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Olds T, Dumuid D, Eglitis E, Golley R, Fraysse F, Miatke A, Tomkinson GR, Watson A, Munzberg M, Maher C. Changes in fitness and fatness in Australian schoolchildren during the summer holidays: fitness lost, fatness regained? A cohort study. BMC Public Health 2023; 23:2094. [PMID: 37880621 PMCID: PMC10601165 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-023-17009-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Emerging evidence suggests that children's fatness increases and fitness declines at a greater rate during the summer holiday period, compared with the school year. The aim of this study was to compare rates of change in fitness and fatness over the in-term and summer holiday periods among Australian schoolchildren. A secondary aim was to explore whether rates of change differed according to the child's sex, socio-economic status (SES), pubertal status and weight status. METHODS Children (n = 381) initially in Grade 4 (age 9) were recruited for this 2-year longitudinal study. Fatness (% body fat, BMI z-score, waist-to-height ratio) and fitness (20-m shuttle run and standing broad jump) were measured at the start and end of two consecutive years. Rates of change were calculated for the two in-school periods (Grades 4 and 5) and for the summer holiday period. Rates of change in fatness and fitness between in-school and holiday periods were compared, and differences in rates of change according to sex, socio-economic status, and weight status were explored. RESULTS During the holidays, percentage body fat increased at a greater rate (annualised rate of change [RoC]: +3.9 vs. Grade 4 and + 4.7 vs. Grade 5), and aerobic fitness declined at a greater rate (RoC - 4.7 vs. Grade 4 and - 4.4 vs. Grade 5), than during the in-school periods. There were no differences in rates of change for BMI z-score, waist-to-height ratio or standing broad jump. Body fatness increased faster in the holidays (relative to the in-school period) in children who are overweight and from low-SES families. Aerobic fitness declined more rapidly in the holidays in children who are overweight. CONCLUSION This study highlights that during the summer holiday period, children experience greater increases in fatness and declines in fitness, with children who live with low-SES families and are overweight being more affected. The findings suggest the need for targeted interventions during this period to address these negative health trends. TRIAL REGISTRATION Australia New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry, identifier ACTRN12618002008202. Retrospectively registered on 14 December 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Olds
- Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity (ARENA), Allied Health and Human Performance, University of South Australia, Adelaide, 5000, Australia
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, 3052, Australia
| | - Dorothea Dumuid
- Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity (ARENA), Allied Health and Human Performance, University of South Australia, Adelaide, 5000, Australia
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, 3052, Australia
| | - Emily Eglitis
- Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity (ARENA), Allied Health and Human Performance, University of South Australia, Adelaide, 5000, Australia
| | - Rebecca Golley
- Caring Futures Institute, College of Nursing and Health Sciences, Flinders University, Bedford Park, 5042, Australia
| | - François Fraysse
- Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity (ARENA), Allied Health and Human Performance, University of South Australia, Adelaide, 5000, Australia
| | - Aaron Miatke
- Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity (ARENA), Allied Health and Human Performance, University of South Australia, Adelaide, 5000, Australia
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, 3052, Australia
| | - Grant R Tomkinson
- Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity (ARENA), Allied Health and Human Performance, University of South Australia, Adelaide, 5000, Australia
| | - Amanda Watson
- Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity (ARENA), Allied Health and Human Performance, University of South Australia, Adelaide, 5000, Australia
| | - Mason Munzberg
- Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity (ARENA), Allied Health and Human Performance, University of South Australia, Adelaide, 5000, Australia
| | - Carol Maher
- Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity (ARENA), Allied Health and Human Performance, University of South Australia, Adelaide, 5000, Australia.
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Kasparian AM, Badawy SM. Utility of Fitbit devices among children and adolescents with chronic health conditions: a scoping review. Mhealth 2022; 8:26. [PMID: 35928511 PMCID: PMC9343978 DOI: 10.21037/mhealth-21-28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Background While Fitbit® devices were initially intended for leisurely, consumer use, there has been recent interest among scientific and medical communities in the prospective use of Fitbit devices for clinical and research purposes. Those who have chronic health conditions are often required to spend considerable amounts of money and time undergoing physiological tests and activity monitoring to support, stabilize, and manage their health. This disease burden is only amplified in pediatric populations. Devices that are used to collect these data can be invasive, uncomfortable, and disconcerting. Using the Fitbit tracker to acquire such biometric data could ease this burden. Our scoping review seeks to summarize the research that has been conducted on the utilization of Fitbit devices in studies of children and adolescents with chronic health conditions and the feasibility, accuracy, and potential benefits of doing so. Methods Searches were conducted on PubMed for articles relating pediatric health to Fitbit device usage (using a Boolean search strategy). The eligibility criteria included trials being clinical and/or randomized controlled and articles being in English. Once articles were obtained, they underwent screening and exclusion processes and were charted for their titles, authors, objectives, results, and respective chronic illnesses. In the subsequent full-text review, further charting was conducted, collecting study designs, Fitbit parameters, feasibility, accuracy, and related health and clinical outcomes. Results Fitbit trackers were unanimously demonstrated to be feasible devices in this population for physical activity monitoring and were determined to be potentially beneficial in measuring and improving overall wellbeing and physical health in children with chronic illness. Nevertheless, sufficient evidence was not found in support of Fitbit accuracy. Additional biases were identified against the population of children with chronic health conditions that may further enable inaccurate data. Conclusions While Fitbit devices may be beneficial for those interested in improving physical health, discretion is advised for those seeking to collect accurate and/or medically necessitated data. Given the existing literature evaluated, medical-grade technologies are preferred in instances of the latter, as Fitbit devices have not been found to provide reliably accurate data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra M. Kasparian
- Department of Biology, Lafayette College, Easton, PA, USA
- Department of Physician Assistant Studies, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Sherif M. Badawy
- Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
- Division of Hematology, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children’s Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
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von Klinggraeff L, Dugger R, Brazendale K, Hunt ET, Moore JB, Turner-McGrievy G, Vogler K, Beets MW, Armstrong B, Weaver RG. Healthy Summer Learners: An explanatory mixed methods study and process evaluation. EVALUATION AND PROGRAM PLANNING 2022; 92:102070. [PMID: 35339766 PMCID: PMC9851796 DOI: 10.1016/j.evalprogplan.2022.102070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Healthy Summer Learners (HSL), a novel, 6-week summer program for 2-4th grade children from low-income families in the Southeastern United States, aimed to prevent accelerated summer BMI gain and academic learning loss by providing healthy meals and snacks, 15 min of nutrition education, 3 h of physical activity opportunities and 3.5 h of reading instruction daily. This three-armed pilot quasi-experimental study used a repeated measure within- and between-participant design to compare HSL, to an active comparator-21st Century Summer Learning Program (21 C), and no-treatment control. A mixed-methods process evaluation was employed to evaluate program implementation and provide insight for future program development. Though the program was well received, student attendance was lower than anticipated and full program fidelity was not achieved. During interviews, both parents and teachers noted that the bussing schedule was inconsistent, making attendance difficult for some families. These process evaluation findings may help explain why no statistically significant group-by-time interactions at 3- or 12-month follow up were found for the primary outcomes of zBMI or MAP reading score. Future iterations of HSL should seek to extend program hours, lengthen program duration, and explore ways to lower projected cost of attendance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren von Klinggraeff
- Department of Exercise Science, University of South Carolina Arnold School of Public Health, Columbia 29208, USA.
| | - Roddrick Dugger
- Department of Exercise Science, University of South Carolina Arnold School of Public Health, Columbia 29208, USA
| | - Keith Brazendale
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Central Florida, Orlando 32816, USA
| | - Ethan T Hunt
- Department of Exercise Science, University of South Carolina Arnold School of Public Health, Columbia 29208, USA
| | - Justin B Moore
- Department of Implementation Science, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem 27101, USA
| | - Gabrielle Turner-McGrievy
- Department of Health Promotion, Education, and Behavior, University of South Carolina Arnold School of Public Health, Columbia 29208, USA
| | - Kenneth Vogler
- Department of Instruction and Teacher Education, University of South Carolina, Columbia 29208, USA
| | - Michael W Beets
- Department of Exercise Science, University of South Carolina Arnold School of Public Health, Columbia 29208, USA
| | - Bridget Armstrong
- Department of Exercise Science, University of South Carolina Arnold School of Public Health, Columbia 29208, USA
| | - R Glenn Weaver
- Department of Exercise Science, University of South Carolina Arnold School of Public Health, Columbia 29208, USA
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Weaver RG, Armstrong B, Adams E, Beets M, White J, Flory K, Wilson D, Mclain A, Tennie B. Feasibility & Preliminary Efficacy of Structured Programming and a Parent Intervention to Mitigate Accelerated Summer BMI Gain: A pilot study. RESEARCH SQUARE 2022:rs.3.rs-1466063. [PMID: 35378750 PMCID: PMC8978946 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-1466063/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
BackgroundThis study assessed initial feasibility and preliminary efficacy of providing children a free summer day camp and a parent intervention to improve self-regulation and mitigate accelerated summer BMI gain.MethodsThis pilot 2x2 factorial randomized control trial used a mixed methods design to evaluate providing children a free summer day camp (SCV), a parent intervention (PI), and the combination of these two strategies (SCV + PI) to mitigate accelerated summer body mass index (BMI) gain. Feasibility (i.e., recruitment capability, retention, compliance, treatment fidelity, acceptability) was examined using means, standard deviations, and percentages for relevant variables. Changes in BMI were estimated using intent-to-treat and post-hoc dose response analyses via multilevel mixed effects regressions.ResultsA total of 89 families participated, with 24 participants randomized to the PI group, 21 randomized to the SCV group, 23 randomized to the SCV + PI group, and 21 randomized to the control. Parents and children found the summer program acceptable but attendance at the summer program and engagement in the PI were low due to COVID-19 and lack of transportation. Intent-to-treat analyses showed no statistically significant difference between groups in summer BMI gain. Post-hoc dose response analyses showed that for each day (0 to 29) of summer programming children attended they gained - 0.009 (95CI= -0.018, -0.001) less in BMI z-score.ConclusionsEngagement in both the SCV and PI was not ideal and was likely due to COVID-19 and lack of transportation. Providing children with structured summer programming to mitigate accelerated summer BMI gain may be an effective strategy. Thus, a larger trial may be warranted, but more work is needed to ensure children attend the programming.Trial registration: The trial reported herein was prospectively registered at clinicaltrials.gov. Trial #:NCT04608188.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Michael Beets
- University of South Carolina Arnold School of Public Health
| | - James White
- University of South Carolina Arnold School of Public Health
| | - Kate Flory
- University of South Carolina Department of Psychology
| | - Dawn Wilson
- University of South Carolina Department of Psychology
| | - Alex Mclain
- University of South Carolina Arnold School of Public Health
| | - Brianna Tennie
- University of South Carolina Arnold School of Public Health
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Grimes A, Lightner JS, Eighmy K, Steel C, Shook RP, Carlson J. Physical Activity Summer Slide Begins Early with COVID-19 School Closures: A Research Brief. JMIR Form Res 2022; 6:e35854. [PMID: 35297778 PMCID: PMC9014890 DOI: 10.2196/35854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in the closure of schools and may have inadvertently resulted in decreased physical activity for youth. Emerging evidence suggests that school closures due to the COVID-19 pandemic could have hastened the inactivity of youth, possibly due to a lack of structure outside of school and increased access to sedentary activities. Objective The purpose of this study was to assess changes in physical activity from pre–school closure (before the pandemic) to post–school closure (during the pandemic) among youth in spring 2020. Methods This study used a natural experimental design; youth were enrolled in a physical activity study prior to the lockdown, which was enforced due to the pandemic. The number of device-assessed steps per day and moderate-to-vigorous physical activity minutes per week were measured by using a Garmin Vivofit 4 (Garmin Ltd) accelerometer over 8 weeks. Mixed effects models were used to compare physical activity variables, which were measured before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. Results Youth were primarily Hispanic or Latinx (8/17, 47%) and female (10/17, 59%). The number of daily steps decreased by 45.4% during the school closure, from a pre–school closure mean of 8003 steps per day to a post–school closure mean of 4366 steps per day. Daily moderate-to-vigorous physical activity decreased by 42.5%, from a pre–school closure mean of 80.18 minutes per week to a post–school closure mean of 46.13 minutes per week. Conclusions Youth are engaging in roughly half as much physical activity during the school closure as they were prior to the school closure. If additional evidence supports these claims, interventions are needed to support youths’ engagement in physical activity in the Midwest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Grimes
- School of Nursing and Health Studies, University of Missouri-Kansas City, 2464 Charlotte St., Kansas City, US
| | - Joseph S Lightner
- School of Nursing and Health Studies, University of Missouri-Kansas City, 2464 Charlotte St., Kansas City, US
| | - Katlyn Eighmy
- School of Nursing and Health Studies, University of Missouri-Kansas City, 2464 Charlotte St., Kansas City, US.,University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, US
| | - Chelsea Steel
- Center for Children's Healthy Lifestyles & Nutrition, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, US
| | - Robin P Shook
- Center for Children's Healthy Lifestyles & Nutrition, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, US
| | - Jordan Carlson
- Center for Children's Healthy Lifestyles & Nutrition, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, US
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Examining adolescents' obesogenic behaviors on structured days: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Obes (Lond) 2022; 46:466-475. [PMID: 34987203 DOI: 10.1038/s41366-021-01040-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The structured days hypothesis posits that 'structured days' (i.e., days with pre-planned, segmented, and adult-supervised environments) reduce youth obesogenic behaviors. Structured days may be especially important for adolescents', as adolescence (12-19 years) is a period of developmental milestones and increased autonomy. Therefore, the objective of this systematic review and meta-analysis is to evaluate the relationship between structured days and adolescents' obesogenic behaviors (i.e., physical activity, diet, screen time, and/or sleep). METHODS From February to April of 2020, four databases (i.e., Embase, PubMed, Web of Science, and PsychINfo) were searched for cross-sectional, longitudinal, and intervention (i.e., baseline data only) studies reporting obesogenic behaviors on more structured versus less structured days (i.e., weekday versus weekend or school year versus summer/holiday). RESULTS A total of 42,878 unique titles and abstracts were screened with 2767 full-text articles retrieved. After review of full-text articles, 296 studies were identified (sleep k = 147, physical activity k = 88, screen time k = 81, diet k = 8). Most studies were conducted in North America, Europe & Central Asia, or East Asia & the Pacific used self-report measures and compared school days to weekend days. Meta-analyses indicated that adolescents' physical activity (standardized mean difference [SMD] = -0.25 [95%CI - 0.48, -0.03]) and screen time (SMD = -0.48 [95%CI - 0.66, -0.29]) were less healthy on less structured days. Differences did not reach statistical significance for sleep (SMD = -0.23 [95%CI - 0.48, 0.02]) and diet (SMD = -0.13 [95%CI - 0.77, 0.51]), however, sleep timing (SMD = -1.05 [95%CI - 1.31, -0.79]) and diet quantity (SMD = -0.29 [95%CI - 0.35, -0.23]) were less healthy on less structured days. The review identified studies with large heterogeneity. CONCLUSIONS Findings indicate that adolescents' physical activity, screen time, sleep timing, and diet quantity are less healthy on less structured days. Interventions for adolescents to prevent and treat obesity may be more successful if they are designed to target times that are less structured.
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Prochnow T, Patterson MS, Bridges Hamilton CN, Umstattd Meyer MR. Summer Friends and Physical Activity: Social Network Effects on Child Self-Reported Physical Activity at Summer Care Programs. HEALTH EDUCATION & BEHAVIOR 2022; 49:10901981221076399. [PMID: 35227130 DOI: 10.1177/10901981221076399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Summer is a time of reduced physical activity (PA) for children; however, summer care programs (SCPs) can provide opportunities for children to be active and foster friendships. This study investigated associations between PA and friendship formation at SCPs. Children (ages 8-12 years) from two SCPs reported demographics, PA, and up to five friends at the program. Exponential random graph modeling determined significant factors associated with connections at each time point and between time points. PA was a significant factor in sending and maintaining friendship connections. A further understanding of the social dynamics which assist in the maintenance of PA behaviors during summer may improve the odds children engage in the recommended amounts of PA during this crucial time.
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Kidokoro T, Minatoya Y, Imai N, Shikano A, Noi S. The Immediate and Lasting Effects of Resident Summer Camp on Movement Behaviors Among Children. Front Pediatr 2022; 10:912221. [PMID: 35837239 PMCID: PMC9273949 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2022.912221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aims to examine the immediate and lasting effects of resident summer camp on movement behaviors among children with repeated pre-, during-, and post-intervention measurements. In total, 21 children (aged 10.3 ± 1.2 years, 17 boys and 4 girls) participated in a 31-day nature-based resident summer camp in Japan. Daily children's movement behaviors (moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA), sedentary behavior (SB), and sleep) were continuously monitored before, during, and after the summer camp (i.e., 75 continuous days). It was found that the children engaged more time in MVPA (9.6%), less time in SB (58.0%), had more steps (22,405 steps/day), and an earlier midpoint of sleep (0:24 a.m.) in the summer camp as compared to the other periods (before and after the camp). However, the children engaged in unfavorable behaviors [reduction in MVPA (3.6%), increased SB (67.3%), and a later midpoint of sleep (1:32 a.m.)] during the summer vacation after the camp. This study indicates that the resident summer camp was effective in improving children's movement behaviors during the camp. However, the lasting effects were negligible or at least limited after its completion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuhiro Kidokoro
- Research Institute for Health and Sport Science, Nippon Sport Science University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuji Minatoya
- Graduate School of Health and Sport Science, Nippon Sport Science University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Natsuko Imai
- Graduate School of Health and Sport Science, Nippon Sport Science University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akiko Shikano
- Research Institute for Health and Sport Science, Nippon Sport Science University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shingo Noi
- Research Institute for Health and Sport Science, Nippon Sport Science University, Tokyo, Japan
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Hunt ET, von Klinggraeff L, Jones A, Burkart S, Dugger R, Armstrong B, Beets MW, Turner‐McGrievy G, Geraci M, Weaver RG. Differences in the proportion of children meeting behavior guidelines between summer and school by socioeconomic status and race. Obes Sci Pract 2021; 7:719-726. [PMID: 34877011 PMCID: PMC8633946 DOI: 10.1002/osp4.532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Children who fail to meet activity, sleep, and screen-time guidelines are at increased risk for obesity. Further, children who are Black are more likely to have obesity when compared to children who are White, and children from low-income households are at increased risk for obesity when compared to children from higher-income households. The objective of this study was to evaluate the proportion of days meeting obesogenic behavior guidelines during the school year compared to summer vacation by race and free/reduced priced lunch (FRPL) eligibility. METHODS Mixed-effects linear and logistic regressions estimated the proportion of days participants met activity, sleep, and screen-time guidelines during summer and school by race and FRPL eligibility within an observational cohort sample. RESULTS Children (n = 268, grades = K - 4, 44.1%FRPL, 59.0% Black) attending three schools participated. Children's activity, sleep, and screen-time were collected during an average of 23 school days and 16 days during summer vacation. During school, both children who were White and eligible for FRPL met activity, sleep, and screen-time guidelines on a greater proportion of days when compared to their Black and non-eligible counterparts. Significant differences in changes from school to summer in the proportion of days children met activity (-6.2%, 95CI = -10.1%, -2.3%; OR = 0.7, 95CI = 0.6, 0.9) and sleep (7.6%, 95CI = 2.9%, 12.4%; OR = 2.1, 95CI = 1.4, 3.0) guidelines between children who were Black and White were observed. Differences in changes in activity (-8.5%, 95CI = -4.9%, -12.1%; OR = 1.5, 95CI = 1.3, 1.8) were observed between children eligible versus uneligible for FRPL. CONCLUSIONS Summer vacation may be an important time for targeting activity and screen-time of children who are Black and/or eligible for FRPL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ethan T. Hunt
- Department of Exercise ScienceUniversity of South CarolinaColumbiaSouth CarolinaUSA
| | | | - Alexis Jones
- Department of Exercise ScienceUniversity of South CarolinaColumbiaSouth CarolinaUSA
| | - Sarah Burkart
- Department of Exercise ScienceUniversity of South CarolinaColumbiaSouth CarolinaUSA
| | - Rodrick Dugger
- Department of Exercise ScienceUniversity of South CarolinaColumbiaSouth CarolinaUSA
| | - Bridget Armstrong
- Department of Exercise ScienceUniversity of South CarolinaColumbiaSouth CarolinaUSA
| | - Michael W. Beets
- Department of Exercise ScienceUniversity of South CarolinaColumbiaSouth CarolinaUSA
| | | | - Marco Geraci
- Sapienza – University of RomeMEMOTEF DepartmentRomeItaly
- Department of Epidemiology and BiostatisticsUniversity of South CarolinaColumbiaSouth CarolinaUSA
| | - R. Glenn Weaver
- Department of Exercise ScienceUniversity of South CarolinaColumbiaSouth CarolinaUSA
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Brazendale K, Rayan S, Eisenstein D, Blankenship M, Rey A, Garcia J, Odahowski CL, Leon A. Obesogenic Behaviors of Rural Children on School and Nonschool Days. Child Obes 2021; 17:483-492. [PMID: 34129374 DOI: 10.1089/chi.2021.0084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Background: Children living in rural areas are at increased risk of overweight and obesity compared with their urban-dwelling counterparts. The purpose of this study was to provide preliminary evidence of rural children's obesogenic behaviors (e.g., activity, sedentary behaviors, sleep, and diet) during school days, nonschool weekdays, and weekend days. Methods: A repeated measures 14-day observational study was conducted early March 2020. Children (n = 54, 92% 6-11 years old; 66% female; 98% non-Hispanic white; 22% overweight or obese) wore accelerometers on the nondominant wrist for 24 hours/day for 14 consecutive days to capture moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA), sedentary time, and sleep. Parents completed diaries to report daily activities, diet, and screen time of their child each day. Mixed effect models compared behaviors between school days, nonschool weekdays, and weekend days. Results: Children accumulated +16 additional minutes/day of MVPA (95% confidence interval, CI: +10 to +23 minutes/day), reduced sedentary time (-68 minutes/day, 95% CI: -84 to -51 minutes/day), and reduced screen time (-99 minutes/day; 95% CI: -117 to -81 minutes/day) on school days vs. nonschool weekdays. Similar patterns were observed on school weekdays days vs. weekend days, and on nonschool days when children attended a structured program vs. days they did not attend. Minimal differences were observed in reported consumption of food groups across different days. Conclusions: Preliminary evidence suggests rural children display multiple unfavorable obesogenic behaviors on days when they do not attend school or other structured programs. Future interventions targeting obesogenic behaviors of rural children may want to target times when rural children are not engaged in school and "school-like" environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith Brazendale
- Department of Health Sciences, College of Health Professions and Sciences, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Serena Rayan
- Department of Health Sciences, College of Health Professions and Sciences, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Daniel Eisenstein
- Department of Health Sciences, College of Health Professions and Sciences, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Michael Blankenship
- Department of Health Sciences, College of Health Professions and Sciences, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Alejandra Rey
- Department of Health Sciences, College of Health Professions and Sciences, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Jeanette Garcia
- Department of Health Sciences, College of Health Professions and Sciences, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Cassie L Odahowski
- Department of Health Sciences, College of Health Professions and Sciences, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Ana Leon
- School of Social Work, College of Health Professions and Sciences, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
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11
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Brazendale K, Beets MW, Armstrong B, Weaver RG, Hunt ET, Pate RR, Brusseau TA, Bohnert AM, Olds T, Tassitano RM, Tenorio MCM, Garcia J, Andersen LB, Davey R, Hallal PC, Jago R, Kolle E, Kriemler S, Kristensen PL, Kwon S, Puder JJ, Salmon J, Sardinha LB, van Sluijs EMF. Children's moderate-to-vigorous physical activity on weekdays versus weekend days: a multi-country analysis. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 2021; 18:28. [PMID: 33568183 PMCID: PMC7877033 DOI: 10.1186/s12966-021-01095-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The Structured Days Hypothesis (SDH) posits that children’s behaviors associated with obesity – such as physical activity – are more favorable on days that contain more ‘structure’ (i.e., a pre-planned, segmented, and adult-supervised environment) such as school weekdays, compared to days with less structure, such as weekend days. The purpose of this study was to compare children’s moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) levels on weekdays versus weekend days using a large, multi-country, accelerometer-measured physical activity dataset. Methods Data were received from the International Children’s Accelerometer Database (ICAD) July 2019. The ICAD inclusion criteria for a valid day of wear, only non-intervention data (e.g., baseline intervention data), children with at least 1 weekday and 1 weekend day, and ICAD studies with data collected exclusively during school months, were included for analyses. Mixed effects models accounting for the nested nature of the data (i.e., days within children) assessed MVPA minutes per day (min/day MVPA) differences between weekdays and weekend days by region/country, adjusted for age, sex, and total wear time. Separate meta-analytical models explored differences by age and country/region for sex and child weight-status. Results/findings Valid data from 15 studies representing 5794 children (61% female, 10.7 ± 2.1 yrs., 24% with overweight/obesity) and 35,263 days of valid accelerometer data from 5 distinct countries/regions were used. Boys and girls accumulated 12.6 min/day (95% CI: 9.0, 16.2) and 9.4 min/day (95% CI: 7.2, 11.6) more MVPA on weekdays versus weekend days, respectively. Children from mainland Europe had the largest differences (17.1 min/day more MVPA on weekdays versus weekend days, 95% CI: 15.3, 19.0) compared to the other countries/regions. Children who were classified as overweight/obese or normal weight/underweight accumulated 9.5 min/day (95% CI: 6.9, 12.2) and 10.9 min/day (95% CI: 8.3, 13.5) of additional MVPA on weekdays versus weekend days, respectively. Conclusions Children from multiple countries/regions accumulated significantly more MVPA on weekdays versus weekend days during school months. This finding aligns with the SDH and warrants future intervention studies to prioritize less-structured days, such as weekend days, and to consider providing opportunities for all children to access additional opportunities to be active.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith Brazendale
- Department of Health Sciences, College of Health Professions and Sciences, University of Central Florida, 4364 Scorpius Street, Orlando, FL, 32816, USA.
| | - Michael W Beets
- Department of Exercise Science, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Bridget Armstrong
- Department of Exercise Science, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - R Glenn Weaver
- Department of Exercise Science, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Ethan T Hunt
- Department of Exercise Science, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Russell R Pate
- Department of Exercise Science, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Timothy A Brusseau
- Department of Health & Kinesiology, College of Health, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Amy M Bohnert
- Department of Psychology, Loyola University Chicago, College of Arts and Sciences, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Timothy Olds
- Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity (ARENA), University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Rafael M Tassitano
- Department of Physical Education, Federal Rural University of Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Maria Cecilia M Tenorio
- Department of Physical Education, Federal Rural University of Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Jeanette Garcia
- Department of Health Sciences, College of Health Professions and Sciences, University of Central Florida, 4364 Scorpius Street, Orlando, FL, 32816, USA
| | - Lars B Andersen
- Department of Teacher Education and Sport, Western Norwegian University of Applied Sciences, Sogndal, Norway
| | - Rachel Davey
- Health Research Institute, University of Canberra, Canberra, Australia
| | - Pedro C Hallal
- Postgraduate Program in Epidemiology, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
| | - Russell Jago
- Centre for Exercise, Nutrition and Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Elin Kolle
- Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Susi Kriemler
- Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention Institute, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | | | - Soyang Kwon
- Stanley Manne Children's Research Institute, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, USA
| | - Jardena J Puder
- Service of Obstetrics, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jo Salmon
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, ZDeakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Luis B Sardinha
- Exercise and Health Laboratory, CIPER, Faculty of Human Movement, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Esther M F van Sluijs
- MRC Epidemiology Unit & Centre for Diet and Activity Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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