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Li Q, Dai JJ, Chen SY, Sun RY, Wang D, Bai SC, Wang MG, Sun J, Liao XP, Liu YH, Fang LX. Prevalence and molecular characteristics of intestinal pathogenic Escherichia coli isolated from diarrheal pigs in Southern China. Vet Microbiol 2024; 296:110171. [PMID: 38981202 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2024.110171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Revised: 06/28/2024] [Accepted: 06/29/2024] [Indexed: 07/11/2024]
Abstract
Intestinal pathogenic Escherichia coli (InPEC) is one of the most common causes of bacterial diarrhea in farm animals, including profuse neonatal diarrhea and post weaning diarrhea (PWD) in piglets. In this study, we investigated the prevalence of InPEC and associated primary virulence factors among 543 non-duplicate E. coli isolates from diarrheal pigs from 15 swine farms in southern China. Six major virulence genes associated with InPEC were identified among 69 (12.71 %) E. coli isolates and included est (6.62 %), K88 (4.79 %), elt (3.68 %), eae (1.47 %), stx2 (0.92 %) and F18 (0.55 %). Three pathotypes of InPEC were identified including ETEC (8.10 %), EPEC (1.29 %) and STEC/ETEC (0.92 %). In particular, K88 was only found in ETEC from breeding farms, whereas F18 was only present in STEC/ETEC hybrid from finishing farms. Whole genome sequence analysis of 37 E. coli isolates revealed that InPEC strains frequently co-carried multiple antibiotic resistance gene (ARG). est, elt and F18 were also found to co-locate with ARGs on a single IncFIB/IncFII plasmid. InPEC isolates from different pathotypes also possessed different profiles of virulence genes and antimicrobial resistance genes. Population structure analysis demonstrated that InPEC isolates from different pathotypes were highly heterogeneous whereas those of the same pathotype were extremely similar. Plasmid analysis revealed that K88 and/or est/elt were found on pGX18-2-like/pGX203-2-like and pGX203-1-like IncFII plasmids, while F18 and elt/est, as well as diverse ARGs were found to co-locate on IncFII/IncFIB plasmids with a non-typical backbone. Moreover, these key virulence genes were flanked by or adjacent to IS elements. Our findings indicated that both clonal expansion and horizontal spread of epidemic IncFII plasmids contributed to the prevalence of InPEC and the specific virulence genes (F4, F18, elt and est) in the tested swine farms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Li
- National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Original Bacteria, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Jing-Jing Dai
- National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Original Bacteria, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Shu-Yi Chen
- National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Original Bacteria, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Ruan-Yang Sun
- National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Original Bacteria, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Dong Wang
- National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Original Bacteria, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Shuan-Cheng Bai
- National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Original Bacteria, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Min-Ge Wang
- National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Original Bacteria, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Jian Sun
- National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Original Bacteria, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses Yangzhou University, China
| | - Xiao-Ping Liao
- National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Original Bacteria, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses Yangzhou University, China
| | - Ya-Hong Liu
- National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Original Bacteria, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses Yangzhou University, China
| | - Liang-Xing Fang
- National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Original Bacteria, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses Yangzhou University, China.
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2
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Gambino M, Kushwaha SK, Wu Y, van Haastrecht P, Klein-Sousa V, Lutz VT, Bejaoui S, Jensen CMC, Bojer MS, Song W, Xiao M, Taylor NMI, Nobrega FL, Brøndsted L. Diversity and phage sensitivity to phages of porcine enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli. Appl Environ Microbiol 2024:e0080724. [PMID: 38940562 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00807-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) is a diverse and poorly characterized E. coli pathotype that causes diarrhea in humans and animals. Phages have been proposed for the veterinary biocontrol of ETEC, but effective solutions require understanding of porcine ETEC diversity that affects phage infection. Here, we sequenced and analyzed the genomes of the PHAGEBio ETEC collection, gathering 79 diverse ETEC strains isolated from European pigs with post-weaning diarrhea (PWD). We identified the virulence factors characterizing the pathotype and several antibiotic resistance genes on plasmids, while phage resistance genes and other virulence factors were mostly chromosome encoded. We experienced that ETEC strains were highly resistant to Enterobacteriaceae phage infection. It was only by enrichment of numerous diverse samples with different media and conditions, using the 41 ETEC strains of our collection as hosts, that we could isolate two lytic phages that could infect a large part of our diverse ETEC collection: vB_EcoP_ETEP21B and vB_EcoS_ETEP102. Based on genome and host range analyses, we discussed the infection strategies of the two phages and identified components of lipopolysaccharides ( LPS) as receptors for the two phages. Our detailed computational structural analysis highlights several loops and pockets in the tail fibers that may allow recognition and binding of ETEC strains, also in the presence of O-antigens. Despite the importance of receptor recognition, the diversity of the ETEC strains remains a significant challenge for isolating ETEC phages and developing sustainable phage-based products to address ETEC-induced PWD.IMPORTANCEEnterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC)-induced post-weaning diarrhea is a severe disease in piglets that leads to weight loss and potentially death, with high economic and animal welfare costs worldwide. Phage-based approaches have been proposed, but available data are insufficient to ensure efficacy. Genome analysis of an extensive collection of ETEC strains revealed that phage defense mechanisms were mostly chromosome encoded, suggesting a lower chance of spread and selection by phage exposure. The difficulty in isolating lytic phages and the molecular and structural analyses of two ETEC phages point toward a multifactorial resistance of ETEC to phage infection and the importance of extensive phage screenings specifically against clinically relevant strains. The PHAGEBio ETEC collection and these two phages are valuable tools for the scientific community to expand our knowledge on the most studied, but still enigmatic, bacterial species-E. coli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michela Gambino
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
- Institute of Conservation, The Royal Danish Academy, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Simran Krishnakant Kushwaha
- School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Environmental & Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
- Department of Biological Sciences, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani, Rajasthan, India
| | - Yi Wu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani, Rajasthan, India
| | - Pauline van Haastrecht
- School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Environmental & Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Victor Klein-Sousa
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Veronika T Lutz
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Semeh Bejaoui
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | | | - Martin S Bojer
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | | | | | - Nicholas M I Taylor
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Franklin L Nobrega
- School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Environmental & Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Lone Brøndsted
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
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3
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Bagaria M, Ramayo-Caldas Y, González-Rodríguez O, Vila L, Delàs P, Fàbrega E. Impact of Nutritional Strategies to Prevent Post-Weaning Diarrhoea on Performance, Behaviour, and Microbiota in Piglets from Organic Farming. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:1730. [PMID: 38929349 PMCID: PMC11200382 DOI: 10.3390/ani14121730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2024] [Revised: 06/04/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Organic livestock farming is committed to high environmental and animal welfare standards, although pathologies such as post-weaning diarrhoea (PWD) may appear. The main objective of this study was to assess nutritional strategies to prevent PWD in organic piglets. A total of 134 weaned piglets were fed one of three diets: high crude protein (17.8%, HCP), low crude protein (16.8%, LCP), and low crude protein supplemented with liquid whey (LCP+W). Piglets were assessed weekly for four weeks on the following parameters: diarrhoea incidence, additional health parameters, average daily gain, and behaviour. Faecal samples were taken to analyse the intestinal microbiota composition. Data were analysed using LMM and GLMM models and Shannon and Whittaker indexes. No significant effect of diet on diarrhoea incidence was found, but the LCP+W diet increased average daily gain. Pigs fed the LCP+W diet presented a lower percentage of drinking and negative social behaviour compared with the HCP diet, and LCP pigs presented higher exploration compared with HCP. In addition, LCP+W piglets showed a higher abundance of the beneficial genus Frisingicoccus. Although liquid whey did not reduce diarrhoea incidence, the benefits found in growth, microbiota composition, and reduced negative social behaviour indicate that it could be an optimal supplement to organic diets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Bagaria
- Animal Welfare Program, Institute of Agrifood Research and Technology (IRTA), 17121 Monells, Spain;
| | - Yuliaxis Ramayo-Caldas
- Animal Breeding and Genetics Program, Institute of Agrifood Research and Technology (IRTA), 08140 Caldes de Montbui, Spain; (Y.R.-C.); (O.G.-R.)
| | - Olga González-Rodríguez
- Animal Breeding and Genetics Program, Institute of Agrifood Research and Technology (IRTA), 08140 Caldes de Montbui, Spain; (Y.R.-C.); (O.G.-R.)
| | - Lluís Vila
- Llavora Agropecuària, 17473 Ventalló, Spain; (L.V.); (P.D.)
| | - Pino Delàs
- Llavora Agropecuària, 17473 Ventalló, Spain; (L.V.); (P.D.)
| | - Emma Fàbrega
- Animal Welfare Program, Institute of Agrifood Research and Technology (IRTA), 17121 Monells, Spain;
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4
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Nguyet LTY, Ounjai P, Ngamwongsatit N, Kaeoket K. The immune response of pregnant sow after vaccination with crude fimbriae (F4) extracts vaccine and immunoprotection of nursery pig against pathogenic E. coli (F4 +ETEC). Acta Trop 2024; 254:107173. [PMID: 38503364 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2024.107173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Revised: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neonatal and post-weaning diarrhea is a concern disease caused by enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli fimbriae F4 (F4+ETEC) in pig farms. Diarrhea outbreaks are often severe and costly due to the high prevalence and spread of the disease within the same herd. Vaccine is one of strategic solution in protecting pig against F4+ETEC infection in particular pig farm. In present study, we conducted two trials of vaccination with crude F4 fimbriae extract vaccine in pregnant sow and nursery pigs. METHODS In experiment 1 (20 sows; non-vaccinated control, n=10), we vaccinated pregnant sows (n=10) twice at 4 wk and 2 wk before farrowing and evaluated impact of vaccination on maternal immunity. The sow serum and colostrum were collected before vaccination, 2 and 4 weeks after vaccination, 6 hours after farrowing, respectively, and the piglet's serum from both groups (2 piglet/sow, 10 piglets from each group) were also collected on 3 days old to measure F4 specific IgG, F4 specific IgA using in house ELISA kit. In experiment 2, to optimize doses and dosage of candidate vaccine in piglets, 18 piglets (3 piglets/group) were allocated into five immunized groups and one control group (unimmunized group), we immunized piglets twice at 4 and 6 weeks old with difference doses (i.e., 0, 50, 100, 150, 200 µg), and for a dose 150 µg, we immunized with two dosages at 1 ml and 2 ml. Piglets were challenged with a 3 ml dose of 3 × 109 CFU/ml bacterial culture of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (F4+ETEC) in order to evaluate the efficacy of vaccine. After challenging, the clinical sign of the piglets was daily observed and the rectal swab was performed every day for investigation of the fecal shedding of Escherichia coli (F4+ETEC) by using PCR technique. Serum were collected before, 2 and 4 weeks after vaccination and 1 week after challenge to measure F4 specific IgG, F4 specific IgA using in house ELISA kit and cytokines levels (i.e., IL-1 beta, IL-6, IL-8 and TNF alpha) before and 1 week after challenge using commercial ELISA kit. RESULTS The levels of antibody results showed that in experiment 1, the anti-F4 antibody levels both F4 specific IgG and F4 specific IgA in serum and colostrum of vaccinated sow increased significantly after vaccination. The piglets of immunized sows have antibody level both F4 specific IgG and F4 specific IgA in their serum higher than those piglets of unimmunized sows significantly (p < 0.01). In experiment 2, irrespective of different doses and dosage, there is no difference in term of F4 specific IgG and F4 specific IgA levels among immunized groups. However, all of vaccinated piglets showed F4 specific IgG and F4 specific IgA levels higher and the elimination of Escherichia coli (F4+ETEC) in feces post challenge faster (< 3 days) than unvaccinated group (> 5 days). For cytokines levels, a higher level of IL-1 beta, IL-6, IL-8 and TNF alpha at 1 week after challenge in vaccinated groups was found when compared with the levels in non-vaccinated group. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that crude F4 fimbriae extract autogenous vaccine is a candidate vaccine for protecting piglets against diarrhea disease caused by enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (F4+ETEC) and vaccination the pregnant sow twice before farrowing is one of strategies to provide maternal derived antibody to the newborn piglets for against enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (F4+ETEC) during early life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luong Thi Yen Nguyet
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, 73170, Thailand
| | - Puey Ounjai
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Natharin Ngamwongsatit
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, 73170, Thailand; Laboratory of Bacteria, Veterinary Diagnostic Center, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, 73170, Thailand
| | - Kampon Kaeoket
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, 73170, Thailand.
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5
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Jenkins TP, Ács N, Arendrup EW, Swift A, Duzs Á, Chatzigiannidou I, Pichler M, Kittilä T, Peachey L, Gram L, Canibe N, Laustsen AH, Brix S, Thrane SW. Protecting the piglet gut microbiota against ETEC-mediated post-weaning diarrhoea using specific binding proteins. NPJ Biofilms Microbiomes 2024; 10:42. [PMID: 38697985 PMCID: PMC11066037 DOI: 10.1038/s41522-024-00514-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Post-weaning diarrhoea (PWD) in piglets presents a widespread problem in industrial pig production and is often caused by enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC) strains. Current solutions, such as antibiotics and medicinal zinc oxide, are unsustainable and are increasingly being prohibited, resulting in a dire need for novel solutions. Thus, in this study, we propose and evaluate a protein-based feed additive, comprising two bivalent heavy chain variable domain (VHH) constructs (VHH-(GGGGS)3-VHH, BL1.2 and BL2.2) as an alternative solution to manage PWD. We demonstrate in vitro that these constructs bind to ETEC toxins and fimbriae, whilst they do no affect bacterial growth rate. Furthermore, in a pig study, we show that oral administration of these constructs after ETEC challenge reduced ETEC proliferation when compared to challenged control piglets (1-2 log10 units difference in gene copies and bacterial count/g faeces across day 2-7) and resulted in week 1 enrichment of three bacterial families (Prevotellaceae (estimate: 1.12 ± 0.25, q = 0.0054), Lactobacillaceae (estimate: 2.86 ± 0.52, q = 0.0012), and Ruminococcaceae (estimate: 0.66 ± 0.18, q = 0.049)) within the gut microbiota that appeared later in challenged control piglets, thus pointing to an earlier transition towards a more mature gut microbiota. These data suggest that such VHH constructs may find utility in industrial pig production as a feed additive for tackling ETEC and reducing the risk of PWD in piglet populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy Patrick Jenkins
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Norbert Ács
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | | | - Abbie Swift
- Veterinary Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Ágnes Duzs
- Bactolife A/S, Rønnegade 8, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ioanna Chatzigiannidou
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Michael Pichler
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Tiia Kittilä
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Laura Peachey
- Veterinary Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Lone Gram
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Nuria Canibe
- Department of Animal Science, Aarhus University, Tjele, Denmark
| | - Andreas Hougaard Laustsen
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark.
- Bactolife A/S, Rønnegade 8, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Susanne Brix
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark.
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6
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Bao X, Gänzle MG, Wu J. Ovomucin Hydrolysates Reduce Bacterial Adhesion and Inflammation in Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) K88-Challenged Intestinal Epithelial Cells. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:7219-7229. [PMID: 38507577 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.4c00185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) K88 is the most common cause of diarrhea in neonatal and postweaning pigs. After adhering to small intestinal epithelial cells via glycoprotein receptor recognition, the pathogen can produce enterotoxins, impair intestinal integrity, trigger watery diarrhea, and induce inflammation via nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) and mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphatase (MAPK) pathways. Inhibiting ETEC K88 adhesion to cell surfaces by interfering with the receptor-fimbriae recognition provides a promising strategy to prevent the initiation and progression of infection. Ovomucin is a highly glycosylated protein in chicken egg white with diverse bioactivities. Ovomucin hydrolysates prepared by the enzymes Protex 26L (OP) and pepsin/pancreatin (OPP) were previously revealed to prevent adhesion of ETEC K88 to IPEC-J2 cells. Herein, we investigated the protective effects of ovomucin hydrolysates on ETEC K88-induced barrier integrity damage and inflammation in IPEC-J2 and Caco-2 cells. Both hydrolysates inhibited ETEC K88 adhesion to cells and protected epithelial cell integrity by restoring transepithelial electronic resistance (TEER) values. Removing sialic acids in the hydrolysates reduced their antiadhesive capacities. Ovomucin hydrolysates suppressed ETEC-induced activation of NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways in both cell lines. The ability of ETEC K88 in activating calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase 2 (CaMK II), elevating intracellular Ca2+ concentration, and inducing oxidative stress was attenuated by both hydrolysates. In conclusion, this study demonstrated the potential of ovomucin hydrolysates to prevent ETEC K88 adhesion and alleviate inflammation and oxidative stress in intestinal epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Bao
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, 4-10 Ag/For Building, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2P5, Canada
| | - Michael G Gänzle
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, 4-10 Ag/For Building, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2P5, Canada
| | - Jianping Wu
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, 4-10 Ag/For Building, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2P5, Canada
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7
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Xu H, Gong J, Lu P, Azevedo P, Li L, Yu H, Yang C. Functional evaluation of Bacillus licheniformis PF9 for its potential in controlling enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli in weaned piglets. Transl Anim Sci 2024; 8:txae050. [PMID: 38665217 PMCID: PMC11044710 DOI: 10.1093/tas/txae050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
During the bacterial selection, isolate PF9 demonstrated tolerance to low pH and high bile salt and an ability to extend the lifespan of Caenorhabditis elegans infected with enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC; P < 0.05). Thirty-two weaned piglets susceptible to ETEC F4 were randomly allocated to four treatments as follows: 1) non-challenged negative control group (NNC; basal diet and piglets gavaged with phosphate-buffered saline), 2) negative control group (NC; basal diet and piglets challenged with ETEC F4, 3 × 107 CFU per pig), 3) positive control (PC; basal diet + 80 mg·kg-1 of avilamycin and piglets challenged with ETEC F4), and 4) probiotic candidate (PF9; control basal diet + 2.5 × 109 CFU·kg-1 diet of B. licheniformis PF9 and piglets challenged with ETEC F4). The infection of ETEC F4 decreased average daily gain and gain:feed in the NC group when compared to the NNC group (P < 0.05). The inoculation of ETEC F4 induced severe diarrhea at 3 h postinoculum (hpi), 36, 40 hpi in the NC group when compared to the NNC group (P < 0.05). The supplementation of B. licheniformis PF9 significantly relieved diarrhea severity at 3 hpi when compared to the NC group (P < 0.05). The inoculation of ETEC F4 reduced duodenal, jejunal, and ileal villus height (VH) in the NC group when compared to the NNC group. A significant (P < 0.05) decrease was detected in the duodenal VH in the PC and NNC groups. Moreover, the NNC group had a reduced relative mRNA level of Na+-glucose cotransporter 1 (SGLT1) when compared to the NC group (P < 0.05). Compared to the NC and NNC groups, the supplementation of B. licheniformis PF9 increased the relative mRNA levels of aminopeptidase N, occludin, zonula occludens-1, and SGLT1 (P < 0.05). The supplementation of B. licheniformis PF9 also significantly increased the relative mRNA level of excitatory amino acid transporter 1 when compared to the NC group (P < 0.05). Piglets supplemented with B. licheniformis PF9 showed lower relative abundance of Bacteroidetes in the colon than piglets from the NNC group (P < 0.05). The NNC group had a higher relative abundance of Firmicutes in the ileum than all the challenged piglets (P < 0.05); however, a lower relative abundance of Proteobacteria in the ileum and colon was observed in the NC group (P < 0.05). This study provides evidence that B. licheniformis PF9 has the potential to improve the gut health of piglets under challenging conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoxiang Xu
- Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, CanadaR3T 2N2
| | - Joshua Gong
- Guelph Research and Development Centre, Agriculture Agri-Food Canada, Guelph, Ontario, CanadaN1G 5C9
- Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, CanadaR3T 2N2
| | - Peng Lu
- Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, CanadaR3T 2N2
| | - Paula Azevedo
- Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, CanadaR3T 2N2
| | - Linyan Li
- Guelph Research and Development Centre, Agriculture Agri-Food Canada, Guelph, Ontario, CanadaN1G 5C9
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Hai Yu
- Guelph Research and Development Centre, Agriculture Agri-Food Canada, Guelph, Ontario, CanadaN1G 5C9
| | - Chengbo Yang
- Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, CanadaR3T 2N2
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8
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Fratto A, Torricelli M, Sebastiani C, Ciullo M, Felici A, Biagetti M. Survey on resistance occurrence for F4 + and F18 + enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) among pigs reared in Central Italy regions. Vet Res Commun 2024; 48:1279-1284. [PMID: 38175328 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-023-10287-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Porcine Post Weaning Diarrhoea (PWD) is one of the most important swine disease worldwide, caused by Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) strains able to provoke management, welfare and sanitary issues. ETEC is determined by proteinaceous surface appendages. Numerous studies conducted by now in pigs have demonstrated, at the enterocytes level, that, the genes mucin 4 (MUC4) and fucosyltransferase (FUT1), coding for ETEC F4 and F18 receptors respectively, can be carriers of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with natural resistance/susceptibility to PWD. The latter aspect was investigated in this study, evaluating the SNPs of the MUC4 and FUT1 genes in slaughtered pigs reared for the most in Central Italy. Genomic DNA was extracted from 362 swine diaphragmatic samples and then was subjected to the detection of known polymorphisms on MUC4 and FUT1candidate target genes by PCR-RFLP. Some of the identified SNPs were confirmed by sequencing analysis. Animals carrying the SNPs associated with resistance were 11% and 86% for the FUT1 and MUC4 genes respectively. Therefore, it can be assumed that the investigated animals may be an important resource and reservoir of favorable genetic traits for the breeding of pigs resistant to enterotoxigenic E.coli F4 variant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Fratto
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Umbria e delle Marche - Togo Rosati, Via G. Salvemini 1, Perugia, 06126, Italy
| | - Martina Torricelli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Umbria e delle Marche - Togo Rosati, Via G. Salvemini 1, Perugia, 06126, Italy.
| | - Carla Sebastiani
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Umbria e delle Marche - Togo Rosati, Via G. Salvemini 1, Perugia, 06126, Italy
| | - Marcella Ciullo
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Umbria e delle Marche - Togo Rosati, Via G. Salvemini 1, Perugia, 06126, Italy
| | - Andrea Felici
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Umbria e delle Marche - Togo Rosati, Via G. Salvemini 1, Perugia, 06126, Italy
| | - Massimo Biagetti
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Umbria e delle Marche - Togo Rosati, Via G. Salvemini 1, Perugia, 06126, Italy
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9
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Dierick M, Ongena R, Vanrompay D, Devriendt B, Cox E. Exploring the modulatory role of bovine lactoferrin on the microbiome and the immune response in healthy and Shiga toxin-producing E. coli challenged weaned piglets. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2024; 15:39. [PMID: 38449023 PMCID: PMC10916201 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-023-00985-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Post-weaned piglets suffer from F18+ Escherichia coli (E. coli) infections resulting in post-weaning diarrhoea or oedema disease. Frequently used management strategies, including colistin and zinc oxide, have contributed to the emergence and spread of antimicrobial resistance. Novel antimicrobials capable of directly interacting with pathogens and modulating the host immune responses are being investigated. Lactoferrin has shown promising results against porcine enterotoxigenic E. coli strains, both in vitro and in vivo. RESULTS We investigated the influence of bovine lactoferrin (bLF) on the microbiome of healthy and infected weaned piglets. Additionally, we assessed whether bLF influenced the immune responses upon Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC) infection. Therefore, 2 in vivo trials were conducted: a microbiome trial and a challenge infection trial, using an F18+ STEC strain. BLF did not affect the α- and β-diversity. However, bLF groups showed a higher relative abundance (RA) for the Actinobacteria phylum and the Bifidobacterium genus in the ileal mucosa. When analysing the immune response upon infection, the STEC group exhibited a significant increase in F18-specific IgG serum levels, whereas this response was absent in the bLF group. CONCLUSION Taken together, the oral administration of bLF did not have a notable impact on the α- and β-diversity of the gut microbiome in weaned piglets. Nevertheless, it did increase the RA of the Actinobacteria phylum and Bifidobacterium genus, which have previously been shown to play an important role in maintaining gut homeostasis. Furthermore, bLF administration during STEC infection resulted in the absence of F18-specific serum IgG responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Dierick
- Laboratory of Immunology, Department of Translational Physiology, Infectiology and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Ruben Ongena
- Laboratory of Immunology, Department of Translational Physiology, Infectiology and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Daisy Vanrompay
- Laboratory for Immunology and Animal Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure links 653, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Bert Devriendt
- Laboratory of Immunology, Department of Translational Physiology, Infectiology and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Eric Cox
- Laboratory of Immunology, Department of Translational Physiology, Infectiology and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium.
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10
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Jin J, Liu M, Yu F, Sun MA, Wu Z. METTL3 enhances E. coli F18 resistance by targeting IKBKG/NF-κB signaling via an m 6A-YTHDF1-dependent manner in IPEC-J2 cells. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 262:130101. [PMID: 38346619 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.130101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
Post-weaning diarrhea caused by enterotoxigenic E. coli F18 introduces enormous losses to the porcine industry. N6-methyladenosine (m6A) is a ubiquitous epitranscriptomic biomarker that modulates host cell resistance to pathogen infection, however, its significance in E. coli F18-treated IPEC-J2 cells remains unexplored. Herein, we revealed that m6A and associated modulators strongly controlled E. coli F18 susceptibility. The data indicated an enhancement of METTL3 contents in E. coli F18-treated IPEC-J2 cells. METTL3 is known to be a major modulator of E. coli F18 adhesion within IPEC-J2 cells. As expected, METTL3 deficiency was observed to reduce m6A content at the IKBKG 5'-UTR, leading to critical suppression of YTHDF1-dependent IKBKG translation. Therefore, the activation of the NF-κB axis was observed, which enhanced IPEC-J2 resistance to E. coli F18 infection. Taken together, these findings uncover a potential mechanism underlying the m6A-mediated control of E. coli F18 susceptibility. This information may contribute to the establishment of new approaches for combating bacteria-induced diarrhea in piglets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Jin
- Institute of Comparative Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Mengyuan Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Fuying Yu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Ming-An Sun
- Institute of Comparative Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Zhengchang Wu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; Institute of Comparative Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; International Research Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonotic Diseases of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China.
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11
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Middelkoop A, Kettunen H, Guan X, Vuorenmaa J, Tichelaar R, Gambino M, Rydal MP, Molist F. Effect of dietary tall oil fatty acids and hydrolysed yeast in SNP2-positive and SNP2-negative piglets challenged with F4 enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli. Sci Rep 2024; 14:2060. [PMID: 38267615 PMCID: PMC10808182 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-52586-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2024] [Indexed: 01/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Reduction of post-weaning diarrhoea caused by ETEC is a principal objective in pig farming in terms of welfare benefits. This study determined the effects of genetic susceptibility and dietary strategies targeting inflammation and fimbriae adherence on F4-ETEC shedding and diarrhoea in weaned piglets in an experimental challenge model. A DNA marker test targeting single nucleotide polymorphism 2 (SNP2) identified piglets as heterozygous (SNP2+, susceptible) or homozygous (SNP2-, resistant) to developing F4ac-ETEC diarrhoea. A total of 50 piglets, 25 SNP2+ and 25 SNP2-, were weaned at 30 days of age and equally distributed to different treatments (n = 10): Positive control (PC): piglets fed with a negative control diet and provided with colistin via drinking water; Negative control (NC): piglets fed with a negative control diet; Tall oil fatty acids (TOFA): piglets fed with a negative control diet + 1.0 g TOFA/kg feed; Yeast hydrolysate (YH): piglets fed with a negative control diet + 1.5 g YH/kg feed derived from Saccharomyces cerevisiae; and Combination (COM): piglets fed with a negative control diet + 1.0 g TOFA and 1.5 g YH/kg feed. On day 10 post-weaning, all piglets were infected with F4-ETEC by oral administration. Piglets fed with PC, TOFA, YH or COM had a lower faecal shedding of F4-ETEC than NC piglets (P < 0.001), which was also shorter in duration for PC and TOFA piglets than for NC piglets (P < 0.001). Piglets in PC, TOFA, YH and COM had a shorter diarrhoea duration versus NC when classified as SNP2+ (P = 0.02). Furthermore, PC, TOFA and YH piglets grew more than NC and COM piglets in the initial post-inoculation period (P < 0.001). In addition, the level of faecal F4-ETEC shedding and the percentage of pigs that developed F4-ETEC diarrhoea (72 vs. 32%, P < 0.01) following infection were higher, and the duration of F4-ETEC diarrhoea longer (2.6 vs. 0.6 days, P < 0.001), in SNP2+ piglets than in SNP2- piglets, and led to reduced growth performance (P = 0.03). In conclusion, piglets fed with TOFA, YH or their combination, irrespective of their SNP2 status, are more resilient to F4-ETEC infection. Moreover, SNP2+ piglets show a higher level of F4-ETEC shedding and diarrhoea prevalence than SNP2- piglets, confirming an association between SNP2 and F4ac-ETEC susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Xiaonan Guan
- Schothorst Feed Research B.V., 8218 NA, Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | | | - Ramon Tichelaar
- Schothorst Feed Research B.V., 8218 NA, Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | - Michela Gambino
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1870, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Martin Peter Rydal
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1870, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Francesc Molist
- Schothorst Feed Research B.V., 8218 NA, Lelystad, The Netherlands
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12
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Li L, Han K, Mao X, Wang L, Cao Y, Li Z, Wu Y, Tan Y, Shi Y, Zhang L, Liu H, Li Y, Peng H, Li X, Hu C, Wang X. Oral phages prophylaxis against mixed Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella Typhimurium infections in weaned piglets. Vet Microbiol 2024; 288:109923. [PMID: 38061277 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2023.109923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 10/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023]
Abstract
Escherichia coli and Salmonella Typhimurium are the main pathogens of diarrhea in weaned piglets. The prevention of bacterial diarrhea in weaned piglets by phage is rarely reported. We conducted this study to evaluate the preventive effect of phages on mixed Escherichia coli and Salmonella Typhimurium infections in weaned piglets. A novel phage named NJ12 was isolated by using Salmonella Typhimurium SM022 as host bacteria and characterized by electron microscopy, genomic analysis and in vitro bacteriostatic activity. Phage NJ12 and a previously reported phage EP01 were microencapsulated with sodium alginate to make phage cocktail. Microencapsulated phage cocktail and PBS (Phosphate buffer solution) were used to piglets the phage and phage-free group through oral administration before bacterial infection 2 h, respectively. Piglets of the phage and phage-free group were consumed with feed contaminated with 6 mL (108CFU/mL) Escherichia coli O157:H7 GN07 (GXEC-N07) and 6 mL (108CFU/mL) SM022 every day for seven consecutive days. The results showed that piglets in the phage-free group had more severe diarrhea, larger decreased average weight gain and higher levels of neutrophils compared with piglets in phage group. Meanwhile, piglets in the phage-free group had higher load of SM022 and GN07 in jejunal tissue and more severe intestinal damage compared with piglets in group phage in vivo. In addition, oral administration phage can significant decreased the relative abundance of Enterobacteriaceae but hardly repaired the changes of diversity and composition of gut microbiota caused by the mixed infection of SM022 and GN07. This implies that phage used as a feed additive have a marvelous preventive effect on bacterial diarrhea during weaning of piglets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, Guangxi, China; Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Engineering Research Center of Veterinary Biologics, Nanning 530004, Guangxi, China; Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Prevention and Control, China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding and Disease Prevention and Control, China
| | - Kaiou Han
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, Guangxi, China; Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Engineering Research Center of Veterinary Biologics, Nanning 530004, Guangxi, China; Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Prevention and Control, China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding and Disease Prevention and Control, China
| | - Xinyu Mao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, Guangxi, China; Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Engineering Research Center of Veterinary Biologics, Nanning 530004, Guangxi, China; Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Prevention and Control, China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding and Disease Prevention and Control, China
| | - Leping Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, Guangxi, China; Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Engineering Research Center of Veterinary Biologics, Nanning 530004, Guangxi, China; Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Prevention and Control, China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding and Disease Prevention and Control, China
| | - Yajie Cao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, Guangxi, China; Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Engineering Research Center of Veterinary Biologics, Nanning 530004, Guangxi, China; Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Prevention and Control, China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding and Disease Prevention and Control, China
| | - Ziyong Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, Guangxi, China; Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Engineering Research Center of Veterinary Biologics, Nanning 530004, Guangxi, China; Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Prevention and Control, China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding and Disease Prevention and Control, China
| | - Yuxing Wu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, Guangxi, China; Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Engineering Research Center of Veterinary Biologics, Nanning 530004, Guangxi, China; Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Prevention and Control, China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding and Disease Prevention and Control, China
| | - Yizhou Tan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, Guangxi, China; Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Engineering Research Center of Veterinary Biologics, Nanning 530004, Guangxi, China; Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Prevention and Control, China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding and Disease Prevention and Control, China
| | - Yan Shi
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, Guangxi, China; Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Engineering Research Center of Veterinary Biologics, Nanning 530004, Guangxi, China; Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Prevention and Control, China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding and Disease Prevention and Control, China
| | - Lili Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety of Jiangsu Province-State Key Laboratory Breeding Base, Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition,Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Hui Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, Guangxi, China; Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Engineering Research Center of Veterinary Biologics, Nanning 530004, Guangxi, China; Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Prevention and Control, China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding and Disease Prevention and Control, China
| | - Yinan Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, Guangxi, China; Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Engineering Research Center of Veterinary Biologics, Nanning 530004, Guangxi, China; Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Prevention and Control, China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding and Disease Prevention and Control, China
| | - Hao Peng
- Guangxi Veterinary Research Institute, Nanning 530004, Guangxi, China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding and Disease Prevention and Control, China
| | - Xun Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, Guangxi, China; Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Engineering Research Center of Veterinary Biologics, Nanning 530004, Guangxi, China; Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Prevention and Control, China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding and Disease Prevention and Control, China
| | - Chuanhuo Hu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, Guangxi, China; Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Engineering Research Center of Veterinary Biologics, Nanning 530004, Guangxi, China; Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Prevention and Control, China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding and Disease Prevention and Control, China
| | - Xiaoye Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, Guangxi, China; Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Engineering Research Center of Veterinary Biologics, Nanning 530004, Guangxi, China; Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Prevention and Control, China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding and Disease Prevention and Control, China.
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13
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Aurich S, Wolf SA, Prenger-Berninghoff E, Thrukonda L, Semmler T, Ewers C. Genotypic Characterization of Uropathogenic Escherichia coli from Companion Animals: Predominance of ST372 in Dogs and Human-Related ST73 in Cats. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 13:38. [PMID: 38247597 PMCID: PMC10812829 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics13010038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Extraintestinal pathogenic Escherichia coli (ExPEC) account for over 80% and 60% of bacterial urinary tract infections (UTIs) in humans and animals, respectively. As shared uropathogenic E. coli (UPEC) strains have been previously reported among humans and pets, our study aimed to characterize E. coli lineages among UTI isolates from dogs and cats and to assess their overlaps with human UPEC lineages. We analysed 315 non-duplicate E. coli isolates from the UT of dogs (198) and cats (117) collected in central Germany in 2019 and 2020 utilizing whole genome sequencing and in silico methods. Phylogroup B2 (77.8%), dog-associated sequence type (ST) 372 (18.1%), and human-associated ST73 (16.6%), were predominant. Other STs included ST12 (8.6%), ST141 (5.1%), ST127 (4.8%), and ST131 (3.5%). Among these, 58.4% were assigned to the ExPEC group and 51.1% to the UPEC group based on their virulence associated gene (VAG) profile (ExPEC, presence of ≥VAGs: papAH and/or papC, sfa/focG, afaD/draBC, kpsMTII, and iutA; UPEC, additionally cnf1 or hlyD). Extended-spectrum cephalosporin (ESC) resistance mediated by extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBL) and AmpC-β-lactamase was identified in 1.9% of the isolates, along with one carbapenemase-producing isolate and one isolate carrying a mcr gene. Low occurrence of ESC-resistant or multidrug-resistant (MDR) isolates (2.9%) in the two most frequently detected STs implies that E. coli isolated from UTIs of companion animals are to a lesser extent associated with resistance, but possess virulence-associated genes enabling efficient UT colonization and carriage. Detection of human-related pandemic lineages suggests interspecies transmission and underscores the importance of monitoring companion animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Aurich
- Institute of Hygiene and Infectious Diseases of Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Justus Liebig University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany; (E.P.-B.); (C.E.)
| | - Silver Anthony Wolf
- Genome Competence Centre, Robert Koch Institute, 13353 Berlin, Germany (L.T.)
| | - Ellen Prenger-Berninghoff
- Institute of Hygiene and Infectious Diseases of Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Justus Liebig University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany; (E.P.-B.); (C.E.)
| | | | - Torsten Semmler
- Genome Competence Centre, Robert Koch Institute, 13353 Berlin, Germany (L.T.)
| | - Christa Ewers
- Institute of Hygiene and Infectious Diseases of Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Justus Liebig University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany; (E.P.-B.); (C.E.)
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14
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Aves KL, Guerra PR, Fresno AH, Saraiva MMS, Cox E, Bækbo PJ, Nielsen MA, Sander AF, Olsen JE. A Virus-like Particle-Based F4 Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli Vaccine Is Inhibited by Maternally Derived Antibodies in Piglets but Generates Robust Responses in Sows. Pathogens 2023; 12:1388. [PMID: 38133272 PMCID: PMC10745950 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12121388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
F4-positive enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli is associated with diarrhea and poor growth outcomes in neonatal and newly weaned piglets and is thus a major economic and welfare burden in the swine industry. Vaccination of sows with F4 fimbriae protects against the neonatal disease via passive transfer of maternal immunity. However, this strategy does not protect against infection post-weaning. Consequently, prevention and treatment methods in weaner pigs heavily rely on the use of antimicrobials. Therefore, in order to reduce antimicrobial consumption, more effective prophylactic alternatives are needed. In this study, we describe the development of a capsid virus-like particle (cVLP)-based vaccine targeting the major F4 fimbriae subunit and adhesion molecule, FaeG, and evaluate its immunogenicity in mice, piglets, and sows. cVLP-display significantly increased systemic and mucosal antibody responses towards the recombinant FaeG antigen in mice models. However, in piglets, the presence of anti-F4 maternally derived antibodies severely inhibited the induction of active humoral responses towards the FaeG antigen. This inhibition could not be overcome, even with the enhanced immunogenicity achieved via cVLP display. However, in sows, intramuscular vaccination with the FaeG.cVLP vaccine was able to generate robust IgG and IgA responses that were comparable with a commercial fimbriae-based vaccine, and which were effectively transferred to piglets via colostrum intake. These results demonstrate that cVLP display has the potential to improve the systemic humoral responses elicited against low-immunogenic antigens in pigs; however, this effect is dependent on the use of antigens, which are not the targets of pre-existing maternal immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kara-Lee Aves
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Priscila R. Guerra
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-1870 Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Ana H. Fresno
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-1870 Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Mauro M. S. Saraiva
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-1870 Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Eric Cox
- Laboratory of Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Poul J. Bækbo
- SEGES Innovation, Danish Pig Research Centre, Agro Food Park 15, DK-8200 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Morten A. Nielsen
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Adam F. Sander
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
- AdaptVac, Ole Maaløes Vej 3, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - John E. Olsen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-1870 Frederiksberg, Denmark
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15
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Eriksen EØ, Nielsen JP, Agerlin MV, Christensen AE, Pedersen KS. Easy and reliable assessment of the prevalence of porcine post-weaning diarrhoea. Prev Vet Med 2023; 220:106041. [PMID: 37866129 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2023.106041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
Post-weaning diarrhoea is a condition of increasing importance due to recent restrictions and bans on the preventive use of antimicrobials and medicinal zinc oxide. For various purposes, it is valuable to monitor the occurrence of post-weaning diarrhoea. The aim of this paper was to propose a protocol for easy and reliable assessment of the prevalence of post-weaning diarrhoea within a section of pigs as an alternative to clinical examination of a random sample of pigs. Two datasets were collected in two different observational field investigations, including more than 4000 individual clinical examinations of newly weaned pigs. First we identified a clinical marker for post-weaning diarrhoea. Second, we drew samples by simulation from our two dataset using different simplified sampling strategies and compared these to conventional random sampling strategies. The prediction error for estimates of the diarrhoea prevalence within a section was compared for the different sampling strategies. The study showed that pigs with diarrhoea had an increased risk of displaying diarrheic soiling of the hind part as well as dull, long, and bristly hair coat, and possibly also hollow flanks and a suboptimal body condition score. Diarrheic soiling of the hind part was the best clinical predictor of diarrhoea; our best estimate of the diagnostic sensitivity was 76.1% (95% credible interval: 72.0, 79.8), and the specificity was 97.1% (95% credible interval: 96.5 0.97.7). Diarrheic soiling of the hind is only a valid clinical predictor of diarrhoea for the first 14 days after insertion into the nursery unit. The precision and accuracy of prevalence estimates were similar for haphazard sampling compared to random sampling of the pigs. Likewise, sampling from a restricted number of pens produced prediction errors similar to sampling across all pens. Yet, the study had limitations regarding sample sizes, and furthermore it is difficult to provide certainty for absence of effects. We recommend sampling pigs haphazardly within at least three randomly selected pens for post-weaning diarrhoea prevalence surveys in order to easily obtain a reliable prevalence estimate. Based on our findings, we conclude the paper by proposing a simple four-step protocol for surveys of the within-section prevalence of post-weaning diarrhoea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esben Østergaard Eriksen
- University of Copenhagen, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Section for Production, Nutrition and Health, Grønnegårdsvej 2, 1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
| | - Jens Peter Nielsen
- University of Copenhagen, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Section for Production, Nutrition and Health, Grønnegårdsvej 2, 1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Marianne Viuf Agerlin
- University of Copenhagen, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Section for Production, Nutrition and Health, Grønnegårdsvej 2, 1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Anja Ejlersgård Christensen
- University of Copenhagen, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Section for Production, Nutrition and Health, Grønnegårdsvej 2, 1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark; Ø-VetA/S, Køberupvej 33, 4700 Næstved, Denmark
| | - Ken Steen Pedersen
- University of Copenhagen, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Section for Production, Nutrition and Health, Grønnegårdsvej 2, 1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark; Ø-VetA/S, Køberupvej 33, 4700 Næstved, Denmark
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16
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Xu J, Jia Z, Xiao S, Long C, Wang L. Effects of Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli Challenge on Jejunal Morphology and Microbial Community Profiles in Weaned Crossbred Piglets. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2646. [PMID: 38004658 PMCID: PMC10672776 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11112646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Pathogenic enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) is a major cause of bacterial diarrhea in weaning piglets, which are vulnerable to changes in environment and feed. This study aimed to determine the effects of the ETEC challenge on piglet growth performance, diarrhea rate, jejunal microbial profile, jejunal morphology and goblet cell distribution. A total of 13 piglets from one litter were selected on postnatal day 21 and assigned to treatments with or without ETEC challenge at 1 × 108 CFUs, as ETEC group or control group, respectively. On postnatal day 28, samples were collected, followed by the detection of serum biochemical indexes and inflammatory indicators, HE staining, PAS staining and 16S rDNA gene amplicon sequencing. Results showed that the growth performance decreased, while the diarrhea rate increased for the ETEC group. The jejunum is the main segment of the injured intestine during the ETEC challenge. Compared with the control, the ETEC group displayed fewer goblet cells in the jejunum, where goblet cells are more distributed at the crypt and less distributed at the villus. In addition, ETEC piglets possessed higher abundances of the genus Desulfovibrio, genus Oxalobacter and genus Peptococus and lower abundances of the genus Prevotella 2, genus Flavonifractor and genus Blautra. In terms of alpha diversity, Chao 1 and observed features indexes were both increased for the ETEC group. Our study provides insights into jejunal histopathological impairment and microbial variation in response to ETEC infection for weaned piglets and is a valuable reference for researchers engaged in animal health research to select stress models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Xu
- Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha 410081, China; (J.X.); (Z.J.); (S.X.)
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Intestinal Function and Regulation, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, National Center of Technology Innovation for Synthetic Biology, Tianjin 300308, China
| | - Zhen Jia
- Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha 410081, China; (J.X.); (Z.J.); (S.X.)
| | - Shu Xiao
- Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha 410081, China; (J.X.); (Z.J.); (S.X.)
| | - Cimin Long
- Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha 410081, China; (J.X.); (Z.J.); (S.X.)
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Intestinal Function and Regulation, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, National Center of Technology Innovation for Synthetic Biology, Tianjin 300308, China
| | - Leli Wang
- Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha 410081, China; (J.X.); (Z.J.); (S.X.)
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Intestinal Function and Regulation, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, National Center of Technology Innovation for Synthetic Biology, Tianjin 300308, China
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Berger PI, Hermanns S, Kerner K, Schmelz F, Schüler V, Ewers C, Bauerfeind R, Doherr MG. Cross-sectional study: prevalence of oedema disease Escherichia coli (EDEC) in weaned piglets in Germany at pen and farm levels. Porcine Health Manag 2023; 9:49. [PMID: 37885038 PMCID: PMC10601234 DOI: 10.1186/s40813-023-00343-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Escherichia coli bacteria capable of producing the toxin Stx2e and possessing F18-fimbriae (edema disease E. coli, EDEC) are considered causative agents of porcine oedema disease. This disease, which usually occurs in piglets shortly after weaning, has a high lethality in affected animals and can lead to high economic losses in piglet rearing. The aim of this cross-sectional field study was to determine the prevalence of EDEC in weaned piglets in Germany at pen and farm levels. RESULTS Ninety-nine farms with unknown history of infections with shigatoxin-producing E. coli (STEC) and oedema disease were sampled. On each farm, up to five pens were selected for sampling (n = 481). The piglets in these pens were at an age 1-3 weeks after weaning. Single faecal samples (n = 2405) and boot swabs (n = 479) were collected from the floor. On 50 farms, cotton ropes were additionally used to collect oral fluid samples (n = 185) and rope wash out samples (n = 231) from the selected pens. All samples were analyzed by bacterial culture combined with a duplex PCR for the presence of the corresponding genes stx2e and fedA (major subunit protein of F18 fimbriae). In addition, whole DNA specimens extracted from boot swabs, oral fluid samples, and rope wash out samples were directly examined by duplex PCR for DNA of stx2e and fedA. A pen was classified as positive if at least one of the samples, regardless of the technique, yielded a positive result in the PCR, and farms were considered positive if at least one pen was classified as positive. Overall, genes stx2e and fedA were found simultaneously in 24.9% (95% CI 22.1-29.1%) of sampled pens and in 37.4% (95% CI 27.9-47.7%) of sampled farms. Regardless of the presence of F18-fimbriae, Escherichia coli encoding for Stx2e (STEC-2e) were found in 35.1% (95% CI 31.0-39.1%) of the pens and 53.5% (95% CI 44.4-63.6%) of the farms sampled. CONCLUSIONS Escherichia coli strains considered capable to cause oedema disease in swine (EDEC) are highly prevalent in the surveyed pig producing farms in Germany. Due to intermittent shedding of EDEC and a potentially low within-farm prevalence, we recommend a combination of different sampling techniques for EDEC monitoring at pen and farm levels. Further studies are needed to understand which STEC-2e strains really pose the risk of causing severe porcine disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pia I Berger
- Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Steffen Hermanns
- Institute for Hygiene and Infectious Diseases of Animals, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Katharina Kerner
- Institute for Hygiene and Infectious Diseases of Animals, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | | | | | - Christa Ewers
- Institute for Hygiene and Infectious Diseases of Animals, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Rolf Bauerfeind
- Institute for Hygiene and Infectious Diseases of Animals, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Marcus G Doherr
- Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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Kiernan DP, O’Doherty JV, Sweeney T. The Effect of Prebiotic Supplements on the Gastrointestinal Microbiota and Associated Health Parameters in Pigs. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:3012. [PMID: 37835619 PMCID: PMC10572080 DOI: 10.3390/ani13193012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Establishing a balanced and diverse microbiota in the GIT of pigs is crucial for optimizing health and performance throughout the production cycle. The post-weaning period is a critical phase, as it is often associated with dysbiosis, intestinal dysfunction and poor performance. Traditionally, intestinal dysfunctions associated with weaning have been alleviated using antibiotics and/or antimicrobials. However, increasing concerns regarding the prevalence of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria has prompted an industry-wide drive towards identifying natural sustainable dietary alternatives. Modulating the microbiota through dietary intervention can improve animal health by increasing the production of health-promoting metabolites associated with the improved microbiota, while limiting the establishment and proliferation of pathogenic bacteria. Prebiotics are a class of bioactive compounds that resist digestion by gastrointestinal enzymes, but which can still be utilized by beneficial microbes within the GIT. Prebiotics are a substrate for these beneficial microbes and therefore enhance their proliferation and abundance, leading to the increased production of health-promoting metabolites and suppression of pathogenic proliferation in the GIT. There are a vast range of prebiotics, including carbohydrates such as non-digestible oligosaccharides, beta-glucans, resistant starch, and inulin. Furthermore, the definition of a prebiotic has recently expanded to include novel prebiotics such as peptides and amino acids. A novel class of -biotics, referred to as "stimbiotics", was recently suggested. This bioactive group has microbiota-modulating capabilities and promotes increases in short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) production in a disproportionally greater manner than if they were merely substrates for bacterial fermentation. The aim of this review is to characterize the different prebiotics, detail the current understating of stimbiotics, and outline how supplementation to pigs at different stages of development and production can potentially modulate the GIT microbiota and subsequently improve the health and performance of animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dillon P. Kiernan
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, D04 W6F6 Dublin, Ireland;
| | - John V. O’Doherty
- School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, D04 W6F6 Dublin, Ireland;
| | - Torres Sweeney
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, D04 W6F6 Dublin, Ireland;
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19
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Kiernan DP, O’Doherty JV, Sweeney T. The Effect of Maternal Probiotic or Synbiotic Supplementation on Sow and Offspring Gastrointestinal Microbiota, Health, and Performance. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2996. [PMID: 37835602 PMCID: PMC10571980 DOI: 10.3390/ani13192996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The increasing prevalence of antimicrobial-resistant pathogens has prompted the reduction in antibiotic and antimicrobial use in commercial pig production. This has led to increased research efforts to identify alternative dietary interventions to support the health and development of the pig. The crucial role of the GIT microbiota in animal health and performance is becoming increasingly evident. Hence, promoting an improved GIT microbiota, particularly the pioneer microbiota in the young pig, is a fundamental focus. Recent research has indicated that the sow's GIT microbiota is a significant contributor to the development of the offspring's microbiota. Thus, dietary manipulation of the sow's microbiota with probiotics or synbiotics, before farrowing and during lactation, is a compelling area of exploration. This review aims to identify the potential health benefits of maternal probiotic or synbiotic supplementation to both the sow and her offspring and to explore their possible modes of action. Finally, the results of maternal sow probiotic and synbiotic supplementation studies are collated and summarized. Maternal probiotic or synbiotic supplementation offers an effective strategy to modulate the sow's microbiota and thereby enhance the formation of a health-promoting pioneer microbiota in the offspring. In addition, this strategy can potentially reduce oxidative stress and inflammation in the sow and her offspring, enhance the immune potential of the milk, the immune system development in the offspring, and the sow's feed intake during lactation. Although many studies have used probiotics in the maternal sow diet, the most effective probiotic or probiotic blends remain unclear. To this extent, further direct comparative investigations using different probiotics are warranted to advance the current understanding in this area. Moreover, the number of investigations supplementing synbiotics in the maternal sow diet is limited and is an area where further exploration is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dillon P. Kiernan
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, D04 C1P1 Dublin, Ireland;
| | - John V. O’Doherty
- School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, D04 C1P1 Dublin, Ireland;
| | - Torres Sweeney
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, D04 C1P1 Dublin, Ireland;
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20
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Duarte ME, Garavito-Duarte Y, Kim SW. Impacts of F18 +Escherichia coli on Intestinal Health of Nursery Pigs and Dietary Interventions. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2791. [PMID: 37685055 PMCID: PMC10487041 DOI: 10.3390/ani13172791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
This review focused on the impact of F18+E. coli on pig production and explored nutritional interventions to mitigate its deleterious effects. F18+E. coli is a primary cause of PWD in nursery pigs, resulting in substantial economic losses through diminished feed efficiency, morbidity, and mortality. In summary, the F18+E. coli induces intestinal inflammation with elevated IL6 (60%), IL8 (43%), and TNF-α (28%), disrupting the microbiota and resulting in 14% villus height reduction. Besides the mortality, the compromised intestinal health results in a 20% G:F decrease and a 10% ADFI reduction, ultimately culminating in a 28% ADG decrease. Among nutritional interventions to counter F18+E. coli impacts, zinc glycinate lowered TNF-α (26%) and protein carbonyl (45%) in jejunal mucosa, resulting in a 39% ADG increase. Lactic acid bacteria reduced TNF-α (36%), increasing 51% ADG, whereas Bacillus spp. reduced IL6 (27%), increasing BW (12%). Lactobacillus postbiotic increased BW (14%) and the diversity of beneficial bacteria. Phytobiotics reduced TNF-α (23%) and IL6 (21%), enhancing feed efficiency (37%). Additional interventions, including low crude protein formulation, antibacterial minerals, prebiotics, and organic acids, can be effectively used to combat F18+E. coli infection. These findings collectively underscore a range of effective strategies for managing the challenges posed by F18+E. coli in pig production.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sung Woo Kim
- Department of Animal Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA; (M.E.D.); (Y.G.-D.)
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21
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Beaumont M, Lencina C, Bertide A, Gallo L, Barilly C, Marrauld C, Cauquil L, Samson A, Combes S. The Early Life Microbiota Is Not a Major Factor Underlying the Susceptibility to Postweaning Diarrhea in Piglets. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0069423. [PMID: 37358441 PMCID: PMC10433861 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00694-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Postweaning diarrhea (PWD) in piglets impair welfare, induce economic losses and lead to overuse of antibiotics. The early life gut microbiota was proposed to contribute to the susceptibility to PWD. The objective of our study was to evaluate in a large cohort of 116 piglets raised in 2 separate farms whether the gut microbiota composition and functions during the suckling period were associated with the later development of PWD. The fecal microbiota and metabolome were analyzed by 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing and nuclear magnetic based resonance at postnatal day 13 in male and female piglets. The later development of PWD was recorded for the same animals from weaning (day 21) to day 54. The gut microbiota structure and α-diversity during the suckling period were not associated with the later development of PWD. There was no significant difference in the relative abundances of bacterial taxa in suckling piglets that later developed PWD. The predicted functionality of the gut microbiota and the fecal metabolome signature during the suckling period were not linked to the later development of PWD. Trimethylamine was the bacterial metabolite which fecal concentration during the suckling period was the most strongly associated with the later development of PWD. However, experiments in piglet colon organoids showed that trimethylamine did not disrupt epithelial homeostasis and is thus not likely to predispose to PWD through this mechanism. In conclusion, our data suggest that the early life microbiota is not a major factor underlying the susceptibility to PWD in piglets. IMPORTANCE This study shows that the fecal microbiota composition and metabolic activity are similar in suckling piglets (13 days after birth) that either later develop post-weaning diarrhea (PWD) or not, which is a major threat for animal welfare that also causes important economic losses and antibiotic treatments in pig production. The aim of this work was to study a large cohort of piglets raised in separates environments, which is a major factor influencing the early life microbiota. One of the main findings is that, although the fecal concentration of trimethylamine in suckling piglets was associated with the later development of PWD, this gut microbiota-derived metabolite did not disrupt the epithelial homeostasis in organoids derived from the pig colon. Overall, this study suggests that the gut microbiota during the suckling period is not a major factor underlying the susceptibility of piglets to PWD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Beaumont
- GenPhySE, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Corinne Lencina
- GenPhySE, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Allan Bertide
- GenPhySE, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Lise Gallo
- GenPhySE, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Céline Barilly
- GenPhySE, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | | | - Laurent Cauquil
- GenPhySE, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | | | - Sylvie Combes
- GenPhySE, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, Castanet-Tolosan, France
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22
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Warner AJ, Tokach MD, Carrender B, Amachawadi RG, Labbé A, Heuser W, Coble K, DeRouchey JM, Woodworth JC, Goodband RD, Kalam R, Shi X, Nagaraja TG, Gebhardt JT. Evaluation of a Lactococcus lactis-based dried fermentation product administered through drinking water on nursery pig growth performance, fecal Escherichia coli virulence genes and pathotypes, antibiotic usage, and mortality. Transl Anim Sci 2023; 7:txad093. [PMID: 37649650 PMCID: PMC10465268 DOI: 10.1093/tas/txad093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023] Open
Abstract
A total of 34,749 pigs were used in two experiments to evaluate the effects of a postbiotic dried fermentation product (DFP) administered through drinking water on nursery pig growth performance, antibiotic injection frequency, morbidity, mortality, fecal consistency, and characterization of fecal Escherichia coli. The DFP is composed of bioactive molecules derived from Lactococcus lactis. In Exp. 1, 350 barrows (DNA Line 200 × 400; initial body weight [BW] 6.1 ± 0.01 kg) were used in a 42-d study with five pigs per pen and 35 pens per treatment. The DFP was supplied for 14 d at a target dosage of 24 mg/kg BW using a water medicator at a 1:128 dilution. On days 7 and 14, fecal samples were collected for dry matter (DM) and to determine, by a multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay, prevalence of 11 virulence genes characteristic of E. coli pathotypes. There was no evidence (P > 0.10) for differences for growth, incidence of diarrhea, number of antibiotic injections, removals, or fecal DM. On both fecal collection days, E. coli virulence genes were present with day 7 samples positive for genes that encode for hemolysins (hlyA, exhA), intimin (eae), and enteroaggregative heat-stable enterotoxin (astA). Prevalence of enterotoxin genes (elt, estA, estB, astA) increased on day 14, but DFP had no effects on the prevalence of any of the virulence genes. A total of 32 out of 72 E. coli isolates were identified as enterotoxigenic pathotype and all except one were from day 14 fecal samples. Fourteen isolates were positive for F4 fimbria and one isolate was positive for F4 and F18 fimbriae. In Exp. 2, 34,399 nursery pigs (initially 5.6 kg) were used in 20 nursery barns with 10 barns per treatment (control or DFP). The target dosage of the DFP for the first 14 d was 35 mg/kg BW. Following the 14-d supplementation period, pigs continued to be monitored for approximately 31 d. There was no evidence (P > 0.05) for the DFP to influence the overall percentage of pigs that died or growth performance. From days 0 to 14, providing the DFP reduced (P < 0.05) the percentage of pigs that were euthanized. However, providing the DFP increased (P < 0.05) the overall percentage of pigs that were euthanized and total mortality. For the number of antibiotic injections (treatment interventions), providing the DFP reduced the number of injections for the common period (P < 0.001) and overall (P = 0.002). These results indicate that the DFP did not influence growth performance but providing the DFP in Exp. 2 led to increased total nursery pig mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan J Warner
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, College of Agriculture, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506-0201, USA
| | - Mike D Tokach
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, College of Agriculture, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506-0201, USA
| | | | - Raghavendra G Amachawadi
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506-0201, USA
| | | | | | - Kyle Coble
- JBS Live Pork, LLC, Greeley, CO 65101, USA
| | - Joel M DeRouchey
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, College of Agriculture, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506-0201, USA
| | - Jason C Woodworth
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, College of Agriculture, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506-0201, USA
| | - Robert D Goodband
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, College of Agriculture, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506-0201, USA
| | - Ramya Kalam
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506-0201, USA
| | - Xiaorong Shi
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506-0201, USA
| | - T G Nagaraja
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506-0201, USA
| | - Jordan T Gebhardt
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506-0201, USA
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Eriksen EØ, Kudirkiene E, Barington K, Goecke NB, Blirup-Plum SA, Nielsen JP, Olsen JE, Jensen HE, Pankoke K, Larsen LE, Liu G, Pedersen KS. An observational field study of porcine post-weaning diarrhea: clinical and microbiological findings, and fecal pH-measurements as a potential diagnostic tool. Porcine Health Manag 2023; 9:33. [PMID: 37434248 DOI: 10.1186/s40813-023-00325-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recently, in-feed medicinal zinc has been phased out in pig production in the European Union. This makes updated knowledge about porcine post-weaning diarrhea (PWD) crucial. The objectives of the present study were to investigate (i) the clinical presentation of PWD in pigs housed in Danish herds that did not use medicinal zinc, specifically the prevalence of diarrhea and whether PWD was associated to clinical signs of dehydration or altered body temperature; (ii) which microorganism are associated to PWD; and iii) whether measurements of the fecal pH have a potential to be used diagnostically to differentiate between infectious etiologies in cases of PWD. RESULTS The prevalence of diarrhea varied considerably between the outbreaks in the nine studied herds (median = 0.58, range = 0.10; 0.94). In a cross-sectional design (n = 923), diarrhea was associated with reduced rectal temperature and alkaline feces. Diarrhea was also associated with observably reduced skin elasticity, possibly indicating dehydration. In both diarrheic case pigs (n = 87) and control pigs (n = 86), the presence of Brachyspira pilosicoli, Clostridium perfringens, Cryptosporidium spp., Cystoisopora suis, enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli, Lawsonia intracellularis, porcine circovirus types 2 and 3, rotavirus A, B, C, and H, Samonella enterica spp. enterica, and Trichuris suis was described. PWD was associated with high levels of enterotoxigenic E. coli shedding (odds ratio versus no E. coli detection = 4.79 [CI 1.14; 12.62]). Diarrhea was associated with high levels of rotavirus A shedding (odds ratio versus no/low rotavirus A = 3.80 [CI 1.33; 7.97]). The association between microbiological findings in diarrheic pigs and fecal pH was negligible. CONCLUSIONS Enterotoxigenic E. coli was confirmed to be a cause of PWD; however, cases of PWD where enterotoxigenic E. coli was not detected in high levels occurred commonly, and this adds to the increasing evidence suggesting that PWD is not necessarily a result of enteric colibacillosis. Rotaviral enteritis might be a differential diagnosis of PWD. pH-measurements cannot be used to differentiate between differential diagnoses for PWD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esben Østergaard Eriksen
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Grønnegårdsvej 15, 1870, Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
| | - Egle Kudirkiene
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Grønnegårdsvej 15, 1870, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Kristiane Barington
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Grønnegårdsvej 15, 1870, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Nicole Bakkegård Goecke
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Grønnegårdsvej 15, 1870, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Sophie Amalie Blirup-Plum
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Grønnegårdsvej 15, 1870, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Jens Peter Nielsen
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Grønnegårdsvej 15, 1870, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - John Elmerdahl Olsen
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Grønnegårdsvej 15, 1870, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Henrik Elvang Jensen
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Grønnegårdsvej 15, 1870, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Karen Pankoke
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Grønnegårdsvej 15, 1870, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Lars Erik Larsen
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Grønnegårdsvej 15, 1870, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Gang Liu
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Grønnegårdsvej 15, 1870, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Ken Steen Pedersen
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Grønnegårdsvej 15, 1870, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
- Ø-Vet A/S, Køberupvej 33, 4700, Næstved, Denmark
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24
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Petersson M, Thrane SW, Gram L, Muyldermans S, Laustsen AH. Orally delivered single-domain antibodies against gastrointestinal pathogens. Trends Biotechnol 2023; 41:875-886. [PMID: 36774206 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2023.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
Single-domain antibodies (sdAbs) are exceptionally stable fragments derived from the antigen-binding domains of immunoglobulins. They can withstand extreme pH, high temperature, and proteolysis, making them suitable for controlling gastrointestinal (GI) infections in humans and animals. sdAbs may function in their native soluble form, although different derived protein formats and the use of delivery vehicles can be useful for improved oral delivery. We discuss selected examples of the use of orally delivered sdAbs for protecting humans and animals against GI infections caused by pathogenic bacteria, viruses, and parasites. We finally provide perspectives on how sdAbs may be applied industrially and what challenges should be overcome for orally delivered sdAbs to reach the market.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Petersson
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark; Bactolife A/S, Copenhagen East, Denmark
| | | | - Lone Gram
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Serge Muyldermans
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Andreas H Laustsen
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark; Bactolife A/S, Copenhagen East, Denmark.
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Van der Weken H, Jahantigh HR, Cox E, Devriendt B. Targeted delivery of oral vaccine antigens to aminopeptidase N protects pigs against pathogenic E. coli challenge infection. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1192715. [PMID: 37457692 PMCID: PMC10338862 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1192715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Oral subunit vaccines are an interesting alternative strategy to traditional live-attenuated or inactivated vaccines for conferring protection against gut pathogens. Despite being safer and more cost-effective, the development of oral subunit vaccines remains challenging due to barriers imposed by the gastrointestinal tract, such as digestive enzymes, a tolerogenic immune environment and the inability of larger proteins to cross the epithelial barrier. Recent advances have focused on overcoming these barriers by using potent mucosal adjuvants or pH-responsive delivery vehicles to protect antigens from degradation and promote their release in the intestinal lumen. A promising approach to allow vaccine antigens to pass the epithelial barrier is by their targeting towards aminopeptidase N (APN; CD13), an abundant membrane protein present on small intestinal enterocytes. APN is a peptidase involved in digestion, but also a receptor for several enteric pathogens. In addition, upon antibody-mediated crosslinking, APN facilitated the transport of antibody-antigen fusion constructs across the gut epithelium. This epithelial transport resulted in antigen-specific immune responses. Here, we present evidence that oral administration of APN-specific antibody-antigen fusion constructs comprising the porcine IgA Fc-domain and the FedF tipadhesin of F18-fimbriated E. coli elicited both mucosal and systemic immune responses and provided at least partial protection to piglets against a subsequent challenge infection with an F18-fimbriated STEC strain. Altogether, these findings will contribute to the further development of new oral subunit vaccines and provide a first proof-of-concept for the protective efficacy of APN-targeted vaccine antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans Van der Weken
- Laboratory of Immunology, Department of Translational Physiology, Infectiology and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Hamid Reza Jahantigh
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
- Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine – Section of Occupational Medicine, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Eric Cox
- Laboratory of Immunology, Department of Translational Physiology, Infectiology and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Bert Devriendt
- Laboratory of Immunology, Department of Translational Physiology, Infectiology and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
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Rydal MP, Jørgensen CB, Gambino M, Poulsen LL, Nielsen JP. Complete association between CHCF1 genotype and enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli F4ab-associated post-weaning diarrhea in a pig challenge trial. Vet Microbiol 2023; 282:109771. [PMID: 37150059 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2023.109771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC) susceptibility in pigs is highly influenced by their genotype. The aim of this study was to determine the association between CHCF1 genotype and ETEC F4ab susceptibility in experimentally infected pigs. We investigated ETEC diarrhea development in CHCF1 heterozygous susceptible (RS) (n = 12 pigs) compared to CHCF1 homozygous resistant (RR) (n = 12 pigs) for six days after ETEC F4ab challenge. Afterwards, we genotyped with MUC4 and MUC13 markers to relate performance in identifying ETEC F4ab diarrhea susceptible pigs. In the CHCF1 RS group, 12/12 pigs developed ETEC diarrhea compared with 0/12 pigs in the CHCF1 RR group. Weight gain was lower in CHCF1 RS pigs compared with RR pigs (mean ± SD: 208 ± 323 g and 987 ± 615 g, p = 0.0007). Further, the shedding of hemolytic E. coli was significantly higher in CHCF1 RS pigs from 2 to 6 days post inoculation and they shed the challenge strain for more days (mean ± SD: 3.5 ± 1.6 days versus 0.5 ± 0.5 days, p < 0.0001). Twelve pigs with ETEC diarrhea were misclassified as resistant with the MUC4 marker and four pigs without ETEC diarrhea were misclassified as susceptible with the MUC13 marker. We found complete association between CHCF1 genotype and ETEC diarrhea development in pigs from a herd with Danbred genetics. The CHCF1 marker was more likely to determine the true host susceptibility to ETEC F4ab than the other markers. The marker shows potential for improving reliability of PWD challenge models and potentially for use in breeding for ETEC F4ab/ac resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Peter Rydal
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
| | - Claus Bøttcher Jørgensen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Michela Gambino
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Louise Ladefoged Poulsen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Jens Peter Nielsen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
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Tsekouras N, Meletis E, Kostoulas P, Labronikou G, Athanasakopoulou Z, Christodoulopoulos G, Billinis C, Papatsiros VG. Detection of Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli and Clostridia in the Aetiology of Neonatal Piglet Diarrhoea: Important Factors for Their Prevention. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:life13051092. [PMID: 37240738 DOI: 10.3390/life13051092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to research the involvement of enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC) and C. difficile or C. perfringens type C in the aetiology of neonatal piglet diarrhoea in Greece and to identify preventive factors for them. A total of 78 pooled faecal samples were collected randomly from 234 suckling piglets (1-4 days of age) with diarrhoea from 26 pig farms (3 piglets × 3 litters × 26 farms = 234 piglets = 78 faecal pool samples). The collected samples were initially screened for the presence of E. coli and C. difficile or C. perfringens via cultivation on MacConkey and anaerobic blood agar, respectively. Subsequently, the samples were pooled on ELUTE cards. From samples tested, 69.23% of those in the farms were ETEC F4-positive, 30.77% were ETEC F5-positive, 61.54% ETEC were F6-positive, 42.31% were ETEC F4- and E. coli enterotoxin LT-positive, 19.23% were ETEC F5- and LT-positive, 42.31% were ETEC F6- and LT-positive, while LT was found in 57.69% of those in the farms. C. difficile was involved in many cases and identified as an emerging neonatal diarrhoea etiological agent. Specifically, Toxin A of C. difficile was found in 84.62% and Toxin B in 88.46% of those in the farms. Antibiotic administration to sows in combination with probiotics or acidifiers was revealed to reduce the detection of antigens of ETEC and the enterotoxin LT of E. coli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaos Tsekouras
- Clinic of Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Thessaly, 43100 Karditsa, Greece
| | - Eleftherios Meletis
- Faculty of Public and Integrated Health, University of Thessaly, 43100 Karditsa, Greece
| | - Polychronis Kostoulas
- Faculty of Public and Integrated Health, University of Thessaly, 43100 Karditsa, Greece
| | | | - Zoi Athanasakopoulou
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Thessaly, 43100 Karditsa, Greece
| | - Georgios Christodoulopoulos
- Department of Animal Science, Agricultural University of Athens, 75 Iera Odos Street, Botanikos, 11855 Athens, Greece
| | - Charalambos Billinis
- Faculty of Public and Integrated Health, University of Thessaly, 43100 Karditsa, Greece
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Thessaly, 43100 Karditsa, Greece
| | - Vasileios G Papatsiros
- Clinic of Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Thessaly, 43100 Karditsa, Greece
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Navez M, Antoine C, Laforêt F, Goya-Jorge E, Douny C, Scippo ML, Vermeersch M, Duprez JN, Daube G, Mainil J, Taminiau B, Delcenserie V, Thiry D. In Vitro Effect on Piglet Gut Microbiota and In Vivo Assessment of Newly Isolated Bacteriophages against F18 Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC). Viruses 2023; 15:v15051053. [PMID: 37243139 DOI: 10.3390/v15051053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) causing post-weaning diarrhea (PWD) in piglets have a detrimental impact on animal health and economy in pig production. ETEC strains can adhere to the host's small intestinal epithelial cells using fimbriae such as F4 and F18. Phage therapy could represent an interesting alternative to antimicrobial resistance against ETEC infections. In this study, four bacteriophages, named vB_EcoS_ULIM2, vB_EcoM_ULIM3, vB_EcoM_ULIM8 and vB_EcoM_ULIM9, were isolated against an O8:F18 E. coli strain (A-I-210) and selected based on their host range. These phages were characterized in vitro, showing a lytic activity over a pH (4-10) and temperature (25-45 °C) range. According to genomic analysis, these bacteriophages belong to the Caudoviricetes class. No gene related to lysogeny was identified. The in vivo Galleria mellonella larvae model suggested the therapeutic potential of one selected phage, vB_EcoS_ULIM2, with a statistically significant increase in survival compared to non-treated larvae. To assess the effect of this phage on the piglet gut microbiota, vB_EcoS_ULIM2 was inoculated in a static model simulating the piglet intestinal microbial ecosystem for 72 h. This study shows that this phage replicates efficiently both in vitro and in vivo in a Galleria mellonella model and reveals the safety of the phage-based treatment on the piglet microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaux Navez
- Laboratory of Bacteriology, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, FARAH and Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liege, 4000 Liege, Belgium
- Unit of Cardiovascular Sciences, Groupe Interdisciplinaire de Génoprotéomique Appliquée (GIGA), University of Liege, 4000 Liege, Belgium
| | - Céline Antoine
- Laboratory of Bacteriology, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, FARAH and Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liege, 4000 Liege, Belgium
- Laboratory of Food Quality Management, Food Science Department, FARAH and Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, 4000 Liege, Belgium
| | - Fanny Laforêt
- Laboratory of Bacteriology, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, FARAH and Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liege, 4000 Liege, Belgium
- Laboratory of Food Quality Management, Food Science Department, FARAH and Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, 4000 Liege, Belgium
| | - Elizabeth Goya-Jorge
- Laboratory of Food Quality Management, Food Science Department, FARAH and Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, 4000 Liege, Belgium
| | - Caroline Douny
- Laboratory of Food Analysis, Department of Food Sciences, FARAH and Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, 4000 Liege, Belgium
| | - Marie-Louise Scippo
- Laboratory of Food Analysis, Department of Food Sciences, FARAH and Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, 4000 Liege, Belgium
| | - Marjorie Vermeersch
- Center for Microscopy and Molecular Imaging, Electron Microscopy Laboratory, ULB, 6041 Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Jean-Noël Duprez
- Laboratory of Bacteriology, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, FARAH and Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liege, 4000 Liege, Belgium
| | - Georges Daube
- Laboratory of Food Microbiology, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH), Department of Food Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liege, 4000 Liege, Belgium
| | - Jacques Mainil
- Laboratory of Bacteriology, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, FARAH and Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liege, 4000 Liege, Belgium
| | - Bernard Taminiau
- Laboratory of Food Microbiology, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH), Department of Food Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liege, 4000 Liege, Belgium
| | - Véronique Delcenserie
- Laboratory of Food Quality Management, Food Science Department, FARAH and Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, 4000 Liege, Belgium
| | - Damien Thiry
- Laboratory of Bacteriology, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, FARAH and Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liege, 4000 Liege, Belgium
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29
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Uddin MK, Mahmud MR, Hasan S, Peltoniemi O, Oliviero C. Dietary micro-fibrillated cellulose improves growth, reduces diarrhea, modulates gut microbiota, and increases butyrate production in post-weaning piglets. Sci Rep 2023; 13:6194. [PMID: 37062780 PMCID: PMC10106463 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-33291-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 04/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Dietary fiber (DF) supplementation is one of the strategies to prevent on-farm infections; it has the capability to improve gut health and piglet performance. Among the beneficial DFs, micro-fibrillated cellulose (MFC) is a new-generation plant-derived innovative feed ingredient; MFC, originating from sugar-beet pulp, has a hyper-branched structure with the ability to form shear-thinning hydrogel and has a high water-binding capacity. We aimed to determine the effects of MFC supplementation on piglets' performance before and after weaning. We included 45 sows and their piglets in this trial and monitored the results until the piglets were 7 weeks old. Piglets supplemented with MFC had higher body weight and average daily growth (ADG) than did control piglets, both pre- and post-weaning. In addition, MFC supplementation in post-weaning piglets improved butyrate content, and reduced diarrhea incidence. These phenomena, perhaps due to the MFC supplementation at different stages until age 7 weeks. In addition, after weaning, MFC supplementation stimulated the growth of butyrate-producing bacteria such as Ruminococcus.2, Ruminococcaceae.UCG.014, Intestinibacter, Roseburia, and Oribacterium genera, as well as reduced the pathogenic bacteria, such as Campylobacter, and Escherichia. Evidently, supplementation of MFC in feed to young piglets can improve growth performance and butyric acid content and reduce post-weaning diarrhea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Karim Uddin
- Department of Production Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Md Rayhan Mahmud
- Department of Production Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Shah Hasan
- Department of Production Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Olli Peltoniemi
- Department of Production Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Claudio Oliviero
- Department of Production Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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30
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Barros MM, Castro J, Araújo D, Campos AM, Oliveira R, Silva S, Outor-Monteiro D, Almeida C. Swine Colibacillosis: Global Epidemiologic and Antimicrobial Scenario. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:antibiotics12040682. [PMID: 37107044 PMCID: PMC10135039 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12040682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Swine pathogenic infection caused by Escherichia coli, known as swine colibacillosis, represents an epidemiological challenge not only for animal husbandry but also for health authorities. To note, virulent E. coli strains might be transmitted, and also cause disease, in humans. In the last decades, diverse successful multidrug-resistant strains have been detected, mainly due to the growing selective pressure of antibiotic use, in which animal practices have played a relevant role. In fact, according to the different features and particular virulence factor combination, there are four different pathotypes of E. coli that can cause illness in swine: enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC), Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC) that comprises edema disease E. coli (EDEC) and enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC), enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC), and extraintestinal pathogenic E. coli (ExPEC). Nevertheless, the most relevant pathotype in a colibacillosis scenario is ETEC, responsible for neonatal and postweaning diarrhea (PWD), in which some ETEC strains present enhanced fitness and pathogenicity. To explore the distribution of pathogenic ETEC in swine farms and their diversity, resistance, and virulence profiles, this review summarizes the most relevant works on these subjects over the past 10 years and discusses the importance of these bacteria as zoonotic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Margarida Barros
- I.P—National Institute for Agrarian and Veterinariay Research (INIAV), Rua dos Lagidos, 4485-655 Vila do Conde, Portugal; (M.M.B.); (J.C.); (D.A.); (A.M.C.); (R.O.); (S.S.)
- Veterinary and Animal Research Centre (CECAV), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal;
| | - Joana Castro
- I.P—National Institute for Agrarian and Veterinariay Research (INIAV), Rua dos Lagidos, 4485-655 Vila do Conde, Portugal; (M.M.B.); (J.C.); (D.A.); (A.M.C.); (R.O.); (S.S.)
| | - Daniela Araújo
- I.P—National Institute for Agrarian and Veterinariay Research (INIAV), Rua dos Lagidos, 4485-655 Vila do Conde, Portugal; (M.M.B.); (J.C.); (D.A.); (A.M.C.); (R.O.); (S.S.)
| | - Ana Maria Campos
- I.P—National Institute for Agrarian and Veterinariay Research (INIAV), Rua dos Lagidos, 4485-655 Vila do Conde, Portugal; (M.M.B.); (J.C.); (D.A.); (A.M.C.); (R.O.); (S.S.)
| | - Ricardo Oliveira
- I.P—National Institute for Agrarian and Veterinariay Research (INIAV), Rua dos Lagidos, 4485-655 Vila do Conde, Portugal; (M.M.B.); (J.C.); (D.A.); (A.M.C.); (R.O.); (S.S.)
- LEPABE—Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
- ALiCE—Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Sónia Silva
- I.P—National Institute for Agrarian and Veterinariay Research (INIAV), Rua dos Lagidos, 4485-655 Vila do Conde, Portugal; (M.M.B.); (J.C.); (D.A.); (A.M.C.); (R.O.); (S.S.)
- Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Divanildo Outor-Monteiro
- Veterinary and Animal Research Centre (CECAV), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal;
| | - Carina Almeida
- I.P—National Institute for Agrarian and Veterinariay Research (INIAV), Rua dos Lagidos, 4485-655 Vila do Conde, Portugal; (M.M.B.); (J.C.); (D.A.); (A.M.C.); (R.O.); (S.S.)
- LEPABE—Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
- ALiCE—Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
- Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
- Correspondence:
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31
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Neomycin resistance in clinical Escherichia coli from Danish weaner pigs is associated with recent neomycin use and presence of F4 or F18 fimbriaes. Prev Vet Med 2023; 212:105852. [PMID: 36689897 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2023.105852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Neomycin is a first-choice antibiotic for treatment of porcine enteritis caused by enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC), but little is known about factors influencing resistance to this drug. The aims of this study were to assess antimicrobial resistance and virulence in 325 E. coli isolates obtained in 2020 from various infections in pigs, and to identify factors associated with neomycin resistance development. Susceptibility to 16 antimicrobial agents was determined by broth microdilution, and occurrence of ETEC-associated virulence factors was screened by PCR and hemolysis on blood agar. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed to determine if age group, virulence factors, or antibiotic use (neomycin and other antibiotics) were associated with neomycin resistance. STa, STb, LT, F4, and F18 were detected in 14%, 37%, 26%, 21% and 23% of the isolates, respectively. Resistance was low for antimicrobials of high public health importance (1.5% for cefotaxime, 1% for colistin and no fluoroquinolone resistance) but high for drugs used for treatment of ETEC enteritis (e.g. 20% for neomycin). Isolates with the ETEC pathotype were significantly associated with the weaner age group and intestinal/fecal origin. Multivariate analysis showed that recent neomycin use and presence of F4 or F18 were significantly associated with neomycin resistance amongst isolates from weaners. These results prove an association between neomycin resistance and use at the farm level. Further research is warranted to determine why neomycin resistance was associated with F4 and F18, and whether neomycin use may co-select for virulent strains.
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32
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Cao Z, Qi M, Shang P, Zhang H, Nawaz S, Ghaffar A, Wu Q, Dong H. Characterization, estimation of virulence and drug resistance of diarrheagenic escherichia coli (DEC) isolated from Tibetan pigs. Microb Pathog 2023; 177:106046. [PMID: 36842515 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2023.106046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 02/28/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we collected feces of Tibetan piglets from Nyingchi area for isolation, culture, identification, virulence gene analysis and drug resistance analysis of Escherichia Coli. The results demonstrated a 41.3% isolation rate of Diarrheagenic Escherichia Coli from Tibetan pigs with the main phylogenetic groups: group A (68.6%) and group B2 (15.7%). Typical E.coli accounted for 76.5%. The highest detection rates of porcine virulence genes were E.coli heat-resistant enterotoxin STb (58.82%) and F107 fimbrial subunit (23.53%). The highest detection rates of virulence genes from Tibetan pigs were fimC (80.39%) and ompA (76.47%). A drug sensitivity test showed that Diarrheagenic Escherichia Coli from Tibetan pigs had high drug resistance rates to mezlocillin, doxycycline and gentamicin. This study comprehensively analyzed the species composition, virulence and drug resistance of Diarrheagenic Escherichia Coli from Tibetan pigs, which provided a clearer and more targeted idea for the prevention and treatment of yellow and white dysentery in Tibetan pigs in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhipeng Cao
- Animal Science College, Tibet Agriculture & Animal Husbandry University, Linzhi, 860000, China
| | - Ming Qi
- Animal Science College, Tibet Agriculture & Animal Husbandry University, Linzhi, 860000, China
| | - Peng Shang
- Animal Science College, Tibet Agriculture & Animal Husbandry University, Linzhi, 860000, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Shah Nawaz
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan
| | - Abdul Ghaffar
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Chemical & Biological Sciences, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, 63100, Pakistan
| | - Qingxia Wu
- Animal Science College, Tibet Agriculture & Animal Husbandry University, Linzhi, 860000, China
| | - Hailong Dong
- Animal Science College, Tibet Agriculture & Animal Husbandry University, Linzhi, 860000, China.
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33
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Zhang Y, Zhang Y, Liu F, Mao Y, Zhang Y, Zeng H, Ren S, Guo L, Chen Z, Hrabchenko N, Wu J, Yu J. Mechanisms and applications of probiotics in prevention and treatment of swine diseases. Porcine Health Manag 2023; 9:5. [PMID: 36740713 PMCID: PMC9901120 DOI: 10.1186/s40813-022-00295-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Probiotics can improve animal health by regulating intestinal flora balance, improving the structure of the intestinal mucosa, and enhancing intestinal barrier function. At present, the use of probiotics has been a research hotspot in prevention and treatment of different diseases at home and abroad. This review has summarized the researchers and applications of probiotics in prevention and treatment of swine diseases, and elaborated the relevant mechanisms of probiotics, which aims to provide a reference for probiotics better applications to the prevention and treatment of swine diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Zhang
- grid.452757.60000 0004 0644 6150Shandong Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Breeding, Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, 250100 China ,grid.440622.60000 0000 9482 4676College of Food Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, 271018 Shandong China
| | - Yuyu Zhang
- grid.452757.60000 0004 0644 6150Shandong Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Breeding, Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, 250100 China
| | - Fei Liu
- grid.452757.60000 0004 0644 6150Shandong Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Breeding, Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, 250100 China
| | - Yanwei Mao
- grid.440622.60000 0000 9482 4676College of Food Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, 271018 Shandong China
| | - Yimin Zhang
- grid.440622.60000 0000 9482 4676College of Food Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, 271018 Shandong China
| | - Hao Zeng
- grid.452757.60000 0004 0644 6150Shandong Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Breeding, Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, 250100 China
| | - Sufang Ren
- grid.452757.60000 0004 0644 6150Shandong Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Breeding, Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, 250100 China
| | - Lihui Guo
- grid.452757.60000 0004 0644 6150Shandong Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Breeding, Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, 250100 China
| | - Zhi Chen
- grid.452757.60000 0004 0644 6150Shandong Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Breeding, Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, 250100 China
| | - Nataliia Hrabchenko
- grid.452757.60000 0004 0644 6150Shandong Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Breeding, Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, 250100 China
| | - Jiaqiang Wu
- grid.452757.60000 0004 0644 6150Shandong Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Breeding, Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, 250100 China ,grid.440622.60000 0000 9482 4676College of Food Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, 271018 Shandong China ,grid.410585.d0000 0001 0495 1805School of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250014 China
| | - Jiang Yu
- grid.452757.60000 0004 0644 6150Shandong Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Breeding, Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, 250100 China
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Pokharel P, Dhakal S, Dozois CM. The Diversity of Escherichia coli Pathotypes and Vaccination Strategies against This Versatile Bacterial Pathogen. Microorganisms 2023; 11:344. [PMID: 36838308 PMCID: PMC9965155 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11020344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Escherichia coli (E. coli) is a gram-negative bacillus and resident of the normal intestinal microbiota. However, some E. coli strains can cause diseases in humans, other mammals and birds ranging from intestinal infections, for example, diarrhea and dysentery, to extraintestinal infections, such as urinary tract infections, respiratory tract infections, meningitis, and sepsis. In terms of morbidity and mortality, pathogenic E. coli has a great impact on public health, with an economic cost of several billion dollars annually worldwide. Antibiotics are not usually used as first-line treatment for diarrheal illness caused by E. coli and in the case of bloody diarrhea, antibiotics are avoided due to the increased risk of hemolytic uremic syndrome. On the other hand, extraintestinal infections are treated with various antibiotics depending on the site of infection and susceptibility testing. Several alarming papers concerning the rising antibiotic resistance rates in E. coli strains have been published. The silent pandemic of multidrug-resistant bacteria including pathogenic E. coli that have become more difficult to treat favored prophylactic approaches such as E. coli vaccines. This review provides an overview of the pathogenesis of different pathotypes of E. coli, the virulence factors involved and updates on the major aspects of vaccine development against different E. coli pathotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pravil Pokharel
- Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique (INRS), 531 Boul des Prairies, Laval, QC H7V 1B7, Canada
- Centre de Recherche en Infectiologie Porcine et Avicole (CRIPA), Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal Saint-Hyacinthe, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2, Canada
| | - Sabin Dhakal
- Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique (INRS), 531 Boul des Prairies, Laval, QC H7V 1B7, Canada
- Centre de Recherche en Infectiologie Porcine et Avicole (CRIPA), Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal Saint-Hyacinthe, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2, Canada
| | - Charles M. Dozois
- Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique (INRS), 531 Boul des Prairies, Laval, QC H7V 1B7, Canada
- Centre de Recherche en Infectiologie Porcine et Avicole (CRIPA), Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal Saint-Hyacinthe, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2, Canada
- Pasteur Network, Laval, QC H7V 1B7, Canada
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Kovanda L, Park J, Park S, Kim K, Li X, Liu Y. Dietary butyrate and valerate glycerides impact diarrhea severity and immune response of weaned piglets under ETEC F4-ETEC F18 coinfection conditions. J Anim Sci 2023; 101:skad401. [PMID: 38044688 PMCID: PMC10721436 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skad401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) causes post-weaning diarrhea in piglets, significantly impacting animal welfare and production efficiency. The two primary ETEC pathotypes associated with post-weaning diarrhea are ETEC F4 and ETEC F18. During the post-weaning period, piglets may be exposed to both ETEC F4 and ETEC F18. However, the effects of coinfection by both strains have not been studied. Short chain fatty acid feed additives, such as butyrate and valerate, are being investigated for their potential to improve animal performance and disease resistance. Therefore, this pilot experiment aimed to test the effects of butyrate glycerides or valerate glycerides on growth performance, diarrhea incidence, and immune responses of piglets under ETEC F4-ETEC F18 coinfection conditions. Twenty piglets were individually housed and assigned to one of the three dietary treatments immediately at weaning (21 to 24 d of age). The dietary treatments included control (basal diet formulation), control supplemented with 0.1% butyrate glycerides or 0.1% valerate glycerides. After a 7-d adaptation, all pigs were inoculated with ETEC F4 and ETEC F18 (0.5 × 109 CFU/1.5 mL dose for each strain) on three consecutive days. Pigs and feeders were weighed throughout the trial to measure growth performance. Fecal cultures were monitored for hemolytic coliforms, and blood samples were collected for whole blood and serum analysis. Pigs fed valerate glycerides tended (P = 0.095) to have higher final body weight compared with control. The overall severity of diarrhea was significantly (P < 0.05) lower in both treatment groups than control. Pigs fed valerate glycerides tended (P = 0.061) to have lower neutrophils and had significantly (P < 0.05) lower serum TNF-α on day 4 post-inoculation. This pilot experiment established an appropriate experimental dose for an ETEC F4-ETEC F18 coinfection disease model in weaned piglets. Results also suggest that butyrate glycerides and valerate glycerides alleviated diarrhea and regulated immune responses in piglets coinfected with ETEC F4 and ETEC F18.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Kovanda
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Jungjae Park
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Sangwoo Park
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Kwangwook Kim
- Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Xunde Li
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Yanhong Liu
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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Jakobsen N, Goecke NB, Pedersen KS. Evaluation of the diagnostic performance of a commercially available point-of-care test for post weaning diarrhoea in pigs-a pilot study. Porcine Health Manag 2022; 8:49. [PMID: 36503595 PMCID: PMC9743710 DOI: 10.1186/s40813-022-00292-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Post weaning diarrhoea is expected to become an increasing problem in pig herds following the outphasing of medicinal Zinc Oxide. Currently, no equally effective substitute has been found and an increase in metaphylactic batch medication with antibiotics is expected. However, prudent use of antibiotics is needed to mitigate antibiotic resistance development and one option could be pre-treatment diagnostics. Employing a point-of-care test in a herd could provide fast diagnostics and help guide antibiotic treatment. Hence, the aim of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic performance of a commercially available point-of-care test for enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) F4, ETEC F18 and rotavirus in weaned pigs. RESULTS In total 115 diarrheic samples from two conventional herds were included in the evaluation of the Rainbow Piglet Scours test, which was compared to microbiological PCR analyses. The comparison yielded a diagnostic sensitivity, diagnostic specificity, positive and negative predictive value of 0.28, 0.99, 0.92 and 0.70 for ETEC F4, 0.40, 0.92, 0.91 and 0.45 for ETEC F18 and 0.67, 0.88, 0.91 and 0.61 for rotavirus. CONCLUSIONS The point-of-care test yielded a low diagnostic sensitivity and a high diagnostic specificity for ETEC F4, ETEC F18 and rotavirus. Due to the high level of false negatives, the test cannot be recommended for individual diagnostics on pig-level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Jakobsen
- grid.5254.60000 0001 0674 042XDepartment of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Nicole Bakkegård Goecke
- grid.5254.60000 0001 0674 042XDepartment of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Ken Steen Pedersen
- grid.5254.60000 0001 0674 042XDepartment of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
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Ewers C, Göpel L, Prenger-Berninghoff E, Semmler T, Kerner K, Bauerfeind R. Occurrence of mcr-1 and mcr-2 colistin resistance genes in porcine Escherichia coli isolates (2010-2020) and genomic characterization of mcr-2-positive E. coli. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1076315. [PMID: 36569100 PMCID: PMC9780603 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1076315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction The global emergence of plasmid-mediated colistin resistance is threatening the efficacy of colistin as one of the last treatment options against multi-drug resistant Gram-negative bacteria. To date, ten mcr-genes (mcr-1 to mcr-10) were reported. While mcr-1 has disseminated globally, the occurrence of mcr-2 was reported scarcely. Methods and results We determined the occurrence of mcr-1 and mcr-2 genes among Escherichia coli isolates from swine and performed detailed genomic characterization of mcr-2-positive strains. In the years 2010-2017, 7,614 porcine E. coli isolates were obtained from fecal swine samples in Europe and isolates carrying at least one of the virulence associated genes predicting Shiga toxin producing E. coli (STEC), enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC) or enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC) were stored. 793 (10.4%) of these isolates carried the mcr-1 gene. Of 1,477 additional E. coli isolates obtained from sheep blood agar containing 4 mg/L colistin between 2018 and 2020, 36 (2.4%) isolates were mcr-1-positive. In contrast to mcr-1, the mcr-2 gene occurred at a very low frequency (0.13%) among the overall 9,091 isolates. Most mcr-2-positive isolates originated from Belgium (n = 9), one from Spain and two from Germany. They were obtained from six different farms and revealed multilocus sequence types ST10, ST29, ST93, ST100, ST3057 and ST5786. While the originally described mcr-2.1 was predominant, we also detected a new mcr-2 variant in two isolates from Belgium, which was termed mcr-2.8. MCR-2 isolates were mostly classified as ETEC or ETEC-like, while one isolate from Spain represented an atypical enteropathogenic E. coli (aEPEC; eae+). The ST29-aEPEC isolate carried mcr-2 on the chromosome. Another eight isolates carried their mcr-2 gene on IncX4 plasmids that resembled the pKP37-BE MCR-2 plasmid originally described in Belgium in 2015. Three ST100 E. coli isolates from a single farm in Belgium carried the mcr-2.1 gene on a 47-kb self-transmissible IncP type plasmid of a new IncP-1 clade. Discussion This is the first report of mcr-2 genes in E. coli isolates from Germany. The detection of a new mcr-2 allele and a novel plasmid backbone suggests the presence of so far undetected mcr-2 variants and mobilizable vehicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christa Ewers
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Hygiene and Infectious Diseases of Animals, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany,*Correspondence: Christa Ewers,
| | - Lisa Göpel
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Hygiene and Infectious Diseases of Animals, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Ellen Prenger-Berninghoff
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Hygiene and Infectious Diseases of Animals, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Torsten Semmler
- NG1 Microbial Genomics, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Katharina Kerner
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Hygiene and Infectious Diseases of Animals, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Rolf Bauerfeind
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Hygiene and Infectious Diseases of Animals, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
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Cuevas-Gómez I, de Andrés J, Cardenas N, Espinosa-Martos I, Jiménez E. Safety assessment and characterisation of Ligilactobacillus salivarius PS21603 as potential feed additive for swine. Benef Microbes 2022; 13:397-406. [DOI: 10.3920/bm2022.0020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The present study aimed to characterise in vitro properties of the strain Ligilactobacillus salivarius PS21603 and evaluate in vivo piglets’ tolerance for its use as feed additive in swine. The ability of L. salivarius PS21603 of inhibiting enteropathogens’ growth in vitro was evaluated using a co-culture assay. Low pH tolerance, bile tolerance, and resistance to osmotic changes were evaluated. The antibiotic susceptibility profile of L. salivarius PS21603 was assessed through broth microdilution method. Whole genome sequencing (WGS) was performed to exclude the presence of antibiotic resistance genes. L. salivarius PS21603 showed a high antimicrobial activity in vitro, reducing in a mean of 6.16 log cfu/ml eight different enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli strains. Moreover, L. salivarius PS21603 showed resistance to osmotic changes and was able to survive to a pH above 3.5 during 24 h and up to pH 2 at least during 2 h. In addition, WGS revealed that L. salivarius PS21603 did not harbour any resistance genes and thus there was no risk of transmissibility. Finally, an in vivo 28-days safety and tolerance study was performed. For that, 384 healthy piglets (28±2 days old and 7.5±1.5 kg, at weaning) were divided into three treatment groups receiving a different dose of L. salivarius PS21603: T1, 109 cfu/day; T2, 107 cfu/day; T3, control. Piglet’s health status was daily controlled. Individual bodyweight and feed intake per pen were weekly recorded to determine performance parameters. Blood samples were collected in 16 piglets from each treatment group on days 0 and 28 for determination of cytokine profiles. L. salivarius PS21603 was safe and well tolerated by piglets, there were no differences in performance nor cytokine profile between treatment groups. In conclusion, L. salivarius PS21603 is a potential candidate for a probiotic prevention strategy against pig diarrhoea.
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Affiliation(s)
- I. Cuevas-Gómez
- Probisearch S.L.U., C/Santiago Grisolía, 2, 28760 Tres Cantos, Spain
| | - J. de Andrés
- Probisearch S.L.U., C/Santiago Grisolía, 2, 28760 Tres Cantos, Spain
| | - N. Cardenas
- Probisearch S.L.U., C/Santiago Grisolía, 2, 28760 Tres Cantos, Spain
| | | | - E. Jiménez
- Probisearch S.L.U., C/Santiago Grisolía, 2, 28760 Tres Cantos, Spain
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Comprehensive Analysis Revealed the Potential Roles of N6-Methyladenosine (m6A) Mediating E. coli F18 Susceptibility in IPEC-J2 Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232113602. [DOI: 10.3390/ijms232113602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Post-weaning diarrhea caused by enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli F18 (E. coli F18) causes significant economic losses for pig producers. N6-methyladenosine (m6A) is a highly abundant epitranscriptomic marker that has been found to be involved in regulating the resistance of host cells to pathogenic infection, but its potential role in E. coli F18-exposed intestinal porcine epithelial cells (IPEC-J2) remains undetermined. Here, we demonstrated that m6A and its regulators modulate E. coli F18 susceptibility. Briefly, we revealed that the Wilms’ tumor 1-associating protein (WTAP) expressions were markedly elevated in IPEC-J2 cells upon E. coli F18 exposure. WTAP are required for the regulation of E. coli F18 adhesion in IPEC-J2 cells. Additionally, WTAP knockdown significantly suppressed m6A level at N-acetyllactosaminide beta-1,6-N-acetylglucosaminyl-transferase (GCNT2) 3′UTR, resulting in the enhancement of TH N6-methyladenosine RNA binding protein 2 (YTHDF2)-mediated GCNT2 mRNA stability. Subsequently, the altered GCNT2 expressions could inhibit the glycosphingolipid biosynthesis, thus improving resistance to E. coli F18 infection in IPEC-J2. Collectively, our analyses highlighted the mechanism behind the m6A-mediated management of E. coli F18 susceptibility, which will aid in the development of novel approaches that protect against bacterial diarrhea in piglets.
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Rydal MP, Gambino M, Jørgensen CB, Poulsen LL, Brøndsted L, Nielsen JP. Pilot study on CHCF1 genotype in a pig challenge model for enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli F4ab/ac associated post-weaning diarrhea. BMC Vet Res 2022; 18:382. [PMID: 36320033 PMCID: PMC9624054 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-022-03474-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Host genotype is important for enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC) susceptibility. We conducted two trials to evaluate the effect of CHCF1 genotype on incidence of ETEC diarrhea. In trial 1 (n = 15 pigs), pigs were inoculated with 108 CFU or 1010 CFU doses of an ETEC F4ac strain. In trial 2 (n = 33 pigs), pigs were inoculated with ETEC F4ab or F4ac. Across trials, all inoculated pigs that developed ETEC diarrhea were CHCF1 heterozygous susceptible (6/6). No inoculated CHCF1 homozygous resistant pigs developed ETEC diarrhea (0/26). Susceptibility towards ETEC F4ac/ab infection might correspond with CHCF1 genotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Peter Rydal
- grid.5254.60000 0001 0674 042XDepartment of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Michela Gambino
- grid.5254.60000 0001 0674 042XDepartment of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Claus Bøttcher Jørgensen
- grid.5254.60000 0001 0674 042XDepartment of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Louise Ladefoged Poulsen
- grid.5254.60000 0001 0674 042XDepartment of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Lone Brøndsted
- grid.5254.60000 0001 0674 042XDepartment of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Jens Peter Nielsen
- grid.5254.60000 0001 0674 042XDepartment of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
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Heat-labile enterotoxin enhances F4-producing enterotoxigenic E. coli adhesion to porcine intestinal epithelial cells by upregulating bacterial adhesins and STb enterotoxin. Vet Res 2022; 53:88. [PMID: 36303242 PMCID: PMC9615205 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-022-01110-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
As one of the crucial enterotoxins secreted by enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC), heat-labile enterotoxin (LT) enhances bacterial adherence both in vivo and in vitro; however, the underlying mechanism remains unclear. To address this, we evaluated the adherence of LT-producing and LT-deficient ETEC strains using the IPEC-J2 cell model. The expression levels of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, and tight-junction proteins were evaluated in IPEC-J2 cells after infection with various ETEC strains. Further, the levels of adhesins and enterotoxins were also evaluated in F4ac-producing ETEC (F4 + ETEC) strains after treatment with cyclic AMP (cAMP). The adherence of the ΔeltAB mutant was decreased compared with the wild-type strain, whereas adherence of the 1836-2/pBR322-eltAB strain was markedly increased compared with the 1836-2 parental strain. Production of LT up-regulated the expression of TNF-α, IL-6, CXCL-8, and IL-10 genes. However, it did not appear to affect tight junction protein expression. Importantly, we found that cAMP leads to the upregulation of adhesin production and STb enterotoxin. Moreover, the F4 + ETEC strains treated with cAMP also had greater adhesion to IPEC-J2 cells, and the adherence of ΔfaeG, ΔfliC, and ΔestB mutants was decreased. These results indicate that LT enhances the adherence of F4 + ETEC due primarily to the upregulation of F4 fimbriae, flagellin, and STb enterotoxin expression and provide insights into the pathogenic mechanism of LT and ETEC.
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Maternal supplementation with a casein hydrolysate and yeast beta-glucan from late gestation through lactation improves gastrointestinal health of piglets at weaning. Sci Rep 2022; 12:17407. [PMID: 36258027 PMCID: PMC9579169 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-20723-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Improving maternal nutrition during pregnancy/lactation is a promising strategy to maximise the intestinal health of piglets undergoing abrupt weaning under commercial production conditions. This experiment investigated the effects of maternal supplementation of a casein hydrolysate and yeast β-glucan (CH-YBG) from day 83 of gestation until weaning (day 28) on sow faecal microbial populations and measures of piglet gastrointestinal health parameters at weaning. Sows (n = 10 sows/group) were assigned to: (1) control diet, and (2) control diet + CH-YBG. Maternal supplementation increased the abundance of the phylum Firmicutes, including members Lactobacillus in the sows faeces, with a concomitant increase in the caecal abundance of Lactobacillus in the weaned piglets compared to the controls. Piglets weaned from the supplemented sows had increased villus height in the duodenum (P < 0.05) and increased villus height to crypt depth ratio in the jejunum, as well as a decreased expression of the proinflammatory cytokine genes (IL6/TNF/TGFB), the tight junction gene CLDN3 and the mucin gene MUC2 in the duodenum/jejunum compared to the controls (P < 0.05). In conclusion, maternal CH-YBG supplementation during pregnancy/lactation improved microbial, structural, and inflammatory measures of gastrointestinal health of piglets at weaning. This is a promising strategy to alleviate the challenges that occur with early abrupt weaning in commercial pig production.
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Canibe N, Højberg O, Kongsted H, Vodolazska D, Lauridsen C, Nielsen TS, Schönherz AA. Review on Preventive Measures to Reduce Post-Weaning Diarrhoea in Piglets. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:2585. [PMID: 36230326 PMCID: PMC9558551 DOI: 10.3390/ani12192585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In many countries, medical levels of zinc (typically as zinc oxide) are added to piglet diets in the first two weeks post-weaning to prevent the development of post-weaning diarrhoea (PWD). However, high levels of zinc constitute an environmental polluting agent, and may contribute to the development and/or maintenance of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) among bacteria. Consequently, the EU banned administering medical levels of zinc in pig diets as of June 2022. However, this may result in an increased use of antibiotic therapeutics to combat PWD and thereby an increased risk of further AMR development. The search for alternative measures against PWD with a minimum use of antibiotics and in the absence of medical levels of zinc has therefore been intensified over recent years, and feed-related measures, including feed ingredients, feed additives, and feeding strategies, are being intensively investigated. Furthermore, management strategies have been developed and are undoubtedly relevant; however, these will not be addressed in this review. Here, feed measures (and vaccines) are addressed, these being probiotics, prebiotics, synbiotics, postbiotics, proteobiotics, plants and plant extracts (in particular essential oils and tannins), macroalgae (particularly macroalgae-derived polysaccharides), dietary fibre, antimicrobial peptides, specific amino acids, dietary fatty acids, milk replacers, milk components, creep feed, vaccines, bacteriophages, and single-domain antibodies (nanobodies). The list covers measures with a rather long history and others that require significant development before their eventual use can be extended. To assess the potential of feed-related measures in combating PWD, the literature reviewed here has focused on studies reporting parameters of PWD (i.e., faeces score and/or faeces dry matter content during the first two weeks post-weaning). Although the impact on PWD (or related parameters) of the investigated measures may often be inconsistent, many studies do report positive effects. However, several studies have shown that control pigs do not suffer from diarrhoea, making it difficult to evaluate the biological and practical relevance of these improvements. From the reviewed literature, it is not possible to rank the efficacy of the various measures, and the efficacy most probably depends on a range of factors related to animal genetics and health status, additive doses used, composition of the feed, etc. We conclude that a combination of various measures is probably most recommendable in most situations. However, in this respect, it should be considered that combining strategies may lead to additive (e.g., synbiotics), synergistic (e.g., plant materials), or antagonistic (e.g., algae compounds) effects, requiring detailed knowledge on the modes of action in order to design effective strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuria Canibe
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Aarhus University, Blichers Allé 20, 8830 Tjele, Denmark
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Marginal Zinc Deficiency Aggravated Intestinal Barrier Dysfunction and Inflammation through ETEC Virulence Factors in a Mouse Model of Diarrhea. Vet Sci 2022; 9:vetsci9090507. [PMID: 36136723 PMCID: PMC9503546 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci9090507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) is one of the most common bacterial causes of diarrhea in children and farm animals. Zinc has received widespread attention for its roles in the prevention and treatment of diarrhea. However, zinc is also essential for the pathogenesis of ETEC. This study aimed to explore the accurate effect and mechanisms of marginal zinc deficiency on ETEC k88 infection and host intestinal health. Using the newly developed marginal zinc deficiency and ETEC k88 infection mouse model, we found that marginal zinc deficiency aggravated growth impairment, diarrhea, intestinal morphology, intestinal permeability, and inflammation induced by ETEC k88 infection. Consistently, intestinal ETEC k88 shedding was also higher in mice with marginal zinc deficiency. However, marginal zinc deficiency failed to affect host zinc levels and correspondingly the zinc-receptor GPR39 expression in the jejunum. In addition, marginal zinc deficiency upregulated the relative expression of virulence genes involved in heat-labile and heat-stable enterotoxins, motility, cellular adhesion, and biofilm formation in the cecum content of mice with ETEC infection. These findings provide a new explanation for zinc treatment of ETEC infection. Abstract Zinc is both essential and inhibitory for the pathogenesis of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC). However, the accurate effects and underlying mechanism of marginal zinc deficiency on ETEC infection are not fully understood. Here, a marginal zinc-deficient mouse model was established by feeding mice with a marginal zinc-deficient diet, and ETEC k88 was further administrated to mice after antibiotic disruption of the normal microbiota. Marginal zinc deficiency aggravated growth impairment, diarrhea, intestinal morphology, intestinal permeability, and inflammation induced by ETEC k88 infection. In line with the above observations, marginal zinc deficiency also increased the intestinal ETEC shedding, though the concentration of ETEC in the intestinal content was not different or even decreased in the stool. Moreover, marginal zinc deficiency failed to change the host’s zinc levels, as evidenced by the fact that the serum zinc levels and zinc-receptor GPR39 expression in jejunum were not significantly different in mice with ETEC challenge. Finally, marginal zinc deficiency upregulated the relative expression of virulence genes involved in heat-labile and heat-stable enterotoxins, motility, cellular adhesion, and biofilm formation in the cecum content of mice with ETEC infection. These findings demonstrated that marginal zinc deficiency likely regulates ETEC infection through the virulence factors, whereas it is not correlated with host zinc levels.
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Seo K, Do KH, Lee WK. Molecular characteristics of fluoroquinolone-resistant Escherichia coli isolated from suckling piglets with colibacillosis. BMC Microbiol 2022; 22:216. [PMID: 36109712 PMCID: PMC9476276 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-022-02632-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Objectives
Colibacillosis is a frequent enteric disease in the pig industry that causes significant economic losses. The objective of this study was to investigate the molecular characteristics of fluoroquinolone (FQ)-resistant E. coli isolates from suckling piglets with colibacillosis.
Results
A total of 43 FQ-resistant E. coli isolates were tested in this study and all isolates showed multi-drug resistance (MDR) and mutations in quinolone resistance determining regions (gyrA or parC). Especially, FQ-resistant E. coli isolates with double mutations in both gyrA and parC were shown a high FQs minimum inhibitory concentration (≥ 64 mg/L for ciprofloxacin, ≥ 128 mg/L for enrofloxacin, and ≥ 256 mg/L for norfloxacin). Among 43 FQ-resistant E. coli isolates, 12 (27.9%) were showed plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR) positive E. coli. Prevalence of PMQR gene, aac(6’)-Ib-cr, qnrS, and qepA, were identified in 7, 3, and 2 E. coli isolates, respectively. We identified the following in PMQR-positive E. coli isolates: the tetracycline resistance genes tetD (12 isolates, 100.0%), tetE (12 isolates, 100.0%), tetA (11 isolates, 91.7%), and tetB (1 isolate, 8.3%); β-lactamases–encoding blaCMY-2 (10 isolates, 83.3%), blaTEM-1 (7 isolates, 58.3%), blaOXA-1 (7 isolates, 58.3%), blaSHV-1 (3 isolates, 16.7%), and blaAAC-2 (1 isolate, 8.3%); and the chloramphenicol resistance genes (10 isolates, 83.3%); the sulfonamide resistance genes sul1 (9 isolates, 75.0%) and sul2 (10 isolates, 83.3%); the aminoglycoside modifying enzyme gene aac(3)-II (2 isolates, 16.7%). The F4 (7 isolates, 58.3%), LT:STb:EAST1 (5 isolates, 41.7%), and paa (3 isolates, 25.0%) were most common fimbrial antigen, combinations of toxin genes, and non-fimbrial adhesins genes, respectively. All PMQR-positive E. coli carried class I integrons but only 4 isolates carried the gene cassette. The most prevalent plasmid replicon was FIB (9 isolates, 75.0%), followed by FIC, HI1, and N (7 isolates, 58.3%), respectively.
Conclusions
Because FQ-resistant E. coli can serve as a reservoir of FQ resistant genetic determinants that can be transferred to pathogenic bacteria in humans or pigs, this represents a public health hazard.
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Chang SY, Song MH, Lee JH, Oh HJ, Kim YJ, An JW, Go YB, Song DC, Cho HA, Cho SY, Kim DJ, Kim MS, Kim HB, Cho JH. Phytogenic feed additives alleviate pathogenic Escherichia coli-induced intestinal damage through improving barrier integrity and inhibiting inflammation in weaned pigs. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2022; 13:107. [PMID: 36050784 PMCID: PMC9438252 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-022-00750-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Background This study was conducted to investigate the effects of each phytogenic feed additive (PFA; PFA1, bitter citrus extract; PFA2, a microencapsulated blend of thymol and carvacrol; PFA3, a mixture of bitter citrus extract, thymol, and carvacrol; PFA4, a premixture of grape seed, grape marc extract, green tea, and hops; PFA5, fenugreek seed powder) on the growth performance, nutrient digestibility, intestinal morphology, and immune response in weaned pigs infected with Escherichia coli (E. coli). Results A total of 63 4-week-old weaned pigs were placed in individual metabolic cages and assigned to seven treatment groups. The seven treatments were as follows: 1) NC; basal diet without E. coli challenge, 2) PC; basal diet with E. coli challenge, 3) T1; PC + 0.04% PFA1, 4) T2; PC + 0.01% PFA2, 5) T3; PC + 0.10% PFA3, 6) T4; PC + 0.04% PFA4, 7) T5; PC + 0.10% PFA5. The experiments lasted in 21 d, including 7 d before and 14 d after the first E. coli challenge. In the E. coli challenge treatments, all pigs were orally inoculated by dividing a total of 10 mL of E. coli F18 for 3 consecutive days. The PFA-added groups significantly increased (P < 0.05) average daily gain and feed efficiency and decreased (P < 0.05) the fecal score at d 0 to 14 post-inoculation (PI). Tumor necrosis factor α was significantly lower (P < 0.05) in the PFA-added groups except for T1 in d 14 PI compared to the PC treatment. The T3 had a higher (P < 0.05) immunoglobulin G and immunoglobulin A concentration compared to the PC treatment at d 7 PI. Also, T3 showed significantly higher (P < 0.05) villus height:crypt depth and claudin 1 expression in ileal mucosa, and significantly down-regulated (P < 0.05) the expression of calprotectin compared to the PC treatment. Conclusions Supplementation of PFA in weaned pigs challenged with E. coli alleviated the negative effects of E. coli and improved growth performance. Among them, the mixed additive of bitter citrus extract, thymol, and carvacrol showed the most effective results, improving immune response, intestinal morphology, and expression of tight junctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Se Yeon Chang
- Department of Animal Science, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, 28644, South Korea
| | - Min Ho Song
- Division of Animal and Dairy Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, South Korea
| | - Ji Hwan Lee
- Department of Animal Science, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, 28644, South Korea
| | - Han Jin Oh
- Department of Animal Science, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, 28644, South Korea
| | - Yong Ju Kim
- Department of Animal Science, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, 28644, South Korea
| | - Jae Woo An
- Department of Animal Science, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, 28644, South Korea
| | - Young Bin Go
- Department of Animal Science, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, 28644, South Korea
| | - Dong Cheol Song
- Department of Animal Science, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, 28644, South Korea
| | - Hyun Ah Cho
- Department of Animal Science, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, 28644, South Korea
| | | | | | | | - Hyeun Bum Kim
- Department of Animal Resources Science, Dankook University, Cheonan, 31116, South Korea.
| | - Jin Ho Cho
- Department of Animal Science, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, 28644, South Korea.
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Vangroenweghe FACJ, Boone M. Vaccination with an Escherichia coli F4/F18 Vaccine Improves Piglet Performance Combined with a Reduction in Antimicrobial Use and Secondary Infections Due to Streptococcus suis. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12172231. [PMID: 36077950 PMCID: PMC9454454 DOI: 10.3390/ani12172231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Post-weaning diarrhea (PWD) due to Escherichia coli (E. coli) remains a major cause of economic losses for the pig industry. Therapy to combat PWD typically consists of antibiotic treatment or supplementation of zinc oxide to the feed. The emergence of antimicrobial resistance and new EU regulations prompt the need for alternative control strategies, such as immunization. The aim of the field study was to evaluate the effect of an oral live non-pathogenic E. coli vaccine on piglet performance, health, and antimicrobial use. We compared 10 batches receiving a standard antimicrobial control treatment to 10 batches vaccinated with the oral E. coli vaccine. The vaccine-treated groups demonstrated a significant improvement in performance, mortality weight, and antimicrobial use. In addition, secondary infections due to Streptococcus suis in the second part of nursery were reduced, as indicated by the reduction in amoxicillin use. In conclusion, the present study demonstrates the efficacy of an oral live non-pathogenic E. coli vaccine for the active immunization of piglets against PWD under field conditions. Therefore, vaccination against PWD may be considered a valuable alternative for strengthening piglet performance while meeting the new EU requirements concerning the prudent use of antimicrobials in intensive pig production. Abstract Post-weaning diarrhea (PWD) due to Escherichia coli (E. coli) remains a major cause of economic losses for the pig industry. Therapy to combat PWD typically consists of antibiotic treatment or supplementation of zinc oxide to the feed. The emergence of antimicrobial resistance to E. coli and new EU regulations prompt the need for alternative control strategies, such as immunization. The aim of the field study was to evaluate the effect of an oral live non-pathogenic E. coli vaccine on piglet performance, health, and antimicrobial use. We evaluated vaccination with an oral live non-pathogenic E. coli F4/F18 under field conditions in 10 consecutive batches against a standard antimicrobial treatment in 10 historical control batches. The vaccine-treated groups demonstrated a significant improvement in feed conversion rate, mortality weight, and antimicrobial use. From a general health perspective, secondary infections due to Streptococcus suis (S. suis) in the second part of nursery were markedly reduced, as indicated by the reduction in amoxicillin use. In conclusion, the present study demonstrates the efficacy of an oral live non-pathogenic E. coli vaccine for active immunization of piglets against PWD under field conditions. The vaccine-treated groups showed an improvement in several economically important performance parameters while reducing the overall antimicrobial use and infection pressure due to S. suis. Therefore, vaccination against PWD may be considered a valuable alternative for consolidating piglet performance while meeting the new EU requirements concerning the prudent use of antimicrobials in intensive pig production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric A. C. J. Vangroenweghe
- Elanco Animal Health Benelux, BU Swine & Ruminants, 2018 Antwerpen, Belgium
- Unit of Porcine Health Management, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine–Reproduction–Population Medicine, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +32-477-558-562
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Lactoferrin Decreases Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli-Induced Fluid Secretion and Bacterial Adhesion in the Porcine Small Intestine. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14091778. [PMID: 36145526 PMCID: PMC9504966 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14091778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) infections are one of the most prevalent causes of post-weaning diarrhea in piglets, resulting in morbidity, mortality and elevated use of antibiotics. The emergence and further spread of antimicrobial resistance together with the growing demand for high quality animal protein requires the identification of novel alternatives for antimicrobials. A promising alternative is lactoferrin, as we previously showed that it can both inhibit the growth and degrade bacterial virulence factors of porcine ETEC strains in vitro. Aiming to confirm these findings in vivo, we performed a small intestinal segment perfusion experiment in piglets. Here, we showed that lactoferrin could not only decrease ETEC-induced fluid secretion, but also their ability to colonize the small intestinal epithelium. Furthermore, while ETEC infection induced pro-inflammatory cytokine mRNA expression in this experiment, lactoferrin was not able to counteract these responses. In addition, a bacterial motility assay showed that lactoferrin can reduce the motility of ETEC. Our findings further support the use of lactoferrin as an alternative for antimicrobials and also show its potential for the prevention of ETEC infections in pigs.
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Wu Z, Fan H, Jin J, Gao S, Huang R, Wu S, Bao W. Insight into mechanisms of pig lncRNA FUT3-AS1 regulating E. coli F18-bacterial diarrhea. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1010584. [PMID: 35696408 PMCID: PMC9191744 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Escherichia coli F18 is a common conditional pathogen that is associated with a variety of infections in humans and animals. LncRNAs have emerged as critical players in pathogen infection, but their role in the resistance of the host to bacterial diarrhea remains unknown. Here, we used piglets as animal model and identified an antisense lncRNA termed FUT3-AS1 as a host regulator related to E. coli F18 infection by RNA sequencing. Downregulation of FUT3-AS1 expression contributed to the enhancement of E. coli F18 resistance in IPEC-J2 cells. FUT3-AS1 knockdown reduced FUT3 expression via decreasing the H4K16ac level of FUT3 promoter. Besides, the FUT3-AS1/miR-212 axis could act as a competing endogenous RNA to regulate FUT3 expression. Functional analysis demonstrated that target FUT3 plays a vital role in the resistance of IPEC-J2 cells to E. coli F18 invasion. A Fut3-knockout mice model was established and Fut3-knockout mice obviously improved the ability of resistance to bacterial diarrhea. Interestingly, FUT3 could enhance E. coli F18 susceptibility by activating glycosphingolipid biosynthesis and toll-like receptor signaling which are related to receptor formation and immune response, respectively. In summary, we have identified a novel biomarker FUT3-AS1 that modulates E. coli F18 susceptibility via histone H4 modifications or miR-212/FUT3 axis, which will provide theoretical guidance to develop novel strategies for combating bacterial diarrhea in piglets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengchang Wu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, P. R. China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Hairui Fan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Jian Jin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Song Gao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Ruihua Huang
- Institute of Swine Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Shenglong Wu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Wenbin Bao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, P. R. China
- * E-mail:
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Assessing the Epidemiology of Rotavirus A, B, C and H in Diarrheic Pigs of Different Ages in Northern Italy. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11040467. [PMID: 35456143 PMCID: PMC9025647 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11040467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Rotaviruses are classified in 10 groups (A to J), where rotavirus A (RVA) is the major cause of diarrhea in humans and animals. With some exceptions, there is scarce information on the epidemiology of non-A rotaviruses in human and animal hosts. Currently, five species (A, B, C, E and H) have been identified in pigs. In the present study we investigated the prevalence of RVA, RVB, RVC and RVH among diarrheic pigs of different ages, in different seasons and in the presence of co-infections. Two molecular assays were developed for the detection of porcine RVA, RVB, RVC and RVH and were used to screen 962 stool specimens from suckling, weaning and fattening pigs with acute enteritis. Overall, rotaviruses were detected in a high percentage of samples (78%), with RVA being predominant (53%), followed by RVC (45%), RVB (43%) and RVH (14%). RVA was more common in the suckling (58%) and weaning cohorts (64%), while RVB, RVC and RVH were also frequently detected in fattening pigs. Only RVA and RVB infections followed a seasonal trend and exhibited age-related differences. Rotavirus infections were frequently present in combination with other pathogens. The present study depicts a portrait of rich rotavirus diversity in porcine herds, identifying seasonal and age-related patterns of circulation of the different rotavirus species in the surveyed areas.
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