessment of clinical parameters. Sci Rep 2023; 13:9262. [PMID: 37286625 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-35928-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Nepal is an endemic country for dengue infection with rolling of every 3 year's clear cyclic outbreaks with exponential growth since 2019 outbreak and the virus gearing towards the non-foci temperate hill regions. However, the information regarding circulating serotype and genotype is not frequent. This research discusses on the clinical features, diagnosis, epidemiology, circulating serotype and genotype among 61 dengue suspected cases from different hospitals of Nepal during the window period 2017-2018 between the two outbreaks of 2016 and 2019. E-gene sequences from PCR positive samples were subjected to phylogenetic analysis under time to most recent common ancestor tree using Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) and BEAST v2.5.1. Both evolution and genotypes were determined based on the phylogenetic tree. Serotyping by Real-time PCR and Nested PCR showed the co-circulation of all the 3 serotypes of dengue in the year 2017 and only DENV-2 in 2018. Genotype V for DENV-1 and Cosmopolitan Genotype IVa for DENV-2 were detected. The detected Genotype V of DENV-1 in Terai was found close to Indian genotype while Cosmopolitan IVa of DENV-2 found spreading to geographically safe hilly region (now gripped to 9 districts) was close to South-East Asia. The genetic drift of DENV-2 is probably due to climate change and rapid viral evolution which could be a representative model for high altitude shift of the infection. Further, the increased primary infection indicates dengue venturing to new populations. Platelets count together with Aspartate transaminase and Aalanine transaminase could serve as important clinical markers to support clinical diagnosis. The study will support future dengue virology and epidemiology in Nepal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramanuj Rauniyar
- Central Department of Biotechnology (CDBT), Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Sabita Prajapati
- Central Department of Biotechnology (CDBT), Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Binod Manandhar
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, Clark Atlanta University, Atlanta, USA
| | - Anup Bastola
- Department of Tropical and Infectious Disease, Sukraraj Tropical and Infectious Disease Hospital (STIDH), Teku, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Bimal Sharma Chalise
- Department of Tropical and Infectious Disease, Sukraraj Tropical and Infectious Disease Hospital (STIDH), Teku, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Srijan Shrestha
- Central Department of Biotechnology (CDBT), Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Chetana Khanal
- Central Department of Biotechnology (CDBT), Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Machchhendra Thapa
- Central Department of Biotechnology (CDBT), Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Rajindra Napit
- Central Department of Biotechnology (CDBT), Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur, Kathmandu, Nepal
- Department of Molecular Biology and Virology, Centre for Molecular Dynamics Nepal (CMDN), Thapathali, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | | | - Shova Shrestha
- Microbiology Department, Trichandra Multiple Campus, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Anurag Adhikari
- Department of Infection and Immunology, Kathmandu Research Institute for Biological Sciences (KRIBS), Lalitpur, Nepal
| | - Krishna Das Manandhar
- Central Department of Biotechnology (CDBT), Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur, Kathmandu, Nepal.
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11
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Itaye T, Matendechero SH, Mbonigaba JB, Gebretsadik FS, Molefi TL, Baayenda G, Ruberanziza E, Kollie KK, Zilabumba J, Dembele M, Deribe K, Adrien EM, Polo MR. "Our interventions are still here to support communities during the pandemic": Resuming mass drug administration for neglected tropical diseases after COVID-19 implementation delays. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2023; 17:e0011368. [PMID: 37363911 PMCID: PMC10328222 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0011368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic disrupted essential health services, including those provided by national neglected tropical disease (NTD) programs. Most mass drug administration (MDA) programs were postponed for 6-12 months following World Health Organization guidance released in April 2020 to temporarily halt NTD programs and launch necessary COVID-19 precautions. While NTD-endemic countries have since resumed MDA activities, it is critical to understand implementers' perspectives on the key challenges and opportunities for program relaunch, as these insights are critical for maximizing gains towards disease control and elimination during public health emergencies. Using data from using online surveys and focus group discussions, this mixed-methods study sought perspectives from Ministry of Health NTD Program Managers and implementing partners from non-governmental organizations working in sub-Saharan Africa. Data analysis revealed that findings converged around several main themes: disruptions for MDA programs included resource shortages due to prioritization of pandemic response, challenges adhering to COVID-19 safety protocols, and community hesitancy due to coronavirus transmission fears. Identified solutions for restarting MDA programs focused on adapting intervention delivery and packaging to minimize disease transmission, embracing technology to optimize intervention planning and delivery, and identifying opportunities to promote program integration between pandemic response strategies and NTD campaign delivery. Findings identifies key challenges due to disruptions to NTD program delivery and provide strategic recommendations for endemic countries to build resilient programs that can continue to perform during and beyond global pandemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tikhala Itaye
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Washington, Seattle, United States of America
| | | | - Jean Bosco Mbonigaba
- Rwanda NTD and Other Parasitic Diseases Program, Rwanda Biomedical Centre, Ministry of Health, Kigali, Rwanda
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Massitan Dembele
- National Lymphatic Filariasis Elimination Program, Ministry of Health, Bamako, Mali
| | - Kebede Deribe
- Expanded Special Project on the Elimination of Neglected Tropical Diseases, World Health Organization -African Region, Brazzaville, Republic of Congo
| | - Elia Muhima Adrien
- Expanded Special Project on the Elimination of Neglected Tropical Diseases, World Health Organization -African Region, Brazzaville, Republic of Congo
| | - Maria Rebollo Polo
- Expanded Special Project on the Elimination of Neglected Tropical Diseases, World Health Organization -African Region, Brazzaville, Republic of Congo
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12
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Treesatayapun C. Optimal interventional policy based on discrete-time fuzzy rules equivalent model utilizing with COVID-19 pandemic data. INT J MACH LEARN CYB 2023; 14:1-10. [PMID: 37360880 PMCID: PMC10098248 DOI: 10.1007/s13042-023-01829-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, a mathematical model of the COVID-19 pandemic is formulated by fitting it to actual data collected during the fifth wave of the COVID-19 pandemic in Coahuila, Mexico, from June 2022 to October 2022. The data sets used are recorded on a daily basis and presented in a discrete-time sequence. To obtain the equivalent data model, fuzzy rules emulated networks are utilized to derive a class of discrete-time systems based on the daily hospitalized individuals' data. The aim of this study is to investigate the optimal control problem to determine the most effective interventional policy including precautionary and awareness measures, the detection of asymptomatic and symptomatic individuals, and vaccination. A main theorem is developed to guarantee the closed-loop system performance by utilizing approximate functions of the equivalent model. The numerical results indicate that the proposed interventional policy can eradicate the pandemic within 1-8 weeks. Additionally, the results show that if the policy is implemented within the first 3 weeks, the number of hospitalized individuals remains below the hospital's capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. Treesatayapun
- Department of Robotic and Advanced Manufacturing, CINVESTAV-IPN, No. 1062, Parque Industrial Ramos Arizpe, Ramos Arizpe, Coah., C.P. 25903 Mexico
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13
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Cross-regional analysis of the association between human mobility and COVID-19 infection in Southeast Asia during the transitional period of “living with COVID-19”. Health Place 2023; 81:103000. [PMID: 37011444 PMCID: PMC10008814 DOI: 10.1016/j.healthplace.2023.103000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023]
Abstract
Background In response to COVID-19, Southeast Asian (SEA) countries had imposed stringent lockdowns and restrictions to mitigate the pandemic ever since 2019. Because of a gradually boosting vaccination rate along with a strong demand for economic recovery, many governments have shifted the intervention strategy from restrictions to “Living with COVID-19” where people gradually resumed their normal activities since the second half of the year 2021. Noticeably, timelines for enacting the loosened strategy varied across Southeast Asian countries, which resulted in different patterns of human mobility across space and time. This thus presents an opportunity to study the relationship between mobility and the number of infection cases across regions, which could provide support for ongoing interventions in terms of effectiveness. Objective This study aimed to investigate the association between human mobility and COVID-19 infections across space and time during the transition period of shifting strategies from restrictions to normal living in Southeast Asia. Our research results have significant implications for evidence-based policymaking at the present of the COVID-19 pandemic and other public health issues. Methods We aggregated weekly average human mobility data derived from the Facebook origin and destination Movement dataset. and weekly average new cases of COVID-19 at the district level from 01-Jun-2021 to 26-Dec-2021 (a total of 30 weeks). We mapped the spatiotemporal dynamics of human mobility and COVID-19 cases across countries in SEA. We further adopted the Geographically and Temporally Weighted Regression model to identify the spatiotemporal variations of the association between human mobility and COVID-19 infections over 30 weeks. Our model also controls for socioeconomic status, vaccination, and stringency of intervention to better identify the impact of human mobility on COVID-19 spread. Results The percentage of districts that presented a statistically significant association between human mobility and COVID-19 infections generally decreased from 96.15% in week 1 to 90.38% in week 30, indicating a gradual disconnection between human mobility and COVID-19 spread. Over the study period, the average coefficients in 7 SEA countries increased, decreased, and finally kept stable. The association between human mobility and COVID-19 spread also presents spatial heterogeneity where higher coefficients were mainly concentrated in districts of Indonesia from week 1 to week 10 (ranging from 0.336 to 0.826), while lower coefficients were mainly located in districts of Vietnam (ranging from 0.044 to 0.130). From week 10 to week 25, higher coefficients were mainly observed in Singapore, Malaysia, Brunei, north Indonesia, and several districts of the Philippines. Despite the association showing a general weakening trend over time, significant positive coefficients were observed in Singapore, Malaysia, western Indonesia, and the Philippines, with the relatively highest coefficients observed in the Philippines in week 30 (ranging from 0.101 to 0.139). Conclusions The loosening interventions in response to COVID-19 in SEA countries during the second half of 2021 led to diverse changes in human mobility over time, which may result in the COVID-19 infection dynamics. This study investigated the association between mobility and infections at the regional level during the special transitional period. Our study has important implications for public policy interventions, especially at the later stage of a public health crisis.
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14
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Anderson RM, Cano J, Hollingsworth TD, Deribe-Kassaye K, Zouré HGM, Kello AB, Impouma B, Kalu AA, Appleby L, Yard E, Salasibew M, McRae-McKee K, Vegvari C. Responding to the cuts in UK AID to neglected tropical diseases control programmes in Africa. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2023; 117:237-239. [PMID: 36416069 PMCID: PMC9977241 DOI: 10.1093/trstmh/trac109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The early termination of the Accelerating the Sustainable Control and Elimination of Neglected Tropical Diseases (Ascend) programme by the UK government in June 2021 was a bitter blow to countries in East and West Africa where no alternative source of funding existed. Here we assess the potential impact the cuts may have had if alternative funding had not been made available by new development partners and outline new strategies developed by affected countries to mitigate current and future disruptions to neglected tropical disease control programmes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roy M Anderson
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
- London Centre for Neglected Tropical Disease Research, London, UK
- Oriole Global Health, London, UK
| | - Jorge Cano
- Expanded Special Project for Elimination of NTDs, World Health Organization Regional Office for Africa, Brazzaville, Republic of the Congo
| | - T Déirdre Hollingsworth
- Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Honorat G M Zouré
- Expanded Special Project for Elimination of NTDs, World Health Organization Regional Office for Africa, Brazzaville, Republic of the Congo
| | - Amir B Kello
- Expanded Special Project for Elimination of NTDs, World Health Organization Regional Office for Africa, Brazzaville, Republic of the Congo
| | - Benido Impouma
- Communicable and Non-communicable Disease Cluster, World Health Organization Regional Office for Africa, Brazzaville, Republic of the Congo
| | - Akpaka A Kalu
- Tropical and vector-borne diseases, World Health Organization Regional Office for Africa, Brazzaville, Republic of the Congo
| | | | | | | | | | - Carolin Vegvari
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
- London Centre for Neglected Tropical Disease Research, London, UK
- Oriole Global Health, London, UK
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15
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Mogaji HO, Okoh HI, Lawal AM, Ojo KH, Marcus AJ, Aaron NO, Adeleye DR, Olamiju FO, Ekpo UF. A Post-Lockdown Assessment of Albendazole Treatment Coverage in Mass Drug Administration Campaigns Implemented Before and During COVID-19 Pandemic in Ekiti, Southwest Nigeria. Int J Public Health 2023; 68:1605510. [PMID: 36846154 PMCID: PMC9948738 DOI: 10.3389/ijph.2023.1605510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective: This study assessed the coverage of albendazole (ALB) in mass drug administration (MDA) programs implemented before (2019) and during the (2020 and 2021) COVID-19 pandemic in Ekiti State, Nigeria. Methods: Standardized questionnaires were administered to 1,127 children across three peri-urban communities to ascertain if they received and swallowed ALB across the years. Reasons, why ALB was not received, were documented and analyzed in SPSS. 20.0. Results: In 2019, the medicine reach was between 42.2%-57.8%, however, during the pandemic, the reach significantly reduced to 12.3%-18.6%, and increased to 28.5%-35.2% in 2021 (p < 0.000). About 19.6%-27.2% of the participants have missed 1 MDA, while 26.9%-37.8% and 22.4%-32.8% have missed 2 and 3 MDAs, respectively. The majority who did not receive ALB (60.8%-75%) claimed drug distributors never came, while about 14.9%-20.3% mentioned they did not hear about MDA. However, individual compliance towards swallowing was above 94% across the study years (p < 0.00). Conclusion: These results highlight the need to explore the perceptions of those who have consistently missed MDAs, and also understand the health-system-related issues including those imposed by the pandemic affecting MDA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hammed O. Mogaji
- Parasitology and Epidemiology Unit, Department of Animal and Environmental Biology, Federal University Oye-Ekiti, Oye, Nigeria,*Correspondence: Hammed O. Mogaji,
| | - Hilary I. Okoh
- Parasitology and Epidemiology Unit, Department of Animal and Environmental Biology, Federal University Oye-Ekiti, Oye, Nigeria
| | - Abiodun M. Lawal
- Clinical Psychology Unit, Department of Psychology, Federal University Oye-Ekiti, Oye, Nigeria
| | - Kayode H. Ojo
- Neglected Tropical Diseases Unit, Ekiti State Primary Healthcare and Development Agency, Ado Ekiti, Nigeria
| | | | - Nwana O. Aaron
- Parasitology and Epidemiology Unit, Department of Animal and Environmental Biology, Federal University Oye-Ekiti, Oye, Nigeria
| | - Damilola R. Adeleye
- Clinical Psychology Unit, Department of Psychology, Federal University Oye-Ekiti, Oye, Nigeria
| | | | - Uwem F. Ekpo
- Parasitology and Epidemiology Unit, Department of Pure and Applied Zoology, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Abeokuta, Nigeria,Bioscience Research Programme, Institute of Food Security, Environmental Resource and Agricultural Research (IFSERAR), Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria
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16
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Echodu DC, Yeka A, Eganyu T, Odude W, Bukenya F, Amoah B, Wanzira H, Colborn K, Elliott RC, Powell SE, Kilama M, Mulebeke R, Nankabirwa J, Giorgi E, Roskosky M, Omoding O, Gonahasa S, Opigo J. Impact of population based indoor residual spraying with and without mass drug administration with dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine on malaria prevalence in a high transmission setting: a quasi-experimental controlled before-and-after trial in northeastern Uganda. BMC Infect Dis 2023; 23:72. [PMID: 36747133 PMCID: PMC9901833 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-023-07991-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Declines in malaria burden in Uganda have slowed. Modelling predicts that indoor residual spraying (IRS) and mass drug administration (MDA), when co-timed, have synergistic impact. This study investigated additional protective impact of population-based MDA on malaria prevalence, if any, when added to IRS, as compared with IRS alone and with standard of care (SOC). METHODS The 32-month quasi-experimental controlled before-and-after trial enrolled an open cohort of residents (46,765 individuals, 1st enumeration and 52,133, 4th enumeration) of Katakwi District in northeastern Uganda. Consented participants were assigned to three arms based on residential subcounty at study start: MDA+IRS, IRS, SOC. IRS with pirimiphos methyl and MDA with dihydroartemisinin- piperaquine were delivered in 4 co-timed campaign-style rounds 8 months apart. The primary endpoint was population prevalence of malaria, estimated by 6 cross-sectional surveys, starting at baseline and preceding each subsequent round. RESULTS Comparing malaria prevalence in MDA+IRS and IRS only arms over all 6 surveys (intention-to-treat analysis), roughly every 6 months post-interventions, a geostatistical model found a significant additional 15.5% (95% confidence interval (CI): [13.7%, 17.5%], Z = 9.6, p = 5e-20) decrease in the adjusted odds ratio (aOR) due to MDA for all ages, a 13.3% reduction in under 5's (95% CI: [10.5%, 16.8%], Z = 4.02, p = 5e-5), and a 10.1% reduction in children 5-15 (95% CI: [8.5%, 11.8%], Z = 4.7, p = 2e-5). All ages residents of the MDA + IRS arm enjoyed an overall 80.1% reduction (95% CI: [80.0%, 83.0%], p = 0.0001) in odds of qPCR confirmed malaria compared with SOC residents. Secondary difference-in-difference analyses comparing surveys at different timepoints to baseline showed aOR (MDA + IRS vs IRS) of qPCR positivity between 0.28 and 0.66 (p < 0.001). Of three serious adverse events, one (nonfatal) was considered related to study medications. Limitations include the initial non-random assignment of study arms, the single large cluster per arm, and the lack of an MDA-only arm, considered to violate equipoise. CONCLUSIONS Despite being assessed at long time points 5-7 months post-round, MDA plus IRS provided significant additional protection from malaria infection over IRS alone. Randomized trials of MDA in large areas undergoing IRS recommended as well as cohort studies of impact on incidence. TRIAL REGISTRATION This trial was retrospectively registered 11/07/2018 with the Pan African Clinical Trials Registry (PACTR201807166695568).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Adoke Yeka
- grid.11194.3c0000 0004 0620 0548Makerere University College of Health Sciences, School of Public Health, P.O. Box 7072, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Thomas Eganyu
- Pilgrim Africa, Plot 8 Engwau Road, PO Box 577, Soroti, Uganda
| | - Wycliff Odude
- Pilgrim Africa, Plot 8 Engwau Road, PO Box 577, Soroti, Uganda
| | - Fred Bukenya
- Pilgrim Africa, Plot 8 Engwau Road, PO Box 577, Soroti, Uganda
| | - Benjamin Amoah
- grid.7445.20000 0001 2113 8111School of Public Health, Imperial College London, Sir Alexander Fleming Building, South Kensington Campus, London, SW7 2AZ UK
| | | | - Kathryn Colborn
- grid.430503.10000 0001 0703 675XUniversity of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12631 East 17th Avenue, Aurora, CO 80045 USA
| | - Richard C. Elliott
- Pilgrim Africa, 8001 14th Avenue NE, Suite A, Seattle, WA 98115 USA ,grid.184764.80000 0001 0670 228XMicron School of Materials Science and Engineering, Boise State University, Engineering Building, Suite 338, Boise, ID 83725 USA
| | | | - Maxwell Kilama
- Pilgrim Africa, Plot 8 Engwau Road, PO Box 577, Soroti, Uganda
| | - Ronald Mulebeke
- grid.11194.3c0000 0004 0620 0548Makerere University College of Health Sciences, School of Public Health, P.O. Box 7072, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Joaniter Nankabirwa
- grid.463352.50000 0004 8340 3103Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Emanuele Giorgi
- grid.9835.70000 0000 8190 6402Lancaster University Medical School, Centre for Health Informatics, Computing and Statistics, Lancaster, UK
| | - Mellisa Roskosky
- Pilgrim Africa, 8001 14th Avenue NE, Suite A, Seattle, WA 98115 USA ,grid.21107.350000 0001 2171 9311Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Osborn Omoding
- Pilgrim Africa, Plot 8 Engwau Road, PO Box 577, Soroti, Uganda
| | - Samuel Gonahasa
- grid.463352.50000 0004 8340 3103Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Jimmy Opigo
- grid.415705.2National Malaria Control Division, Ministry of Health Uganda, Kampala, Uganda
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Hoffmann AT, da Silva MS, Gularte JS, Pasqualotto AC, Proença Módena JL, Hansen AW, Stadñik CMB, Sukienik TCT, Demoliner M, Heldt FH, Filippi M, Pereira VMDAG, de Marques CG, Kohler II, Quevedo DMD, Spilki FR. Dynamics of nosocomial SARS-CoV-2 transmissions: Facing the challenge of variants of concern in a Brazilian reference hospital. J Med Virol 2023; 95:e28446. [PMID: 36579775 PMCID: PMC9880750 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.28446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The hospital environment can be considered a high risk for the occurrence of SARS-CoV-2 transmission outbreaks, either for health professionals who are directly involved in the care of suspected or confirmed cases of the disease, or for patients, for being in an environment more vulnerable to the acquisition of nosocomial infections. In this molecular epidemiology study, we aimed to analyze the occurrence and transmission dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 in outbreaks and local chains of transmission in a large tertiary teaching hospital in southern Brazil, in addition to verifying circulating strains and their epidemiological relation in the local context, from September 21, 2020 to October 5, 2021. Positive samples involved in COVID-19 clusters or outbreaks were analyzed using clinical, epidemiological and genomic data. Different lineages and sublineages among patients in the same room were observed. Most patients had their first clinical manifestation, evidence of suspicion, and diagnostic confirmation within 7-14 days or >14 days after hospital admission. The patients who have contact with confirmed cases of COVID-19 spent, on average, 6.28 days in the same environment until the positive test. There was a significant association between the outcome and the number of vaccine doses (p < 0.05), where those who received two doses presented a lower occurrence of death. There was a total replacement of variant of concern (VOC) Gamma by VOC Delta from August 2021 at the study site. Although the epidemiological analysis indicates nosocomial infections, through genomic sequencing, it was established that most of the hospital outbreaks had different origins. These findings highlight the utility of integrating epidemiological and genomic data to identify possible routes of viral entry and dissemination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andressa Taíz Hoffmann
- Controle de Infecção HospitalarSanta Casa de Misericórdia de Porto AlegrePorto AlegreRio Grande do SulBrazil
| | - Mariana Soares da Silva
- Laboratório de Microbiologia MolecularUniversidade FeevaleNovo HamburgoRio Grande do SulBrazil
| | - Juliana Schons Gularte
- Laboratório de Microbiologia MolecularUniversidade FeevaleNovo HamburgoRio Grande do SulBrazil
| | | | | | - Alana Witt Hansen
- Laboratório de Microbiologia MolecularUniversidade FeevaleNovo HamburgoRio Grande do SulBrazil
| | | | | | - Meriane Demoliner
- Laboratório de Microbiologia MolecularUniversidade FeevaleNovo HamburgoRio Grande do SulBrazil
| | - Fágner Henrique Heldt
- Laboratório de Microbiologia MolecularUniversidade FeevaleNovo HamburgoRio Grande do SulBrazil
| | - Micheli Filippi
- Laboratório de Microbiologia MolecularUniversidade FeevaleNovo HamburgoRio Grande do SulBrazil
| | | | | | - Ionara Ines Kohler
- Laboratório de Análises ClínicasSanta Casa de Misericórdia de Porto AlegrePorto AlegreBrazil
| | | | - Fernando Rosado Spilki
- Laboratório de Microbiologia MolecularUniversidade FeevaleNovo HamburgoRio Grande do SulBrazil
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18
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Promising Antiparasitic Natural and Synthetic Products from Marine Invertebrates and Microorganisms. Mar Drugs 2023; 21:md21020084. [PMID: 36827125 PMCID: PMC9965275 DOI: 10.3390/md21020084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Parasitic diseases still threaten human health. At present, a number of parasites have developed drug resistance, and it is urgent to find new and effective antiparasitic drugs. As a rich source of biological compounds, marine natural products have been increasingly screened as candidates for developing new antiparasitic drugs. The literature related to the study of the antigenic animal activity of marine natural compounds from invertebrates and microorganisms was selected to summarize the research progress of marine compounds and the structure-activity relationship of these compounds in the past five years and to explore the possible sources of potential antiparasitic drugs for parasite treatment.
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19
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Yu L, Zhao P, Tang J, Pang L. Changes in tourist mobility after COVID-19 outbreaks. ANNALS OF TOURISM RESEARCH 2023; 98:103522. [PMID: 36474961 PMCID: PMC9715491 DOI: 10.1016/j.annals.2022.103522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
We comparatively examined tourist mobility changes in the entire country and explicitly covered two distinct waves of COVID-19 outbreaks, based on mobile phone data from 277.15 million tourists from 2019 to 2021 in China. The results show that domestic tourism in Beijing was even higher after the pandemic than prior to it. In addition, we found that female and elderly groups had a slower recovery after the first wave, whereas this was the opposite one year later, after the second wave. Additionally, wealthier, larger cities were notably hit the hardest. Overall, our findings provide a better understanding of tourism management in public health crises and policy-making during post-pandemic recovery and for future outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Yu
- School of Urban Planning and Design, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Pengjun Zhao
- School of Urban Planning and Design, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- School of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Junqing Tang
- School of Urban Planning and Design, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Liang Pang
- School of Urban Planning and Design, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, China
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20
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Schmitz M, Wollast R, Bigot A, Luminet O. A cross-national and longitudinal analysis of handwashing and its predictors during the COVID-19 pandemic in France and Belgium. Health Psychol Behav Med 2022; 10:855-870. [PMID: 36147293 PMCID: PMC9487924 DOI: 10.1080/21642850.2022.2120882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Using a longitudinal design, we investigate how the adherence to handwashing and its underlying socio-psychological predictors evolved over time during the COVID-19 pandemic and under distinct circumstances (e.g. when the crisis was more acute or chronic). Method: We collected data (N = 753) in Belgium and France at the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic when the crisis was at its peak (April 2020), and almost a year later (February 2021), when the outbreak was more manageable. Results: Regression models suggest that the compliance with handwashing and its pattern of underlying predictors remained remarkably stable over time despite the variations in contextual factors such as the severity of the health crisis and the stringency of health measures. As such, the findings also highlight the robustness of the models that predict it, namely the Theory of Planned Behavior. The intentions to perform the behavior, the perceived control over it, and being part of the (para)medical field were among the strongest predictors. Conclusions: In practice, the stability of the underlying factors suggests a set of action levers that can be used in communication campaigns aimed at fostering its adherence throughout the pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathias Schmitz
- Institute for Research in the Psychological Sciences, Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Robin Wollast
- Institute for Research in the Psychological Sciences, Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Alix Bigot
- Institute for Research in the Psychological Sciences, Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Olivier Luminet
- Institute for Research in the Psychological Sciences, Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
- Fund for Scientific Research (FRS-FNRS), Brussels, Belgium
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21
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Falla-Aliabadi S, Heydari A, Fatemi F, Yoshany N, Lotfi MH, Sarsangi A, Hanna F. Impact of social and cultural factors on incidence, transmission and control of Coronavirus disease in Iran: a qualitative study. BMC Public Health 2022; 22:2352. [PMID: 36522718 PMCID: PMC9753076 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-022-14805-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION COVID-19 pandemic has had mixed reactions from nations, people and governments about ways to cope with, prevent and control the disease. The current study identifies social, cultural and policy factors affecting the incidence and control of Coronavirus disease in Iran. METHODS A qualitative study consists of content analysis as well as the views of 20 experienced and knowledgeable subjects specialized in social and cultural health management. The data were gathered using three semi-structured interviews and then continued by 17 semi-structured interviews. Data analysis was done using Graneheim approach. After each interview, the recorded audio files transcript and reviewed. Then codes extracted and divided to categories and sub-categories. RESULTS There are distinct social and cultural factors in coping with Coronavirus disease. These consisted of three categories of governance, individual and community related factors. A total of 17 subcategories and 215 primary codes that were extracted from the text of interviews as variables of the study and in relation to the research question. Ten subdomains of governance including vaccination, political issues, knowledge, support services, administrative services, transportation, health and treatment, culturalization, legislation and, managerial and financial policies impacted the spread and mitigation of the pandemic at various levels. CONCLUSION The management of pandemics requires a comprehensive capacity for identifying and determining social and cultural criteria. A healthy partnership between governments and the community may be required to remove unnecessary obstacles that hinder public health attempt to alleviate the risk. The obtained criteria and indicators from this study may be utilized by policy makers in an attempt to strengthen protocols for mitigating pandemics. Further studies may be warranted to confirm these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeed Falla-Aliabadi
- Department of Health in Emergencies and Disasters, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
- Accident Prevention and Crisis Research Center, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Ahad Heydari
- Department of Health in Disaster and Emergencies, School of Medicine, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Farin Fatemi
- Social Determinant of Health Research Center, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Nooshin Yoshany
- Department of Health education and Promotion, Social Determinants of Health Research Center, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hasan Lotfi
- Departments of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Alireza Sarsangi
- GIS and Remote Sensing Department, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fahad Hanna
- Program of Public Health, Torrens University Australia, Melbourne, VIC Australia
- Higher Education College, Chisholm Institute, Dandenong, VIC Australia
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22
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Benita F, Rebollar-Ruelas L, Gaytán-Alfaro ED. What have we learned about socioeconomic inequalities in the spread of COVID-19? A systematic review. SUSTAINABLE CITIES AND SOCIETY 2022; 86:104158. [PMID: 36060423 PMCID: PMC9428120 DOI: 10.1016/j.scs.2022.104158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
This article aims to provide a better understanding of the associations between groups of socioeconomic variables and confirmed cases of COVID-19. The focus is on cross-continental differences of reported positive, negative, unclear, or no associations. A systematic review of the literature is conducted on the Web of Science and SCOPUS databases. Our search identifies 314 eligible studies published on or before 31 December 2021. We detect nine groups of frequently used socioeconomic variables and results are presented by region of the world (Africa, Asia, Europe, Middle East, North American and South America). The review expands to describe the most used statistical and modelling techniques as well as inclusion of additional dimensions such as demographic, healthcare weather and mobility. Meanwhile findings agree on the generalized positive impact of population density, per capita GDP and urban areas on transmission of infections, contradictory results have been found concerning to educational level and income.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Benita
- Engineering Systems and Design, Singapore University of Technology and Design, 8 Somapah Road, Singapore 487372, Singapore
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23
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Borlase A, Le Rutte EA, Castaño S, Blok DJ, Toor J, Giardina F, Davis EL. Evaluating and mitigating the potential indirect effect of COVID-19 on control programmes for seven neglected tropical diseases: a modelling study. Lancet Glob Health 2022; 10:e1600-e1611. [PMID: 36240827 PMCID: PMC9579354 DOI: 10.1016/s2214-109x(22)00360-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Background In line with movement restrictions and physical distancing essential for the control of the COVID-19 pandemic, WHO recommended postponement of all neglected tropical disease (NTD) control activities that involve community-based surveys, active case finding, and mass drug administration in April, 2020. Following revised guidance later in 2020, and after interruptions to NTD programmes of varying lengths, NTD programmes gradually restarted in the context of an ongoing pandemic. However, ongoing challenges and service gaps have been reported. This study aimed to evaluate the potential effect of the programmatic interruptions and strategies to mitigate this effect. Methods For seven NTDs, namely soil-transmitted helminths, schistosomiasis, lymphatic filariasis, onchocerciasis, trachoma, visceral leishmaniasis, and human African trypanosomiasis, we used mathematical transmission models to simulate the effect of programme interruptions on the dynamics of each of these diseases in different endemic settings. We also explored the potential benefit of implementing mitigation strategies, primarily in terms of minimising the delays to control targets. Findings We show that the effect of the COVID-19-induced interruption in terms of delay to achieving elimination goals might in some cases be much longer than the duration of the interruption. For schistosomiasis, onchocerciasis, trachoma, and visceral leishmaniasis, a mean delay of 2–3 years for a 1-year interruption is predicted in areas of highest prevalence. We also show that these delays can largely be mitigated by measures such as additional mass drug administration or enhanced case-finding. Interpretation The COVID-19 pandemic has brought infectious disease control to the forefront of global consciousness. It is essential that the NTDs, so long neglected in terms of research and financial support, are not overlooked, and remain a priority in health service planning and funding. Funding Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Medical Research Council, and the UK Foreign, Commonwealth & Development Office.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Borlase
- Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Epke A Le Rutte
- Department of Public Health, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands; Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Allschwil, Switzerland; University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Soledad Castaño
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Allschwil, Switzerland; University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; LYO-X, Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - David J Blok
- Department of Public Health, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Jaspreet Toor
- Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Federica Giardina
- Department of Public Health, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands; Department of Health Evidence, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Emma L Davis
- Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Mathematics Institute, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK.
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24
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The immunogenicity of an inactivated vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 in healthy individuals: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Transpl Immunol 2022; 75:101732. [PMID: 36328249 PMCID: PMC9618457 DOI: 10.1016/j.trim.2022.101732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Inactivated (killed) vaccines against COVID-19 have been widely used for the control of the pandemic condition. We performed a systematic and meta-analysis review of randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials of the immunogenicity of inactivated vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 in healthy individuals. METHODS In the present study, all research and evidence were extracted from the available online databases. Two researchers randomly evaluated the assessment of the research sensitivity. Finally, after quality assessment and regarding the specific inclusion and exclusion criteria, the eligible articles were entered for meta-analysis. The heterogeneity between the results of the studies was measured using test statistics (Cochran's Q) and the I2 index. The forest plots illustrated the point and pooled estimates with 95% confidence intervals (crossed lines). All statistical analyses were performed using Comprehensive meta-Analysis V.2 software. RESULTS This meta-analysis included six primary studies investigating the immunogenicity of inactivated vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 in healthy individuals. According to the pooled prevalence (95% confidence interval), neutralizing antibody responses 28 days after receiving the second dose regarding different ages and micrograms per dose was 95.50% (CI: 93.2-97.1%). Our results showed that antibody levels were higher in the 6 μg group than in other groups. 98.3% (CI: 94.2-99.5%). CONCLUSION Since the rapid development of vaccinations has sparked widespread public anxiety regarding vaccine efficacy. Governments and unvaccinated individuals, particularly those with vaccination reluctance, will be interested in and benefit from the findings of this systematic study.
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25
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Feng N, Dong Y, Liu S, Dong X. The construction of Chinese indicator system on public health field investigation and short-term study hub: experience and implications. Glob Health Res Policy 2022; 7:40. [PMID: 36303226 PMCID: PMC9615259 DOI: 10.1186/s41256-022-00273-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The increasing of exchange activities among public health institutes and experts globally calls for a standardized operation to construct public health field investigation and short-term study hub (Field Study Hub). This can funcion as a platform to share experience in public health development in an accurate and comprehensive manner that would benefit global practices. This research aims to establish a supportive indicator system to guide the construction work. Methods Delphi method including two rounds of surveys were conducted among 82 senior public health experts. A structured questionnaire was designed to collect the opinions of the experts on the necessity of setting and feasibility of measurement for proposed 5 dimensions of 49 indicators and 7 additionally proposed ones. Percentage and score were used to describe the assessments, χ2 and t tests to compare differences, Kappa and Cronbach’s alpha values to assess intra-rater and inter-rater reliabilities. Significance level α was 0.05. Bonferroni adjustment was used in the comparison of experts’ judgment basis. Results The percentages of experts choosing “Very good” or “Good” for necessity and feasibility in rounds 1 and 2 were 73.1–97.6% (85.8% ± 7.5%), 64.6–93.9% (82.8% ± 6.7%), 73.8–100% (91.0% ± 6.2%) and 72.5–100% (89.2% ± 7.3%) respectively. The scores of necessity were higher than those of feasibility, and the differences in the dimensions of “Key experience”, “Capacity for logistic support” and the total were statistically significant (t11 = 2.920, t12 = 3.035, t31 = 4.448, t32 = 2.664, tt1 = 3.794, tt2 = 3.007, P < 0.05). The fourteen most necessary indicators were identified. The judgment bases of “Theory” and “Experience” were higher than “Knowledge” and “Intuition” statistically significantly (round 2: χTK2 = 39.020, χEK2 = 67.692, χTI2 = 45.823, χEI2 = 76.515, P < 0.0125). The Kappa values exceeded 40 with the maximum as 75 and the Cronbach’s alphas exceeded 0.8000 with the maximum as 0.9732. Conclusions A set of 5 dimensions of 56 indicators with good necessity and feasibility were developed to technically support and well evaluate the construction of field study hub in public health institutions. This was of high significance because it tended to provide a preliminary baseline for the standardized practice in global health. Also, the present research might serve as a methodological reference for the development of other indicator sets. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s41256-022-00273-z.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Feng
- Center for Global Public Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Room 211, 155 Changbai Road, Changping District, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanhui Dong
- Institute of Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Shelan Liu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoping Dong
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
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26
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Nikooyeh B, Rabiei S, Amini M, Ghodsi D, Rasekhi H, Doustmohammadian A, Abdollahi Z, Minaie M, Sadeghi F, Neyestani TR. COVID-19 epidemic lockdown-induced remarkable decrease in dairy products consumption of Iran population: does it really matter? National Food and Nutrition Surveillance. BMC Nutr 2022; 8:122. [PMID: 36303239 PMCID: PMC9610323 DOI: 10.1186/s40795-022-00612-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The pandemic of the newly emerged coronavirus infection and its related disease, Covid-19, has influenced various aspects of human life including dietary habits. This study aimed to examine changes in dairy products consumption during Covid-19 lockdown period in a huge sample of Iranian households. Methods A cross-sectional descriptive-analytical study using a web-based electronic self-administered questionnaire designed to detect any changes in the consumption frequency of dairy products in the Iranian households during Covid-19 lockdown. Results A total of 21,290 households were enrolled. During Covid-19 epidemic lockdown, about 29%, 26% and 7% of the households had decreased their consumption frequency of milk, yogurt and cheese, respectively. The female-headed households were 21% more likely to decrease their consumption of milk, compared with male-headed households (OR = 1.21, 95% CI: 1.05–1.4). The households residing in food insecure provinces were 29%, 20% and 45% more likely to decrease their consumption of milk, yogurt and cheese as compared with those living in the food secure provinces. About 37%, 25.3%, 19.4% of those households who reported a decrease in consumption of dairy products had fully omitted them. Conclusion We found considerable decrement of dairy products consumption, especially milk and yogurt, in a high proportion of the studied households. Inadequate intake and, in some households, omission of dairy products can potentially bring about serious health outcomes with heavier economic burden. Further studies to track these changes over time and to evaluate their health consequences are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bahareh Nikooyeh
- Department of Nutrition Research, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute and Faculty of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Samira Rabiei
- Department of Nutrition Research, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute and Faculty of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Amini
- Department of Nutrition Research, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute and Faculty of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Delaram Ghodsi
- Department of Nutrition Research, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute and Faculty of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamid Rasekhi
- Department of Nutrition Research, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute and Faculty of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Azam Doustmohammadian
- Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases Research Center (GILDRC), Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Abdollahi
- Community Nutrition Office, Deputy of Health, Iran Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mina Minaie
- Community Nutrition Office, Deputy of Health, Iran Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farzaneh Sadeghi
- Community Nutrition Office, Deputy of Health, Iran Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran
| | - Tirang R Neyestani
- Department of Nutrition Research, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute and Faculty of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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27
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Shrestha DB, Budhathoki P, Gurung B, Subedi S, Aryal S, Basukala A, Aryal B, Adhikari A, Poudel A, Yadav GK, Khoury M, Rayamajhee B, Shrestha LB. Epidemiology of dengue in SAARC territory: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Parasit Vectors 2022; 15:389. [PMID: 36280877 PMCID: PMC9594905 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-022-05409-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dengue is one of the common arboviral infections and is a public health problem in South East Asia. The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to evaluate the prevalence and distribution of dengue in SAARC (South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation) countries. METHODS The PubMed, PubMed Central, Embase and Scopus databases were searched for relevant studies. Statistical analysis on data extracted from the selected studied was conducted using the Comprehensive Meta-Analysis Software (CMA) version 3 software package. Proportions were used to estimate the outcome with a 95% confidence interval (CI). RESULTS Across all studies, among cases of suspected dengue, 30.7% were confirmed dengue cases (proportion: 0.307, 95% CI: 0.277-0.339). The seroprevalence of dengue immunoglobulin (Ig)G, IgM or both (IgM and IgG) antibodies and dengue NS1 antigen was 34.6, 34.2, 29.0 and 24.1%, respectively. Among the different strains of dengue, dengue virus (DENV) strains DENV-1, DENV-2, DENV-3 and DENV-4 accounted for 21.8, 41.2, 14.7 and 6.3% of cases, respectively. The prevalence of dengue fever, dengue hemorrhagic fever and dengue shock syndrome was 80.5, 18.2 and 1.5%, respectively. Fever was a commonly reported symptom, and thrombocytopenia was present in 44.7% of cases. Mortality was reported in 1.9% of dengue cases. CONCLUSIONS Dengue is a common health problem in South East Asia with high seroprevalence. DENV-2 was found to be the most common strain causing infection, and most dengue cases were dengue fever. In addition, thrombocytopenia was reported in almost half of the dengue cases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Anisha Basukala
- Nepalese Army Institute of Health Sciences, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Barun Aryal
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Patan Academy of Health Sciences, Lalitpur, Nepal
| | - Anurag Adhikari
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Nepal National Hospital, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Ayusha Poudel
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Alka Hospital, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | | | - Mtanis Khoury
- Department of Internal Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, Chicago, IL USA
| | - Binod Rayamajhee
- School of Optometry & Vision Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
- Department of Infection and Immunology, Kathmandu Research Institute for Biological Sciences (KRIBS), Lalitpur, Nepal
| | - Lok Bahadur Shrestha
- Department of Microbiology & Infectious Diseases, B. P. Koirala Institute of Health Sciences, Dharan, 56700 Nepal
- School of Medical Sciences and the Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
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28
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SeyedAlinaghi S, Pashaei Z, Rahimi E, Saeidi S, Mirzapour P, Noori T, Ghasemzadeh A, Afzalian A, Dashti M, Habibi P, Farhoudi B, Aghaie N, Shamsabadi A, Dadras O, Mehraeen E. Prevalence of sexually transmitted infections and associated risk behaviors in prisoners: A systematic review. Health Sci Rep 2022; 5:e819. [PMID: 36177400 PMCID: PMC9478043 DOI: 10.1002/hsr2.819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Revised: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aims Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are one of the major health concerns globally. Generally, prisoners are at higher risks for STIs due to risk factors including; drug‐use, high‐risk sexual behaviors, densely populated prisons, and poor living conditions. Therefore, we aimed to conduct a systematic review to evaluate the existing data on STI prevalence, and its associated risk factors among prisoners. Methods We conducted a systematic search of the literature using the keywords in Scopus, PubMed, Web of Science, and Google Scholar online databases. We selected all the relevant original studies in English through title/abstract and full‐text screening process. Results Based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria, we selected and reviewed 32 studies out of 96 identified papers. The most important STI‐associated risk factors among prisoners were drug use, low educational levels, and unsafe sex. The prevalence of STIs was heterogenous in selected studies and was reported as follows; Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) (0%−14.5%), hepatitis B viruses (HBV) (0.04%−27.23%), hepatitis C viruses (HCV) (0.17%−49.7%), Syphilis (0.2%−22.1%), Chlamydia Trachomatis (CT) (1.02%−6.7%), Gonorrhea (0.6%−7.8%), and herpes simplex virus‐2 (HSV‐2) 22.4%. Conclusion This systematic review indicates that the prevalence of STIs (HIV, HBV, HCV, Syphilis, Chlamydia Trachomatis, Gonorrhea, and HSV‐2) among prisoners appears to be higher than the general population, with drug abuse, low educational levels, and unsafe sex as major risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- SeyedAhmad SeyedAlinaghi
- Iranian Research Center for HIV/AIDS, Iranian Institute for Reduction of High‐Risk Behaviors Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran
| | - Zahra Pashaei
- Iranian Research Center for HIV/AIDS, Iranian Institute for Reduction of High‐Risk Behaviors Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran
| | - Ensiyeh Rahimi
- Iranian Research Center for HIV/AIDS, Iranian Institute for Reduction of High‐Risk Behaviors Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran
| | - Solmaz Saeidi
- Department of Nursing Khalkhal University of Medical Sciences Khalkhal Iran
| | - Pegah Mirzapour
- Iranian Research Center for HIV/AIDS, Iranian Institute for Reduction of High‐Risk Behaviors Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran
| | - Tayebeh Noori
- Department of Health Information Technology Zabol University of Medical Sciences Zabol Iran
| | | | - Arian Afzalian
- School of Medicine Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran
| | - Mohsen Dashti
- Department of Radiology Tabriz University of Medical Sciences Tabriz Iran
| | - Pedram Habibi
- Iranian Research Center for HIV/AIDS, Iranian Institute for Reduction of High‐Risk Behaviors Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran
| | - Behnam Farhoudi
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Amiralmomenin Hospital, Tehran Medical Sciences Islamic Azad University Tehran Iran
| | - Narjes Aghaie
- School of Nursing and Midwifery Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran
| | - Ahmadreza Shamsabadi
- Department of Health Information Technology Esfarayen Faculty of Medical Sciences Esfarayen Iran
| | - Omid Dadras
- Iranian Research Center for HIV/AIDS, Iranian Institute for Reduction of High‐Risk Behaviors Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran
- Department of Global Public Health and Primary care University of Bergen Bergen Norway
| | - Esmaeil Mehraeen
- Department of Health Information Technology Khalkhal University of Medical Sciences Khalkhal Iran
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29
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Rodríguez MS, Nitahara Y, Cornejo M, Siliezar K, Grande R, González A, Tasaki K, Nakagama Y, Michimuko Y, Onizuka Y, Nakajima-Shimada J, Romero JE, Palacios JR, Arias CE, Mejía W, Kido Y, Cardona Alvarenga R. Re-emerging threat of Trypanosoma cruzi vector transmission in El Salvador, update from 2018 to 2020. Infect Dis Poverty 2022; 11:89. [PMID: 35945552 PMCID: PMC9361614 DOI: 10.1186/s40249-022-01008-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Since the late twentieth century, Chagas disease gained global attention to suppress the vector burden as a main control strategy in endemic countries. In Central America, multi-national initiative successfully achieved significant reduction in the estimated disease prevalence as well as elimination of the region’s principal vector species at the time in 2012. While the last decade has witnessed significant changes in ecosystem—such as urbanization and replacement of the main vector species—that can possibly affect the vector’s habitation and residual transmission, the up-to-date vector burden in the region has not been evaluated thoroughly due to the cessation of active vector surveillance. The aim of this study was to update the risk of vector-borne Trypanosoma cruzi infection in El Salvador, the top Chagas disease-endemic country in Central America. Methods A nationwide vector survey was conducted in the domestic environment of El Salvador from September 2018 to November 2020. The selection of the houses for inspection was based on expert purposeful sampling. Infection for T. cruzi was examined by microscopic observation of the insects’ feces, followed by a species confirmation using PCR. The data were analyzed using R software version 4.1.3. Proportion estimates with 95% confidence intervals were inferred using the Jeffrey’s method provided under the epiR package. Results A total of 1529 Triatoma dimidiata was captured from 107 houses (infestation rate, 34.4%; 107/311) in all the fourteen departments of the country visited within the period; prevalence of T. cruzi infection was as high as 10% (153/1529). In the country, domestic T. dimidiata infestation was distributed ubiquitously, while T. cruzi infection rates varied across the departments. Five out of fourteen departments showed higher infection rates than the average, suggesting sporadic high-risk areas in the country. Conclusions Our comprehensive study revealed substantial T. cruzi infection of T. dimidiata across the country, indicating potential active transmission of the disease. Therefore, strengthened surveillance for both vector and human infection is required to truly eliminate the risk of T. cruzi transmission in Central America. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s40249-022-01008-5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marvin Stanley Rodríguez
- Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Salud, Universidad de El Salvador, San Salvador, El Salvador
| | - Yuko Nitahara
- Department of Virology and Parasitology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka Metropolitan University, 1-4-3 Asahi-machi, Abeno-ku, Osaka, 545-8585, Japan.,Research Center for Infectious Disease Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka Metropolitan University, 1-4-3 Asahi-machi, Abeno-ku, Osaka, 545-8585, Japan
| | - Michelle Cornejo
- Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Salud, Universidad de El Salvador, San Salvador, El Salvador
| | - Kevin Siliezar
- Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Salud, Universidad de El Salvador, San Salvador, El Salvador
| | - Rafael Grande
- Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Salud, Universidad de El Salvador, San Salvador, El Salvador
| | - Ana González
- Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Salud, Universidad de El Salvador, San Salvador, El Salvador
| | - Kotaro Tasaki
- Nagasaki University School of Medicine, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Yu Nakagama
- Department of Virology and Parasitology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka Metropolitan University, 1-4-3 Asahi-machi, Abeno-ku, Osaka, 545-8585, Japan.,Research Center for Infectious Disease Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka Metropolitan University, 1-4-3 Asahi-machi, Abeno-ku, Osaka, 545-8585, Japan
| | - Yu Michimuko
- Department of Virology and Parasitology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka Metropolitan University, 1-4-3 Asahi-machi, Abeno-ku, Osaka, 545-8585, Japan.,Research Center for Infectious Disease Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka Metropolitan University, 1-4-3 Asahi-machi, Abeno-ku, Osaka, 545-8585, Japan
| | - Yoko Onizuka
- Graduate School of Health Sciences, Gunma University, 3-39-22 Showamachi, Maebashi, Gunma, 371-8514, Japan
| | - Junko Nakajima-Shimada
- Graduate School of Health Sciences, Gunma University, 3-39-22 Showamachi, Maebashi, Gunma, 371-8514, Japan
| | | | - José Ricardo Palacios
- Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Salud, Universidad de El Salvador, San Salvador, El Salvador
| | - Carmen Elena Arias
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas de El Salvador, San Salvador, El Salvador
| | - William Mejía
- Ministerio de Educación, Ciencia y Tecnología, San Salvador, El Salvador
| | - Yasutoshi Kido
- Department of Virology and Parasitology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka Metropolitan University, 1-4-3 Asahi-machi, Abeno-ku, Osaka, 545-8585, Japan. .,Research Center for Infectious Disease Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka Metropolitan University, 1-4-3 Asahi-machi, Abeno-ku, Osaka, 545-8585, Japan.
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Hosseini Z, Najafi P, Mohseni S, Aghamolaei T, Dadipoor S. The effect of a theory-based educational program on southern Iranian prisoners' HIV preventive behaviors: a quasi-experimental research. BMC Public Health 2022; 22:1342. [PMID: 35836148 PMCID: PMC9281156 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-022-13763-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The present research explored the effect of an educational program based on the health belief model (HBM) on prisoners’ HIV preventive behaviors in the south of Iran. Methods The present quasi-experimental research was conducted in 2019–20 on 280 prisoners, 140 in the control group (CG) and 140 in the intervention group (IG). The sampling was simple randomized. The data were collected using a questionnaire in two parts, one exploring the demographic information and the other the HBM constructs. The final follow-up was completed 3 months after the educational intervention (8 sessions long) in November 2020. Results After the intervention, statistically significant between-group differences were found in the healthy behavior score and all HBM constructs except for the perceived barriers (p < 0.001). Perceived severity and susceptibility were found to be the strongest predictors of HIV preventive behaviors. Conclusion The educational intervention showed to positively affect the adoption of preventive behaviors mediated by the HBM constructs. To remove barriers to HIV preventive behaviors or any other healthy behavior, researchers are suggested to develop multi-level interventions (beyond the personal level) to gain better findings. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12889-022-13763-z.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Hosseini
- Social Determinants in Health Promotion Research Center, Hormozgan Health Institute, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran
| | - Pirdad Najafi
- Student Research Committee, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran
| | - Shokrollah Mohseni
- Social Determinants in Health Promotion Research Center, Hormozgan Health Institute, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran
| | - Teamur Aghamolaei
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran
| | - Sara Dadipoor
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Hormozgan Health Institute, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran.
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Mohzari YA, Alamer A, Alattas M, Alrashed AA, Alshehab NA, Alkhaldi TK, Alamer AA, Asdaq SM, Aljefri D, Alajami HN, Alsowaida YS, Mathew M, AlMusawa MI, Alomar M, Alharbi RY, Khuwaja M, Bamogaddam RF, Alharthi AH, Faqihi AY, Alrumayyan BF, Alshareef A, Alhassan BM, Damfu NY, Alajmi GS, Albujaidy A, Alghalbi M, Alajlan SA, Abraham I, Almulhim AS. Tocilizumab effectiveness in mechanically ventilated COVID-19 patients (T-MVC-19 Study): a multicenter real-world evidence. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2022; 20:1037-1047. [PMID: 35209783 PMCID: PMC8935451 DOI: 10.1080/14787210.2022.2046462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of tocilizumab in mechanically ventilated patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS This retrospective multicenter study included adults (≥18 years) diagnosed with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) by real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) from nasopharyngeal swab, and requiring invasive mechanical ventilation during admission. Survival analyses with inverse propensity score treatment weighting (IPTW) and propensity score matching (PSM) were conducted. To account for immortal bias, we used Cox proportional modeling with time-dependent covariance. Competing risk analysis was performed for the extubation endpoint. RESULTS A total of 556 (tocilizumab = 193, control = 363) patients were included. Males constituted the majority of the participants (69.2% in tocilizumab arm,74.1% in control arm). Tocilizumab was not associated with a reduction in mortality with hazard ratio [(HR) = 0.82,95% confidence interval (95%CI): 0.62-1.10] in the Inverse propensity score weighting (IPTW) analysis and (HR = 0.86,95% CI: 0.64-1.16) in the PSM analysis. However, tocilizumab was associated with an increased rate of extubation (33.6%) compared to the control arm (11.9%); subdistributional hazards (SHR) = 3.1, 95% CI: 1.86-5.16). CONCLUSIONS Although tocilizumab was not found to be effective in reducing mortality, extubation rate while on mechanical ventilation was higher among tocilizumab treated group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yahya A. Mohzari
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; King Saud Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmad Alamer
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Alkharj, Saudi Arabia; Center for Health Outcomes and PharmacoEconomic Research, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Majda Alattas
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed A. Alrashed
- Department of Pharmaceutical Services, Main hospital, King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Turkiah K. Alkhaldi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Service, Main Pharmacy, King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amnah A. Alamer
- Department of Internal Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia; Department of Infectious Diseases, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ohio, Canada
| | - Syed M.B Asdaq
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, AlMaarefa University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Doaa Aljefri
- Department of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hamdan N. Alajami
- Pharmaceutical Care Department, King Saud Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yazed S. Alsowaida
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Hail University, Hail, Saudi Arabia; Department of Pharmacy, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Maya Mathew
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, King Saud Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed I. AlMusawa
- Division of Pharmaceutical Care, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mukhtar Alomar
- Dammam Medical Complex, First Health Cluster in Eastern Province, Saudi Arabia
| | - Raghad Y. Alharbi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Malik Khuwaja
- Division of Pharmaceutical Care, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Reem F. Bamogaddam
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, King Saud Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ashwaq H. Alharthi
- Department of Pharmacy Services, King Saud University Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Aisha Y. Faqihi
- Department of Pharmacy, King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Abeer Alshareef
- Department of Pharmacy Services, King Saud University Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Batool M. Alhassan
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Almoosa Specialist Hospital, Al-Ahasa, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nader Y. Damfu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Care, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ghada S. Alajmi
- Department of Pharmacy Services, King Saud University Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Asma Albujaidy
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy Service, Prince Mohammed bin Abdulaziz Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Maram Alghalbi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Services, Clinical Pharmacy, Prince Sultan Military Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saleh A Alajlan
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ivo Abraham
- Center for Health Outcomes and PharmacoEconomic Research, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA; Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science, College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Abdulaziz S. Almulhim
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Clinical Pharmacy, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
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Kabo AK, Kaman K, Doungous DM, Ouedraogo L, Abakar M, Godreuil S, Beng VP. [Epidemiology of leprosy in Chad from 2015 to 2019]. Pan Afr Med J 2022; 41:120. [PMID: 35465364 PMCID: PMC8994465 DOI: 10.11604/pamj.2022.41.120.32283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 01/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION leprosy is a disease found and unevenly distributed in Chad. Since 1997, the annual national prevalence has been less than 1/10000 inhabitants, the elimination threshold set by the World Health Organization (WHO). The purpose of this study is to describe epidemiological trends of leprosy in Chad between 2015 and 2019, in order to provide the necessary data for the development of more effective strategies for leprosy control. METHODS we conducted a retrospective, descriptive study of patients with leprosy diagnosed between 2015 and 2019 at national level. Data were collected from the database of the National Program for the Control of Leprosy in Chad (NPCLC). RESULTS a total of 1896 new cases of leprosy were detected in Chad between 2015 and 2019. The rates of patients aged 15 to 70 years and children under 15 years were 92.08% and 7.92% respectively. Sex ratio (M/F) was 1.68. The annual average detection rate was 2.6/100 000, with an average rate of multi-bacillary leprosy of 83.10% and degree 2 disability (2DD) of 20.38%. The average rate of degree 2 disability in children under 15 years of age was 0.92% . However, our study identified five districts as endemic (Adré, Abéché, Aboudeia, Koukou, et Bebedjia) in 2019, where the prevalence rate was above 1/10000 inhabitants. CONCLUSION epidemiological trends are in favor of the persistence of the disease and a delay in diagnosis and in the management of leprosy cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abakar Kirga Kabo
- Ecole des Sciences de la Santé, Université Catholique d’Afrique Centrale, Yaoundé, Cameroun,,Laboratoire de Bactériologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Montpellier, Montpellier, France,,UMR-MIVEGEC (IRD 224, CNRS 5290, Université de Montpellier), Montpellier, France,,Corresponding author: Abakar Kirga Kabo, Ecole des Sciences de la Santé, Université Catholique d’Afrique Centrale, Yaoundé, Cameroun.
| | - Kaiwa Kaman
- Programme National de Lutte Contre la Lèpre, N´Djamena, Tchad
| | - Djamalladine Mahamat Doungous
- Laboratoire de Bactériologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Montpellier, Montpellier, France,,UMR-MIVEGEC (IRD 224, CNRS 5290, Université de Montpellier), Montpellier, France,,Département des Sciences Biomédicales et Pharmaceutiques, Institut National Supérieur des Sciences et Techniques d´Abéché, Abéché, Tchad
| | - Lamine Ouedraogo
- Laboratoire de Bactériologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Montpellier, Montpellier, France,,UMR-MIVEGEC (IRD 224, CNRS 5290, Université de Montpellier), Montpellier, France
| | - Mahamat Abakar
- Programme National de Lutte Contre la Lèpre, N´Djamena, Tchad
| | - Sylvain Godreuil
- Laboratoire de Bactériologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Montpellier, Montpellier, France,,UMR-MIVEGEC (IRD 224, CNRS 5290, Université de Montpellier), Montpellier, France
| | - Véronique Penlap Beng
- Ecole des Sciences de la Santé, Université Catholique d’Afrique Centrale, Yaoundé, Cameroun,,Université de Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroun
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Schistosomiasis outbreak during COVID-19 pandemic in Takum, Northeast Nigeria: Analysis of infection status and associated risk factors. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0262524. [PMID: 35061823 PMCID: PMC8782311 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0262524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mass drug administration for schistosomiasis started in 2014 across Taraba State. Surprisingly in 2020, an outbreak of schistosomiasis was reported in Takum local government area. This epidemiological investigation therefore assessed the current status of infection, analyzed associated risk factors and arrested the outbreak through community sensitization activities and mass treatment of 3,580 persons with praziquantel tablets. METHODS Epidemiological assessment involving parasitological analysis of stool and urine samples were conducted among 432 consenting participants in five communities. Samples were processed using Kato-Katz and urine filtration techniques. Participants data on demography, water contact behavior and access to water, sanitation and hygiene facilities were obtained using standardized questionnaires. Data were analysed using SPSS 20.0 and significance level was set at 95%. RESULTS An overall prevalence of 34.7% was observed, with 150 participants infected with both species of Schistosoma parasite. By communities, prevalence was higher in Birama (57.7%), Barkin Lissa (50.5%) and Shibong (33.3%). By species', S. haematobium infection was significantly higher than S. mansoni (28.9% vs 9.5%), with higher proportion of younger males infected (p<0.05). The condition of WASH is deplorable. About 87% had no latrines, 67% had no access to improved source of potable water and 23.6% relied on the river as their main source of water. Infections was significantly associated with water contact behaviors like playing in water (OR:1.50, 95% CI: 1.01-2.25) and swimming (OR:1.55, 95% CI: 1.04-2.31). CONCLUSION It is important to reclassify the treatment needs of Takum LGA based on the findings of this study. Furthermore, efforts targeted at improving access to WASH, reducing snail population, improving health education and strengthening surveillance systems to identify schistosomiasis hotspots will be a step in the right direction.
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Ahorlu CS, Okyere D, Pi-Bansa S, Otchere J, Marfo B, Asemanyi-Mensah K, Opare JL, Long EF, de Souza DK. COVID-19 related perception among some community members and frontline healthcare providers for NTD control in Ghana. BMC Infect Dis 2022; 22:106. [PMID: 35094689 PMCID: PMC8801039 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-022-07084-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction The Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has resulted in a major breakdown of health service provision in the fight against neglected tropical diseases (NTDs). COVID-19 may impact NTDs service delivery in varied ways. As the Ghana NTD programme planned to resume MDA activities, we examined the COVID-19 related perceptions and practices among some community members and frontline health workers for NTD control activities in the country. Methods The study was conducted in seven communities in the Ahanta West district of Ghana. This was a qualitative study using in-depth interviews (IDI) and focus group discussions (FGDs) for data collection. Participants were purposively selected from varied backgrounds to represent both beneficiaries and service providers directly involved in NTD programme implementation. Trained and experienced qualitative data collectors conducted the FGD and IDI sessions in the local Twi language, while health worker sessions were conducted in English. Discussions were audio-recorded and transcribed directly into English. Data was analysed using an iterative process. The transcripts were pre-coded using the broad themes, entered into a computer using Microsoft Word, and then imported into the MAXQDA software for thematic content analysis to select relevant representative narratives for presentation. Results Participants were aware of the COVID-19 pandemic and referred to it appropriately as ‘coronavirus’, COVID-19, and often as ‘the new disease’. Though many respondents could not describe the route of transmission, most of them reported that it is transmitted through touch or sharing of common items. They reported some signs/symptoms like fever, headache and difficulty breathing, and prevention methods like the use of hand sanitiser, washing of hands and sneezing appropriately. Respondents have reported that COVID-19 has negatively affected their daily lives by limiting their movements and therefore work. It also came to light that COVID-19 has also negatively affected the NTD programme implementation, especially mass drug administration (MDA) activities, leading to the postponement of the yearly MDA. The COVID-19 pandemic has negatively affected clinic attendance; people are afraid that they may be tested for COVID-19 at the clinic. Conclusion COVID-19 has negatively affected the NTD programme. Education and the provision of personal protective equipment will be required to build the confidence of frontline care providers including community drug distributors and community members in order to enhance quality service and participation in future MDA activities. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12879-022-07084-0.
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Osei SA, Biney RP, Anning AS, Nortey LN, Ghartey-Kwansah G. Low incidence of COVID-19 case severity and mortality in Africa; Could malaria co-infection provide the missing link? BMC Infect Dis 2022; 22:78. [PMID: 35065613 PMCID: PMC8783581 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-022-07064-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Despite reports of malaria and coronavirus diseases 2019 (COVID-19) co-infection, malaria-endemic regions have so far recorded fewer cases of COVID-19 and deaths from COVID-19, indicating a probable protection from the poor outcome of COVID-19 by malaria. On the contrary, other evidence suggests that malaria might contribute to the death caused by COVID-19. Hence, this paper reviewed existing evidence hypothesizing poor outcome or protection of COVID-19 patients when co-infected with malaria. Methods PRISMA guidelines for systematic review were employed in this study. Published articles from December 2019 to May 2021on COVID-19 and malaria co-infection and outcome were systematically searched in relevant and accessible databases following a pre-defined strategy. Studies involving human, in vivo animal studies, and in vitro studies were included. Results Twenty three (23) studies were included in the review out of the 3866 records identified in the selected scientific databases. Nine (9) papers reported on co-infection of COVID-19 and malaria. Five (5) papers provided information about synergism of malaria and COVID-19 poor prognosis, 2 papers reported on syndemic of COVID-19 and malaria intervention, and 7 studies indicated that malaria protects individuals from COVID-19. Conclusions Low incidence of COVID-19 in malaria-endemic regions supports the hypothesis that COVID-19 poor prognosis is prevented by malaria. Although further studies are required to ascertain this hypothesis, cross-immunity and common immunodominant isotopes provide strong evidence to support this hypothesis. Also, increase in co-inhibitory receptors and atypical memory B cells indicate synergy between COVID-19 and malaria outcome, though, more studies are required to make a definite conclusion. Low incidence and mortality rate of COVID-19 in malaria endemic regions There have been reports of malaria and COVID-19 co-infection Malaria could be the link for the reported low incidence of COVID-19 in Africa Cross immunity and common immunodominant epitopes between Malaria and COVID-19, and antimalaria drugs could be the reason for observed low fatality and incidence rate of COVID-19 in malaria endemic regions. Malaria infection and deaths could increase amid the COVID-19 pandemic due to interrupted malaria control interventions.
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Downs P, Bush S, Bannerman R, Blair L, D'Souza S, Ekpo U, Gyapong M, Kar K, Kelly-Hope L, Mabey D, Mante S, Tate A, Velleman Y, Molyneux D. OUP accepted manuscript. Int Health 2022; 14:ii1-ii6. [PMID: 36130250 PMCID: PMC9492294 DOI: 10.1093/inthealth/ihab094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Revised: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Philip Downs
- Corresponding author: Tel: +44 1444 446600; E-mail:
| | - Simon Bush
- Director, Neglected Tropical Diseases, Sightsavers, P.O Box KIA18190, Airport, Accra, Ghana
| | - Ron Bannerman
- Sightsavers, 35 Perrymount Rd, Haywards Heath RH16 3BZ
| | - Lynsey Blair
- SCI Foundation, Edinburgh House, 170 Kennington Ln, Lambeth, London SE11 5DP, UK
| | - Susan D'Souza
- Sightsavers, 35 Perrymount Rd, Haywards Heath RH16 3BZ
| | - Uwem Ekpo
- Department of Pure and Applied Zoology, Federal University of Agriculture, Alabata Road, Abeokuta, Nigeria
| | | | - Kamal Kar
- CLTS Foundation, CB-88, CB Block, Sector 1, Bidhannager, Kolkata, West Bengal 700064, India
| | - Louise Kelly-Hope
- Department of Livestock and One Health, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool Science Park IC2 Building, 146 Brownlow Hill, Liverpool L3 5RF, UK
| | - David Mabey
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel St, Gower St., London WCIE 7HT, UK
| | - Sunny Mante
- African Filariasis Morbidity Project, P.O BOX KB-282, Korle-Bu, Accra Ghana
| | - Andrew Tate
- Sightsavers, 35 Perrymount Rd, Haywards Heath RH16 3BZ
| | - Yael Velleman
- SCI Foundation, Edinburgh House, 170 Kennington Ln, Lambeth, London SE11 5DP, UK
| | - David Molyneux
- Department of Tropical Disease Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, L3 QA, UK
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McKay S, Shu’aibu J, Cissé A, Knight A, Abdullahi F, Ibrahim A, Madaki S, Genovezos C, McCoy K, Downs P, Kabore A, Adamu H, Gobir IB, Chaitkin M, Standley CJ. Safely resuming neglected tropical disease control activities during COVID-19: Perspectives from Nigeria and Guinea. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009904. [PMID: 34928945 PMCID: PMC8687572 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Since its early spread in early 2020, the disease caused by the novel Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) has caused mass disruptions to health services. These have included interruptions to programs that aimed to prevent, control, and eliminate neglected tropical diseases (NTDs). In March 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) released interim guidelines recommending the temporary cessation of mass drug administration (MDA), community-based surveys, and case detection, while encouraging continuation of morbidity management and vector control where possible. Over the course of the following months, national programs and implementing partners contributed to COVID-19 response efforts, while also beginning to plan for resumption of NTD control activities. To understand the challenges, opportunities, and recommendations for maximizing continuity of disease control during public health emergencies, we sought perspectives from Nigeria and Guinea on the process of restarting NTD control efforts during the COVID-19 pandemic. Through semistructured interviews with individuals involved with NTD control at the local and national levels, we identified key themes and common perspectives between the 2 countries, as well as observations that were specific to each. Overall, interviewees stressed the challenges posed by COVID-19 interruptions, particularly with respect to delays to activities and related knock-on impacts, such as drug expiry and prolonged elimination timelines, as well as concerns related to funding. However, respondents in both countries also highlighted the benefits of a formal risk assessment approach, particularly in terms of encouraging information sharing and increasing coordination and advocacy. Recommendations included ensuring greater availability of historical data to allow better monitoring of how future emergencies affect NTD control progress; continuing to use risk assessment approaches in the future; and identifying mechanisms for sharing lessons learned and innovations between countries as a means of advancing postpandemic health systems and disease control capacity strengthening. Neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) are a group of medically diverse diseases that affect over 1 billion people, predominantly in tropical and subtropical areas, and can cause severe long-term disability and even death. Controlled through mass drug administration (MDA), morbidity management, and/or vector control, NTD programs work closely with communities to identify cases, conduct surveys, and achieve target coverage levels for interventions. The advent of the pandemic of the novel Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) in early 2020 led to major disruptions to all facets of life, including health services, with NTD control efforts no exception. Per interim guidelines released by the World Health Organization (WHO) in March 2020, most control activities were halted and only resumed much later in 2020. We sought perspectives from NTD control stakeholders at the subnational and national levels in Guinea and Nigeria regarding the process of planning and executing the resumption of NTD activities to identify challenges, opportunities, and recommendations that might be applicable both to other countries that have experienced disruptions to NTD control efforts during the pandemic and to increase the resilience of NTD programs in the face of future public health emergencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie McKay
- Independent Consultant, Hinsdale, Illinois, United States of America
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Philip Downs
- Sightsavers, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | | | - Helen Adamu
- Georgetown Global Health Nigeria, Georgetown University, Abuja, Nigeria
| | - Ibrahim B. Gobir
- Georgetown Global Health Nigeria, Georgetown University, Abuja, Nigeria
| | - Michael Chaitkin
- Independent Consultant, Englewood, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Claire J. Standley
- Center for Global Health Science and Security, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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38
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Banda GT, Deribe K, Davey G. How can we better integrate the prevention, treatment, control and elimination of neglected tropical diseases with other health interventions? A systematic review. BMJ Glob Health 2021; 6:bmjgh-2021-006968. [PMID: 34663634 PMCID: PMC8524265 DOI: 10.1136/bmjgh-2021-006968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Globally, about 1.7 billion people living in poverty are affected by one or more of a group of disabling, disfiguring and poverty-promoting conditions known as neglected tropical diseases (NTDs). Major global health actors, like the WHO, have endorsed a shift from vertical to integrated NTD management. Objective This systematic review aimed to evaluate how integration is being conducted and how we can improve it. Methods PubMed, Medline, Cochrane library, Web of Science, Trip, Embase, Global Health and Google Scholar were searched from 1 April to 22 July 2020. We included peer-reviewed articles published between 1 January 2000 and 22 July 2020 in English. Results Database searches produced 24 565 studies, of which 35 articles met the inclusion criteria. Twenty of these articles were conducted in sub-Saharan Africa. Twenty articles were also published between 2015 and 2020. Literature revealed that NTDs have been integrated—among themselves; with water, sanitation and hygiene programmes; with vector control; with primary healthcare; with immunisation programmes; and with malaria management. Integrated mass drug administration for multiple NTDs was the most common method of integration. The three complex, yet common characteristics of successful integration were good governance, adequate financing and total community engagement. Conclusion The dataset identified integrated management of NTDs to be cost effective and potentially to increase treatment coverage. However, the identified modes of integration are not exclusive and are limited by the available literature. Nonetheless, integration should urgently be implemented, while considering the programmatic and sociopolitical context. PROSPERO registration number The study protocol was registered with PROSPERO number, CRD42020167358.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gift Treighcy Banda
- Department of Global Health and Infection, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Brighton, UK .,Mzimba District Hospital, Malawi Ministry of Health, Mzimba, Malawi
| | - Kebede Deribe
- Department of Global Health and Infection, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Brighton, UK.,School of Public Health, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Gail Davey
- Department of Global Health and Infection, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Brighton, UK.,School of Public Health, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
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Hotinger JA, Morris ST, May AE. The Case against Antibiotics and for Anti-Virulence Therapeutics. Microorganisms 2021; 9:2049. [PMID: 34683370 PMCID: PMC8537500 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9102049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Although antibiotics have been indispensable in the advancement of modern medicine, there are downsides to their use. Growing resistance to broad-spectrum antibiotics is leading to an epidemic of infections untreatable by first-line therapies. Resistance is exacerbated by antibiotics used as growth factors in livestock, over-prescribing by doctors, and poor treatment adherence by patients. This generates populations of resistant bacteria that can then spread resistance genes horizontally to other bacterial species, including commensals. Furthermore, even when antibiotics are used appropriately, they harm commensal bacteria leading to increased secondary infection risk. Effective antibiotic treatment can induce bacterial survival tactics, such as toxin release and increasing resistance gene transfer. These problems highlight the need for new approaches to treating bacterial infection. Current solutions include combination therapies, narrow-spectrum therapeutics, and antibiotic stewardship programs. These mediate the issues but do not address their root cause. One emerging solution to these problems is anti-virulence treatment: preventing bacterial pathogenesis instead of using bactericidal agents. In this review, we discuss select examples of potential anti-virulence targets and strategies that could be developed into bacterial infection treatments: the bacterial type III secretion system, quorum sensing, and liposomes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Aaron E. May
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23219, USA; (J.A.H.); (S.T.M.)
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Lee JK, Bullen C, Ben Amor Y, Bush SR, Colombo F, Gaviria A, Karim SSA, Kim B, Lavis JN, Lazarus JV, Lo YC, Michie SF, Norheim OF, Oh J, Reddy KS, Rostila M, Sáenz R, Smith LDG, Thwaites JW, Were MK, Xue L. Institutional and behaviour-change interventions to support COVID-19 public health measures: a review by the Lancet Commission Task Force on public health measures to suppress the pandemic. Int Health 2021; 13:399-409. [PMID: 33974687 PMCID: PMC8136029 DOI: 10.1093/inthealth/ihab022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2021] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The Lancet COVID-19 Commission Task Force for Public Health Measures to Suppress the Pandemic was launched to identify critical points for consideration by governments on public health interventions to control coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Drawing on our review of published studies of data analytics and modelling, evidence synthesis and contextualisation, and behavioural science evidence and theory on public health interventions from a range of sources, we outline evidence for a range of institutional measures and behaviour-change measures. We cite examples of measures adopted by a range of countries, but especially jurisdictions that have, thus far, achieved low numbers of COVID-19 deaths and limited community transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2. Finally, we highlight gaps in knowledge where research should be undertaken. As countries consider long-term measures, there is an opportunity to learn, improve the response and prepare for future pandemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong-Koo Lee
- Seoul National UniversityCollege of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
- Department of Family Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Chris Bullen
- School of Population Health, University of Auckland, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Yanis Ben Amor
- Center for Sustainable Development, Earth Institute, Columbia University, New York, 10115, USA
| | | | | | - Alejandro Gaviria
- School of Economics, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, 111711, Colombia
| | - Salim S Abdool Karim
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), Private Bag X7, Congella, 4013, Durban, South Africa
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, New York, 10032, USA
| | - Booyuel Kim
- Department of Environmental Planning, Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
- Environmental Planning Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - John N Lavis
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Jeffrey V Lazarus
- Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal), Hospital Clínic, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, 08036, Spain
| | - Yi-Chun Lo
- Taiwan Centers for Disease Control, Taipei, 100, Taiwan
| | - Susan F Michie
- UCL Centre for Behaviour Change, Department of Clinical, Educational and Health Psychology, University College London, London WC1E 7HB, UK
| | - Ole F Norheim
- Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Postboks 7804 NO-5020, Bergen, Norway
| | - Juhwan Oh
- Seoul National UniversityCollege of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Mikael Rostila
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Stockholm University, Stockholm, 10691, Sweden
| | - Rocío Sáenz
- School of Public Health, Universidad de Costa Rica, San Pedro Montes de Oca, San José, 11501, Costa Rica
| | - Liam D G Smith
- BehaviourWorks Australia, Monash University, Melbourne, 3800, Australia
| | - John W Thwaites
- Monash Sustainable Development Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, 3800, Australia
| | - Miriam K Were
- Champions of an AIDS-Free Generation in Africa, P.O. Box 63056 - 00200 Nairobi
| | - Lan Xue
- School of Public Policy and Management, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
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41
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Godman B, Fadare J, Kwon HY, Dias CZ, Kurdi A, Dias Godói IP, Kibuule D, Hoxha I, Opanga S, Saleem Z, Bochenek T, Marković-Peković V, Mardare I, Kalungia AC, Campbell S, Allocati E, Pisana A, Martin AP, Meyer JC. Evidence-based public policy making for medicines across countries: findings and implications for the future. J Comp Eff Res 2021; 10:1019-1052. [PMID: 34241546 DOI: 10.2217/cer-2020-0273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: Global expenditure on medicines is rising up to 6% per year driven by increasing prevalence of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) and new premium priced medicines for cancer, orphan diseases and other complex areas. This is difficult to sustain without reforms. Methods: Extensive narrative review of published papers and contextualizing the findings to provide future guidance. Results: New models are being introduced to improve the managed entry of new medicines including managed entry agreements, fair pricing approaches and monitoring prescribing against agreed guidance. Multiple measures have also successfully been introduced to improve the prescribing of established medicines. This includes encouraging greater prescribing of generics and biosimilars versus originators and patented medicines in a class to conserve resources without compromising care. In addition, reducing inappropriate antibiotic utilization. Typically, multiple measures are the most effective. Conclusion: Multiple measures will be needed to attain and retain universal healthcare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Godman
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy & Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G4 0RE, UK
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Karolinska Institute, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, SE-141 86, Stockholm, Sweden
- School of Pharmacy, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Pretoria, South Africa
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Joseph Fadare
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Ekiti State University, Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria
- Department of Medicine, Ekiti State University Teaching Hospital, Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria
| | - Hye-Young Kwon
- Division of Biology and Public Health, Mokwon University, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Carolina Zampirolli Dias
- Graduate Program in Public Health, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Amanj Kurdi
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy & Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G4 0RE, UK
- School of Pharmacy, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Pretoria, South Africa
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Hawler Medical University, Erbil, Iraq
| | - Isabella Piassi Dias Godói
- Institute of Health & Biological Studies - Universidade Federal do Sul e Sudeste do Pará, Avenida dos Ipês, s/n, Cidade Universitária, Cidade Jardim, Marabá, Pará, Brazil
- Researcher of the Group (CNPq) for Epidemiological, Economic and Pharmacological Studies of Arboviruses (EEPIFARBO) - Universidade Federal do Sul e Sudeste do Pará; Avenida dos Ipês, s/n, Cidade Universitária, Cidade Jardim, Marabá, Pará, Brazil
| | - Dan Kibuule
- Department of Pharmacy Practice & Policy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Namibia, Windhoek, Namibia
| | - Iris Hoxha
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine Tirana, Albania
| | - Sylvia Opanga
- Department of Pharmaceutics & Pharmacy Practice, School of Pharmacy, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Zikria Saleem
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Tomasz Bochenek
- Department of Nutrition & Drug Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Vanda Marković-Peković
- Department of Social Pharmacy, University of Banja Luka, Faculty of Medicine, Banja Luka, Republic of Srpska, Bosnia & Herzegovina
| | - Ileana Mardare
- "Carol Davila" University of Medicine & Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
| | | | - Stephen Campbell
- Centre for Primary Care, Division of Population Health, Health Services Research & Primary Care, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
- NIHR Greater Manchester Patient Safety Translational Research Centre, School of Health Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Eleonora Allocati
- Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche 'Mario Negri' IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Alice Pisana
- Department of Global Public Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Antony P Martin
- Faculty of Health & Life Sciences, The University of Liverpool, Brownlow Hill, Liverpool, L69 3BX, UK
| | - Johanna C Meyer
- School of Pharmacy, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Pretoria, South Africa
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Molyneux DH, Asamoa-Bah A, Fenwick A, Savioli L, Hotez P. The history of the neglected tropical disease movement. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2021; 115:169-175. [PMID: 33508096 PMCID: PMC7842098 DOI: 10.1093/trstmh/trab015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The history of the neglected tropical disease movement is seen through the lens of authors who worked during the last 4 decades in different roles and in different settings, from Western-based laboratories to clinical roles in endemic countries and in critical policy roles in the World Health Organization (WHO). The authors seek to identify key players from the introduction of the word 'neglected' by the late Kenneth Warren in his Rockefeller Foundation-supported Great Neglected Diseases of Mankind movement through to the more recent developments after the London Declaration of 2012. The role of the various actors-endemic countries, major pharmaceutical companies, the WHO, non-government development organizations, bilateral donors and academia-are discussed. The critical events and decisions are highlighted that were essential enabling factors in creating a viable and successful movement and with a resultant massive global public health and antipoverty impact. The importance of advocacy is emphasized in creating the momentum to establish a globally recognized public health 'brand' as a target in the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals.
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Affiliation(s)
- David H Molyneux
- Department of Tropical Disease Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK
| | | | - Alan Fenwick
- School of Public Health Imperial College Norfolk Place W2 1PG, UK
| | - Lorenzo Savioli
- P.O. Box 267, Chake Chake, Pemba Island, Zanzibar, United Republic of Tanzania
| | - Peter Hotez
- National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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