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Machaca V, Goyzueta V, Cruz MG, Sejje E, Pilco LM, López J, Túpac Y. Transformers meets neoantigen detection: a systematic literature review. J Integr Bioinform 2024; 0:jib-2023-0043. [PMID: 38960869 DOI: 10.1515/jib-2023-0043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Cancer immunology offers a new alternative to traditional cancer treatments, such as radiotherapy and chemotherapy. One notable alternative is the development of personalized vaccines based on cancer neoantigens. Moreover, Transformers are considered a revolutionary development in artificial intelligence with a significant impact on natural language processing (NLP) tasks and have been utilized in proteomics studies in recent years. In this context, we conducted a systematic literature review to investigate how Transformers are applied in each stage of the neoantigen detection process. Additionally, we mapped current pipelines and examined the results of clinical trials involving cancer vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Erika Sejje
- Universidad Nacional de San Agustín, Arequipa, Perú
| | | | | | - Yván Túpac
- 187038 Universidad Católica San Pablo , Arequipa, Perú
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Zeng F, Pan Y, Lu Q, Luan X, Qin S, Liu Y, Liu Z, Yang J, He B, Song Y. Self-Generating Gold Nanocatalysts in Autologous Tumor Cells for Targeted Catalytic Immunotherapy. Adv Healthc Mater 2024; 13:e2303683. [PMID: 38386961 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202303683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
Employing tumor whole cells for tumor immunotherapy is a promising tumor therapy proposed in the early stage, but its therapeutic efficacy is weakened by the methods of eliminating pathogenicity and the mass ratio of the effective antigen carried by itself. Here, by adding gold ion to live cancer cells in the microfluidic droplets, this work obtains dead tumor whole cells with NIR-controlled catalytic ability whose pathogenicity is removed while plenary tumor antigens, major structure, and homing ability are reserved. The engineered tumor cell (Cell-Au) with the addition of prodrug provides 1O2 in an O2-free Russell mechanism, which serves better in a hypoxic tumor microenvironment. This tumor whole-cell catalytic vaccine (TWCV) promotes the activation of dendritic cells and the transformation of macrophages into tumor suppressor phenotype. In 4T1 tumor-bearing mice, the Cell-Au-based vaccine supports the polarization of cytotoxicity T cells, resulting in tumor eradication and long-term animal survival. Compared with antigen vaccines or adoptive cell therapy which takes months to obtain, this TWCV can be prepared in just a few days with satisfactory immune activation and tumor therapeutic efficacy, which provides an alternative way for the preparation of personalized tumor vaccines across tumor types and gives immunotherapy a new path.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Zeng
- College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Yongchun Pan
- College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Qianglan Lu
- College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Xiaowei Luan
- College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Shurong Qin
- College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Yuta Liu
- College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Zhiyong Liu
- College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Jingjing Yang
- School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative Medicine, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Bangshun He
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210006, China
| | - Yujun Song
- College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
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Sussman TA, Severgnini M, Giobbie-Hurder A, Friedlander P, Swanson SJ, Jaklitsch M, Clancy T, Goguen LA, Lautz D, Swanson R, Daley H, Ritz J, Dranoff G, Hodi FS. Phase II trial of vaccination with autologous, irradiated melanoma cells engineered by adenoviral mediated gene transfer to secrete granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor in patients with stage III and IV melanoma. Front Oncol 2024; 14:1395978. [PMID: 38812776 PMCID: PMC11133610 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2024.1395978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Background In the era of immune checkpoint blockade, the role of cancer vaccines in immune priming has provided additional potential for therapeutic improvements. Prior studies have demonstrated delayed type hypersensitivity and anti-tumor immunity with vaccines engineered to secrete granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF). The safety, efficacy and anti-tumor immunity of GM-CSF secreting vaccine in patients with previously treated stage III or IV melanoma needs further investigation. Methods In this phase II trial, excised lymph node metastases were processed to single cells, transduced with an adenoviral vector encoding GM-CSF, irradiated, and cryopreserved. Individual vaccines were composed of 1x106, 4x106, or 1x107 tumor cells, and were injected intradermally and subcutaneously at weekly and biweekly intervals. The primary endpoints were feasibility of producing vaccine in stage III patients and determining the proportion of patients alive at two years in stage IV patients. Results GM-CSF vaccine was successfully developed and administered in all 61 patients. Toxicities were restricted to grade 1-2 local skin reactions. The median OS for stage III patients (n = 20) was 71.1 (95% CI, 43.7 to NR) months and 14.9 (95%CI, 12.1 to 39.7) months for stage IV patients. The median PFS in stage III patients was 50.7 (95%CI, 36.3 to NR) months and 4.1 (95% CI, 3.0-6.3) months in stage IV patients. In the overall population, the disease control rate was 39.3% (95%CI, 27.1 to 52.7%). In stage III patients, higher pre-treatment plasma cytokine levels of MMP-1, TRAIL, CXCL-11, CXCL-13 were associated with improved PFS (p<0.05 for all). An increase in post-vaccination levels of IL-15 and TRAIL for stage III patients was associated with improved PFS (p=0.03 for both). Similarly, an increase in post-vaccination IL-16 level for stage IV patients was associated with improved PFS (p=0.02) and clinical benefit. Conclusions Vaccination with autologous melanoma cells secreting GM-CSF augments antitumor immunity in stage III and IV patients with melanoma, is safe, and demonstrates disease control. Luminex data suggests that changes in inflammatory cytokines and immune cell infiltration promote tumor antigen presentation and subsequent tumor cell destruction. Additional investigation to administer this vaccine in combination with immune checkpoint inhibitors is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara A. Sussman
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Mariano Severgnini
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Curis, Inc., Lexington, MA, United States
| | - Anita Giobbie-Hurder
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, United States
- Division of Biostatistics, Department of Data Science, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Philip Friedlander
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Scott J. Swanson
- Department of Surgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Michael Jaklitsch
- Department of Surgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Thomas Clancy
- Department of Surgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Laura A. Goguen
- Division of Otolaryngology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - David Lautz
- Department of Surgery, Emerson Hospital, Concord, MA, United States
| | - Richard Swanson
- Department of Surgery, UMass Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States
| | - Heather Daley
- Connell and O’Reilly Families Cell Manipulation Core Facility, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Jerome Ritz
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, United States
- Connell and O’Reilly Families Cell Manipulation Core Facility, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Glenn Dranoff
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, United States
| | - F. Stephen Hodi
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Medical Oncology, Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, United States
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Deppen JN, Ginn SC, Tang EO, Wang L, Brockman ML, Levit RD. Alginate-Encapsulated Mesenchymal Stromal Cells Improve Hind Limb Ischemia in a Translational Swine Model. J Am Heart Assoc 2024; 13:e029880. [PMID: 38639336 PMCID: PMC11179867 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.123.029880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cellular therapies have been investigated to improve blood flow and prevent amputation in peripheral artery disease with limited efficacy in clinical trials. Alginate-encapsulated mesenchymal stromal cells (eMSCs) demonstrated improved retention and survival and promoted vascular generation in murine hind limb ischemia through their secretome, but large animal evaluation is necessary for human applicability. We sought to determine the efficacy of eMSCs for peripheral artery disease-induced limb ischemia through assessment in our durable swine hind limb ischemia model. METHODS AND RESULTS Autologous bone marrow eMSCs or empty alginate capsules were intramuscularly injected 2 weeks post-hind limb ischemia establishment (N=4/group). Improvements were quantified for 4 weeks through walkway gait analysis, contrast angiography, blood pressures, fluorescent microsphere perfusion, and muscle morphology and histology. Capsules remained intact with mesenchymal stromal cells retained for 4 weeks. Adenosine-induced perfusion deficits and muscle atrophy in ischemic limbs were significantly improved by eMSCs versus empty capsules (mean±SD, 1.07±0.19 versus 0.41±0.16, P=0.002 for perfusion ratios and 2.79±0.12 versus 1.90±0.62 g/kg, P=0.029 for ischemic muscle mass). Force- and temporal-associated walkway parameters normalized (ratio, 0.63±0.35 at week 3 versus 1.02±0.19 preligation; P=0.17), and compensatory footfall patterning was diminished in eMSC-administered swine (12.58±8.46% versus 34.85±15.26%; P=0.043). Delivery of eMSCs was associated with trending benefits in collateralization, local neovascularization, and muscle fibrosis. Hypoxia-cultured porcine mesenchymal stromal cells secreted vascular endothelial growth factor and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 2. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates the promise of the mesenchymal stromal cell secretome at improving peripheral artery disease outcomes and the potential for this novel swine model to serve as a component of the preclinical pipeline for advanced therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juline N. Deppen
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical EngineeringGeorgia Institute of Technology and Emory UniversityAtlantaGA
- Division of CardiologyEmory University School of MedicineAtlantaGA
| | - Sydney C. Ginn
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical EngineeringGeorgia Institute of Technology and Emory UniversityAtlantaGA
- Division of CardiologyEmory University School of MedicineAtlantaGA
| | - Erica O. Tang
- Division of CardiologyEmory University School of MedicineAtlantaGA
| | - Lanfang Wang
- Division of CardiologyEmory University School of MedicineAtlantaGA
| | | | - Rebecca D. Levit
- Division of CardiologyEmory University School of MedicineAtlantaGA
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Tittarelli A, Pereda C, Gleisner MA, López MN, Flores I, Tempio F, Lladser A, Achour A, González FE, Durán-Aniotz C, Miranda JP, Larrondo M, Salazar-Onfray F. Long-Term Survival and Immune Response Dynamics in Melanoma Patients Undergoing TAPCells-Based Vaccination Therapy. Vaccines (Basel) 2024; 12:357. [PMID: 38675738 PMCID: PMC11053591 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12040357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Revised: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 01/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Cancer vaccines present a promising avenue for treating immune checkpoint blockers (ICBs)-refractory patients, fostering immune responses to modulate the tumor microenvironment. We revisit a phase I/II trial using Tumor Antigen-Presenting Cells (TAPCells) (NCT06152367), an autologous antigen-presenting cell vaccine loaded with heat-shocked allogeneic melanoma cell lysates. Initial findings showcased TAPCells inducing lysate-specific delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) reactions, correlating with prolonged survival. Here, we extend our analysis over 15 years, categorizing patients into short-term (<36 months) and long-term (≥36 months) survivors, exploring novel associations between clinical outcomes and demographic, genetic, and immunologic parameters. Notably, DTHpos patients exhibit a 53.1% three-year survival compared to 16.1% in DTHneg patients. Extended remissions are observed in long-term survivors, particularly DTHpos/M1cneg patients. Younger age, stage III disease, and moderate immune events also benefit short-term survivors. Immunomarkers like increased C-type lectin domain family 2 member D on CD4+ T cells and elevated interleukin-17A were detected in long-term survivors. In contrast, toll-like receptor-4 D229G polymorphism and reduced CD32 on B cells are associated with reduced survival. TAPCells achieved stable long remissions in 35.2% of patients, especially M1cneg/DTHpos cases. Conclusions: Our study underscores the potential of vaccine-induced immune responses in melanoma, emphasizing the identification of emerging biological markers and clinical parameters for predicting long-term remission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrés Tittarelli
- Programa Institucional de Fomento a la Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación, Universidad Tecnológica Metropolitana, Santiago 8940577, Chile;
| | - Cristian Pereda
- Disciplinary Program of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile; (C.P.); (M.A.G.); (M.N.L.); (I.F.); (F.T.)
| | - María A. Gleisner
- Disciplinary Program of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile; (C.P.); (M.A.G.); (M.N.L.); (I.F.); (F.T.)
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile
| | - Mercedes N. López
- Disciplinary Program of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile; (C.P.); (M.A.G.); (M.N.L.); (I.F.); (F.T.)
| | - Iván Flores
- Disciplinary Program of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile; (C.P.); (M.A.G.); (M.N.L.); (I.F.); (F.T.)
| | - Fabián Tempio
- Disciplinary Program of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile; (C.P.); (M.A.G.); (M.N.L.); (I.F.); (F.T.)
| | - Alvaro Lladser
- Centro Científico y Tecnológico de Excelencia Ciencia & Vida, Fundación Ciencia & Vida, Santiago 8580702, Chile;
- Facultad de Medicina y Ciencia, Universidad San Sebastián, Santiago 8580702, Chile
| | - Adnane Achour
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institute, 17176 Stockholm, Sweden;
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, 17176 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Fermín E. González
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology & Cancer, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380000, Chile;
| | - Claudia Durán-Aniotz
- Latin American Brain Health Institute (BrainLat), Center for Social and Cognitive Neuroscience (CSCN), School of Psychology, Universidad Adolfo Ibañez, Santiago 7941169, Chile;
| | | | - Milton Larrondo
- Banco de Sangre, Hospital Clínico de la Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile;
| | - Flavio Salazar-Onfray
- Disciplinary Program of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile; (C.P.); (M.A.G.); (M.N.L.); (I.F.); (F.T.)
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institute, 17176 Stockholm, Sweden;
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, 17176 Stockholm, Sweden
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Gonçalves MP, Farah R, Bikorimana JP, Abusarah J, EL-Hachem N, Saad W, Talbot S, Stanga D, Beaudoin S, Plouffe S, Rafei M. A1-reprogrammed mesenchymal stromal cells prime potent antitumoral responses. iScience 2024; 27:109248. [PMID: 38433914 PMCID: PMC10907831 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.109248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) have been modified via genetic or pharmacological engineering into potent antigen-presenting cells-like capable of priming responding CD8 T cells. In this study, our screening of a variant library of Accum molecule revealed a molecule (A1) capable of eliciting antigen cross-presentation properties in MSCs. A1-reprogrammed MSCs (ARM) exhibited improved soluble antigen uptake and processing. Our comprehensive analysis, encompassing cross-presentation assays and molecular profiling, among other cellular investigations, elucidated A1's impact on endosomal escape, reactive oxygen species production, and cytokine secretion. By evaluating ARM-based cellular vaccine in mouse models of lymphoma and melanoma, we observe significant therapeutic potency, particularly in allogeneic setting and in combination with anti-PD-1 immune checkpoint inhibitor. Overall, this study introduces a strong target for developing an antigen-adaptable vaccination platform, capable of synergizing with immune checkpoint blockers to trigger tumor regression, supporting further investigation of ARMs as an effective and versatile anti-cancer vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Roudy Farah
- Department of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Jean-Pierre Bikorimana
- Department of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Jamilah Abusarah
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Nehme EL-Hachem
- Pediatric Hematology-Oncology Division, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine Research Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Wael Saad
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Sebastien Talbot
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Daniela Stanga
- Defence Therapeutics Inc., Research and Development branch, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Simon Beaudoin
- Defence Therapeutics Inc., Research and Development branch, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Sebastien Plouffe
- Defence Therapeutics Inc., Research and Development branch, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Moutih Rafei
- Molecular Biology Program, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
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7
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Kim HE, Kim J, Park HK, Lee JB, Yun SJ. Correlations between inflammatory cytokine levels and degree of pigmentation in acral melanomas. Melanoma Res 2024; 34:38-43. [PMID: 37924528 DOI: 10.1097/cmr.0000000000000939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2023]
Abstract
Cutaneous melanoma, a highly aggressive skin tumor, is characterized by complex signaling pathways in terms of its pathogenesis and progression. Although the degree of pigmentation in melanoma determines its progression, metastasis, and prognosis, its association with inflammatory cytokines remains unclear. Thus, we evaluated the associations between melanoma pigmentation and plasma levels of inflammatory cytokines; furthermore, we investigated the potential variations in this relationship across the primary anatomic sites of melanoma. We enrolled patients with cutaneous melanoma who visited Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital between January 2021 and December 2021. The anatomical sites of melanoma were categorized as acral and non-acral sites. The degree of pigmentation was quantified using computer software. In total, nine inflammatory cytokines were analyzed, including interleukin (IL)-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-10, IL-12, IL-13, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), interferon-γ (IFN-γ), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). This study included 80 melanoma patients. Of these, 53 had acral melanoma and 27 had non-acral melanoma. Overall, plasma concentrations of IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, GM-CSF, and IFN-γ demonstrated significant correlations with diminished pigmentation. Furthermore, in the acral melanoma patients group, plasma concentrations of IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, GM-CSF, IFN-γ, and TNF-α revealed significant correlations with diminished pigmentation. Our results reveal significant associations between melanoma pigmentation and various cytokine levels, particularly in acral melanoma patients; these associations can be influenced by factors related to acral melanoma, such as physical stress or trauma. These correlations may also provide directions for the treatment of acral melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Euy Kim
- Department of Dermatology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, South Korea
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8
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Sobral MC, Mooney DJ. Materials-Based Approaches for Cancer Vaccination. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2024; 212:179-187. [PMID: 38166245 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2300482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/04/2024]
Abstract
Therapeutic cancer vaccines offer the promise of stimulating the immune system to specifically eradicate tumor cells and establish long-term memory to prevent tumor recurrence. However, despite showing benign safety profiles and the ability to generate Ag-specific cellular responses, cancer vaccines have been hampered by modest clinical efficacy. Lessons learned from these studies have led to the emergence of innovative materials-based strategies that aim to boost the clinical activity of cancer vaccines. In this Brief Review, we provide an overview of the key elements needed for an effective vaccine-induced antitumor response, categorize current approaches to therapeutic cancer vaccination, and explore recent advances in materials-based strategies to potentiate cancer vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel C Sobral
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA; and Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard University, Boston, MA
| | - David J Mooney
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA; and Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard University, Boston, MA
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Xu M, Zha H, Chen J, Lee SMY, Wang Q, Wang R, Zheng Y. "Ice and Fire" Supramolecular Cell-Conjugation Drug Delivery Platform for Deep Tumor Ablation and Boosted Antitumor Immunity. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2305287. [PMID: 37547984 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202305287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
Cancer recurrence and metastasis are two major challenges in the current clinical therapy. In this work, a novel diketopyrrolopyrrole-based photothermal reagent (DCN) with unique J-aggregation-induced redshift is synthesized to achieve efficient tumor thermal ablation under safe power (0.33 W cm-2 ). Meanwhile, S-nitroso-N-acetylpenicillamine (SNAP) is co-loaded with near-infrared-absorbing DCN in amphiphilic polymers to realize heat-induced massive release of nitric oxide (NO), which can form oxidant peroxynitrite (ONOO- ) to active matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), thereby degrading the compact tumor extracellular matrix to improve the ablation depth and infiltration of immune cells. Through a facile supramolecular assembly method, the DCN/SNAP nanoparticles are anchored to liquid-nitrogen-frozen cancer cells, achieving enhanced antitumor immune responses and effective inhibition of distant tumors and pulmonary metastases after only one treatment. The safety and effectiveness of this supramolecular cell-conjugation platform are verified by 2D/3D cellular experiments and bilateral tumor model, confirming the thermal-ablation-gas-permeation-antigen-presentation therapeutic mode has promising anticancer prospects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Xu
- State Key Laboratory, of Quality Research, in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, 999078, China
| | - Haidong Zha
- State Key Laboratory, of Quality Research, in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, 999078, China
| | - Jiamao Chen
- State Key Laboratory, of Quality Research, in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, 999078, China
| | - Simon Ming-Yuen Lee
- State Key Laboratory, of Quality Research, in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, 999078, China
| | - Qi Wang
- State Key Laboratory, of Quality Research, in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, 999078, China
- State Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays and Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Ruibing Wang
- State Key Laboratory, of Quality Research, in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, 999078, China
- MoE Frontiers Science Center for Precision Oncology, University of Macau, Macau, 999078, China
| | - Ying Zheng
- State Key Laboratory, of Quality Research, in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, 999078, China
- MoE Frontiers Science Center for Precision Oncology, University of Macau, Macau, 999078, China
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Pérez-Baños A, Gleisner MA, Flores I, Pereda C, Navarrete M, Araya JP, Navarro G, Quezada-Monrás C, Tittarelli A, Salazar-Onfray F. Whole tumour cell-based vaccines: tuning the instruments to orchestrate an optimal antitumour immune response. Br J Cancer 2023; 129:572-585. [PMID: 37355722 PMCID: PMC10421921 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-023-02327-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy, particularly those based on immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), has become a useful approach for many neoplastic diseases. Despite the improvements of ICIs in supporting tumour regression and prolonging survival, many patients do not respond or develop resistance to treatment. Thus, therapies that enhance antitumour immunity, such as anticancer vaccines, constitute a feasible and promising therapeutic strategy. Whole tumour cell (WTC) vaccines have been extensively tested in clinical studies as intact or genetically modified cells or tumour lysates, injected directly or loaded on DCs with distinct adjuvants. The essential requirements of WTC vaccines include the optimal delivery of a broad battery of tumour-associated antigens, the presence of tumour cell-derived molecular danger signals, and adequate adjuvants. These factors trigger an early and robust local innate inflammatory response that orchestrates an antigen-specific and proinflammatory adaptive antitumour response capable of controlling tumour growth by several mechanisms. In this review, the strengths and weaknesses of our own and others' experiences in studying WTC vaccines are revised to discuss the essential elements required to increase anticancer vaccine effectiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amarilis Pérez-Baños
- Disciplinary Program of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - María Alejandra Gleisner
- Disciplinary Program of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Iván Flores
- Disciplinary Program of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Cristián Pereda
- Disciplinary Program of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Mariela Navarrete
- Disciplinary Program of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Juan Pablo Araya
- Disciplinary Program of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Giovanna Navarro
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Instituto de Bioquímica y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, 5110566, Chile
| | - Claudia Quezada-Monrás
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Instituto de Bioquímica y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, 5110566, Chile
| | - Andrés Tittarelli
- Programa Institucional de Fomento a la Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación (PIDi), Universidad Tecnológica Metropolitana (UTEM), Santiago, Chile.
| | - Flavio Salazar-Onfray
- Disciplinary Program of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institute and Section for Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, 17176, Stockholm, Sweden.
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11
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Roux Q, Boiy R, De Vuyst F, Tkach M, Pinheiro C, de Geyter S, Miinalainen I, Théry C, De Wever O, Hendrix A. Depletion of soluble cytokines unlocks the immunomodulatory bioactivity of extracellular vesicles. J Extracell Vesicles 2023; 12:e12339. [PMID: 37548263 PMCID: PMC10405237 DOI: 10.1002/jev2.12339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite an enormous interest in understanding the bioactivity of extracellular vesicles (EV) in physiology and disease for the development of therapeutic applications, the impact of EV preparation methods remains minimally explored. In this study, we implemented density gradient ultracentrifugation combined with size-exclusion chromatography (DG-SEC), differential ultracentrifugation (dUC) and/or stand-alone SEC (sSEC) to fractionate media conditioned by different cancer cells and/or cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAF). EV-enriched but protein-depleted versus EV-depleted but protein-enriched DG-SEC fractions, and EV-containing dUC and sSEC preparations were quality controlled for particle number, protein concentration, selected protein composition and ultrastructure, characterized for their cytokine content, and dose-dependently evaluated for monocyte-derived dendritic cell (MoDC) maturation by measuring surface marker expression and/or cytokine secretion. EV preparations obtained by DG-SEC from media conditioned by different cancer cell lines or CAF, were depleted from soluble immune suppressive cytokines such as VEGF-A and MCP-1 and potently stimulated MoDC maturation. In contrast, EV-containing dUC or sSEC preparations were not depleted from these soluble cytokines and were unable to mature MoDC. Subsequent processing of dUC EV preparations by SEC dose-dependently restored the immunomodulatory bioactivity. Overall, our results demonstrate that method-dependent off-target enrichment of soluble cytokines has implications for the study of EV immunomodulatory bioactivity and warrants careful consideration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quentin Roux
- Laboratory of Experimental Cancer Research, Department of Human Structure and RepairGhent UniversityGhentBelgium
- Cancer Research Institute GhentGhentBelgium
| | - Robin Boiy
- Laboratory of Experimental Cancer Research, Department of Human Structure and RepairGhent UniversityGhentBelgium
- Cancer Research Institute GhentGhentBelgium
| | - Felix De Vuyst
- Laboratory of Experimental Cancer Research, Department of Human Structure and RepairGhent UniversityGhentBelgium
- Cancer Research Institute GhentGhentBelgium
| | - Mercedes Tkach
- Institute CuriePSL Research University, INSERM U932ParisFrance
| | - Claudio Pinheiro
- Laboratory of Experimental Cancer Research, Department of Human Structure and RepairGhent UniversityGhentBelgium
- Cancer Research Institute GhentGhentBelgium
| | - Sofie de Geyter
- Laboratory of Experimental Cancer Research, Department of Human Structure and RepairGhent UniversityGhentBelgium
- Cancer Research Institute GhentGhentBelgium
| | | | - Clotilde Théry
- Institute CuriePSL Research University, INSERM U932ParisFrance
| | - Olivier De Wever
- Laboratory of Experimental Cancer Research, Department of Human Structure and RepairGhent UniversityGhentBelgium
- Cancer Research Institute GhentGhentBelgium
| | - An Hendrix
- Laboratory of Experimental Cancer Research, Department of Human Structure and RepairGhent UniversityGhentBelgium
- Cancer Research Institute GhentGhentBelgium
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12
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Meng J, Lv Y, Bao W, Meng Z, Wang S, Wu Y, Li S, Jiao Z, Tian Z, Ma G, Wei W. Generation of whole tumor cell vaccine for on-demand manipulation of immune responses against cancer under near-infrared laser irradiation. Nat Commun 2023; 14:4505. [PMID: 37495590 PMCID: PMC10372023 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-40207-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The therapeutic efficacy of whole tumor cell vaccines (TCVs) is modest, which has delayed their translation into personalized immunotherapies in the clinic. Here, we develop a TCV platform based on photothermal nanoparticle-loaded tumor cells, which can be rationally applied to diverse tumor types to achieve on-demand boost of anti-tumor immune responses for inhibiting tumor growth. During the fabrication process, mild photothermal heating by near-infrared (NIR) laser irradiation induces the nanoparticle-bearing tumor cells to express heat shock proteins as endogenous adjuvants. After a single vaccination at the back of tumor-bearing mice, non-invasive NIR laser irradiation further induces mild hyperthermia at vaccination site, which promotes the recruitment, activation, and antigen presentation by dendritic cells. Using an indicator we term fluctuation of tumor growth rate, we determine appropriate irradiation regimens (including optimized irradiation intervals and times). This TCV platform enables on-demand NIR manipulation of immune responses, and we demonstrate potent therapeutic efficacy against six murine models that mimick a range of clinical scenarios, including a model based on humanized mice and patient-derived tumor xenografts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqi Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Yanlin Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Weier Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Zihui Meng
- Department of Hepatobiliary-Pancreatic Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130033, P. R. China
| | - Shuang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Yuanbin Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Shuping Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Zhouguang Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Zhiyuan Tian
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China.
| | - Guanghui Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China.
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China.
| | - Wei Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China.
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China.
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13
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Chang R, Gulley JL, Fong L. Vaccinating against cancer: getting to prime time. J Immunother Cancer 2023; 11:jitc-2022-006628. [PMID: 37286302 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2022-006628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapies, such as immune checkpoint inhibitors, cellular therapies, and T-cell engagers, have fundamentally changed our approach to treating cancer. However, successes with cancer vaccines have been more difficult to realize. While vaccines against specific viruses have been widely adopted to prevent the development of cancer, only two vaccines can improve survival in advanced disease: sipuleucel-T and talimogene laherparepvec. These represent the two approaches that have the most traction: vaccinating against cognate antigen and priming responses using tumors in situ. Here, we review the challenges and opportunities researchers face in developing therapeutic vaccines for cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Chang
- Hematology/Oncology, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - James L Gulley
- NCI, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Lawrence Fong
- Hematology/Oncology, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
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14
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Dillman RO, Nistor GI, Keirstead HS. Autologous dendritic cells loaded with antigens from self-renewing autologous tumor cells as patient-specific therapeutic cancer vaccines. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2023:2198467. [PMID: 37133853 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2023.2198467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023] Open
Abstract
A promising personal immunotherapy is autologous dendritic cells (DC) loaded ex vivo with autologous tumor antigens (ATA) derived from self-renewing autologous cancer cells. DC-ATA are suspended in granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor at the time of each subcutaneous injection. Previously, irradiated autologous tumor cell vaccines have produced encouraging results in 150 cancer patients, but the DC-ATA vaccine demonstrated superiority in single-arm and randomized trials in metastatic melanoma. DC-ATA have been injected into more than 200 patients with melanoma, glioblastoma, and ovarian, hepatocellular, and renal cell cancers. Key observations include: [1] greater than 95% success rates for tumor cell cultures and monocyte collection for dendritic cell production; [2] injections are well-tolerated; [3] the immune response is rapid and includes primarily TH1/TH17 cellular responses; [4] efficacy has been suggested by delayed but durable complete tumor regressions in patients with measurable disease, by progression-free survival in glioblastoma, and by overall survival in melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gabriel I Nistor
- Research and Development, AIVITA Biomedical Inc, Irvine, CA, USA
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15
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Chen KS, Reinshagen C, Van Schaik TA, Rossignoli F, Borges P, Mendonca NC, Abdi R, Simon B, Reardon DA, Wakimoto H, Shah K. Bifunctional cancer cell-based vaccine concomitantly drives direct tumor killing and antitumor immunity. Sci Transl Med 2023; 15:eabo4778. [PMID: 36599004 PMCID: PMC10068810 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.abo4778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The administration of inactivated tumor cells is known to induce a potent antitumor immune response; however, the efficacy of such an approach is limited by its inability to kill tumor cells before inducing the immune responses. Unlike inactivated tumor cells, living tumor cells have the ability to track and target tumors. Here, we developed a bifunctional whole cancer cell-based therapeutic with direct tumor killing and immunostimulatory roles. We repurposed the tumor cells from interferon-β (IFN-β) sensitive to resistant using CRISPR-Cas9 by knocking out the IFN-β-specific receptor and subsequently engineered them to release immunomodulatory agents IFN-β and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor. These engineered therapeutic tumor cells (ThTCs) eliminated established glioblastoma tumors in mice by inducing caspase-mediated cancer cell apoptosis, down-regulating cancer-associated fibroblast-expressed platelet-derived growth factor receptor β, and activating antitumor immune cell trafficking and antigen-specific T cell activation signaling. This mechanism-based efficacy of ThTCs translated into a survival benefit and long-term immunity in primary, recurrent, and metastatic cancer models in immunocompetent and humanized mice. The incorporation of a double kill-switch comprising herpes simplex virus-1 thymidine kinase and rapamycin-activated caspase 9 in ThTCs ensured the safety of our approach. Arming naturally neoantigen-rich tumor cells with bifunctional therapeutics represents a promising cell-based immunotherapy for solid tumors and establishes a road map toward clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kok-Siong Chen
- Center for Stem Cell and Translational Immunotherapy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Clemens Reinshagen
- Center for Stem Cell and Translational Immunotherapy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Thijs A Van Schaik
- Center for Stem Cell and Translational Immunotherapy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Filippo Rossignoli
- Center for Stem Cell and Translational Immunotherapy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Paulo Borges
- Center for Stem Cell and Translational Immunotherapy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Natalia Claire Mendonca
- Center for Stem Cell and Translational Immunotherapy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Reza Abdi
- Transplantation Research Center, Renal Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Brennan Simon
- Center for Stem Cell and Translational Immunotherapy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - David A Reardon
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Center for Neuro-Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Hiroaki Wakimoto
- Center for Stem Cell and Translational Immunotherapy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02138, USA
| | - Khalid Shah
- Center for Stem Cell and Translational Immunotherapy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
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16
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Bota DA, Taylor TH, Piccioni DE, Duma CM, LaRocca RV, Kesari S, Carrillo JA, Abedi M, Aiken RD, Hsu FPK, Kong XT, Hsieh C, Bota PG, Nistor GI, Keirstead HS, Dillman RO. Phase 2 study of AV-GBM-1 (a tumor-initiating cell targeted dendritic cell vaccine) in newly diagnosed Glioblastoma patients: safety and efficacy assessment. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2022; 41:344. [PMID: 36517865 PMCID: PMC9749349 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-022-02552-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Vaccine immunotherapy may improve survival in Glioblastoma (GBM). A multicenter phase II trial was designed to determine: (1) the success rate of manufacturing the Aivita GBM vaccine (AV-GBM-1), (2) Adverse Events (AE) associated with AV-GBM-1 administration, and (3) survival.
Methods
Fresh suspected glioblastoma tissue was collected during surgery, and patients with pathology-confirmed GBM enrolled before starting concurrent Radiation Therapy and Temozolomide (RT/TMZ) with Intent to Treat (ITT) after recovery from RT/TMZ. AV-GBM-1 was made by incubating autologous dendritic cells with a lysate of irradiated autologous Tumor-Initiating Cells (TICs). Eligible patients were adults (18 to 70 years old) with a Karnofsky Performance Score (KPS) of 70 or greater, a successful TIC culture, and sufficient monocytes collected. A cryopreserved AV-GBM-1 dose was thawed and admixed with 500 μg of Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor (GM-CSF) before every subcutaneous (s.c.) administration.
Results
Success rates were 97% for both TIC production and monocyte collection. AV-GBM-1 was manufactured for 63/63 patients; 60 enrolled per ITT; 57 started AV-GBM-1. The most common AEs attributed to AV-GBM-1 were local injection site reactions (16%) and flu-like symptoms (10%). Treatment-emergent AEs included seizures (33%), headache (37%), and focal neurologic symptoms (28%). One patient discontinued AV-GBM-1 because of seizures. Median Progression-Free Survival (mPFS) and median Overall Survival (mOS) from ITT enrollment were 10.4 and 16.0 months, respectively. 2-year Overall Survival (OS) is 27%.
Conclusions
AV-GBM-1 was reliably manufactured. Treatment was well-tolerated, but there were numerous treatment-emergent central nervous system AEs. mPFS was longer than historical benchmarks, though no mOS improvement was noted.
Trial registration
NCT, NCT03400917, Registered 10 January 2018,
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17
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Nistor GI, Dillman RO, Robles RM, Langford JL, Poole AJ, Sofro MAU, Nency YM, Jonny J, Yana ML, Karyana M, Lestari ES, Triwardhani R, Mujahidah M, Sari RK, Soetojo NA, Wibisono D, Tjen D, Ikrar T, Sarkissian G, Winarta H, Putranto TA, Keirstead HS. A personal COVID-19 dendritic cell vaccine made at point-of-care: Feasibility, safety, and antigen-specific cellular immune responses. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2022; 18:2100189. [PMID: 36018753 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2022.2100189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has caused a world-wide pandemic. Internationally, because of availability, accessibility, and distribution issues, there is a need for additional vaccines. This study aimed to: establish the feasibility of personal dendritic cell vaccines to the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, establish the safety of a single subcutaneous vaccine injection, and determine the antigen-specific immune response following vaccination. In Phase 1, 31 subjects were assigned to one of nine formulations of autologous dendritic cells and lymphocytes (DCL) incubated with 0.10, 0.33, or 1.0 µg of recombinant SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, and admixed with saline or 250 or 500 µg of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) prior to injection, then assessed for safety and humoral response. In Phase 2, 145 subjects were randomized to one of three formulations defined by incubation with the same three quantities of spike protein without GM-CSF, then assessed for safety and cellular response. Vaccines were successfully manufactured for every subject at point-of-care. Approximately 46.4% of subjects had a grade 1 adverse event (AE); 6.5% had a grade 2 AE. Among 169 evaluable subjects, there were no acute allergic, grade 3 or 4, or serious AE. In Phase 1, anti-receptor binding domain antibodies were increased in 70% of subjects on day-28. In Phase 2, in the 127 subjects who did not have high levels of gamma interferon-producing cells at baseline, 94.4% had increased by day 14 and 96.8% by day 28. Point-of-care personal vaccine manufacturing was feasible. Further development of such subject-specific vaccines is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Yetty M Nency
- Faculty of Medicine, Diponegoro University, Semarang, Indonesia
| | - Jonny Jonny
- Gatot Soebroto Army Hospital (RSPAD), Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Martina L Yana
- Gatot Soebroto Army Hospital (RSPAD), Jakarta, Indonesia
| | | | | | | | | | - Retty K Sari
- Gatot Soebroto Army Hospital (RSPAD), Jakarta, Indonesia
| | | | - Djoko Wibisono
- Gatot Soebroto Army Hospital (RSPAD), Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Daniel Tjen
- Gatot Soebroto Army Hospital (RSPAD), Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Taruna Ikrar
- Ministry of Health Republic of Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
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18
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Tong T, Duan W, Xu Y, Hong H, Xu J, Fu G, Wang X, Yang L, Deng P, Zhang J, He H, Mao G, Lu Y, Lin X, Yu Z, Pi H, Cheng Y, Xu S, Zhou Z. Paraquat exposure induces Parkinsonism by altering lipid profile and evoking neuroinflammation in the midbrain. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2022; 169:107512. [PMID: 36108500 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2022.107512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Revised: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Paraquat (PQ) is the most widely used herbicide in the world and a well-known potent neurotoxin for humans. PQ exposure has been linked to increase the risk of Parkinson's disease (PD). However, the mechanism underlying its neurotoxic effects in PD pathogenesis is unclear. In our present study, C57BL/6J mice treated with PQ manifested severe motor deficits indicated by the significant reductions in suspension score, latency to fall from rotarod, and grip strength at 8 weeks after PQ exposure. Pathological hallmarks of Parkinsonism in the midbrain such as dopaminergic neuron loss, increased α-synuclein protein, and dysregulated PD-related genes were observed. Non-targeted lipidome analysis demonstrated that PQ exposure alters lipid profile and abundance, increases pro-inflammatory lipids.27 significantly altered subclasses of lipids belonged to 6 different lipid categories. Glycerophospholipids, sphingolipids, and glycerides were the most abundant lipids. Abundance of pro-inflammatory lipids such as Cer, LPC, LPS, and LPI was significantly increased in the midbrain. mRNA expressions of genes regulating ceramide biosynthesis in the midbrain were markedly up-regulated. Moreover, PQ exposure increased serum pro-inflammatory cytokines and provoked neuroinflammation in the midbrain. Pro-inflammatory lipids and cytokines in the midbrain were positively correlated with motor deficits. PQ poisoning in humans significantly also elevated serum pro-inflammatory cytokines and induced an intense systemic inflammation. In summary, we presented initial investigations of PQ induced molecular events related to the PD pathogenesis, capturing aspects of disturbed lipid metabolism, neuroinflammation, impairment of dopaminergic neurons in the midbrain, and an intense systemic inflammation. These neurotoxic effects of PQ exposure may mechanistically contribute to the pathogenesis of PQ induced Parkinsonism. Results of this study also strongly support the hypothesis that ever-increasing prevalence of Parkinson's disease is etiologically linked to the health risk of exposure to neurotoxic environmental pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Tong
- Department of Emergency Medicine of First Affiliated Hospital and Department of Environmental Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Weixia Duan
- Center of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Prevention and Treatment Center for Occupational Diseases, Chongqing, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment for Occupational Diseases and Poisoning, Chongqing, China
| | - Yudong Xu
- Department of Emergency Medicine of First Affiliated Hospital and Department of Environmental Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Huihui Hong
- Department of Emergency Medicine of First Affiliated Hospital and Department of Environmental Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jia Xu
- Department of Emergency Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Aging and Physic-chemical Injury Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Guanyan Fu
- Center of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Prevention and Treatment Center for Occupational Diseases, Chongqing, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment for Occupational Diseases and Poisoning, Chongqing, China
| | - Xue Wang
- Department of Occupational Health, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Lingling Yang
- Department of Occupational Health, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ping Deng
- Department of Occupational Health, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jingjing Zhang
- Department of Emergency Medicine of First Affiliated Hospital and Department of Environmental Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Haotian He
- Department of Emergency Medicine of First Affiliated Hospital and Department of Environmental Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Gaofeng Mao
- Neurology Department, General Hospital of Center Theater Command, Wuhan, China
| | - Yuanqiang Lu
- Department of Emergency Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Aging and Physic-chemical Injury Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiqin Lin
- Department of Emergency Medicine of First Affiliated Hospital and Department of Environmental Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhengping Yu
- Department of Occupational Health, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Huifeng Pi
- Department of Occupational Health, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yong Cheng
- Neurology Department, General Hospital of Center Theater Command, Wuhan, China.
| | - Shangcheng Xu
- Center of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Prevention and Treatment Center for Occupational Diseases, Chongqing, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment for Occupational Diseases and Poisoning, Chongqing, China.
| | - Zhou Zhou
- Department of Emergency Medicine of First Affiliated Hospital and Department of Environmental Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China; Department of Emergency Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; Center for Neurointelligence, School of Medicine, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China.
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19
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Zhao Z, Fang L, Xiao P, Sun X, Zhou L, Liu X, Wang J, Wang G, Cao H, Zhang P, Jiang Y, Wang D, Li Y. Walking Dead Tumor Cells for Targeted Drug Delivery Against Lung Metastasis of Triple-Negative Breast Cancer. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2205462. [PMID: 35759925 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202205462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Lung metastasis is challenging in patients with triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). Surgery is always not available due to the dissemination of metastatic foci and most drugs are powerless because of poor retention at metastatic sites. TNBC cells generate an inflamed microenvironment and overexpress adhesive molecules to promote invasion and colonization. Herein, "walking dead" TNBC cells are developed through conjugating anti-PD-1 (programmed death protein 1 inhibitor) and doxorubicin (DOX)-loaded liposomes onto cell corpses for temporal chemo-immunotherapy against lung metastasis. The walking dead TNBC cells maintain plenary tumor antigens to conduct vaccination effects. Anti-PD-1 antibodies are conjugated to cell corpses via reduction-activated linker, and DOX-loaded liposomes are attached by maleimide-thiol coupling. This anchor strategy enables rapid release of anti-PD-1 upon reduction conditions while long-lasting release of DOX at inflamed metastatic sites. The walking dead TNBC cells improve pulmonary accumulation and local retention of drugs, reprogram the lung microenvironment through damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) and PD-1 blockade, and prolong overall survival of lung metastatic 4T1 and EMT6-bearing mice. Taking advantage of the walking dead TNBC cells for pulmonary preferred delivery of chemotherapeutics and checkpoint inhibitors, this study suggests an alternative treatment option of chemo-immunotherapy to augment the efficacy against lung metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zitong Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research & Center of Pharmaceutics, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
- Yantai Key Laboratory of Nanomedicine & Advanced Preparations, Yantai Institute of Materia Medica, Shandong, 264000, China
- School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Lei Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research & Center of Pharmaceutics, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Ping Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research & Center of Pharmaceutics, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Xiangshi Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research & Center of Pharmaceutics, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Lei Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research & Center of Pharmaceutics, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Xiaochen Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research & Center of Pharmaceutics, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Jue Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research & Center of Pharmaceutics, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Guanru Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research & Center of Pharmaceutics, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Haiqiang Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research & Center of Pharmaceutics, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Pengcheng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research & Center of Pharmaceutics, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
- Yantai Key Laboratory of Nanomedicine & Advanced Preparations, Yantai Institute of Materia Medica, Shandong, 264000, China
| | - Yanyan Jiang
- School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Dangge Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research & Center of Pharmaceutics, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
- Yantai Key Laboratory of Nanomedicine & Advanced Preparations, Yantai Institute of Materia Medica, Shandong, 264000, China
| | - Yaping Li
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research & Center of Pharmaceutics, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
- Shangdong Laboratory of Yantai Drug Discovery, Bohai Rim Advanced Research Institute for Drug Discovery, Shandong, 264000, China
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20
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Lin MJ, Svensson-Arvelund J, Lubitz GS, Marabelle A, Melero I, Brown BD, Brody JD. Cancer vaccines: the next immunotherapy frontier. NATURE CANCER 2022; 3:911-926. [PMID: 35999309 DOI: 10.1038/s43018-022-00418-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 244] [Impact Index Per Article: 122.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
After several decades, therapeutic cancer vaccines now show signs of efficacy and potential to help patients resistant to other standard-of-care immunotherapies, but they have yet to realize their full potential and expand the oncologic armamentarium. Here, we classify cancer vaccines by what is known of the included antigens, which tumors express those antigens and where the antigens colocalize with antigen-presenting cells, thus delineating predefined vaccines (shared or personalized) and anonymous vaccines (ex vivo or in situ). To expedite clinical development, we highlight the need for accurate immune monitoring of early trials to acknowledge failures and advance the most promising vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Lin
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Judit Svensson-Arvelund
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Division of Molecular Medicine and Virology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Gabrielle S Lubitz
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Aurélien Marabelle
- Département d'Innovation Thérapeutique et d'Essais Précoces (DITEP), INSERM U1015 and CIC1428, Université Paris Saclay, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Ignacio Melero
- Department of Immunology, Clinica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain
| | - Brian D Brown
- Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Joshua D Brody
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
- Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
- Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
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21
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Neoantigens in precision cancer immunotherapy: from identification to clinical applications. Chin Med J (Engl) 2022; 135:1285-1298. [PMID: 35838545 PMCID: PMC9433083 DOI: 10.1097/cm9.0000000000002181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapies targeting cancer neoantigens are safe, effective, and precise. Neoantigens can be identified mainly by genomic techniques such as next-generation sequencing and high-throughput single-cell sequencing; proteomic techniques such as mass spectrometry; and bioinformatics tools based on high-throughput sequencing data, mass spectrometry data, and biological databases. Neoantigen-related therapies are widely used in clinical practice and include neoantigen vaccines, neoantigen-specific CD8+ and CD4+ T cells, and neoantigen-pulsed dendritic cells. In addition, neoantigens can be used as biomarkers to assess immunotherapy response, resistance, and prognosis. Therapies based on neoantigens are an important and promising branch of cancer immunotherapy. Unremitting efforts are needed to unravel the comprehensive role of neoantigens in anti-tumor immunity and to extend their clinical application. This review aimed to summarize the progress in neoantigen research and to discuss its opportunities and challenges in precision cancer immunotherapy.
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22
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Jonny J, Putranto TA, Sitepu EC, Irfon R. Dendritic cell vaccine as a potential strategy to end the COVID-19 pandemic. Why should it be Ex Vivo? Expert Rev Vaccines 2022; 21:1111-1120. [PMID: 35593184 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2022.2080658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Developing a safe and efficacious vaccine that can induce broad and long-term immunity for SARS-CoV-2 infection is the most critical research to date. As the most potent APCs, dendritic cells (DCs) can induce a robust T cell immunity. In addition, DCs also play an essential role in COVID-19 pathogenesis, making them a potential vaccination target. However, the DCs-based vaccine with ex vivo loading has not yet been explored for COVID-19. AREAS COVERED This review aims to provide the rationale for developing a DCs-based vaccine with ex vivo loading of SARS-CoV-2 antigen. Here, we discuss the role of DCs in immunity and the effect of SARS-CoV-2 infection on DCs. Then, we propose the mechanism of the DCs-based vaccine in inducing immunity and highlight the benefits of ex vivo loading of antigen. EXPERT OPINION We make the case that an ex vivo loaded DC-based vaccination is appropriate for COVID-19 prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonny Jonny
- Cellcure Center, Gatot Soebroto Central Army Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | | | | | - Raoulian Irfon
- Cellcure Center, Gatot Soebroto Central Army Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia
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23
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Zhang L, Zhao W, Huang J, Li F, Sheng J, Song H, Chen Y. Development of a Dendritic Cell/Tumor Cell Fusion Cell Membrane Nano-Vaccine for the Treatment of Ovarian Cancer. Front Immunol 2022; 13:828263. [PMID: 35251013 PMCID: PMC8893350 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.828263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Ovarian cancer (OC) is a malignant tumor that seriously affects women’s health. In recent years, immunotherapy has shown great potential in tumor treatment. As a major contributor of immunotherapy, dendritic cells (DCs) - based tumor vaccine has been demonstrated to have a positive effect in inducing immune responses in animal experiments. However, the effect of tumor vaccines in clinical trials is not ideal. Therefore, it is urgent to improve the existing tumor vaccines for tumor treatment. Here, we developed a fusion cell membrane (FCM) nano-vaccine FCM-NPs, which is prepared by fusing DCs and OC cells and coating the FCM on the poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) nanoparticles (NPs) loaded with the immune adjuvant CpG-oligodeoxynucleotide (CpG-ODN). The fusion process promoted the maturation of DCs, thus up-regulating the expression of costimulatory molecule CD80/CD86 and accelerating lymph node homing of DCs. Furthermore, FCM-NPs has both the immunogenicity of tumor cells and the antigen presenting ability of DCs, it can stimulate naive T lymphocytes to produce a large number of tumor-specific cytotoxic CD8+ T lymphocytes. FCM-NPs exhibited strong immuno-activating effect both in vitro and in vivo. By establishing subcutaneous transplanted tumor model, patient-derived xenograft tumor model and abdominal metastatic tumor model, FCM-NPs was proved to have the effect of delaying the growth and inhibiting the metastasis of OC. FCM-NPs is expected to become a new tumor vaccine for the treatment of ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhang
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, China.,Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, National Clinical Research Centre of Cancer, Tianjin, China
| | - Wei Zhao
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Tung Biomedical Sciences Centre, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Jinke Huang
- Department of Anatomy and Histology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Fangxuan Li
- Department of Cancer Prevention, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Jindong Sheng
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Hualin Song
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Ying Chen
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, China.,Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, National Clinical Research Centre of Cancer, Tianjin, China
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24
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Deboever N, Feldman HA, Hofstetter WL, Mehran RJ, Rajaram R, Rice DC, Roth JA, Sepesi B, Swisher SG, Vaporciyan AA, Walsh GL, Antonoff MB. The Role of Surgery in the Treatment of Melanoma Pulmonary Metastases in the Modern Era. J Surg Res 2022; 277:125-130. [PMID: 35489217 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2022.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Revised: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The lung represents a frequent site of spread for metastatic melanoma, which has historically been managed with surgical resection achieving promising outcomes. We hypothesized that the role of surgery in the management of melanoma pulmonary metastases (MPM) is evolving among the development of less invasive diagnostic and novel systemic therapeutic strategies. MATERIALS AND METHODS A single-center thoracic surgery database was reviewed and patients who underwent surgical resection of MPM between 1998 and 2019 were identified. Demographic, clinicopathologic, and surgical data were collected and analyzed, as were the annual volumes and indications for surgical resection. A Cochran-Armitage test was used to assess the trend in surgical indication. RESULTS Three hundred and seventy seven surgical procedures for MPM were performed during the years of study in the care of 347 patients. Patients were predominantly male, with a mean age of 59.3 y. The mean number of annual resections was 17 and while this number initially increased from six in 1998 to a peak of 39 cases in 2008, a decline was subsequently observed. Diagnostic resection decreased from 22% in 1998-1999 to 5% at the peak of procedures in 2008-2009 and to 0 in 2018-2019 (P = 0.02). Curative resection increased from 44% in 1998-1999 to 73% in 2008-2009 (P < 0.001) and remained the dominant reason for surgery in later years. CONCLUSIONS Surgical indications in the management of MPM have transformed in conjunction with systemic modalities, and the volume of resections has decreased in the modern era. Despite innovations in systemic management and shifting goals of operative interventions, surgeons continue to play a vital role in caring for these patients with an advanced disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathaniel Deboever
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Hope A Feldman
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Wayne L Hofstetter
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Reza J Mehran
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Ravi Rajaram
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - David C Rice
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Jack A Roth
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Boris Sepesi
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Stephen G Swisher
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Ara A Vaporciyan
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Garrett L Walsh
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Mara B Antonoff
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas.
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25
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Oliveira NA, Sevim H. Dendritic cell differentiation from human induced pluripotent stem cells: challenges and progress. Stem Cells Dev 2022; 31:207-220. [PMID: 35316109 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2021.0305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are the major antigen-presenting cells of the immune system responsible for initiating and coordinating immune responses. These abilities provide potential for several clinical applications, such as the development of immunogenic vaccines. However, difficulty in obtaining DCs from conventional sources, such as bone marrow (BM), peripheral blood (PBMC), and cord blood (CB), is a significantly hinders routine application. The use of human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) is a valuable alternative for generating sufficient numbers of DCs to be used in basic and pre-clinical studies. Despite the many challenges that must be overcome to achieve an efficient protocol for obtaining the major DC types from hiPSCs, recent progress has been made. Here we review the current state of developing DCs from hiPSCs, as well as the key elements required to enable the routine use of hiPSC-derived DCs in pre-clinical and clinical assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nelio Aj Oliveira
- Jackson Laboratory - Farmington, 481263, Cell Engineering , Farmington, Connecticut, United States, 06032-2374;
| | - Handan Sevim
- Hacettepe Universitesi, 37515, Faculty of Science Department of Biology, Ankara, Ankara, Turkey;
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26
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Neoantigen Cancer Vaccines: Generation, Optimization, and Therapeutic Targeting Strategies. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10020196. [PMID: 35214655 PMCID: PMC8877108 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10020196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Alternatives to conventional cancer treatments are highly sought after for high-risk malignancies that have a poor response to established treatment modalities. With research advancing rapidly in the past decade, neoantigen-based immunotherapeutic approaches represent an effective and highly tolerable therapeutic option. Neoantigens are tumor-specific antigens that are not expressed in normal cells and possess significant immunogenic potential. Several recent studies have described the conceptual framework and methodologies to generate neoantigen-based vaccines as well as the formulation of appropriate clinical trials to advance this approach for patient care. This review aims to describe some of the key studies in the recent literature in this rapidly evolving field and summarize the current advances in neoantigen identification and selection, vaccine generation and delivery, and the optimization of neoantigen-based therapeutic strategies, including the early data from pivotal clinical studies.
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27
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Lau P, Shen M, Ma F, Chen Y, Zhang J, Su J, Chen X, Liu H. A Bayesian network meta-analysis of comparison of cancer therapeutic vaccines for melanoma. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2021; 35:1976-1986. [PMID: 34077578 PMCID: PMC8518424 DOI: 10.1111/jdv.17437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Several approaches to active immunotherapy for melanoma, including peptide-based vaccines (PVs), autologous tumour cell vaccines (TCVs), allogeneic TCVs and autologous dendritic cell vaccines (DCVs), have been investigated in clinical trials. However, comprehensive evidence comparing these interventions remains unavailable. The objective of this study was to expand previous work to compare and rank the immunotherapeutic strategies for melanoma in terms of overall survival and toxic effects with a Bayesian network meta-analysis. Methodologically, we performed a network meta-analysis of head-to-head randomized controlled trials comparing and ranking cancer vaccine approaches for patients with melanoma. PubMed, MEDLINE, Embase, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, the WHO International Clinical Trials Registry Platform and ClinicalTrials.gov were searched up to 31 July 2020. We estimated summary hazard ratios for death and risk ratios for toxicity. The effects of the underlying prognostic variable on survival benefits were examined by meta-regression. We performed subgroup analysis for the outcomes based on metastatic categories. Overall, we identified 4776 citations, of which 15 head-to-head randomized controlled trials (3162 participants) were included in the analysis. In terms of efficacy, allogeneic tumour cell vaccines plus immunotherapy adjuvants, peptide-based vaccines plus immunotherapy adjuvants and standard therapy were more effective than peptide vaccines. The proportion of women was inversely associated with mortality risk. For safety, all treatments were inferior to allogeneic tumour cell vaccines except for allogeneic tumour cell vaccines plus chemotherapy. Peptide vaccines plus immunotherapy adjuvants led to an increased risk of adverse events compared to allogeneic tumour cell vaccines plus immunotherapy adjuvants. These results suggest that allogeneic TCV and autologous DCV are better than standard therapy. PV plus immune modulators are the most effective strategy among all comparable strategies but is associated with increased toxicity. Any combination regimens for cancer therapeutic vaccines need to be balanced between risk and benefit profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- P. Lau
- Department of DermatologyXiangya HospitalCentral South UniversityChangshaHunanChina
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Skin Cancer and PsoriasisChangshaHunanChina
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Skin Health and DiseaseChangshaHunanChina
- Xiangya Clinical Research Center for Cancer ImmunotherapyCentral South UniversityChangshaHunanChina
| | - M. Shen
- Department of DermatologyXiangya HospitalCentral South UniversityChangshaHunanChina
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Skin Cancer and PsoriasisChangshaHunanChina
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Skin Health and DiseaseChangshaHunanChina
| | - F. Ma
- Department of Health Management CenterXiangya HospitalCentral South UniversityChangshaHunanChina
| | - Y. Chen
- Department of Musculoskeletal SurgeryFudan University Shanghai Cancer CenterShanghaiChina
- Department of OncologyShanghai Medical CollegeFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - J. Zhang
- Department of DermatologyShenzhen People’s HospitalThe Second Clinical Medical CollegeThe First Affiliated HospitalJinan UniversitySouthern University of Science and TechnologyShenzhenGuangdongChina
| | - J. Su
- Department of DermatologyXiangya HospitalCentral South UniversityChangshaHunanChina
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Skin Cancer and PsoriasisChangshaHunanChina
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Skin Health and DiseaseChangshaHunanChina
- Xiangya Clinical Research Center for Cancer ImmunotherapyCentral South UniversityChangshaHunanChina
- Xiangya Clinical Research Center for Cancer ImmunotherapyCentral South UniversityChangshaChina
- Research Center of Molecular MetabolomicsXiangya HospitalCentral South UniversityChangshaChina
| | - X. Chen
- Department of DermatologyXiangya HospitalCentral South UniversityChangshaHunanChina
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Skin Cancer and PsoriasisChangshaHunanChina
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Skin Health and DiseaseChangshaHunanChina
- Xiangya Clinical Research Center for Cancer ImmunotherapyCentral South UniversityChangshaChina
- Research Center of Molecular MetabolomicsXiangya HospitalCentral South UniversityChangshaChina
| | - H. Liu
- Department of DermatologyXiangya HospitalCentral South UniversityChangshaHunanChina
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Skin Cancer and PsoriasisChangshaHunanChina
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Skin Health and DiseaseChangshaHunanChina
- Xiangya Clinical Research Center for Cancer ImmunotherapyCentral South UniversityChangshaHunanChina
- Xiangya Clinical Research Center for Cancer ImmunotherapyCentral South UniversityChangshaChina
- Research Center of Molecular MetabolomicsXiangya HospitalCentral South UniversityChangshaChina
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28
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Massand S, Neves RI. Emerging Therapies in the Treatment of Advanced Melanoma. Clin Plast Surg 2021; 48:713-733. [PMID: 34503732 DOI: 10.1016/j.cps.2021.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Great strides in immunotherapy and targeted therapy have revolutionized the management of previously devastating, advanced melanomas. Although these subfields continue to progress, novel approaches in intratumoral oncolytic therapy, adoptive cell therapy, and vaccine therapies are being developed as adjuncts or alternatives. Cytokines, meanwhile, are seeing a resurgence as a viable option as well. The array of effective agents will, in the next few years, provide options for therapy not only in the adjuvant or unresectable settings but also in the neoadjuvant settings. Perhaps, too, in earlier stage melanomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sameer Massand
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Penn State University, 500 University Drive, H071, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Rogerio I Neves
- Department of Cutaneous Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, 10920 N McKinley Dr, MKC-4, Tampa, FL 33612, USA.
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29
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Tarhini AA, Joshi I, Garner F. Sargramostim and immune checkpoint inhibitors: combinatorial therapeutic studies in metastatic melanoma. Immunotherapy 2021; 13:1011-1029. [PMID: 34157863 DOI: 10.2217/imt-2021-0119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of immune checkpoint inhibitors in patients with metastatic melanoma generates clinical benefit, including improved survival. Yet disease resistance and immune-related adverse events persist as unmet needs. Sargramostim, a yeast-derived recombinant human GM-CSF, has shown clinical activity against diverse solid tumors, including metastatic melanoma. Here we review the use of sargramostim for treatment of advanced melanoma. Potential sargramostim applications in melanoma draw on the unique ability of GM-CSF to link innate and adaptive immune responses. We review preclinical and translational data describing the mechanism of action of sargramostim and synergy with immune checkpoint inhibitors to enhance efficacy and reduce treatment-related toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad A Tarhini
- Cutaneous Oncology & Immunology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, 12902 USF Magnolia Drive, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Ila Joshi
- Pre-Clinical & Translational Research & Development, Partner Therapeutics, 19 Muzzey Street, Lexington, MA 02421, USA
| | - Fiona Garner
- Immuno-Oncology Clinical Development & Translational Medicine, Partner Therapeutics, 19 Muzzey Street, Lexington, MA 02421, USA
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30
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Meneveau MO, Petroni GR, Salerno EP, Lynch KT, Smolkin M, Woodson E, Chianese-Bullock KA, Olson WC, Deacon D, Patterson JW, Grosh WW, Slingluff CL. Immunogenicity in humans of a transdermal multipeptide melanoma vaccine administered with or without a TLR7 agonist. J Immunother Cancer 2021; 9:e002214. [PMID: 34035112 PMCID: PMC8154977 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2020-002214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Experimental cancer vaccines are traditionally administered by injection in subcutaneous tissue or muscle, commonly with adjuvants that create chronic inflammatory depots. Injection of melanoma-derived peptides induces T cell responses; however, the depots that form following injection may inhibit optimization of the immune response. In skin, epidermal Langerhans cells (LC) are a dominant source of professional antigen presenting cells. We hypothesized that: (1) applying melanoma-derived peptides topically, in proximity to LC, could be immunogenic and safe, with low vaccine-site toxicity and (2) topical toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7) agonist would increase immunogenicity of the peptide vaccine. METHODS Twelve melanoma peptides plus a tetanus helper peptide were combined with granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and were administered topically on days 1, 8, and 15, to 28 patients randomized to one of four adjuvant preparations: (1) incomplete Freund's adjuvant (IFA); (2) IFA plus a TLR7 agonist (imiquimod) administered on days 0, 7, 14; (3) dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) or (4) DMSO+ imiquimod administered on day 0, 7, 14. Every 3 weeks thereafter (x 6), the peptides were combined with GM-CSF and were injected into the dermis and subcutis in an emulsion with IFA. Toxicities were recorded and immune responses assayed by ELIspot. RESULTS CD8+ T cell responses to transdermal vaccination in DMSO occurred in 83% of participants in group 3 and 86% in group 4, and responses to vaccination in IFA were observed in 29% of participants in group 1 and 14% in group 2. Overall, 61% of participants had CD4+ T cell immune responses to the tetanus peptide, with large, durable responses in groups 3 and 4. Five of seven participants in group 4 had a severe rash, one that was dose limiting. Ten-year overall survival was 67% and disease-free survival was 44%. CONCLUSIONS These data provide proof of principle for immunogenicity in humans of transdermal immunization using peptides in DMSO. Further study is warranted into the pharmacokinetics and immunobiology of TLR agonists as vaccine adjuvants during transcutaneous application. Overall survival is high, supporting further investigation of this immunization approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max O Meneveau
- Surgery, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Gina R Petroni
- Public Health Sciences, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Elise P Salerno
- Surgery, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Kevin T Lynch
- Surgery, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Mark Smolkin
- Public Health Sciences, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Elizabeth Woodson
- Cancer Center, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | | | - Walter C Olson
- Surgery, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Donna Deacon
- Surgery, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | | | - William W Grosh
- Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Craig L Slingluff
- Surgery, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
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31
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Domínguez‐Romero AN, Martínez‐Cortés F, Munguía ME, Odales J, Gevorkian G, Manoutcharian K. Generation of multiepitope cancer vaccines based on large combinatorial libraries of survivin-derived mutant epitopes. Immunology 2020; 161:123-138. [PMID: 32619293 PMCID: PMC7496785 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune tolerance is the main challenge in the field of cancer vaccines, so modified peptide sequences or naturally occurring mutated versions of cancer-related wild-type (WT) antigens represent a promising pathway. However, the low immunogenicity of mutation-induced neoantigens and, particularly, their incapacity to activate CD8+ T cells are generating doubts on the success of neoantigen-based cancer vaccines in clinical trials. We developed a novel vaccine approach based on a new class of vaccine immunogens, called variable epitope libraries (VELs). We used three regions of survivin (SVN), composed of 40, 49 and 51 amino acids, along with the complete SVN protein to generate the VELs as multiepitope vaccines. BALB/c mice, challenged with the aggressive and highly metastatic 4T1 cell line, were vaccinated in a therapeutic setting. We showed significant tumor growth inhibition and, most importantly, strong suppression of lung metastasis after a single immunization using VEL vaccines. We demonstrated vaccine-induced broad cellular immune responses concomitant with extensive tumor infiltration of T cells, the activation of CD107a+ IFN-γ+ T cells in the spleen and a significant increase in the number of CD3+ CD8+ Ly6C+ effector T cells. In addition, we observed the presence of interferon-γ-, granzyme B- and perforin-producing lymphocytes along with modifications in the amount of CD11b+ Ly6Cint/low Ly6G+ granulocytic myeloid-derived suppressor cells and CD4+ CD25+ FoxP3+ regulatory T cells in the lungs and tumors of mice. In summary, we showed that the VELs represent a potent new class of cancer immunotherapy and propose the application of the VEL vaccine concept as a true alternative to currently available vaccine platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fernando Martínez‐Cortés
- Instituto de Investigaciones BiomédicasUniversidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM)MéxicoDFMéxico
| | - María Elena Munguía
- Instituto de Investigaciones BiomédicasUniversidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM)MéxicoDFMéxico
| | - Josué Odales
- Instituto de Investigaciones BiomédicasUniversidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM)MéxicoDFMéxico
| | - Goar Gevorkian
- Instituto de Investigaciones BiomédicasUniversidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM)MéxicoDFMéxico
| | - Karen Manoutcharian
- Instituto de Investigaciones BiomédicasUniversidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM)MéxicoDFMéxico
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Darling R, Senapati S, Christiansen J, Liu L, Ramer-Tait AE, Narasimhan B, Wannemuehler M. Polyanhydride Nanoparticles Induce Low Inflammatory Dendritic Cell Activation Resulting in CD8 + T Cell Memory and Delayed Tumor Progression. Int J Nanomedicine 2020; 15:6579-6592. [PMID: 32982219 PMCID: PMC7490050 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s261041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Adjuvants and immunotherapies designed to activate adaptive immunity to eliminate infectious disease and tumors have become an area of interest aimed at providing a safe and effective strategy to prevent or eliminate disease. Existing approaches would benefit from the development of immunization regimens capable of inducing efficacious cell-mediated immunity directed toward CD8+ T cell-specific antigens. This goal is critically dependent upon appropriate activation of antigen-presenting cells (APCs) most notably dendritic cells (DCs). In this regard, polyanhydride particles have been shown to be effectively internalized by APCs and induce activation. Methods Here, a prophylactic vaccine regimen designed as a single-dose polyanhydride nanovaccine encapsulating antigen is evaluated for the induction of CD8+ T cell memory in a model system where antigen-specific protection is restricted to CD8+ T cells. Bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs) are used as an in vitro model system to evaluate the magnitude and phenotype of APC activation. Primary DCs, particularly those with described ability to activate CD8+ T cells, are also evaluated for their in vitro responses to polyanhydride nanoparticles. Results Herein, polyanhydride nanoparticles are shown to induce potent in vitro upregulation of costimulatory molecules on the cell surface of BMDCs. In contrast to the classically used TLR agonists, nanoparticles did not induce large amounts of pro-inflammatory cytokines, did not induce characteristic metabolic response of DCs, nor produce innate antimicrobial effector molecules, such as nitric oxide (NO). The polyanhydride nanovaccine results in protective CD8+ T cell responses as measured by inhibition of tumor progression and survival. Discussion Together, these results suggest that the use of a polyanhydride-based nanovaccine can be an effective approach to inducing antigen-specific CD8+ T cell memory by providing antigen delivery and DC activation while avoiding overt inflammatory responses typically associated with traditional adjuvants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ross Darling
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventative Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Sujata Senapati
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - John Christiansen
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventative Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Luman Liu
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Amanda E Ramer-Tait
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Balaji Narasimhan
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA.,Nanovaccine Institute, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Michael Wannemuehler
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventative Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA.,Nanovaccine Institute, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
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Abstract
GM-CSF drives the differentiation of granulocytes and monocyte/macrophages from hematopoietic stem cell progenitors. It is required for differentiating monocytes into dendritic cells (DC). Although approved for recovery of granulocytes/monocytes in patients receiving chemotherapy, G-CSF is preferred. Enthusiasm for GM-CSF monotherapy as a melanoma treatment was dampened by two large randomized trials. Although GM-CSF has been injected into tumors for many years, the efficacy of this has not been tested. There is a strong rationale for GM-CSF as a vaccine adjuvant, but it appears of benefit only for strategies that directly involve DCs, such as intratumor talimogene laherparepvec and vaccines in which DCs are loaded with antigen ex vivo and injected admixed with GM-CSF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert O Dillman
- Chief Medical Officer, AIVITA Biomedical, Inc. Irvine, CA 92612, USA.,Clinical Professor Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
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Chulpanova DS, Kitaeva KV, Green AR, Rizvanov AA, Solovyeva VV. Molecular Aspects and Future Perspectives of Cytokine-Based Anti-cancer Immunotherapy. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:402. [PMID: 32582698 PMCID: PMC7283917 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytokine-based immunotherapy is a promising field in the cancer treatment, since cytokines, as proteins of the immune system, are able to modulate the host immune response toward cancer cell, as well as directly induce tumor cell death. Since a low dose monotherapy with some cytokines has no significant therapeutic results and a high dose treatment leads to a number of side effects caused by the pleiotropic effect of cytokines, the problem of understanding the influence of cytokines on the immune cells involved in the pro- and anti-tumor immune response remains a pressing one. Immune system cells carry CD makers on their surface which can be used to identify various populations of cells of the immune system that play different roles in pro- and anti-tumor immune responses. This review discusses the functions and specific CD markers of various immune cell populations which are reported to participate in the regulation of the immune response against the tumor. The results of research studies and clinical trials investigating the effect of cytokine therapy on the regulation of immune cell populations and their surface markers are also discussed. Current trends in the development of cancer immunotherapy, as well as the role of cytokines in combination with other therapeutic agents, are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daria S Chulpanova
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia
| | - Kristina V Kitaeva
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia
| | - Andrew R Green
- Nottingham Breast Cancer Research Centre, Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham Biodiscovery Institute, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Albert A Rizvanov
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia.,Nottingham Breast Cancer Research Centre, Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham Biodiscovery Institute, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Valeriya V Solovyeva
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia
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Fang L, Zhao Z, Wang J, Zhang P, Ding Y, Jiang Y, Wang D, Li Y. Engineering autologous tumor cell vaccine to locally mobilize antitumor immunity in tumor surgical bed. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:eaba4024. [PMID: 32596457 PMCID: PMC7304971 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aba4024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Autologous tumor cell-based vaccines (ATVs) are emerging as a transformable approach for personalized immunotherapy, but their therapeutic efficacy remains unsatisfying in patients with cancer. Here, we design a photodynamic therapy (PDT)-motivated ATV (P-ATV) in Fmoc-KCRGDK-phenylboronic acid (FK-PBA) hydrogel, which mobilizes local immune activation to inhibit relapse of postoperative tumors. The FK-PBA targeting overexpressed sialic acid on tumor cells can enable on-demand gelation in residue tumor areas and maintain continuous vaccination in surgical bed. Unlike neoantigen-based vaccine or adoptive cell therapy that takes several months to prepare, P-ATV can be easily manufactured within a few days and efficiently boost neoepitope-specific CD8+ T cells to activate personalized immunotherapy. This simple and powerful approach of engineered ATVs provides an alternative strategy for personalized immunotherapy and is readily transformable to various kinds of cell-based antigens to inhibit the relapse of postoperative tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research & Center of Pharmaceutics, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
- College of Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Zitong Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research & Center of Pharmaceutics, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
- School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Jue Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research & Center of Pharmaceutics, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Pengcheng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research & Center of Pharmaceutics, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
- Yantai Key Laboratory of Nanomedicine & Advanced Preparations, Yantai Institute of Materia Medica, Shandong 264000, China
| | - Yaping Ding
- College of Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Yanyan Jiang
- School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Dangge Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research & Center of Pharmaceutics, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
- Yantai Key Laboratory of Nanomedicine & Advanced Preparations, Yantai Institute of Materia Medica, Shandong 264000, China
| | - Yaping Li
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research & Center of Pharmaceutics, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
- Yantai Key Laboratory of Nanomedicine & Advanced Preparations, Yantai Institute of Materia Medica, Shandong 264000, China
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Brunekreeft KL, Paijens ST, Wouters MC, Komdeur FL, Eggink FA, Lubbers JM, Workel HH, Van Der Slikke EC, Pröpper NE, Leffers N, Adam J, Pijper H, Plat A, Kol A, Nijman HW, De Bruyn M. Deep immune profiling of ovarian tumors identifies minimal MHC-I expression after neoadjuvant chemotherapy as negatively associated with T-cell-dependent outcome. Oncoimmunology 2020; 9:1760705. [PMID: 32923120 PMCID: PMC7458665 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2020.1760705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial Ovarian cancer (EOC) is the most lethal gynecological malignancy and has limited curative therapeutic options. Immunotherapy for EOC is promising, but clinical efficacy remains restricted to a small percentage of patients. Several lines of evidence suggest that the low response rate might be improved by combining immunotherapy with carboplatin and paclitaxel, the standard-of-care chemotherapy for EOC. Here, we assessed the immune contexture of EOC tumors, draining lymph nodes, and peripheral blood mononuclear cells during carboplatin/paclitaxel chemotherapy. We observed that the immune contexture of EOC patients is defined by the tissue of origin, independent of exposure to chemotherapy. Summarized, draining lymph nodes were characterized by a quiescent microenvironment composed of mostly non-proliferating naïve CD4 + T cells. Circulating T cells shared phenotypic features of both lymph nodes and tumor-infiltrating immune cells. Immunologically 'hot' ovarian tumors were characterized by ICOS, GITR, and PD-1 expression on CD4 + and CD8 + cells, independent of chemotherapy. The presence of PD-1 + cells in tumors prior to, but not after, chemotherapy was associated with disease-specific survival (DSS). Accordingly, we observed high MHC-I expression in tumors prior to chemotherapy, but minimal MHC-I expression in tumors after neoadjuvant chemotherapy, even though there were no differences in the number of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) in both groups. We therefore speculate that the TIL influx into the chemotherapy tumor microenvironment may be a consequence of the general inflammatory nature of chemotherapy-experienced tumors. Strategies to upregulate MHC-I during or after neoadjuvant chemotherapy may thus improve treatment outcome in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim L. Brunekreeft
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Sterre T. Paijens
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Fenne L. Komdeur
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Florine A. Eggink
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Joyce M. Lubbers
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Hagma H. Workel
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Elisabeth C. Van Der Slikke
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Noor E.J. Pröpper
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ninke Leffers
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Julien Adam
- Department of Clinical Biology, Institut De Cancérologie Gustave Roussy, Paris, France
| | - Harry Pijper
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Annechien Plat
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Arjan Kol
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Hans W. Nijman
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marco De Bruyn
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands
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Nistor GI, Dillman RO. Cytokine network analysis of immune responses before and after autologous dendritic cell and tumor cell vaccine immunotherapies in a randomized trial. J Transl Med 2020; 18:176. [PMID: 32316978 PMCID: PMC7171762 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-020-02328-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background In a randomized phase II trial conducted in patients with metastatic melanoma, patient-specific autologous dendritic cell vaccines (DCV) were associated with longer survival than autologous tumor cell vaccines (TCV). Both vaccines presented antigens from cell-renewing autologous tumor cells. The current analysis was performed to better understand the immune responses induced by these vaccines, and their association with survival. Methods 110 proteomic markers were measured at a week-0 baseline, 1 week before the first of 3 weekly vaccine injections, and at week-4, 1 week after the third injection. Data was presented as a deviation from normal controls. A two-component principal component (PC) statistical analysis and discriminant analysis were performed on this data set for all patients and for each treatment cohort. Results At baseline PC-1 contained 64.4% of the variance and included the majority of cytokines associated with Th1 and Th2 responses, which positively correlated with beta-2-microglobulin (B2M), programmed death protein-1 (PD-1) and transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ1). Results were similar at baseline for both treatment cohorts. After three injections, DCV-treated patients showed correlative grouping among Th1/Th17 cytokines on PC-1, with an inverse correlation with B2M, FAS, and IL-18, and correlations among immunoglobulins in PC-2. TCV-treated patients showed a positive correlation on PC-1 among most of the cytokines and tumor markers B2M and FAS receptor. There were also correlative changes of IL12p40 with both Th1 and Th2 cytokines and TGFβ1. Discriminant analysis provided additional evidence that DCV was associated with innate, Th1/Th17, and Th2 responses while TCV was only associated with innate and Th2 responses. Conclusions These analyses confirm that DCV induced a different immune response than that induced by TCV, and these immune responses were associated with improved survival. Trial registration Clinical trials.gov NCT004936930 retrospectively registered 28 July 2009
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel I Nistor
- AIVITA Biomedical, Inc., 18301 Von Karman, Suite 130, Irvine, CA, 92612, USA
| | - Robert O Dillman
- AIVITA Biomedical, Inc., 18301 Von Karman, Suite 130, Irvine, CA, 92612, USA.
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Wages NA, Slingluff CL, Bullock TN, Petroni GR. Tailoring early-phase clinical trial design to address multiple research objectives. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2020; 69:95-102. [PMID: 31807879 PMCID: PMC6952569 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-019-02442-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In contemporary oncology drug development, implementation of novel early-phase designs with the ability to address multiple research objectives is needed to better refine regimens. This paper describes an adaptive design strategy for identifying a range of optimal regimens based on two endpoints within multiple cohorts. The proposed design was developed to address objectives in an early-phase trial of cancer vaccines in combination with agonistic antibodies to CD40 and CD27. MATERIALS AND METHODS We describe a model-based design strategy that was developed for a trial evaluating the safety and immunogenicity of vaccination with (1) peptides plus CD40 antibody and TLR3 ligand, (2) systemic administration of an agonistic CD27 antibody, and (3) to assess immune response from (1) and (2) compared to optimal controls in participants with stage IIB-IV melanoma. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS The proposed design is a practical adaptive method for use with combined immunotherapy regimens with multiple objectives within multiple cohorts of interest. Further advances in the effectiveness of cancer immunotherapies will require new approaches that include redefining optimal strategies to take multiple regimens forward into later phases, incorporating additional endpoints in the dose selection process and testing drug combination therapies to improve efficacy and reduce toxicity. Our goal is to facilitate the acceptance and application of more novel designs in contemporary early development trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nolan A Wages
- Division of Translational Research and Applied Statistics, Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Virginia, P.O. Box 800717, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
| | - Craig L Slingluff
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Timothy N Bullock
- Department of Pathology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Gina R Petroni
- Division of Translational Research and Applied Statistics, Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Virginia, P.O. Box 800717, Charlottesville, VA, USA
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Dillman RO, Nistor GI, Poole AJ. Genomic, proteomic, and immunologic associations with a durable complete remission of measurable metastatic melanoma induced by a patient-specific dendritic cell vaccine. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2019; 16:742-755. [PMID: 31625825 PMCID: PMC7227648 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2019.1680239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
This report describes efforts to understand the immune mechanism of action that led to a complete response in a patient with progressive, refractory, metastatic melanoma after treatment with a therapeutic vaccine consisting of autologous dendritic cells (DC) loaded with autologous tumor antigens (ATA) derived from cells that were self-renewing in cell culture. Her histocompatibility type proved to be HLA B27 with extensive mutations in the HLA-A locus. Exomic analysis of proliferating tumor cells revealed more than 2800 non-synonymous mutations compared to her leukocytes. Histology of resected tumor lesions showed no evidence of an existing or suppressed immune response. In in vitro mixed cell cultures, DC loaded with ATA induced increased IL-22 expression, and a four-fold increase in CD8 + T lymphocytes. Cryopreserved blood samples obtained at week-0, 1 week before the first of three-weekly vaccine injections, and at week-4, 1 week after the third dose, were analyzed by protein array and compared for 110 different serum markers. At baseline, she had marked elevations of amyloid A, IL-12p40, IL21, IL-22, IL-10, IL-16, GROa, TNF-alpha, IL-3, and IL-2, and a lesser elevation of IL-15. One week after 3 weekly vaccinations she had a further 80% increase in amyloid A, a further 66% increase in IL-22, a 92% decrease in IL12p40, a 45% decrease in TGF-β and 26% decrease in IL-10. The data suggested that by 3 weeks after the first DCV injection, vaccine-induced changes in this particular patient were most consistent with enhanced innate and Th1 immune responses rather than Th2 or Th17.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert O Dillman
- AIVITA Biomedical, Inc, Irvine, CA, USA.,Hoag Cancer Institute, Newport Beach, CA, USA
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40
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Survival Comparison between Melanoma Patients Treated with Patient-Specific Dendritic Cell Vaccines and Other Immunotherapies Based on Extent of Disease at the Time of Treatment. Biomedicines 2019; 7:biomedicines7040080. [PMID: 31614482 PMCID: PMC6966441 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines7040080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Revised: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Encouraging survival was observed in single arm and randomized phase 2 trials of patient-specific dendritic cell vaccines presenting autologous tumor antigens from autologous cancer cells that were derived from surgically resected metastases whose cells were self-renewing in vitro. Based on most advanced clinical stage and extent of tumor at the time of treatment, survival was best in patients classified as recurrent stage 3 without measurable disease. Next best was in stage 4 without measurable disease, and the worst survival was for measurable stage 4 disease. In this study, the survival of these patients was compared to the best contemporary controls that were gleaned from the clinical trial literature. The most comparable controls typically were from clinical trials testing other immunotherapy approaches. Even though contemporary controls typically had better prognostic features, median and/or long-term survival was consistently better in patients treated with this dendritic cell vaccine, except when compared to anti-programmed death molecule 1 (anti-PD-1). The clinical benefit of this patient-specific vaccine appears superior to a number of other immunotherapy approaches, but it is more complex to deliver than anti-PD-1 while equally effective. However, there is a strong rationale for combining such a product with anti-PD-1 in the treatment of patients with metastatic melanoma.
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Preliminary observations on soluble programmed cell death protein-1 as a prognostic and predictive biomarker in patients with metastatic melanoma treated with patient-specific autologous vaccines. Oncotarget 2019; 10:5359-5371. [PMID: 31523394 PMCID: PMC6731107 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.27164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Because of its role as an immune checkpoint, levels of soluble programmed cell death protein-1 (sPD-1) could be useful as a prognostic biomarker or predictive biomarker in cancer patients treated with vaccines. Very low levels of sPD-1 may indicate lack of an existing anti-cancer immune response; very high levels may indicate an active immune response that is suppressed. In between these extremes, a decrease in PD-1 following injections of an anti-cancer vaccine may indicate an enhanced immune response that has not been suppressed. Blood samples obtained during a randomized trial in patients with metastatic melanoma were tested from 22 patients treated with a tumor cell vaccine (TCV) and 17 treated with a dendritic cell vaccine (DCV). Survival was better in DCV-treated patients. sPD-1 was measured at week-0, one week before the first of three weekly subcutaneous injections, and at week-4, one week after the third injection. The combination of a very low baseline sPD-1, or absence of a very high PD-1 at baseline followed by a decline in sPD-1 at week-4, was predictive of surviving three or more years in DCV-treated patients, but not TCV-treated. Among DCV-treated patients, these sPD-1 criteria appropriately classified 8/10 (80%) of 3-year survivors, and 6/7 (86%) of patients who did not survive three years. These preliminary observations suggest that sPD-1 might be a useful biomarker for melanoma patients being considered for treatment with this DCV vaccine, and/or to predict efficacy after only three injections, but this would have to be confirmed in larger studies.
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Abstract
The incidence of melanoma continues to increase even as advances in immunotherapy have led to survival benefits in advanced stages. Vaccines are capable of inducing strong, antitumor immune responses with limited toxicity. Some vaccines have demonstrated clinical benefit in clinical trials alone; however, others have not despite inducing strong immune responses. Recent advancements have improved vaccine design, and combining vaccines with other immunotherapies offers promise. This review highlights the underlying principles of vaccine development, common components of vaccines, and the remaining challenges and future directions of vaccine therapy in melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minyoung Kwak
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, University of Virginia, PO Box 800709, Charlottesville, VA 22908-0709, USA; Department of Surgery, SUNY Downstate, Brooklyn, NY, USA; Carter Immunology Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Katie M Leick
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, University of Virginia, PO Box 800709, Charlottesville, VA 22908-0709, USA; Carter Immunology Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA; Department of Surgery, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Marit M Melssen
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, University of Virginia, PO Box 800709, Charlottesville, VA 22908-0709, USA; Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA; Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Craig L Slingluff
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, University of Virginia, PO Box 800709, Charlottesville, VA 22908-0709, USA; Carter Immunology Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
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Leibold AT, Monaco GN, Dey M. The role of the immune system in brain metastasis. CURRENT NEUROBIOLOGY 2019; 10:33-48. [PMID: 31097897 PMCID: PMC6513348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Metastatic brain tumors are the most common brain tumors in adults. With numerous successful advancements in systemic treatment of most common cancer types, brain metastasis is becoming increasingly important in the overall prognosis of cancer patients. Brain metastasis of peripheral tumor is the result of complex interplay of primary tumor, immune system and central nervous system microenvironment. Once formed, brain metastases hide behind the blood brain barrier and become inaccessible to chemotherapies that are otherwise successful in targeting systemic cancer. The approval of immune checkpoint inhibitors for several common cancers such as advanced melanoma and lung cancers brings with it the opportunity and obligation to further understand the mechanisms of immunosuppression by tumors that spread to the brain as well as the interaction between the brain environment and tumor microenvironment. In this review paper we define the central role of the immune system in the development of brain metastases. We performed a comprehensive review of the literature to outline the molecular mechanisms of immunosuppression used by tumors and how the immune system interacts with the central nervous system to facilitate brain metastasis. In particular we discuss the tumor-type-specific mechanisms of metastasis of cancers that preferentially metastasize to the brain as well as the therapies that effectively modulate the immune response, such as immune checkpoint inhibitors and vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam T Leibold
- Department of Neurosurgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, IU Simon Cancer Center, Indiana University, Purdue University Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Gina N Monaco
- Department of Neurosurgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, IU Simon Cancer Center, Indiana University, Purdue University Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Mahua Dey
- Department of Neurosurgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, IU Simon Cancer Center, Indiana University, Purdue University Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
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Dillman RO, Cornforth AN, McClay EF, Depriest C. Patient-specific dendritic cell vaccines with autologous tumor antigens in 72 patients with metastatic melanoma. Melanoma Manag 2019; 6:MMT20. [PMID: 31406564 PMCID: PMC6688559 DOI: 10.2217/mmt-2018-0010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: Metastatic melanoma patients were treated with patient-specific vaccines consisting of autologous dendritic cells loaded with antigens from irradiated cells from short-term autologous tumor cell lines. Patients & methods: A total of 72 patients were enrolled in a single-arm Phase I/II (NCT00948480) trial or a randomized Phase II (NCT00436930). Results: Toxicity was minimal. Median overall survival (OS) was 49.4 months; 5-year OS 46%. A 5-year OS was 72% for 18 recurrent stage 3 without measurable disease when treated and 53% for 30 stage 4 without measurable disease when treated. A total of 24 patients with measurable stage 4 when treated (median of four prior therapies) had an 18.5 months median OS and 46% 2-year OS. Conclusion: This dendritic cell vaccine was associated with encouraging survival in all three clinical subsets. Clinicaltrial.gov NCT00436930 and NCT00948480.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert O Dillman
- AIVITA Biomedical, Inc., Irvine, CA 92612, USA.,Hoag Cancer Institute, Newport Beach, CA 92658, USA.,University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | | | - Edward F McClay
- California Cancer Associates for Research & Excellence (cCARE), Institute for Melanoma Research & Education, Encinitas, CA 92024, USA
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Dillman RO, Depriest C. Dendritic Cell Vaccines Presenting Autologous Tumor Antigens from Self-renewing Cancer Cells in Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma. JOURNAL OF EXPLORATORY RESEARCH IN PHARMACOLOGY 2018; 3:93-101. [DOI: 10.14218/jerp.2018.00012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Servín-Blanco R, Chávaro-Ortiz RM, Zamora-Alvarado R, Martínez-Cortes F, Gevorkian G, Manoutcharian K. Generation of cancer vaccine immunogens derived from major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules using variable epitope libraries. Immunol Lett 2018; 204:47-54. [PMID: 30339819 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2018.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Revised: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Although various immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), used for the treatment of advanced cancer, showed remarkably durable tumor regression in a subset of patients, there are important limitations in a large group of non-responders, and the generation of novel immunogens capable of inducing protective cellular immune responses is a priority in cancer immunotherapy field. During the last decades, several types of vaccine immunogens have been used in numerous preclinical studies and clinical trials. However, although immunity to tumor Ags can be elicited by most vaccines tested, their clinical efficacy remains modest. Recently, we have developed an innovative vaccine concept, called Variable Epitope Libraries (VELs), with the purpose to exploit the high antigenic variability of many important pathogens and tumor cells as starting points for the construction of a new class of vaccine immunogens capable of inducing the largest possible repertoire of both B and T cells. In the present study, we decided to generate VEL immunogens derived from both classical and non-classical major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules. The MHC molecules, responsible for antigen presentation and subsequent activation of T lymphocytes, undergo multiple modifications that directly affect their proper function, resulting in immune escape of tumor cells. Two large VELs derived from multi-epitope region of H2-Kd and Qa-2 sequences (46 and 34 amino acids long, respectively), along with their wild type counterparts have been generated as synthetic peptides and tested in an aggressive 4T1 mouse model of breast cancer. Significant inhibition of tumor growth and the reduction of metastatic lesions in the lungs of immunized mice were observed. This study demonstrated for the first time the successful application of VELs carrying combinatorial libraries of epitope variants derived from MHC class I molecules as novel vaccine immunogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodolfo Servín-Blanco
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), AP 70228, Cuidad Universitaria, CDMX, 04510, Mexico
| | - Rosa Mariana Chávaro-Ortiz
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), AP 70228, Cuidad Universitaria, CDMX, 04510, Mexico
| | - Rubén Zamora-Alvarado
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), AP 70228, Cuidad Universitaria, CDMX, 04510, Mexico
| | - Fernando Martínez-Cortes
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), AP 70228, Cuidad Universitaria, CDMX, 04510, Mexico
| | - Goar Gevorkian
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), AP 70228, Cuidad Universitaria, CDMX, 04510, Mexico
| | - Karen Manoutcharian
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), AP 70228, Cuidad Universitaria, CDMX, 04510, Mexico.
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