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Boullosa D, Claudino JG, Fernandez-Fernandez J, Bok D, Loturco I, Stults-Kolehmainen M, García-López J, Foster C. The Fine-Tuning Approach for Training Monitoring. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2023; 18:1374-1379. [PMID: 37689401 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2023-0154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 06/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/11/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Monitoring is a fundamental part of the training process to guarantee that the programmed training loads are executed by athletes and result in the intended adaptations and enhanced performance. A number of monitoring tools have emerged during the last century in sport. These tools capture different facets (eg, psychophysiological, physical, biomechanical) of acute training bouts and chronic adaptations while presenting specific advantages and limitations. Therefore, there is a need to identify what tools are more efficient in each sport context for better monitoring of training process. METHODS AND RESULTS We present and discuss the fine-tuning approach for training monitoring, which consists of identifying and combining the best monitoring tools with experts' knowledge in different sport settings, designed to improve (1) the control of actual training loads and (2) understanding of athletes' training adaptations. Instead of using single-tool approaches or merely subjective decision making, the identification of the best combination of monitoring tools to assist experts' decisions in each specific context (ie, triangulation) is necessary to better understand the link between acute and chronic adaptations and their impact on health and performance. Future studies should elaborate on the identification of the best combination of monitoring tools for each specific sport setting. CONCLUSION The fine-tuning monitoring approach requires the simultaneous use of several valid and practical tools, instead of a single tool, to improve the effectiveness of monitoring practices when added to experts' knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Boullosa
- Faculty of Physical Activity and Sports Sciences, Universidad de León, León, Spain
| | - João Gustavo Claudino
- Group of Research, Innovation and Technology Applied to Sport (GSporTech), Department of Physical Education, Center for Health Sciences, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina, PI, Brazil
| | | | - Daniel Bok
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Irineu Loturco
- Nucleus of High Performance in Sport, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Juan García-López
- Faculty of Physical Activity and Sports Sciences, Universidad de León, León, Spain
| | - Carl Foster
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of Wisconsin-La Crosse, La Crosse, WI, USA
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Rothwell M, Strafford BW, Cragg S, Ribeiro J, Davids K. Reconceptualising knowledge in the athlete-coach learning system: a mixed-method case study of harnessing bi-directional self-organising tendencies with a national wheelchair rugby league team. Front Sports Act Living 2023; 5:1196985. [PMID: 37964774 PMCID: PMC10642195 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2023.1196985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Knowledge and knowledge transfer are often viewed in unitary and hierarchical terms, where a linear transaction exists between an individual possessing a body of knowledge and a person needing that knowledge. Although this traditional view of knowledge transfer is common within the sports domain, it is problematic because knowledge is treated as a self-contained entity. The overarching purpose of this study is to explore the ecological role of knowledge, underpinning performance preparation processes in an international coaching setting. Specifically, we investigated how bi-directional self-organising (coordination) tendencies (coach and athlete-led) can be exploited to facilitate the formation of attacking synergies within the team sport of wheelchair rugby league. A mixed-method case study approach was employed to collect data, involving semi-structured interviews, reflexive observations and field notes, and notational analysis. Results from the study described the transitional process of positioning an ecological view of knowledge transfer as a guiding principle to enhance athlete and practitioner collaboration. This reciprocal relationship provided documented opportunities to enhance on- and off-field team synergies. The pedagogical experiences we describe emerged throughout periods of uncertainty, requiring effortful interactions, forged on the continuous coupling of key agents (individuals), content, and context, enabling application, refinement, and opportunities for team synergies to evolve in performance preparation. Results suggested that the challenge of understanding and facilitating knowledge transfer could be embedded within the ecology of a complex adaptive system, sustained as a contextualised activity reciprocally constructed through on-going correspondence between athletes, scientists, practitioners, and the competitive performance context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martyn Rothwell
- Sport and Human Performance Research Centre, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Ben William Strafford
- Sport and Human Performance Research Centre, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Scott Cragg
- Sport and Human Performance Research Centre, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - João Ribeiro
- Centre for Research, Education, Innovation, and Intervention in Sport (CIFI2D), Faculty of Sport of the University of Porto (FADEUP), Porto, Portugal
| | - Keith Davids
- Sport and Human Performance Research Centre, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, United Kingdom
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3
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Mills G, Daynes E, McAuley HJ, Greening NJ, Briggs-Price S, Baldwin MM, Singh SJ. Resistance Training in Post-COVID Recovery: Rationale and Current Evidence. J Frailty Sarcopenia Falls 2023; 8:188-194. [PMID: 37663156 PMCID: PMC10472035 DOI: 10.22540/jfsf-08-188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
During hospitalisation with COVID-19, individuals may experience prolonged periods of immobilisation. Combined with the inflammatory effects of the virus, this may lead to a significant reduction in both muscle mass and strength. Data from several long-term studies suggest that these symptoms may not fully resolve within one year. Owing to its effectiveness at inducing muscle fibre hypertrophy and improving neuromuscular efficiency, resistance training is of great interest in the rehabilitation of this population. This narrative review aims to identify the rationale and potential efficacy of resistance training for restoring physical function following infection with SARS-CoV-2, as well as evidence of its use in clinical practice. The studies included in this narrative review consisted mostly of multi-component rehabilitation trials. Of these, widespread improvements in muscle strength were reported using intensities of up to 80% of participants' 1-repetition-maximum. Evidence thus far indicates that resistance training may be safe and effective in patients following COVID-19, although its individual contribution is difficult to discern. Future exercise intervention studies investigating the efficacy of resistance training as a sole modality are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Mills
- Centre of Exercise and Rehabilitation Science, NIHR Biomedical Research Centre – Respiratory, University Hospitals Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Enya Daynes
- Centre of Exercise and Rehabilitation Science, NIHR Biomedical Research Centre – Respiratory, University Hospitals Leicester, Leicester, UK
- Department of Respiratory Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Hamish J.C. McAuley
- Centre of Exercise and Rehabilitation Science, NIHR Biomedical Research Centre – Respiratory, University Hospitals Leicester, Leicester, UK
- Department of Respiratory Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Neil J. Greening
- Centre of Exercise and Rehabilitation Science, NIHR Biomedical Research Centre – Respiratory, University Hospitals Leicester, Leicester, UK
- Department of Respiratory Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Samuel Briggs-Price
- Centre of Exercise and Rehabilitation Science, NIHR Biomedical Research Centre – Respiratory, University Hospitals Leicester, Leicester, UK
- Department of Respiratory Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Molly M. Baldwin
- Centre of Exercise and Rehabilitation Science, NIHR Biomedical Research Centre – Respiratory, University Hospitals Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Sally J. Singh
- Centre of Exercise and Rehabilitation Science, NIHR Biomedical Research Centre – Respiratory, University Hospitals Leicester, Leicester, UK
- Department of Respiratory Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
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Majano C, Garcia-Unanue J, Fernández-Cuevas I, Escamilla-Galindo V, Alonso-Callejo A, Sanchez-Sanchez J, Gallardo L, Felipe JL. Association between physical demands, skin temperature and wellbeing status in elite football players. Sci Rep 2023; 13:13780. [PMID: 37612294 PMCID: PMC10447551 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-40396-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The demanding nature of elite football requires players to be closely monitored to ensure optimal performance and minimize injury risk. This study aimed to evaluate the relationship between physical demands, skin temperature, and well-being status in 30 elite football players over a 12-week competitive period. Thermography assessments, weekly Well-being questionnaires, and daily training and match load recordings were used to gather data. Results indicated that along the microcycles there was a decrease in high-intensity accelerations and decelerations distance completed, while maintaining other high-intensity actions. Furthermore, it was found that high-intensity movements contribute to the generation of thermal asymmetries in the thighs; the adductor thermal asymmetry showed a positive relationship with stress and muscle soreness, the knee thermal asymmetry had a positive relationship with fatigue and a negative relationship with rest and quality of rest, and finally the hamstrings muscles exhibited significant differences between the thermal asymmetry groups, with the high asymmetry completing less high intensity actions than the low asymmetry group. In conclusion, this study highlights the interconnections between physical demands, skin temperature, and well-being in elite football players and provides valuable insights for coaches and trainers in their efforts to optimize performance and health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Majano
- IGOID Research Group, Physical Activity and Sport Sciences Department, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Avda. De Carlos III S/N, 45071, Toledo, Spain
| | - Jorge Garcia-Unanue
- IGOID Research Group, Physical Activity and Sport Sciences Department, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Avda. De Carlos III S/N, 45071, Toledo, Spain.
| | - Ismael Fernández-Cuevas
- Research Department, ThermoHuman (R&D Department, ThermoHuman, Spain), Madrid, Spain
- Faculty of Sciences for Physical Activity and Sport (INEF), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Antonio Alonso-Callejo
- IGOID Research Group, Physical Activity and Sport Sciences Department, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Avda. De Carlos III S/N, 45071, Toledo, Spain
| | - Javier Sanchez-Sanchez
- School of Sport Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, 28670, Villaviciosa de Odón, Spain
| | - Leonor Gallardo
- IGOID Research Group, Physical Activity and Sport Sciences Department, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Avda. De Carlos III S/N, 45071, Toledo, Spain
| | - Jose Luis Felipe
- IGOID Research Group, Physical Activity and Sport Sciences Department, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Avda. De Carlos III S/N, 45071, Toledo, Spain
- Performance Analysis Department, UD Las Palmas, 35019, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
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Inoue A, dos Santos Bunn P, do Carmo EC, Lattari E, da Silva EB. Internal Training Load Perceived by Athletes and Planned by Coaches: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. SPORTS MEDICINE - OPEN 2022; 8:35. [PMID: 35244801 PMCID: PMC8897524 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-022-00420-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/13/2022] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Background Rating of perceived exertion (RPE) and session RPE (sRPE) has been widely used to verify the internal load in athletes. Understanding the agreement between the training load prescribed by coaches and that perceived by athletes is a topic of great interest in sport science. Objective This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to investigate differences between the training/competition load perceived by athletes and prescribed/intended/observed by coaches. Methods A literature search (September 2020 and updated in November 2021) was conducted using PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, and SPORTDiscus databases. The protocol was registered in the Open Science Framework (osf.io/wna4x). Studies should include athletes and coaches of any sex, age, or level of experience. The studies should present outcomes related to the RPE or sRPE for any scale considering overall training/competition sessions (physical, strength, tactical, technical, games) and/or classified into three effort categories: easy, moderate, and hard. Results Twenty-seven studies were included in the meta-analysis. No difference was found between coaches and athletes for overall RPE (SMD = 0.19, P = 0.10) and overall sRPE (SMD = 0.05, P = 0.75). There was a difference for easy RPE (SMD = − 0.44, small effect size, P = 0.04) and easy sRPE (SMD = − 0.54, moderate effect size, P = 0.04). No differences were found for moderate RPE (SMD = 0.05, P = 0.74) and hard RPE (SMD = 0.41, P = 0.18). No difference was found for moderate (SMD = -0.15, P = 0.56) and hard (SMD = 0.20, P = 0.43) sRPE. Conclusion There is an agreement between coaches and athletes about overall RPE and sRPE, and RPE and sRPE into two effort categories (moderate and hard). However, there were disagreements in RPE and sRPE for easy effort category. Thus, despite a small disagreement, the use of these tools seems to be adequate for training monitoring. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s40798-022-00420-3.
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Paul D, Jones L, Read P. Load Monitoring With Foucault: Suggestions for the Management of Perceived Exertion in the Elite Sport Context. Strength Cond J 2022. [DOI: 10.1519/ssc.0000000000000686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Marqués-Jiménez D, Sampaio J, Calleja-González J, Echeazarra I. How different are soccer training sessions based on small-sided games? A cluster analysis to explore perceived exertion and training load. ACTA GYMNICA 2022. [DOI: 10.5507/ag.2022.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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Huard Pelletier V, Lemoyne J. Early Sport Specialization and Relative Age Effect: Prevalence and Influence on Perceived Competence in Ice Hockey Players. Sports (Basel) 2022; 10:sports10040062. [PMID: 35447872 PMCID: PMC9028802 DOI: 10.3390/sports10040062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The relative age effect (RAE) and early sport specialization (ESS) have been of growing interest in the sports world, especially in ice hockey, because of their potential adverse effects. However, little is known about their distribution within each level of play in Canadian minor ice hockey, or whether they influence young people’s perceived competence, a variable of interest in long-term sports development. A sample of elite adolescent players (N = 204) and a sample of recreational and competitive players (N = 404) were used to measure these constructs, and chi-square tabulations were conducted to compare their distribution. Our results reveal that RAE (χ2 = 20.03, p < 0.01, Cramer’s V = 0.13) and ESS (χ2 = 66.14, p < 0.001, Cramer’s V = 0.24) are present, but there are apparently no gender differences in their distributions. Neither the level of RAE nor ESS seems to affect the perceived competence of the players, regardless of gender. The results of this study highlight the presence of RAE and ESS in Canadian minor ice hockey, especially at the elite level, but indicate that they do not affect the self-perception of ice hockey players. Additional research on these concepts is needed to obtain a complete picture of their potential impact on sports development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Huard Pelletier
- Department of Human Kinetics, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, 3351 Boulevard des Forges, Trois-Rivières, QC G9A 5H7, Canada;
- Laboratoire de recherche sur le hockey UQTR, 3351 Boulevard des Forges, Trois-Rivières, QC G9A 5H7, Canada
- Correspondence:
| | - Jean Lemoyne
- Department of Human Kinetics, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, 3351 Boulevard des Forges, Trois-Rivières, QC G9A 5H7, Canada;
- Laboratoire de recherche sur le hockey UQTR, 3351 Boulevard des Forges, Trois-Rivières, QC G9A 5H7, Canada
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Training-Load Management in Rhythmic Gymnastics: Practices and Perceptions of Coaches, Medical Staff, and Gymnasts. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2022; 17:530-540. [PMID: 35016155 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2021-0279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2021] [Revised: 07/31/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study described and analyzed practices and perceptions of rhythmic gymnastics coaches, medical staff, and athletes on training-load management. METHODS Online surveys were distributed among professionals and gymnasts involved in rhythmic gymnastics training across the world. One hundred (50 coaches, 12 medical staff, and 38 gymnasts) participants from 25 different countries completed the surveys. RESULTS Respondents stated using coaches' perception on a daily basis as a method of monitoring external (57%) and internal (58%) load, recovery/fatigue (52%), and performance (64%). Variables and methods (eg, wearable devices, athlete self-reported measures, session rating of perceived exertion), and metrics (eg, acute and chronic load) commonly reported in the training-load literature and other sports were not frequently used in rhythmic gymnastics. The majority of coaches (60.3% [17%]) perceived that maladaptation rarely or never occurred. Medical staff involvement in sharing and discussing training-load information was limited, and they perceived that the measurement of athletes' recovery/fatigue was poor. Gymnasts noted good quality in relation to the measurement of performance. Most participants (≥85%) believed that a specific training-load management model for rhythmic gymnastics could be very or extremely effective. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, rhythmic gymnastics coaches' perception is the most commonly used strategy to monitor load, recovery/fatigue, and performance; although, this could be a limited method to guarantee effective training-load management in this sport.
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Fernandes R, Brito JP, Vieira LHP, Martins AD, Clemente FM, Nobari H, Reis VM, Oliveira R. In-Season Internal Load and Wellness Variations in Professional Women Soccer Players: Comparisons between Playing Positions and Status. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:12817. [PMID: 34886543 PMCID: PMC8657164 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph182312817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The internal intensity monitoring in soccer has been used more in recent years in men's football; however, in women's soccer, the existing literature is still scarce. The aims of this study were threefold: (a) to describe the weekly variations of training monotony, training strain and acute: chronic workload ratio through session Rated Perceived Exertion (s-RPE); (b) to describe weekly variations of Hooper Index [stress, fatigue, Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness (DOMS) and sleep]; and (c) to compare those variations between playing positions and player status. Nineteen players (24.1 ± 2.7 years) from a Portuguese BPI League professional team participated in this study. All variables were collected in a 10-week in-season period with three training sessions and one match per week during the 2019/20 season. Considering the overall team, the results showed that there were some associations between Hooper Index categories and s-RPE like stress or fatigue (0.693, p < 0.01), stress or DOMS (0.593, p < 0.01), stress or s-RPE (-0.516, p < 0.05) and fatigue or DOMS (0.688, p < 0.01). There were no differences between all parameters in playing positions or player status. In conclusion, the study revealed that higher levels of fatigue and DOMS occur concurrently with better nights of sleep. Moreover, any in-season variations concerning internal load and perceived wellness seems independent of position or status in outfield players. The data also showed that the higher the players' reported stress, the lower the observed s-RPE, thus possibly indicating a mutual interference of experienced stress levels on the assimilation of training intensity by elite women soccer players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renato Fernandes
- Sports Science School of Rio Maior–Polytechnic Institute of Santarém, 2040-413 Rio Maior, Portugal; (J.P.B.); (A.D.M.)
- Life Quality Research Centre, 2040-413 Rio Maior, Portugal
- University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal;
| | - João Paulo Brito
- Sports Science School of Rio Maior–Polytechnic Institute of Santarém, 2040-413 Rio Maior, Portugal; (J.P.B.); (A.D.M.)
- Life Quality Research Centre, 2040-413 Rio Maior, Portugal
- Research Centre in Sport Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Luiz H. Palucci Vieira
- Graduate Program in Movement Sciences, MOVI-LAB Human Movement Research Laboratory, Physical Education Department, School of Sciences, UNESP São Paulo State University, Bauru 17033-360, Brazil;
| | - Alexandre Duarte Martins
- Sports Science School of Rio Maior–Polytechnic Institute of Santarém, 2040-413 Rio Maior, Portugal; (J.P.B.); (A.D.M.)
- Life Quality Research Centre, 2040-413 Rio Maior, Portugal
- Comprehensive Health Research Centre (CHRC), Departamento de Desporto e Saúde, Escola de Saúde e Desenvolvimento Humano, Universidade de Évora, Largo dos Colegiais, 7004-516 Évora, Portugal
| | - Filipe Manuel Clemente
- Escola Superior Desporto e Lazer, Instituto Politécnico de Viana do Castelo, Rua Escola Industrial e Comercial de Nun’Álvares, 4900-347 Viana do Castelo, Portugal;
- Instituto de Telecomunicações, Delegação da Covilhã, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Hadi Nobari
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, University of Granada, 18010 Granada, Spain;
- HEME Research Group, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Extremadura, 10003 Cáceres, Spain
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Educational Sciences and Psychology, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil 56199-11367, Iran
- Sports Scientist, Sepahan Football Club, Isfahan 81887-78473, Iran
| | - Victor Machado Reis
- University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal;
- Research Centre in Sport Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Rafael Oliveira
- Sports Science School of Rio Maior–Polytechnic Institute of Santarém, 2040-413 Rio Maior, Portugal; (J.P.B.); (A.D.M.)
- Life Quality Research Centre, 2040-413 Rio Maior, Portugal
- Research Centre in Sport Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal
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Leo P, Spragg J, Podlogar T, Lawley JS, Mujika I. Power profiling and the power-duration relationship in cycling: a narrative review. Eur J Appl Physiol 2021; 122:301-316. [PMID: 34708276 PMCID: PMC8783871 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-021-04833-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Emerging trends in technological innovations, data analysis and practical applications have facilitated the measurement of cycling power output in the field, leading to improvements in training prescription, performance testing and race analysis. This review aimed to critically reflect on power profiling strategies in association with the power-duration relationship in cycling, to provide an updated view for applied researchers and practitioners. The authors elaborate on measuring power output followed by an outline of the methodological approaches to power profiling. Moreover, the deriving a power-duration relationship section presents existing concepts of power-duration models alongside exercise intensity domains. Combining laboratory and field testing discusses how traditional laboratory and field testing can be combined to inform and individualize the power profiling approach. Deriving the parameters of power-duration modelling suggests how these measures can be obtained from laboratory and field testing, including criteria for ensuring a high ecological validity (e.g. rider specialization, race demands). It is recommended that field testing should always be conducted in accordance with pre-established guidelines from the existing literature (e.g. set number of prediction trials, inter-trial recovery, road gradient and data analysis). It is also recommended to avoid single effort prediction trials, such as functional threshold power. Power-duration parameter estimates can be derived from the 2 parameter linear or non-linear critical power model: P(t) = W′/t + CP (W′—work capacity above CP; t—time). Structured field testing should be included to obtain an accurate fingerprint of a cyclist’s power profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Leo
- Division of Performance Physiology & Prevention, Department of Sport Science, University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - James Spragg
- Health Physical Activity Lifestyle Sport Research Centre (HPALS), University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Tim Podlogar
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Primorska, Izola, Slovenia
- Department of Automatics, Biocybernetics and Robotics, Jožef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Justin S Lawley
- Division of Performance Physiology & Prevention, Department of Sport Science, University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Iñigo Mujika
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country, Leioa, Basque Country, Spain
- Exercise Science Laboratory, School of Kinesiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Finis Terrae, Santiago, Chile
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Huang Z, Shi J, He C. SPECIAL PHYSICAL TRAINING FOR STRENGTHENING ATHLETES’ PHYSICAL FITNESS AND SPORTS ABILITY. REV BRAS MED ESPORTE 2021. [DOI: 10.1590/1517-8692202127082021_0340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Introduction: Special physical exercise and exceptional physical fitness are an assuredly positive combination for winning. Good exceptional physical fitness is an essential prerequisite for athletes to win competitions. Objective: This study mainly explores the relationship between the functional performance of specialized sports athletes and the performance of specific physical fitness to optimize the functional training and specific physical fitness training system of male tennis players. Methods: The article selects six tennis players as the research objects and conducts active movement monitoring and physical fitness training. Results: Athletes have poor stability in the core area and poor flexion flexibility of both hips and ankles in a symmetrical posture. There is a significant correlation between the functional movement screening test and the tennis-specific physical fitness performance test results. Conclusions: Only by studying body shape and function can we guide the diagnoses and evaluation of an athlete's physical function. We need to formulate reasonable strengthening measures based on the analysis of body shape and function. Only in this way can the athlete's body shape and physical function be effectively enhanced. Level of evidence II; Therapeutic studies - investigation of treatment results.
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