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Kaminska P, Tempes A, Scholz E, Malik AR. Cytokines on the way to secretion. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2024; 79:52-65. [PMID: 39227243 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2024.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2024] [Revised: 08/19/2024] [Accepted: 08/19/2024] [Indexed: 09/05/2024]
Abstract
The activation of immune cells by pro-inflammatory or immunosuppressive stimuli is followed by the secretion of immunoregulatory cytokines which serve as messengers to activate the immune response in target cells. Although the mechanisms that control the secretion of cytokines by immune cells are not yet fully understood, several key aspects of this process have recently emerged. This review focuses on cytokine release via exocytosis and highlights the routes of cytokine trafficking leading to constitutive and regulated secretion as well as the impact of sorting receptors on this process. We discuss the involvement of cytoskeletal rearrangements in vesicular transport, secretion, and formation of immunological synapses. Finally, we describe the non-classical pathways of cytokine release that are independent of vesicular ER-Golgi transport. Instead, these pathways are based on processing by inflammasome or autophagic mechanisms. Ultimately, understanding the molecular mechanisms behind cytokine release may help to identify potential therapeutic targets in diseases associated with altered immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Kaminska
- Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Miecznikowa 1, Warsaw 02-096, Poland; Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pasteura 3, Warsaw 02-093, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Tempes
- Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Miecznikowa 1, Warsaw 02-096, Poland
| | - Ela Scholz
- Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Miecznikowa 1, Warsaw 02-096, Poland
| | - Anna R Malik
- Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Miecznikowa 1, Warsaw 02-096, Poland.
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2
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Wu S, Cai B, Wang T, Cao Z, Peng H, Liu H. Eosinophil extracellular traps in respiratory ailment: Pathogenic mechanisms and clinical translation. World J Otorhinolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2024; 10:213-224. [PMID: 39233861 PMCID: PMC11369806 DOI: 10.1002/wjo2.138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Eosinophilic extracellular traps (EETs) are reticular complexes comprising deoxyribonucleic-Acid (DNA) fibers and granule proteins. Aims EETs play a crucial role in antimicrobial host responses and are pathogenic when overproduced or under degraded. EETs created by eosinophils appear to enable vital immune responses against extra-cellular pathogens, nevertheless, trap overproduction is evident in pathology. Materials & Methods As considerably research is performed, new data affirmed that EETs can alter the outcome of respiratory ailment. Results We probe into the disclosure and specificity of EETs produced in reaction to various stimuli and propose a role for those frameworks in ailment pathogenesis and the establishment of chronic, unresolved inflammation. Discussion Whether EETs can be used as a prospective brand-new target for the diagnosis, treatment and prognosis of respiratory ailments is a scientific theme worth studying. Conclusion We probe into the disclosure and specificity of EETs produced in reaction to various stimuli and propose a role for those frameworks in ailment pathogenesis and the establishment of chronic, unresolved inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shun‐Yu Wu
- Department of OtolaryngologyThe Second Affiliated Hospital of the Naval Military Medical University (Shanghai Changzheng Hospital)ShanghaiChina
| | - Bo‐Yu Cai
- Department of OtolaryngologyThe Second Affiliated Hospital of the Naval Military Medical University (Shanghai Changzheng Hospital)ShanghaiChina
| | - Tian‐Yu Wang
- Department of OtolaryngologyThe Second Affiliated Hospital of the Naval Military Medical University (Shanghai Changzheng Hospital)ShanghaiChina
| | - Zhi‐Wen Cao
- Department of OtolaryngologyThe Second Affiliated Hospital of the Naval Military Medical University (Shanghai Changzheng Hospital)ShanghaiChina
| | - Hu Peng
- Department of OtolaryngologyThe Second Affiliated Hospital of the Naval Military Medical University (Shanghai Changzheng Hospital)ShanghaiChina
| | - Huan‐Hai Liu
- Department of OtolaryngologyThe Second Affiliated Hospital of the Naval Military Medical University (Shanghai Changzheng Hospital)ShanghaiChina
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3
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Leiferman KM, Gleich GJ. The true extent of eosinophil involvement in disease is unrecognized: the secret life of dead eosinophils. J Leukoc Biol 2024; 116:271-287. [PMID: 38922831 DOI: 10.1093/jleuko/qiae052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2023] [Revised: 01/21/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Eosinophil-mediated pathophysiology is tissue destructive and tissue altering with proinflammatory, prothrombotic, and profibrotic effects. The distinctive morphology of an eosinophil reveals a cytoplasm chockfull of unique granules, and the granule proteins have numerous toxic effects on cells, tissues, and organs. Eosinophils are not found in most human tissues, and eosinophil involvement in diseased tissues generally is identified by cell infiltration on histopathologic examination. However, eosinophils characteristically lose their structural integrity and deposit granules and granule proteins at sites of inflammation. Hence, their participation in tissue damage may be underrecognized or entirely overlooked. The eosinophil major basic protein 1 is a toxic granule protein and, when deposited, persists in tissues. Major basic protein 1 deposition can be regarded as a footprint of eosinophil activity. Analyses of numerous eosinophil-related diseases have demonstrated clear-cut evidence of major basic protein 1 deposition in affected tissues where eosinophils were not recognized by hematoxylin and eosin tissue staining and light microscopy. Eosinophil granule protein deposition, as exemplified by localization of major basic protein 1, especially when disproportionately greater than cellular infiltration, emerges as a biomarker of hidden eosinophil-related pathophysiology. Consequently, current assessments of recognized eosinophils may vastly underestimate their role in disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin M Leiferman
- Department of Dermatology, University of Utah Health, Helix Building, 1st Floor South, 30 North Mario Capecchi Drive, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112United States
| | - Gerald J Gleich
- Department of Dermatology, University of Utah Health, Helix Building, 1st Floor South, 30 North Mario Capecchi Drive, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112United States
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah Health, Helix Building, 3rd Floor North, 30 North Mario Capechhi Drive, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112United States
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4
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Rodrigo-Muñoz JM, Gil-Martínez M, Naharro-González S, Del Pozo V. Eosinophil-derived extracellular vesicles: isolation and classification techniques and implications for disease pathophysiology. J Leukoc Biol 2024; 116:260-270. [PMID: 38836652 DOI: 10.1093/jleuko/qiae133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 05/17/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Eosinophils are leukocytes characterized by their ability to release granule content that is highly rich in enzymes and proteins. Besides the antihelminthic, bactericidal, and antiviral properties of eosinophils and their secretory granules, these also play a prominent role in the pathophysiology of diseases such as asthma, eosinophilic esophagitis, and other hypereosinophilic conditions by causing tissue damage and airway hyperresponsiveness. Although this cell was first recognized mainly for its capacity to release granule content, nowadays other capabilities such as cytokine secretion have been linked to its physiology, and research has found that eosinophils are not only involved in innate immunity, but also as orchestrators of immune responses. Nearly 10 yr ago, eosinophil-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) were first described; since then, the EV field has grown exponentially, revealing their vital roles in intracellular communication. In this review, we synthesize current knowledge on eosinophil-derived EVs, beginning with a description of what they are and what makes them important regulators of disease, followed by an account of the methodologies used to isolate and characterize EVs. We also summarize current understanding of eosinophil-derived vesicles functionality, especially in asthma, the disease in which eosinophil-derived EVs have been most widely studied, describing how they modulate the role of eosinophils themselves (through autocrine signaling) and the way they affect airway structural cells and airway remodeling. Deeper understanding of this cell type could lead to novel research in eosinophil biology, its role in other diseases, and possible use of eosinophil-derived EVs as therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Manuel Rodrigo-Muñoz
- Immunoallergy Laboratory, Immunology Department, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Fundación Jiménez Díaz (IIS-FJD, UAM), Avda. Reyes Católicos, 228040 Madrid, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Av. Monforte de Lemos, 3-5. Pabellón 11. Planta 0, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Gil-Martínez
- Immunoallergy Laboratory, Immunology Department, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Fundación Jiménez Díaz (IIS-FJD, UAM), Avda. Reyes Católicos, 228040 Madrid, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Av. Monforte de Lemos, 3-5. Pabellón 11. Planta 0, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Sara Naharro-González
- Immunoallergy Laboratory, Immunology Department, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Fundación Jiménez Díaz (IIS-FJD, UAM), Avda. Reyes Católicos, 228040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Victoria Del Pozo
- Immunoallergy Laboratory, Immunology Department, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Fundación Jiménez Díaz (IIS-FJD, UAM), Avda. Reyes Católicos, 228040 Madrid, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Av. Monforte de Lemos, 3-5. Pabellón 11. Planta 0, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
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5
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Wang L, Zhang G, Sun W, Zhang Y, Tian Y, Yang X, Liu Y. Comprehensive analysis of immune cell landscapes revealed that immune cell ratio eosinophil/B.cell.memory is predictive of survival in sepsis. Eur J Med Res 2023; 28:565. [PMID: 38053180 DOI: 10.1186/s40001-023-01506-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immune dysregulation is a feature of sepsis. However, a comprehensive analysis of the immune landscapes in septic patients has not been conducted. OBJECTIVES This study aims to explore the abundance ratios of immune cells in sepsis and investigate their clinical value. METHODS Sepsis transcriptome data sets were downloaded from the NCBI GEO database. The immunedeconv R package was employed to analyze the abundance of immune cells in sepsis patients and calculate the ratios of different immune cell types. Differential analysis of immune cell ratios was performed using the t test. The Spearman rank correlation coefficient was utilized to find the relationships between immune cell abundance and pathways. The prognostic significance of immune cell ratios for patient survival probability was assessed using the log-rank test. In addition, differential gene expression was performed using the limma package, and gene co-expression analysis was executed using the WGCNA package. RESULTS We found significant changes in immune cell ratios between sepsis patients and healthy controls. Some of these ratios were associated with 28-day survival. Certain pathways showed significant correlations with immune cell ratios. Notably, six immune cell ratios demonstrated discriminative ability for patients with systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS), bacterial sepsis, and viral sepsis, with an Area Under the Curve (AUC) larger than 0.84. Patients with a high eosinophil/B.cell.memory ratio exhibited poor survival outcomes. A total of 774 differential genes were identified in sepsis patients with a high eosinophil/B.cell.memory ratio compared to those with a low ratio. These genes were organized into seven co-expression modules associated with relevant pathways, including interferon signaling, T-cell receptor signaling, and specific granule pathways. CONCLUSIONS Immune cell ratios eosinophil/B.cell.memory and NK.cell.activated/NK.cell.resting in sepsis patients can be utilized for disease subtyping, prognosis, and diagnosis. The proposed cell ratios may have higher prognostic values than the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR).
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wang
- Microbiology and Immunology Department, Cangzhou Medical College, Cangzhou, 061001, Hebei, China
| | - Guoan Zhang
- Science and Technology Experiment Center, Cangzhou Medical College, Cangzhou, 061001, Hebei, China
| | - Wenjie Sun
- Science and Technology Experiment Center, Cangzhou Medical College, Cangzhou, 061001, Hebei, China
- Cangzhou Nanobody Technology Innovation Center, Cangzhou, 061001, Hebei, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Science and Technology Experiment Center, Cangzhou Medical College, Cangzhou, 061001, Hebei, China
| | - Yi Tian
- Microbiology and Immunology Department, Cangzhou Medical College, Cangzhou, 061001, Hebei, China
| | - Xiaohui Yang
- Science and Technology Experiment Center, Cangzhou Medical College, Cangzhou, 061001, Hebei, China.
- University Nanobody Application Technology Research and Development Center of Hebei Province, Cangzhou, 061001, Hebei, China.
| | - Yingfu Liu
- University Nanobody Application Technology Research and Development Center of Hebei Province, Cangzhou, 061001, Hebei, China.
- Cangzhou Nanobody Technology Innovation Center, Cangzhou, 061001, Hebei, China.
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6
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De Giovanni M, Dang EV, Chen KY, An J, Madhani HD, Cyster JG. Platelets and mast cells promote pathogenic eosinophil recruitment during invasive fungal infection via the 5-HIAA-GPR35 ligand-receptor system. Immunity 2023; 56:1548-1560.e5. [PMID: 37279752 PMCID: PMC10360074 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2023.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Cryptococcus neoformans is the leading cause of fungal meningitis and is characterized by pathogenic eosinophil accumulation in the context of type-2 inflammation. The chemoattractant receptor GPR35 is expressed by granulocytes and promotes their migration to the inflammatory mediator 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA), a serotonin metabolite. Given the inflammatory nature of cryptococcal infection, we examined the role of GPR35 in the circuitry underlying cell recruitment to the lung. GPR35 deficiency dampened eosinophil recruitment and fungal growth, whereas overexpression promoted eosinophil homing to airways and fungal replication. Activated platelets and mast cells were the sources of GPR35 ligand activity and pharmacological inhibition of serotonin conversion to 5-HIAA, or genetic deficiency in 5-HIAA production by platelets and mast cells resulted in more efficient clearance of Cryptococcus. Thus, the 5-HIAA-GPR35 axis is an eosinophil chemoattractant receptor system that modulates the clearance of a lethal fungal pathogen, with implications for the use of serotonin metabolism inhibitors in the treatment of fungal infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco De Giovanni
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
| | - Eric V Dang
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Kevin Y Chen
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Jinping An
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Hiten D Madhani
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Jason G Cyster
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
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7
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Thompson-Souza GA, Vasconcelos CRI, Neves JS. Eosinophils: Focus on DNA extracellular traps. Life Sci 2022; 311:121191. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2022.121191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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8
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Alberto AVP, Ferreira NCDS, Bonavita AGC, Nihei OK, de Farias FP, Bisaggio RDC, de Albuquerque C, Savino W, Coutinho‐Silva R, Persechini PM, Alves LA. Physiologic roles of P2 receptors in leukocytes. J Leukoc Biol 2022; 112:983-1012. [PMID: 35837975 PMCID: PMC9796137 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.2ru0421-226rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2021] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Since their discovery in the 1970s, purinergic receptors have been shown to play key roles in a wide variety of biologic systems and cell types. In the immune system, purinergic receptors participate in innate immunity and in the modulation of the adaptive immune response. In particular, P2 receptors, which respond to extracellular nucleotides, are widely expressed on leukocytes, causing the release of cytokines and chemokines and the formation of inflammatory mediators, and inducing phagocytosis, degranulation, and cell death. The activity of these receptors is regulated by ectonucleotidases-expressed in these same cell types-which regulate the availability of nucleotides in the extracellular environment. In this article, we review the characteristics of the main purinergic receptor subtypes present in the immune system, focusing on the P2 family. In addition, we describe the physiologic roles of the P2 receptors already identified in leukocytes and how they can positively or negatively modulate the development of infectious diseases, inflammation, and pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anael Viana Pinto Alberto
- Laboratory of Cellular Communication, Oswaldo Cruz InstituteOswaldo Cruz FoundationRio de JaneiroRJBrazil
| | | | | | - Oscar Kenji Nihei
- Center of Education and LetterState University of the West of ParanáFoz do IguaçuPRBrazil
| | | | - Rodrigo da Cunha Bisaggio
- Laboratory of Cellular Communication, Oswaldo Cruz InstituteOswaldo Cruz FoundationRio de JaneiroRJBrazil,Federal Institute of Education, Science, and Technology of Rio de JaneiroRio de JaneiroRJBrazil
| | | | - Wilson Savino
- Laboratory on Thymus Research, Oswaldo Cruz InstituteOswaldo Cruz FoundationRio de JaneiroRJBrazil,Brazilian National Institute of Science and Technology on NeuroimmunomodulationRio de Janeiro Research Network on NeuroinflammationRio de JaneiroRJBrazil
| | - Robson Coutinho‐Silva
- Laboratory of Immunophysiology, Carlos Chagas Filho Biophysics InstituteFederal University of Rio de JaneiroRio de JaneiroRJBrazil
| | - Pedro Muanis Persechini
- Laboratory of Immunobiophysics, Carlos Chagas Filho Biophysics InstituteFederal University of Rio de JaneiroRio de JaneiroRJBrazil
| | - Luiz Anastacio Alves
- Laboratory of Cellular Communication, Oswaldo Cruz InstituteOswaldo Cruz FoundationRio de JaneiroRJBrazil
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9
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Huang SUS, O’Sullivan KM. The Expanding Role of Extracellular Traps in Inflammation and Autoimmunity: The New Players in Casting Dark Webs. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23073793. [PMID: 35409152 PMCID: PMC8998317 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23073793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The first description of a new form of neutrophil cell death distinct from that of apoptosis or necrosis was discovered in 2004 and coined neutrophil extracellular traps "(NETs)" or "NETosis". Different stimuli for NET formation, and pathways that drive neutrophils to commit to NETosis have been elucidated in the years that followed. Critical enzymes required for NET formation have been discovered and targeted therapeutically. NET formation is no longer restricted to neutrophils but has been discovered in other innate cells: macrophages/monocytes, mast Cells, basophils, dendritic cells, and eosinophils. Furthermore, extracellular DNA can also be extruded from both B and T cells. It has become clear that although this mechanism is thought to enhance host defense by ensnaring bacteria within large webs of DNA to increase bactericidal killing capacity, it is also injurious to innocent bystander tissue. Proteases and enzymes released from extracellular traps (ETs), injure epithelial and endothelial cells perpetuating inflammation. In the context of autoimmunity, ETs release over 70 well-known autoantigens. ETs are associated with pathology in multiple diseases: lung diseases, vasculitis, autoimmune kidney diseases, atherosclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, cancer, and psoriasis. Defining these pathways that drive ET release will provide insight into mechanisms of pathological insult and provide potential therapeutic targets.
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10
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Robinson I, Lucia GS, Li A, Oberholtzer N, Plante J, Quinn KM, Reuben D, Mehrotra S, Valdebran M. Eosinophils and melanoma: Implications for immunotherapy. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2022; 35:192-202. [PMID: 34927354 PMCID: PMC9012984 DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.13025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
New therapies such as immune checkpoint blockers (ICB) have offered extended survival to patients affected by advanced melanoma. However, ICBs have demonstrated debilitating side effects on the joints, liver, lungs, skin, and gut. Several biomarkers have been identified for their role in predicting which patients better tolerate ICBs. Still, these biomarkers are limited by immunologic and genetic heterogeneity and the complexity of translation into clinical practice. Recent observational studies have suggested eosinophil counts, and serum levels of eosinophil cationic protein are significantly associated with prolonged survival in advanced-stage melanoma. It is likely that eosinophils thereby modulate treatment response through mechanisms yet to be explored. Here, we review the functionality of eosinophils, their oncogenic role in melanoma and discuss how these mechanisms may influence patient response to ICBs and their implications in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- India Robinson
- Department of Dermatology and Dermatologic Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Gabriella Santa Lucia
- Department of Dermatology and Dermatologic Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Andraia Li
- Department of Dermatology and Dermatologic Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Nathaniel Oberholtzer
- Department of Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - John Plante
- Department of Dermatology and Dermatologic Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Kristen M Quinn
- Department of Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Daniel Reuben
- Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Shikhar Mehrotra
- Department of Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Manuel Valdebran
- Department of Dermatology and Dermatologic Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
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11
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Label-free imaging and evaluation of characteristic properties of asthma-derived eosinophils using optical diffraction tomography. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2022; 587:42-48. [PMID: 34864394 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2021.11.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 11/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Optical diffraction tomography (ODT), an emerging imaging technique that does not require fluorescent staining, can measure the three-dimensional distribution of the refractive index (RI) of organelles. In this study, we used ODT to characterize the pathological characteristics of human eosinophils derived from asthma patients presenting with eosinophilia. In addition to morphological information about organelles appearing in eosinophils, including the cytoplasm, nucleus, and vacuole, we succeeded in imaging specific granules and quantifying the RI values of the granules. Interestingly, ODT analysis showed that the RI (i.e., molecular density) of granules was significantly different between eosinophils from asthma patients and healthy individuals without eosinophilia, and that vacuoles were frequently found in the cells of asthma patients. Our results suggest that the physicochemical properties of eosinophils derived from patients with asthma can be quantitatively distinguished from those of healthy individuals. The method will provide insight into efficient evaluation of the characteristics of eosinophils at the organelle level for various diseases with eosinophilia.
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12
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Stephen B, Hajjar J. Immune System in Action. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2022; 1342:1-43. [PMID: 34972961 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-79308-1_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Tumor exists as a complex network of structures with an ability to evolve and evade the host immune surveillance mechanism. The immune milieu which includes macrophages, dendritic cells, natural killer cells, neutrophils, mast cells, B cells, and T cells is found in the core, the invasive margin, or the adjacent stromal or lymphoid component of the tumor. The immune infiltrate is heterogeneous and varies within a patient and between patients of the same tumor histology. The location, density, functionality, and the crosstalk between the immune cells in the tumor microenvironment influence the nature of immune response, prognosis, and treatment outcomes in cancer patients. Therefore, an understanding of the characteristics of the immune cells and their role in tumor immune surveillance is of paramount importance to identify immune targets and to develop novel immune therapeutics in the war against cancer. In this chapter, we provide an overview of the individual components of the human immune system and the translational relevance of predictive biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bettzy Stephen
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
| | - Joud Hajjar
- Assistant Professor, Service Chief of Adult Allergy & Immunology, Division of Immunology, Allergy & Retrovirology, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children' Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
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13
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Mok AC, Mody CH, Li SS. Immune Cell Degranulation in Fungal Host Defence. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:484. [PMID: 34208679 PMCID: PMC8234259 DOI: 10.3390/jof7060484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Humans have developed complex immune systems that defend against invading microbes, including fungal pathogens. Many highly specialized cells of the immune system share the ability to store antimicrobial compounds in membrane bound organelles that can be immediately deployed to eradicate or inhibit growth of invading pathogens. These membrane-bound organelles consist of secretory vesicles or granules, which move to the surface of the cell, where they fuse with the plasma membrane to release their contents in the process of degranulation. Lymphocytes, macrophages, neutrophils, mast cells, eosinophils, and basophils all degranulate in fungal host defence. While anti-microbial secretory vesicles are shared among different immune cell types, information about each cell type has emerged independently leading to an uncoordinated and confusing classification of granules and incomplete description of the mechanism by which they are deployed. While there are important differences, there are many similarities in granule morphology, granule content, stimulus for degranulation, granule trafficking, and release of granules against fungal pathogens. In this review, we describe the similarities and differences in an attempt to translate knowledge from one immune cell to another that may facilitate further studies in the context of fungal host defence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adley Ch Mok
- Department of Microbiology Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
- Calvin, Phoebe and Joan Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Christopher H Mody
- Department of Microbiology Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
- Calvin, Phoebe and Joan Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Shu Shun Li
- Department of Microbiology Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
- Calvin, Phoebe and Joan Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
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Asthmatic Eosinophils Promote Contractility and Migration of Airway Smooth Muscle Cells and Pulmonary Fibroblasts In Vitro. Cells 2021; 10:cells10061389. [PMID: 34199925 PMCID: PMC8229663 DOI: 10.3390/cells10061389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Enhanced contractility and migration of airway smooth muscle cells (ASMC) and pulmonary fibroblasts (PF) are part of airway remodeling in asthma. Eosinophils are the central inflammatory cells that participate in airway inflammation. However, the role of asthmatic eosinophils in ASMC and PF contractility, migration, and differentiation to contractile phenotype has not yet been precisely described. A total of 38 individuals were included in this study: 13 steroid-free non-severe allergic asthma (AA) patients, 11 severe non-allergic eosinophilic asthma (SNEA) patients, and 14 healthy subjects (HS). For AA patients and HS groups, a bronchial allergen challenge with D. pteronyssinus was performed. Individual combined cell cultures were prepared from isolated peripheral blood eosinophils and immortalized ASMC or commercial PF cell lines separately. The migration of ASMC and PF was evaluated using wound healing assay and contractility using collagen gel assay. Gene expression of contractile apparatus proteins, COL1A1, COL5A1, and FN, in ASMC and PF was evaluated using qRT-PCR. We found that contractility and migration of ASMC and PF significantly increased after incubation with asthmatic eosinophils compared to HS eosinophils, p < 0.05, and SNEA eosinophils demonstrated the highest effect on contractility of ASMC and migration of both cell lines, p < 0.05. AA and SNEA eosinophils significantly increased gene expression of contractile apparatus proteins, COL1A1 and FN, in both cell lines, p < 0.05. Furthermore, the allergen-activated AA eosinophils significantly increased the contractility of ASMC, and migration and gene expression in ASMC and PF, p < 0.05. Thus, asthmatic eosinophils change ASMC and PF behavior by increasing their contractility and migration, contributing to airway remodeling.
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Silva JDC, Thompson-Souza GDA, Barroso MV, Neves JS, Figueiredo RT. Neutrophil and Eosinophil DNA Extracellular Trap Formation: Lessons From Pathogenic Fungi. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:634043. [PMID: 33679665 PMCID: PMC7929991 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.634043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungal infections represent a worldwide health problem. Fungal pathogens are responsible for a variety of conditions, including superficial diseases, allergic pathologies and potentially lethal invasive infections. Neutrophils and eosinophils have been implicated as effector cells in several pathologies. Neutrophils are major effector cells involved in the control of fungal infections and exhibit a plethora of antifungal mechanisms, such as phagocytosis, reactive oxygen species production, degranulation, extracellular vesicle formation, and DNA extracellular trap (ET) release. Eosinophils are polymorphonuclear cells classically implicated as effector cells in the pathogenesis of allergic diseases and helminthic infections, although their roles as immunomodulatory players in both innate and adaptive immunity are currently recognized. Eosinophils are also endowed with antifungal activities and are abundantly found in allergic conditions associated with fungal colonization and sensitization. Neutrophils and eosinophils have been demonstrated to release their nuclear and mitochondrial DNA in response to many pathogens and pro-inflammatory stimuli. ETs have been implicated in the killing and control of many pathogens, as well as in promoting inflammation and tissue damage. The formation of ETs by neutrophils and eosinophils has been described in response to pathogenic fungi. Here, we provide an overview of the mechanisms involved in the release of neutrophil and eosinophil ETs in response to fungal pathogens. General implications for understanding the formation of ETs and the roles of ETs in fungal infections are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana da Costa Silva
- Institute of Microbiology Paulo de Góes, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Marina Valente Barroso
- Institute of Microbiology Paulo de Góes, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Josiane Sabbadini Neves
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Germic N, Fettrelet T, Stojkov D, Hosseini A, Horn MP, Karaulov A, Simon D, Yousefi S, Simon HU. The Release Kinetics of Eosinophil Peroxidase and Mitochondrial DNA Is Different in Association with Eosinophil Extracellular Trap Formation. Cells 2021; 10:cells10020306. [PMID: 33546138 PMCID: PMC7913244 DOI: 10.3390/cells10020306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Eosinophils are a subset of granulocytes characterized by a high abundance of specific granules in their cytoplasm. To act as effector cells, eosinophils degranulate and form eosinophil extracellular traps (EETs), which contain double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) co-localized with granule proteins. The exact molecular mechanism of EET formation remains unknown. Although the term “EET release” has been used in scientific reports, it is unclear whether EETs are pre-formed in eosinophils and subsequently released. Moreover, although eosinophil degranulation has been extensively studied, a precise time-course of granule protein release has not been reported until now. In this study, we investigated the time-dependent release of eosinophil peroxidase (EPX) and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) following activation of both human and mouse eosinophils. Unexpectedly, maximal degranulation was already observed within 1 min with no further change upon complement factor 5 (C5a) stimulation of interleukin-5 (IL-5) or granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF)-primed eosinophils. In contrast, bulk mtDNA release in the same eosinophil populations occurred much slower and reached maximal levels between 30 and 60 min. Although no single-cell analyses have been performed, these data suggest that the molecular pathways leading to degranulation and mtDNA release are at least partially different. Moreover, based on these data, it is likely that the association between the mtDNA scaffold and granule proteins in the process of EET formation occurs in the extracellular space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Germic
- Institute of Pharmacology, University of Bern, Inselspital, INO-F, CH-3010 Bern, Switzerland; (N.G.); (T.F.); (D.S.); (A.H.); (S.Y.)
| | - Timothée Fettrelet
- Institute of Pharmacology, University of Bern, Inselspital, INO-F, CH-3010 Bern, Switzerland; (N.G.); (T.F.); (D.S.); (A.H.); (S.Y.)
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, CH-1066 Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Darko Stojkov
- Institute of Pharmacology, University of Bern, Inselspital, INO-F, CH-3010 Bern, Switzerland; (N.G.); (T.F.); (D.S.); (A.H.); (S.Y.)
| | - Aref Hosseini
- Institute of Pharmacology, University of Bern, Inselspital, INO-F, CH-3010 Bern, Switzerland; (N.G.); (T.F.); (D.S.); (A.H.); (S.Y.)
| | - Michael P. Horn
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, CH-3010 Bern, Switzerland;
| | - Alexander Karaulov
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Allergology, Sechenov University, 119991 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Dagmar Simon
- Department of Dermatology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, CH-3010 Bern, Switzerland;
| | - Shida Yousefi
- Institute of Pharmacology, University of Bern, Inselspital, INO-F, CH-3010 Bern, Switzerland; (N.G.); (T.F.); (D.S.); (A.H.); (S.Y.)
| | - Hans-Uwe Simon
- Institute of Pharmacology, University of Bern, Inselspital, INO-F, CH-3010 Bern, Switzerland; (N.G.); (T.F.); (D.S.); (A.H.); (S.Y.)
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Allergology, Sechenov University, 119991 Moscow, Russia;
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, 420012 Kazan, Russia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +41-31-632-3281
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17
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Detection of Eosinophil Extracellular DNA Traps. Methods Mol Biol 2021. [PMID: 33486738 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1095-4_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
Abstract
The process of extracellular DNA trap release by leukocytes, including eosinophils, has been considered as an important cell-mediated immune response to different inflammatory stimuli helping to understand the physiopathology of many diseases. Here we describe in detail two useful and simple protocols for a semiquantitative and a qualitative analysis of extracellular DNA traps released by human eosinophils, based on fluorimetry and fluorescence microscopy, respectively. These methods can also be applied to detect the DNA trap release by other leukocytes such as neutrophils and even other cell types.
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18
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Cañas JA, Rodrigo-Muñoz JM, Gil-Martínez M, Sastre B, del Pozo V. Exosomes: A Key Piece in Asthmatic Inflammation. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:963. [PMID: 33478047 PMCID: PMC7835850 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22020963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Asthma is a chronic disease of the airways that has an important inflammatory component. Multiple cells are implicated in asthma pathogenesis (lymphocytes, eosinophils, mast cells, basophils, neutrophils), releasing a wide variety of cytokines. These cells can exert their inflammatory functions throughout extracellular vesicles (EVs), which are small vesicles released by donor cells into the extracellular microenvironment that can be taken up by recipient cells. Depending on their size, EVs can be classified as microvesicles, exosomes, or apoptotic bodies. EVs are heterogeneous spherical structures secreted by almost all cell types. One of their main functions is to act as transporters of a wide range of molecules, such as proteins, lipids, and microRNAs (miRNAs), which are single-stranded RNAs of approximately 22 nucleotides in length. Therefore, exosomes could influence several physiological and pathological processes, including those involved in asthma. They can be detected in multiple cell types and biofluids, providing a wealth of information about the processes that take account in a pathological scenario. This review thus summarizes the most recent insights concerning the role of exosomes from different sources (several cell populations and biofluids) in one of the most prevalent respiratory diseases, asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- José A. Cañas
- Immunoallergy Laboratory, Immunology Department, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Fundación Jiménez Díaz (IIS-FJD), Avenida Reyes Católicos, 2, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (J.A.C.); (J.M.R.-M.); (M.G.-M.)
- CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Av. de Monforte de Lemos, 3-5, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - José M. Rodrigo-Muñoz
- Immunoallergy Laboratory, Immunology Department, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Fundación Jiménez Díaz (IIS-FJD), Avenida Reyes Católicos, 2, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (J.A.C.); (J.M.R.-M.); (M.G.-M.)
- CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Av. de Monforte de Lemos, 3-5, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Gil-Martínez
- Immunoallergy Laboratory, Immunology Department, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Fundación Jiménez Díaz (IIS-FJD), Avenida Reyes Católicos, 2, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (J.A.C.); (J.M.R.-M.); (M.G.-M.)
| | - Beatriz Sastre
- Immunoallergy Laboratory, Immunology Department, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Fundación Jiménez Díaz (IIS-FJD), Avenida Reyes Católicos, 2, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (J.A.C.); (J.M.R.-M.); (M.G.-M.)
- CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Av. de Monforte de Lemos, 3-5, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Victoria del Pozo
- Immunoallergy Laboratory, Immunology Department, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Fundación Jiménez Díaz (IIS-FJD), Avenida Reyes Católicos, 2, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (J.A.C.); (J.M.R.-M.); (M.G.-M.)
- CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Av. de Monforte de Lemos, 3-5, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28029 Madrid, Spain
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19
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Lee LY, Hew GSY, Mehta M, Shukla SD, Satija S, Khurana N, Anand K, Dureja H, Singh SK, Mishra V, Singh PK, Gulati M, Prasher P, Aljabali AAA, Tambuwala MM, Thangavelu L, Panneerselvam J, Gupta G, Zacconi FC, Shastri M, Jha NK, Xenaki D, MacLoughlin R, Oliver BG, Chellappan DK, Dua K. Targeting eosinophils in respiratory diseases: Biological axis, emerging therapeutics and treatment modalities. Life Sci 2021; 267:118973. [PMID: 33400932 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Eosinophils are bi-lobed, multi-functional innate immune cells with diverse cell surface receptors that regulate local immune and inflammatory responses. Several inflammatory and infectious diseases are triggered with their build up in the blood and tissues. The mobilization of eosinophils into the lungs is regulated by a cascade of processes guided by Th2 cytokine generating T-cells. Recruitment of eosinophils essentially leads to a characteristic immune response followed by airway hyperresponsiveness and remodeling, which are hallmarks of chronic respiratory diseases. By analysing the dynamic interactions of eosinophils with their extracellular environment, which also involve signaling molecules and tissues, various therapies have been invented and developed to target respiratory diseases. Having entered clinical testing, several eosinophil targeting therapeutic agents have shown much promise and have further bridged the gap between theory and practice. Moreover, researchers now have a clearer understanding of the roles and mechanisms of eosinophils. These factors have successfully assisted molecular biologists to block specific pathways in the growth, migration and activation of eosinophils. The primary purpose of this review is to provide an overview of the eosinophil biology with a special emphasis on potential pharmacotherapeutic targets. The review also summarizes promising eosinophil-targeting agents, along with their mechanisms and rationale for use, including those in developmental pipeline, in clinical trials, or approved for other respiratory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Yen Lee
- School of Pharmacy, International Medical University (IMU), Bukit Jalil, 57000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Geena Suet Yin Hew
- School of Pharmacy, International Medical University (IMU), Bukit Jalil, 57000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Meenu Mehta
- Discipline of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Health, University of Technology Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Shakti D Shukla
- Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, Hunter Medical Research Institute (HMRI), University of Newcastle, New Lambton Heights, Newcastle, NSW 2305, Australia
| | - Saurabh Satija
- Discipline of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Health, University of Technology Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara 144411, Punjab, India
| | - Navneet Khurana
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara 144411, Punjab, India
| | - Krishnan Anand
- Department of Chemical Pathology, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences and National Health Laboratory Service, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
| | - Harish Dureja
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana 124001, India
| | - Sachin Kumar Singh
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara 144411, Punjab, India
| | - Vijay Mishra
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara 144411, Punjab, India
| | - Pankaj Kumar Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, Telangana 500037, India
| | - Monica Gulati
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara 144411, Punjab, India
| | - Parteek Prasher
- Department of Chemistry, University of Petroleum & Energy Studies, Dehradun 248007, India
| | - Alaa A A Aljabali
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Yarmouk University, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Murtaza M Tambuwala
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ulster University, Coleraine, County Londonderry, BT52 1SA, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
| | - Lakshmi Thangavelu
- Department of Pharmacology, Saveetha Dental College and Hospital, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Jithendra Panneerselvam
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, International Medical University (IMU), Bukit Jalil, 57000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Gaurav Gupta
- School of Pharmacy, Suresh Gyan Vihar University, Jagatpura, Jaipur 302017, India
| | - Flavia C Zacconi
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química y de Farmacia, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Institute for Biological and Medical Engineering, Schools of Engineering, Medicine and Biological Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Madhur Shastri
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Tasmania, Hobart 7005, Australia
| | - Niraj Kumar Jha
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Engineering & Technology (SET), Sharda University, Greater Noida 201310, India
| | - Dikaia Xenaki
- Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Ronan MacLoughlin
- Aerogen, IDA Business Park, Dangan, H91 HE94 Galway, Ireland; School of Pharmacy & Biomolecular Sciences, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, D02 YN77 Dublin, Ireland; School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Trinity College, D02 PN40 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Brian G Oliver
- Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2007, Australia.
| | - Dinesh Kumar Chellappan
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Pharmacy, International Medical University (IMU), Bukit Jalil, 57000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Kamal Dua
- Discipline of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Health, University of Technology Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia; Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, Hunter Medical Research Institute (HMRI), University of Newcastle, New Lambton Heights, Newcastle, NSW 2305, Australia; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shoolini University, Solan, Himachal Pradesh 173229, India.
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20
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Eosinophils and Neutrophils-Molecular Differences Revealed by Spontaneous Raman, CARS and Fluorescence Microscopy. Cells 2020; 9:cells9092041. [PMID: 32906767 PMCID: PMC7563840 DOI: 10.3390/cells9092041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Leukocytes are a part of the immune system that plays an important role in the host’s defense against viral, bacterial, and fungal infections. Among the human leukocytes, two granulocytes, neutrophils (Ne) and eosinophils (EOS) play an important role in the innate immune system. For that purpose, eosinophils and neutrophils contain specific granules containing protoporphyrin-type proteins such as eosinophil peroxidase (EPO) and myeloperoxidase (MPO), respectively, which contribute directly to their anti-infection activity. Since both proteins are structurally and functionally different, they could potentially be a marker of both cells’ types. To prove this hypothesis, UV−Vis absorption spectroscopy and Raman imaging were applied to analyze EPO and MPO and their content in leukocytes isolated from the whole blood. Moreover, leukocytes can contain lipidic structures, called lipid bodies (LBs), which are linked to the regulation of immune responses and are considered to be a marker of cell inflammation. In this work, we showed how to determine the number of LBs in two types of granulocytes, EOS and Ne, using fluorescence and coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) microscopy. Spectroscopic differences of EPO and MPO can be used to identify these cells in blood samples, while the detection of LBs can indicate the cell inflammation process.
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21
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Rodriguez C. The global helminth belt and Covid-19: the new eosinophilic link. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020. [DOI: 10.32388/iwkqh9.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Overview of Basic Immunology and Clinical Application. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1244:1-36. [PMID: 32301008 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-41008-7_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Tumor exists as a complex network of structures with an ability to evolve and evade the host immune surveillance mechanism. The immune milieu which includes macrophages, dendritic cells, natural killer cells, neutrophils, mast cells, B cells, and T cells are found in the core, the invasive margin, or the adjacent stromal or lymphoid component of the tumor. The immune infiltrate is heterogeneous and varies within a patient and between patients of the same tumor histology. The location, density, functionality, and cross-talk between the immune cells in the tumor microenvironment influence the nature of immune response, prognosis, and treatment outcomes in cancer patients. Therefore, an understanding of the characteristics of the immune cells and their role in tumor immune surveillance is of paramount importance to identify immune targets and to develop novel immune therapeutics in the war against cancer. In this chapter, we provide an overview of the individual components of the human immune system and the translational relevance of predictive biomarkers.
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Matucci A, Maggi E, Vultaggio A. Eosinophils, the IL-5/IL-5Rα axis, and the biologic effects of benralizumab in severe asthma. Respir Med 2019; 160:105819. [PMID: 31734469 DOI: 10.1016/j.rmed.2019.105819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Bronchial asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease characterized, in a percentage of patients, as an eosinophilic inflammation of the airways. Eosinophils are recognized as a proinflammatory granulocyte playing a major role in the T2-high phenotype, which includes severe eosinophilic asthma. Eosinophilic asthma represents the majority of the phenotypic variants clinically characterized by severity and frequent exacerbations. For patients with severe uncontrolled asthma, monoclonal antibodies are used as add-on treatments. Among them, in addition to anti-immunoglobulin E therapy, biologic agents directed toward the interleukin (IL)-5/IL-5Rα axis and, thus, interfering with the pathologic functions of eosinophils, are now available. Unlike the other anti‒IL-5 monoclonal antibodies which exert an indirect effect on eosinophils, benralizumab, an afucosylated IgG1 kappa antibody directed against the α subunit of IL-5R, directly depletes eosinophils and their associated bone marrow progenitor cells through induction of antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity, through recruitment of natural killer cells. This article reviews the role of eosinophils in the pathogenesis of bronchial asthma and discusses the potential advantageous biologic effects of benralizumab in comparison with other monoclonal antibodies targeting the IL-5 ligand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Matucci
- Immunoallergology Unit, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Careggi, Florence, Italy.
| | - Enrico Maggi
- IRCCS Pediatric Hospital Bambino Gesù, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandra Vultaggio
- Immunoallergology Unit, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Careggi, Florence, Italy
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24
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Loktionov A. Eosinophils in the gastrointestinal tract and their role in the pathogenesis of major colorectal disorders. World J Gastroenterol 2019; 25:3503-3526. [PMID: 31367153 PMCID: PMC6658389 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v25.i27.3503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Revised: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 06/01/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Eosinophils are currently regarded as versatile mobile cells controlling and regulating multiple biological pathways and responses in health and disease. These cells store in their specific granules numerous biologically active substances (cytotoxic cationic proteins, cytokines, growth factors, chemokines, enzymes) ready for rapid release. The human gut is the main destination of eosinophils that are produced and matured in the bone marrow and then transferred to target tissues through the circulation. In health the most important functions of gut-residing eosinophils comprise their participation in the maintenance of the protective mucosal barrier and interactions with other immune cells in providing immunity to microbiota of the gut lumen. Eosinophils are closely involved in the development of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), when their cytotoxic granule proteins cause damage to host tissues. However, their roles in Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis appear to follow different immune response patterns. Eosinophils in IBD are especially important in altering the structure and protective functions of the mucosal barrier and modulating massive neutrophil influx to the lamina propria followed by transepithelial migration to colorectal mucus. IBD-associated inflammatory process involving eosinophils then appears to expand to the mucus overlaying the internal gut surface. The author hypothesises that immune responses within colorectal mucus as well as ETosis exerted by both neutrophils and eosinophils on the both sides of the colonic epithelial barrier act as additional pathogenetic factors in IBD. Literature analysis also shows an association between elevated eosinophil levels and better colorectal cancer (CRC) prognosis, but mechanisms behind this effect remain to be elucidated. In conclusion, the author emphasises the importance of investigating colorectal mucus in IBD and CRC patients as a previously unexplored milieu of disease-related inflammatory responses.
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25
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Oroz J, Laurents DV. RNA binding proteins: Diversity from microsurgeons to cowboys. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-GENE REGULATORY MECHANISMS 2019; 1862:194398. [PMID: 31271896 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2019.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Revised: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The conformation and mechanism of proteins that degrade and bind RNA, which has provided key insights into post-transcriptional gene regulation, is explored here. During the twentieth century's last decades, the characterization of ribonucleases and RNA binding domains revealed the diversity of their reaction mechanisms and modes of RNA recognition, and the bases of protein folding, substrate specificity and binding affinity. More recent research showed how these domains combine through oligomerization or genetic recombination to create larger proteins with highly specific and readily programmable ribonucleolytic activity. In the last 15 years, the study of the capacity of proteins, usually disordered, to pool RNAs into discrete, non-aqueous microdroplets to facilitate their transport, modification and degradation - analogous to cowboys herding cattle - has advanced our comprehension of gene expression. Finally, the current uses of RNA binding proteins and the future applications of protein/RNA microdroplets are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Oroz
- "Rocasolano" Institute of Physical Chemistry, Spanish National Research Council, Serrano 119, Madrid 28006, Spain
| | - Douglas V Laurents
- "Rocasolano" Institute of Physical Chemistry, Spanish National Research Council, Serrano 119, Madrid 28006, Spain.
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26
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Eosinophils are short-lived granulocytes that contain a variety of proteins and lipids traditionally associated with host defense against parasites. The primary goal of this review is to examine more recent evidence that challenged this rather outdated role of eosinophils in the context of pulmonary infections with helminths, viruses, and bacteria. RECENT FINDINGS While eosinophil mechanisms that counter parasites, viruses, and bacteria are similar, the kinetics and impact may differ by pathogen type. Major antiparasitic responses include direct killing and immunoregulation, as well as some mechanisms by which parasite survival/growth is supported. Antiviral defenses may be as unembellished as granule protein-induced direct killing or more urbane as serving as a conduit for better adaptive immune responses to the invading virus. Although sacrificial, eosinophil DNA emitted in response to bacteria helps trap bacteria to limit dissemination. Herein, we discuss the current research redefining eosinophils as multifunctional cells that are active participants in host defense against lung pathogens. Eosinophils recognize and differentially respond to invading pathogens, allowing them to deploy innate defense mechanisms to contain and clear the infection, or modulate the immune response. Modern technology and animal models have unraveled hitherto unknown capabilities of this surreptitious cell that indubitably has more functions awaiting discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim S LeMessurier
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pulmonology, Allergy - Immunology, and Sleep, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
- Children's Foundation Research Institute, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, 38103, USA
| | - Amali E Samarasinghe
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pulmonology, Allergy - Immunology, and Sleep, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA.
- Children's Foundation Research Institute, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, 38103, USA.
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Seifi S, Azizi Z, Ghanghermeh A, Eftekharian S, Salehinejad J, Gholinia H. Eosinophil Density in Common Benign and Malignant Salivary Gland Tumors with Congo Red Staining. Indian J Med Paediatr Oncol 2019. [DOI: 10.4103/ijmpo.ijmpo_217_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Purpose: Eosinophils are multifunctional leukocytes with unknown mechanisms in salivary gland tumors. Some researchers associate eosinophils with tumor progression and others have proposed them as antitumoral. The present study was conducted to compare the density of eosinophils in common salivary gland tumors and its relationship with the degree of differentiation in malignant salivary gland tumors. Materials and Methods: In this present descriptive-analytical, cross-sectional study, 15 cases of pleomorphic adenoma, 15 cases of adenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC), 30 cases of mucoepidermoid carcinoma (MEC), and 5 cases of normal salivary glands were extracted. Sections were prepared of these cases for Congo red staining. The malignant salivary gland tumors were classified as high-grade and low-grade malignancies. The slides were observed under ×10, and the highest-density areas were selected and counted in ten microscopic fields under ×40. Results: The density of the eosinophils was 4.5 ± 5.6 in the pleomorphic adenoma, 16.2 ± 6.01 in the low-grade MEC, 1.05 ± 1.1 in the high-grade MEC (Grade III), and the ACC, and 0.4 ± 0.89 in the normal salivary gland. Eosinophil density was significantly higher in low-grade malignancies compared to in benign or high-grade malignant neoplasms and normal salivary gland (P < 0.001). Conclusion: This is suggested which the density of eosinophils is associated with the process of tumorigenesis and the degree of malignancy in malignant salivary gland tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Safoura Seifi
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Oral Health Research Center, Institute of Health, School of Dentistry, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Zahra Azizi
- Student Research Committe, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Alten Ghanghermeh
- Student Research Committe, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | | | - Jahanshah Salehinejad
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Hemmat Gholinia
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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Matucci A, Maggi E, Vultaggio A. WITHDRAWN: Eosinophils, the IL-5/IL-5Rα axis, and the biologic effects of benralizumab in severe asthma. RESPIRATORY MEDICINE: X 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrmex.2019.100007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
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Krishnamoorthy N, Abdulnour REE, Walker KH, Engstrom BD, Levy BD. Specialized Proresolving Mediators in Innate and Adaptive Immune Responses in Airway Diseases. Physiol Rev 2018; 98:1335-1370. [PMID: 29717929 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00026.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Airborne pathogens and environmental stimuli evoke immune responses in the lung. It is critical to health that these responses be controlled to prevent tissue damage and the compromise of organ function. Resolution of inflammation is a dynamic process that is coordinated by biochemical and cellular mechanisms. Recently, specialized proresolving mediators (SPMs) have been identified in resolution exudates. These molecules orchestrate anti-inflammatory and proresolving actions that are cell type specific. In this review, we highlight SPM biosynthesis, the influence of SPMs on the innate and adaptive immune responses in the lung, as well as recent insights from SPMs on inflammatory disease pathophysiology. Uncovering these mediators and cellular mechanisms for resolution is providing new windows into physiology and disease pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nandini Krishnamoorthy
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School , Boston, Massachusetts ; and Department of Anesthesiology, Center for Experimental Therapeutics and Reperfusion Injury, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School , Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Raja-Elie E Abdulnour
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School , Boston, Massachusetts ; and Department of Anesthesiology, Center for Experimental Therapeutics and Reperfusion Injury, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School , Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Katherine H Walker
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School , Boston, Massachusetts ; and Department of Anesthesiology, Center for Experimental Therapeutics and Reperfusion Injury, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School , Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Braden D Engstrom
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School , Boston, Massachusetts ; and Department of Anesthesiology, Center for Experimental Therapeutics and Reperfusion Injury, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School , Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Bruce D Levy
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School , Boston, Massachusetts ; and Department of Anesthesiology, Center for Experimental Therapeutics and Reperfusion Injury, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School , Boston, Massachusetts
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Leiferman KM, Peters MS. Eosinophil-Related Disease and the Skin. THE JOURNAL OF ALLERGY AND CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY-IN PRACTICE 2018; 6:1462-1482.e6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaip.2018.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Revised: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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31
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Melo RCN, Weller PF. Contemporary understanding of the secretory granules in human eosinophils. J Leukoc Biol 2018; 104:85-93. [PMID: 29749658 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.3mr1217-476r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Revised: 02/14/2018] [Accepted: 02/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Eosinophil secretory (specific) granules have a unique morphology and are both a morphologic hallmark of eosinophils and fundamental to eosinophil-mediated responses. Eosinophil mediators with multiple functional activities are presynthesized and stored within these granules, poised for very rapid, stimulus-induced secretion. The structural organization and changes of eosinophil specific granules are revealing in demonstrating the complex and diverse secretory activities of this cell. Here, we review our current knowledge on the architecture, composition, and function of eosinophil specific granules as highly elaborated organelles able to produce vesiculotubular carriers and to interplay with the intracellular vesicular trafficking. We reconsider prior identifications of eosinophil cytoplasmic granules, including "primary," "secondary," "microgranules," and "small granules"; and consonant with advances, we provide a contemporary recognition that human eosinophils contain a single population of specific granules and their developmental precursors and derived secretory vesicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rossana C N Melo
- Laboratory of Cellular Biology, Department of Biology, ICB, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, UFJF, Rua José Lourenço Kelmer, Juiz de Fora, Brazil.,Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Peter F Weller
- Laboratory of Cellular Biology, Department of Biology, ICB, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, UFJF, Rua José Lourenço Kelmer, Juiz de Fora, Brazil
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Stephen B, Hajjar J. Overview of Basic Immunology and Translational Relevance for Clinical Investigators. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2018; 995:1-41. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-02505-2_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Muniz VS, Silva JC, Braga YAV, Melo RCN, Ueki S, Takeda M, Hebisawa A, Asano K, Figueiredo RT, Neves JS. Eosinophils release extracellular DNA traps in response to Aspergillus fumigatus. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2017; 141:571-585.e7. [PMID: 28943470 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2017.07.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Revised: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Eosinophils mediate the immune response in different infectious conditions. The release of extracellular DNA traps (ETs) by leukocytes has been described as an innate immune response mechanism that is relevant in many disorders including fungal diseases. Different stimuli induce the release of human eosinophil ETs (EETs). Aspergillus fumigatus is an opportunistic fungus that may cause eosinophilic allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA). It has been reported that eosinophils are important to the clearance of A fumigatus in infected mice lungs. However, the immunological mechanisms that underlie the molecular interactions between A fumigatus and eosinophils are poorly understood. OBJECTIVE Here, we investigated the presence of EETs in the bronchial mucus plugs of patients with ABPA. We also determined whether A fumigatus induced the release of human eosinophil EETs in vitro. METHODS Mucus samples of patients with ABPA were analyzed by light and confocal fluorescence microscopy. The release of EETs by human blood eosinophils was evaluated using different pharmacological tools and neutralizing antibodies by fluorescence microscopy and a fluorimetric method. RESULTS We identified abundant nuclear histone-bearing EETs in the bronchial secretions obtained from patients with ABPA. In vitro, we demonstrated that A fumigatus induces the release of EETs through a mechanism independent of reactive oxygen species but associated with eosinophil death, histone citrullination, CD11b, and the Syk tyrosine kinase pathway. EETs lack the killing or fungistatic activities against A fumigatus. CONCLUSIONS Our findings may contribute to the understanding of how eosinophils recognize and act as immune cells in response to A fumigatus, which may lead to novel insights regarding the treatment of patients with ABPA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valdirene S Muniz
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Juliana C Silva
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences/Institute of Microbiology Paulo de Góes, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Yasmim A V Braga
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences/Institute of Microbiology Paulo de Góes, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Rossana C N Melo
- Laboratory of Cellular Biology, Department of Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Brazil
| | - Shigeharu Ueki
- Department of General Internal Medicine and Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita, Japan
| | - Masahide Takeda
- Department of General Internal Medicine and Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita, Japan
| | - Akira Hebisawa
- Clinical Research Center and Pathology Division, National Hospital Organization Tokyo National Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koichiro Asano
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Tokai University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Rodrigo T Figueiredo
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences/Unit of Xerem, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Josiane S Neves
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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Thompson-Souza GA, Gropillo I, Neves JS. Cysteinyl Leukotrienes in Eosinophil Biology: Functional Roles and Therapeutic Perspectives in Eosinophilic Disorders. Front Med (Lausanne) 2017; 4:106. [PMID: 28770202 PMCID: PMC5515036 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2017.00106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2017] [Accepted: 06/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cysteinyl leukotrienes (cysLTs), LTC4, and its extracellular metabolites, LTD4 and LTE4, have varied and multiple roles in mediating eosinophilic disorders including host defense against parasitic helminthes and allergic inflammation, especially in the lung and in asthma. CysLTs are known to act through at least 2 receptors termed cysLT1 receptor (CysLT1R) and cysLT2 receptor (CysLT2R). Eosinophils contain a dominant population of cytoplasmic crystalloid granules that store various preformed proteins. Human eosinophils are sources of cysLTs and are known to express the two known cysLTs receptors (CysLTRs). CysLTs can have varied functions on eosinophils, ranging from intracrine regulators of secretion of granule-derived proteins to paracrine/autocrine roles in eosinophil chemotaxis, differentiation, and survival. Lately, it has been recognized the expression of CysLTRs in the membranes of eosinophil granules. Moreover, cysLTs have been shown to evoke secretion from isolated cell-free eosinophil granules operating through their receptors expressed on granule membranes. In this work, we review the functional roles of cysLTs in eosinophil biology. We review cysLTs biosynthesis, their receptors, and argue the intracrine and paracrine/autocrine responses induced by cysLTs in eosinophils and in isolated free extracellular eosinophil granules. We also examine and speculate on the therapeutic relevance of targeting CysLTRs in the treatment of eosinophilic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Isabella Gropillo
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Josiane S Neves
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Eosinophil Cationic Protein (ECP), a predictive marker of bullous pemphigoid severity and outcome. Sci Rep 2017; 7:4833. [PMID: 28684769 PMCID: PMC5500584 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-04687-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2017] [Accepted: 05/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Bullous Pemphigoid (BP) is an inflammatory rare autoimmune bullous dermatosis, which outcome cannot be predicted through clinical investigations. Eosinophils are the main immune infiltrated cells in BP. However, the release of Major Basic Protein (MBP), Eosinophil Derived Neurotoxin (EDN), and Eosinophil Cationic Protein (ECP) upon eosinophil activation has still not been evaluated with respect to BP development. MBP, EDN and ECP were measured by ELISA in serum (n = 61) and blister fluid (n = 20) of patients with BP at baseline, and in serum after 2 months of treatment (n = 41). Eosinophil activation in BP patients was illustrated at baseline by significantly higher MBP, EDN and ECP serum concentrations as compared with control subjects (n = 20), but without distinction according to disease severity or outcome. EDN and ECP values were even higher in the blister fluids (P < 0.01 and P < 0.05, respectively), whereas MBP values were lower (P < 0.001). ECP serum concentration decreased after 60 days of treatment in BP patients with ongoing remission but not in patients who later relapsed (P < 0.05). A reduction of at least 12.8 ng/mL in ECP concentrations provided a positive predictive value for remission of 81%, showing that ECP serum variation could be a useful biomarker stratifying BP patients at risk of relapse.
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36
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McBrien CN, Menzies-Gow A. The Biology of Eosinophils and Their Role in Asthma. Front Med (Lausanne) 2017; 4:93. [PMID: 28713812 PMCID: PMC5491677 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2017.00093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 212] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 06/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This review will describe the structure and function of the eosinophil. The roles of several relevant cell surface molecules and receptors will be discussed. We will also explore the systemic and local processes triggering eosinophil differentiation, maturation, and migration to the lungs in asthma, as well as the cytokine-mediated pathways that result in eosinophil activation and degranulation, i.e., the release of multiple pro-inflammatory substances from eosinophil-specific granules, including cationic proteins, cytokines, chemokines growth factors, and enzymes. We will discuss the current understanding of the roles that eosinophils play in key asthma processes such as airway hyperresponsiveness, mucus hypersecretion, and airway remodeling, in addition to the evidence relating to eosinophil–pathogen interactions within the lungs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrew Menzies-Gow
- Royal Brompton and Harefield NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
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37
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Stephen B, Hajjar J. Overview of Basic Immunology for Clinical Investigators. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 995:1-31. [PMID: 28321810 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-53156-4_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
Tumor exists as a complex network of structures with an ability to evolve and evade the host immune surveillance mechanism. The immune milieu which includes macrophages, dendritic cells, natural killer cells, neutrophils, mast cells, B cells, and T cells are found in the core, the invasive margin, or the adjacent stromal or lymphoid component of the tumor. The immune infiltrate is heterogeneous and varies within a patient and between patients of the same tumor histology. The location, density, functionality, and the cross talk between the immune cells in the tumor microenvironment influence the nature of immune response, prognosis, and treatment outcomes in cancer patients. Therefore, an understanding of the characteristics of the immune cells and their role in tumor immune surveillance is of paramount importance to identify immune targets and to develop novel immune therapeutics in the war against cancer. In this chapter, we provide an overview of the individual components of the human immune system and the translational relevance of predictive biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bettzy Stephen
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Joud Hajjar
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
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Abstract
First described by Paul Ehrlich in 1879, who noted its characteristic staining by acidophilic dyes, for many years, the eosinophil was considered to be an end-effector cell associated with helminth infections and a cause of tissue damage. Over the past 30 years, research has helped to elucidate the complexity of the eosinophil's function and establish its role in host defense and immunity. Eosinophils express an array of ligand receptors which play a role in cell growth, adhesion, chemotaxis, degranulation, and cell-to-cell interactions. They play a role in activation of complement via both classical and alternative pathways. Eosinophils synthesize, store and secrete cytokines, chemokines, and growth factors. They can process antigen, stimulate T cells, and promote humoral responses by interacting with B cells. Eosinophils can function as antigen presenting cells and can regulate processes associated with both T1 and T2 immunity. Although long known to play a role in defense against helminth organisms, the interactions of eosinophils with these parasites are now recognized to be much more complex. In addition, their interaction with other pathogens continues to be investigated. In this paper, we review the eosinophil's unique biology and structure, including its characteristic granules and the effects of its proteins, our developing understanding of its role in innate and adaptive immunity and importance in immunomodulation, and the part it plays in defense against parasitic, viral, fungal and bacterial infections. Rather than our worst enemy, the eosinophil may, in fact, be one of the most essential components in host defense and immunity.
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40
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Gangwar RS, Landolina N, Arpinati L, Levi-Schaffer F. Mast cell and eosinophil surface receptors as targets for anti-allergic therapy. Pharmacol Ther 2016; 170:37-63. [PMID: 27773785 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2016.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Roopesh Singh Gangwar
- Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics Unit, Institute for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Nadine Landolina
- Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics Unit, Institute for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Ludovica Arpinati
- Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics Unit, Institute for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Francesca Levi-Schaffer
- Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics Unit, Institute for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel.
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41
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Hwang SM, Uhm TG, Lee SK, Kong SK, Jung KH, Binas B, Chai YG, Park SW, Chung IY. Olig2 is expressed late in human eosinophil development and controls Siglec-8 expression. J Leukoc Biol 2016; 100:711-723. [DOI: 10.1189/jlb.1a0715-314rrr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2015] [Accepted: 03/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
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42
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Martínez-Girón R, Martínez-Torre C. Cytolytic degranulation of eosinophils in sputum smears. Diagn Cytopathol 2016; 44:220-2. [PMID: 26799150 DOI: 10.1002/dc.23437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2015] [Revised: 12/29/2015] [Accepted: 01/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Martínez-Girón
- INCLINICA Foundation for Clinical, Pneumological and Carcinogenic Research, Oviedo, 33007, Spain
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43
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Danielsen EM, Christiansen N, Danielsen EM. Pasteurella multocida toxin: Targeting mast cell secretory granules during kiss-and-run secretion. Tissue Cell 2015; 48:1-9. [PMID: 26763205 DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2015.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2015] [Revised: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 12/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Pasteurella multocida toxin (PMT), a virulence factor of the pathogenic Gram-negative bacterium P. multocida, is a 146 kDa protein belonging to the A-B class of toxins. Once inside a target cell, the A domain deamidates the α-subunit of heterotrimeric G-proteins, thereby activating downstream signaling cascades. However, little is known about how PMT selects and enters its cellular targets. We therefore studied PMT binding and uptake in porcine cultured intestinal mucosal explants to identify susceptible cells in the epithelium and underlying lamina propria. In comparison with Vibrio cholera B-subunit, a well-known enterotoxin taken up by receptor-mediated endocytosis, PMT binding to the epithelial brush border was scarce, and no uptake into enterocytes was detected by 2h, implying that none of the glycolipids in the brush border are a functional receptor for PMT. However, in the lamina propria, PMT distinctly accumulated in the secretory granules of mast cells. This also occurred at 4 °C, ruling out endocytosis, but suggestive of uptake via pores that connect the granules to the cell surface. Mast cell granules are known to secrete their contents by a "kiss-and-run" mechanism, and we propose that PMT may exploit this secretory mechanism to gain entry into this particular cell type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth M Danielsen
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, The Panum Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Nina Christiansen
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, The Panum Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - E Michael Danielsen
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, The Panum Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.
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44
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Muniz VS, Baptista-dos-Reis R, Benjamim CF, Mata-Santos HA, Pyrrho AS, Strauch MA, Melo PA, Vicentino ARR, Silva-Paiva J, Bandeira-Melo C, Weller PF, Figueiredo RT, Neves JS. Purinergic P2Y12 Receptor Activation in Eosinophils and the Schistosomal Host Response. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0139805. [PMID: 26448282 PMCID: PMC4598158 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0139805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2015] [Accepted: 09/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Identifying new target molecules through which eosinophils secrete their stored proteins may reveal new therapeutic approaches for the control of eosinophilic disorders such as host immune responses to parasites. We have recently reported the expression of the purinergic P2Y12 receptor (P2Y12R) in human eosinophils; however, its functional role in this cell type and its involvement in eosinophilic inflammation remain unknown. Here, we investigated functional roles of P2Y12R in isolated human eosinophils and in a murine model of eosinophilic inflammation induced by Schistosoma mansoni (S. mansoni) infection. We found that adenosine 5’-diphosphate (ADP) induced human eosinophils to secrete eosinophil peroxidase (EPO) in a P2Y12R dependent manner. However, ADP did not interfere with human eosinophil apoptosis or chemotaxis in vitro. In vivo, C57Bl/6 mice were infected with cercariae of the Belo Horizonte strain of S. mansoni. Analyses performed 55 days post infection revealed that P2Y12R blockade reduced the granulomatous hepatic area and the eosinophilic infiltrate, collagen deposition and IL-13/IL-4 production in the liver without affecting the parasite oviposition. As found for humans, murine eosinophils also express the P2Y12R. P2Y12R inhibition increased blood eosinophilia, whereas it decreased the bone marrow eosinophil count. Our results suggest that P2Y12R has an important role in eosinophil EPO secretion and in establishing the inflammatory response in the course of a S. mansoni infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valdirene S. Muniz
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Renata Baptista-dos-Reis
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Claudia F. Benjamim
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | | | - Alexandre S. Pyrrho
- Pharmacy School, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Marcelo A. Strauch
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Paulo A. Melo
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Amanda R. R. Vicentino
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Juliana Silva-Paiva
- Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Christianne Bandeira-Melo
- Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Peter F. Weller
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Allergy and Inflammation, Harvard Medical School, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Rodrigo T. Figueiredo
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences/Unit of Xerem, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Josiane S. Neves
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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Multifaceted roles of cysteinyl leukotrienes in eliciting eosinophil granule protein secretion. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:848762. [PMID: 25866815 PMCID: PMC4383494 DOI: 10.1155/2015/848762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2014] [Accepted: 10/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Cysteinyl leukotrienes (cysLTs) are cell membrane-impermeant lipid mediators that play major roles in the pathogenesis of eosinophilic inflammation and are recognized to act via at least 2 receptors, namely, cysLT1 receptor (cysLT1R) and cysLT2 receptor (cysLT2R). Eosinophils, which are granulocytes classically associated with host defense against parasitic helminthes and allergic conditions, are distinguished from leukocytes by their dominant population of cytoplasmic crystalloid (also termed secretory, specific, or secondary) granules that contain robust stores of diverse preformed proteins. Human eosinophils are the main source of cysLTs and are recognized to express both cysLTs receptors (cysLTRs) on their surface, at the plasma membrane. More recently, we identified the expression of cysLTRs in eosinophil granule membranes and demonstrated that cysLTs, acting via their granule membrane-expressed receptors, elicit secretion from cell-free human eosinophil granules. Herein, we review the multifaceted roles of cysLTs in eliciting eosinophil granule protein secretion. We discuss the intracrine and autocrine/paracrine secretory responses evoked by cysLTs in eosinophils and in cell-free extracellular eosinophil crystalloid granules. We also discuss the importance of this finding in eosinophil immunobiology and speculate on its potential role(s) in eosinophilic diseases.
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Benito-Martin A, Di Giannatale A, Ceder S, Peinado H. The new deal: a potential role for secreted vesicles in innate immunity and tumor progression. Front Immunol 2015; 6:66. [PMID: 25759690 PMCID: PMC4338782 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2014] [Accepted: 02/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumors must evade the immune system to survive and metastasize, although the mechanisms that lead to tumor immunoediting and their evasion of immune surveillance are far from clear. The first line of defense against metastatic invasion is the innate immune system that provides immediate defense through humoral immunity and cell-mediated components, mast cells, neutrophils, macrophages, and other myeloid-derived cells that protect the organism against foreign invaders. Therefore, tumors must employ different strategies to evade such immune responses or to modulate their environment, and they must do so prior metastasizing. Exosomes and other secreted vesicles can be used for cell–cell communication during tumor progression by promoting the horizontal transfer of information. In this review, we will analyze the role of such extracellular vesicles during tumor progression, summarizing the role of secreted vesicles in the crosstalk between the tumor and the innate immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Benito-Martin
- Children's Cancer and Blood Foundation Laboratories, Department of Pediatrics, Weill Cornell Medical College , New York, NY , USA
| | - Angela Di Giannatale
- Children's Cancer and Blood Foundation Laboratories, Department of Pediatrics, Weill Cornell Medical College , New York, NY , USA
| | - Sophia Ceder
- Department of Oncology and Pathology, Karolinska Institutet , Stockholm , Sweden
| | - Héctor Peinado
- Children's Cancer and Blood Foundation Laboratories, Department of Pediatrics, Weill Cornell Medical College , New York, NY , USA ; Microenvironment and Metastasis Laboratory, Department of Molecular Oncology, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO) , Madrid , Spain
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Caruso RA, Branca G, Fedele F, Parisi A, Finocchiaro G, Ieni A, Rigoli L. Eosinophil-Specific Granules in Tumor Cell Cytoplasm: Unusual Ultrastructural Findings in a Case of Diffuse-Type Gastric Carcinoma. Ultrastruct Pathol 2015; 39:226-30. [PMID: 25569635 DOI: 10.3109/01913123.2014.991886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
A case of desmoplastic variant of diffuse-type gastric carcinoma in a 72-year-old woman is reported. Microscopic findings included poorly cohesive tumor cells, resembling mononuclear inflammatory cells, prominent diffuse desmoplasia, and tumor-associated tissue eosinophilia. Electron microscopy confirmed the undifferentiated phenotype of tumor cells and disclosed activated eosinophils in the tumor stroma. Eosinophil-specific granules were found either free in the tumor stroma or within the cytoplasm of some tumor cells. Electron microscopy provided also circumstantial evidence of phagocytosis of apoptotic eosinophils by tumor cells. Extracellular, membrane-bound, eosinophil-specific granules have been long recognized in tissues associated with eosinophilia, including allergic diseases, inflammatory responses to helminths, and in stroma of some neoplasms. Our ultrastructural study now extends these findings and provides additional morphological evidence of eosinophil-specific granules within the cytoplasm of gastric carcinoma cells.
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Landolina N, Gangwar RS, Levi-Schaffer F. Mast cells' integrated actions with eosinophils and fibroblasts in allergic inflammation: implications for therapy. Adv Immunol 2015; 125:41-85. [PMID: 25591464 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ai.2014.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Mast cells (MCs) and eosinophils (Eos) are the key players in the development of allergic inflammation (AI). Their cross-talk, named the Allergic Effector Unit (AEU), takes place through an array of soluble mediators and ligands/receptors interactions that enhance the functions of both the cells. One of the salient features of the AEU is the CD48/2B4 receptor/ligand binding complex. Furthermore, MCs and Eos have been demonstrated to play a role not only in AI but also in the modulation of its consequence, i.e., fibrosis/tissue remodeling, by directly influencing fibroblasts (FBs), the main target cells of these processes. In turn, FBs can regulate the survival, activity, and phenotype of both MCs and Eos. Therefore, a complex three players, MCs/Eos/FBs interaction, can take place in various stages of AI. The characterization of the soluble and physical mediated cross talk among these three cells might lead to the identification of both better and novel targets for the treatment of allergy and its tissue remodeling consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Landolina
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Roopesh Singh Gangwar
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Francesca Levi-Schaffer
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel.
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Makiya MA, Herrick JA, Khoury P, Prussin CP, Nutman TB, Klion AD. Development of a suspension array assay in multiplex for the simultaneous measurement of serum levels of four eosinophil granule proteins. J Immunol Methods 2014; 411:11-22. [PMID: 24914990 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2014.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2014] [Revised: 04/28/2014] [Accepted: 05/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The concentrations of major basic protein (MBP), eosinophil cationic protein (ECP), eosinophil derived neurotoxin (EDN) and eosinophil peroxidase (EPO) have been associated with eosinophilic disease severity. Whereas a variety of techniques have been used to measure individual eosinophil granule protein concentration, none of these methods efficiently measures MBP, ECP, EDN and EPO simultaneously. A multiplex suspension array system was developed to simultaneously measure the concentrations of MBP, ECP, EDN and EPO in serum. The assay showed excellent inter- and intra-assay reliability, and serum levels of MBP, ECP and EDN from eosinophilic subjects analyzed by ELISA and multiplex were highly correlated (r=0.8579; P<0.0001, r=0.6356; P=0.0006 and r=0.8600; P<0.0001, respectively, Spearman rank correlation). Moreover, the multiplex assay required 500-fold less serum than a single ELISA to achieve comparable sensitivity. Absolute eosinophil count and eosinophil surface expression of the activation marker, CD69, were significantly correlated with concentrations of MBP, EDN and EPO, but not ECP, in serum from eosinophilic subjects. Furthermore, subjects with eosinophilic gastrointestinal disorder and normal peripheral absolute eosinophil counts (<0.5×10(9)/l) had significantly increased concentrations of MBP (P<0.0001), ECP (P<0.0001), EDN (P=0.0001) and EPO (P<0.0001) compared to normal donors. In summary, the eosinophil granule protein multiplex assay provides a rapid and reliable way to measure eosinophil granule protein levels and should prove useful in assessing patterns of degranulation in patients with eosinophilic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle A Makiya
- Eosinophil Pathology Unit, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States.
| | - Jesica A Herrick
- Helminth Immunology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Paneez Khoury
- Eosinophil Pathology Unit, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Calman P Prussin
- Mast Cell Biology Section, Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Thomas B Nutman
- Helminth Immunology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Amy D Klion
- Eosinophil Pathology Unit, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
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50
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Muniz VS, Baptista-Dos-Reis R, Neves JS. Functional extracellular eosinophil granules: a bomb caught in a trap. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2013; 162:276-82. [PMID: 24136351 DOI: 10.1159/000354934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Eosinophils store a wide range of preformed proteins, including cationic proteins and cytokines, within their morphologically unique granules. Recently, we have demonstrated that cell-free eosinophil granules are functional, independent, secretory organelles and that clusters of cell-free granules are commonly found at tissue sites associated with various pathologic conditions. Cytolytic release of intact eosinophil granules produces extracellular organelles that are fully capable of ligand-elicited, active, secretory responses and are hence able to act as 'cluster bombs' that amplify the differential secretory properties of eosinophils. Herein, we review recent progress in elucidating the molecular mechanisms involved in the cytolytical release of intact cell-free functional eosinophil granules in a process associated with the liberation of eosinophil DNA traps (nets), a known aspect of the innate response recognized in various immune cells and pathological conditions. We also discuss the importance of clusters of cell-free eosinophil granules trapped in eosinophil DNA nets in disease and speculate on their potential role(s) in immunity as well as compare available data on DNA-releasing neutrophils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valdirene S Muniz
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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