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Perveen K, Quach A, Stark MJ, Prescott S, Barry SC, Hii CS, Ferrante A. PKCζ activation promotes maturation of cord blood T cells towards a Th1 IFN-γ propensity. Immunology 2023; 170:359-373. [PMID: 37340593 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2023] Open
Abstract
A significant number of babies present transiently with low protein kinase C zeta (PKCζ) levels in cord blood T cells (CBTC), associated with reduced ability to transition from a neonatal Th2 to a mature Th1 cytokine bias, leading to a higher risk of developing allergic sensitisation, compared to neonates whose T cells have 'normal' PKCζ levels. However, the importance of PKCζ signalling in regulating their differentiation from a Th2 to a Th1 cytokine phenotype propensity remains undefined. To define the role of PKCζ signalling in the regulation of CBTC differentiation from a Th2 to a Th1cytokine phenotype we have developed a neonatal T cell maturation model which enables the cells to develop to CD45RA- /CD45RO+ T cells while maintaining the Th2 immature cytokine bias, despite having normal levels of PKCζ. The immature cells were treated with phytohaemagglutinin, but in addition with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA), an agonist which does not activate PKCζ. This was compared to development in CBTC in which the cells were transfected to express constitutively active PKCζ. The lack of PKCζ activation by PMA was monitored by western blot for phospho-PKCζ and translocation from cell cytosol to the membrane by confocal microscopy. The findings demonstrate that PMA fails to activate PKCζ in CBTC. The data show that CBTC matured under the influence of the PKC stimulator, PMA, maintain a Th2 cytokine bias, characterised by robust IL-4 and minimal interferon gamma production (IFN-γ), and lack of expression of transcriptional factor, T-bet. This was also reflected in the production of a range of other Th2/Th1 cytokines. Interestingly, introduction of a constitutively active PKCζ mutant into CBTC promoted development towards a Th1 profile with high IFN-γ production. The findings demonstrate that PKCζ signalling is essential for the immature neonatal T cells to transition from a Th2 to a Th1 cytokine production bias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalida Perveen
- Department of Immunology, SA Pathology at Women's and Children's Hospital, North Adelaide, Australia
- The Robinson Research Institute and School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Alex Quach
- Department of Immunology, SA Pathology at Women's and Children's Hospital, North Adelaide, Australia
- The Robinson Research Institute and School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Michael J Stark
- The Robinson Research Institute and School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
- Department of Neonatal Medicine, Women's and Children's Hospital, North Adelaide, Australia
| | - Susan Prescott
- School of Paediatrics, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia
- The ORIGINS Project, Telethon Kids Institute and Perth Children's Hospital, Nedlands, Australia
| | - Simon C Barry
- The Robinson Research Institute and School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Charles S Hii
- Department of Immunology, SA Pathology at Women's and Children's Hospital, North Adelaide, Australia
- The Robinson Research Institute and School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Antonio Ferrante
- Department of Immunology, SA Pathology at Women's and Children's Hospital, North Adelaide, Australia
- The Robinson Research Institute and School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
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Stepanovich GE, Chapman CA, Meserve KL, Sturza JM, Ellsworth LA, Bailey RC, Bermick JR. Chorioamnionitis-exposure alters serum cytokine trends in premature neonates. J Perinatol 2022:10.1038/s41372-022-01584-2. [PMID: 36539561 DOI: 10.1038/s41372-022-01584-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Determine if chronologic age and/or chorioamnionitis exposure alter normal serum cytokine and chemokine levels in uninfected preterm neonates during their initial NICU stay. STUDY DESIGN A 7-plex immunoassay measured levels of serum IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, TNF-α, CCL2, and CCL3 longitudinally from chorioamnionitis-exposed and unexposed preterm neonates under 33 weeks' gestation. RESULTS Chorioamnionitis-exposed and unexposed preterm neonates demonstrated differences in the trends of IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, TNF-α, and CCL2 over the first month of life. The unexposed neonates demonstrated elevated levels of these inflammatory markers in the first two weeks of life with a decrease by the third week of life, while the chorioamnionitis-exposed neonates demonstrated differences over time without a predictable pattern. Chorioamnionitis-exposed and unexposed neonates demonstrated altered IL-10 and TNF-α trajectories over the first twelve weeks of life. CONCLUSION Chorioamnionitis induces a state of immune dysregulation in preterm neonates that persists beyond the immediate neonatal period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gretchen E Stepanovich
- Division of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Cole A Chapman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Krista L Meserve
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Julie M Sturza
- Biostatistics and Data Management Unit, Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Lindsay A Ellsworth
- Division of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Ryan C Bailey
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Jennifer R Bermick
- Division of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA. .,Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.
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Bermick JR, Issuree P, denDekker A, Gallagher KA, Santillan D, Kunkel S, Lukacs N, Schaller M. Differences in H3K4me3 and chromatin accessibility contribute to altered T-cell receptor signaling in neonatal naïve CD4 T cells. Immunol Cell Biol 2022; 100:562-579. [PMID: 35608955 PMCID: PMC9357221 DOI: 10.1111/imcb.12561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Neonatal CD4+ T cells have reduced or delayed T-cell receptor (TCR) signaling responses compared with adult cells, but the mechanisms underlying this are poorly understood. This study tested the hypothesis that human neonatal naïve CD4+ TCR signaling and activation deficits are related to differences in H3K4me3 patterning and chromatin accessibility. Following initiation of TCR signaling using anti-CD3/anti-CD28 beads, adult naïve CD4+ T cells demonstrated increased CD69, phospho-CD3ε and interleukin (IL)-2, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interferon-γ and IL-17A compared with neonatal cells. By contrast, following TCR-independent activation using phorbol myristate acetate (PMA)/ionomycin, neonatal cells demonstrated increased expression of CD69, IL-2 and TNF-α and equivalent phospho-ERK compared with adult cells. H3K4me3 chromatin immunoprecipitation-sequencing (ChIP-seq) and assay for transposase-accessible chromatin with high-throughput sequencing (ATAC-seq) were performed on separate cohorts of naïve CD4+ T cells from term neonates and adults, and RNA-seq data from neonatal and adult naïve CD4+ T cells were obtained from the Blueprint Consortium. Adult cells demonstrated overall increased chromatin accessibility and a higher proportion of H3K4me3 sites associated with open chromatin and active gene transcription compared with neonatal cells. Adult cells demonstrated increased mRNA expression of the TCR-associated genes FYN, ITK, CD4, LCK and LAT, which was associated with increased H3K4me3 at the FYN and ITK gene loci and increased chromatin accessibility at the CD4, LCK and LAT loci. These findings indicate that neonatal TCR-dependent defects in activation are epigenetically regulated and provide a potentially targetable mechanism to enhance neonatal CD4+ T-cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer R Bermick
- Division of Neonatology, Department of PediatricsUniversity of IowaIowa CityIAUSA
- Division of Neonatal‐Perinatal Medicine, Department of PediatricsMichigan MedicineAnn ArborMIUSA
| | - Priya Issuree
- Department of Internal MedicineUniversity of IowaIowa CityIAUSA
| | - Aaron denDekker
- Department of Vascular SurgeryMichigan MedicineAnn ArborMIUSA
| | | | - Donna Santillan
- Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyUniversity of IowaIowa CityIAUSA
| | - Steven Kunkel
- Department of PathologyMichigan MedicineAnn ArborMIUSA
| | - Nicholas Lukacs
- Department of PathologyMichigan MedicineAnn ArborMIUSA
- Mary H. Weiser Food Allergy CenterMichigan MedicineAnn ArborMIUSA
| | - Matthew Schaller
- Department of PathologyMichigan MedicineAnn ArborMIUSA
- Pulmonary, Critical Care & Sleep MedicineUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFLUSA
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Rosik J, Szostak B, Machaj F, Pawlik A. The Role of CTLA4 and Its Polymorphisms in Solid Organ and Haematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22063081. [PMID: 33802937 PMCID: PMC8002677 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22063081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
HLA matching, transplantation technique, or underlying disease greatly influences the probability of long-term transplantation success. It has been hypothesised that genetic variation affecting antigen presentation also contributes to the outcomes of both solid organ transplantation and allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (AHSCT). Those genes, along with those responsible for innate and adaptive immunity, have become targets of investigation. In this review, we focus on the role of CTLA4 in the process of acute graft rejection and summarise the progress in our understanding of its role in predicting the outcome. We present the results of the latest studies investigating the link between CTLA4 gene variability and AHSCT, as well as organ transplantation outcomes. While some studies found a link between +49 A/G and −318 C/T and transplantation outcomes, comprehensive meta-analyses have failed to present any association. The most recent field reviews suggest that the −1772 T/C (rs733618) CC genotype is weakly associated with a lower risk of acute graft rejection, while +49 A/G might be clinically meaningful when investigated in the context of combinations with other polymorphisms. Studies verifying associations between 12 CTLA4 gene SNPs and AHSCT outcomes present inexplicit results. Some of the most commonly studied polymorphisms in this context include +49 A/G (rs231775) and CT60 A/G (rs3087243). The results signify that, in order to understand the role of CTLA4 and its gene polymorphisms in transplantology, further studies must be conducted.
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Szostak B, Machaj F, Rosik J, Pawlik A. Umbilical cord blood transplantation and the impact of the CTLA4 genotype on outcomes. Expert Rev Hematol 2019; 12:1089-1094. [PMID: 31607188 DOI: 10.1080/17474086.2019.1680281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Background: Umbilical cord blood transplantation is an effective method of curing multiple diseases when there is no donor available for allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (AHSCT). It has been recently suggested that polymorphisms in genes affecting antigen presentation could potentially affect cord blood transplantation (CBT) outcomes.Areas covered: In this review, we present the results of the latest studies investigating the link between CTLA4 gene variability and umbilical cord blood transplantation outcomes.Expert opinion: The search for genetic variants that influence the immune response, both innate and adaptive immunity, may lead to more optimal therapies. Promising candidate genes are those that regulate the expression of proteins associated with T-cell activation. Many genetic variants could be therapeutically important, including those related to innate and adaptive immunity, cytokines, chemokines, drug-metabolizing enzymes, drug transporters, and inflammatory enzymes. The development of an algorithm that includes the determination of selected genetic variants could be helpful for an appropriate donor-recipient CBT matching.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bartosz Szostak
- Department of Physiology, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Filip Machaj
- Department of Physiology, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Jakub Rosik
- Department of Physiology, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Andrzej Pawlik
- Department of Physiology, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
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TGF-beta/atRA-induced Tregs express a selected set of microRNAs involved in the repression of transcripts related to Th17 differentiation. Sci Rep 2017; 7:3627. [PMID: 28620241 PMCID: PMC5472579 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-03456-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2017] [Accepted: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are essential regulators of immune tolerance. atRA and TGF-β can inhibit the polarization of naïve T cells into inflammatory Th17 cells, favoring the generation of stable iTregs, however the regulatory mechanisms involved are not fully understood. In this context, the roles of individual microRNAs in Tregs are largely unexplored. Naïve T cells were immunomagnetically isolated from umbilical cord blood and activated with anti-human CD2/CD3/CD28 beads in the presence of IL-2 alone (CD4Med) or with the addition of TGF-β and atRA (CD4TGF/atRA). As compared to CD4Med, the CD4TGF/atRA condition allowed the generation of highly suppressive CD4+CD25hiCD127−FOXP3hi iTregs. Microarray profiling allowed the identification of a set of microRNAs that are exclusively expressed upon TGF-β/atRA treatment and that are predicted to target a set of transcripts concordantly downregulated. This set of predicted targets were enriched for central components of IL-6/JAK/STAT and AKT-mTOR signaling, whose inhibition is known to play important roles in the generation and function of regulatory lymphocytes. Finally, we show that mimics of exclusively expressed miRs (namely miR-1299 and miR-30a-5p) can reduce the levels of its target transcripts, IL6R and IL6ST (GP130), and increase the percentage of FoxP3+ cells among CD4+CD25+/hi cells.
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Pichichero ME. Challenges in vaccination of neonates, infants and young children. Vaccine 2014; 32:3886-94. [PMID: 24837502 PMCID: PMC4135535 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2014] [Revised: 04/18/2014] [Accepted: 05/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
All neonates, infants and young children receive multiple priming doses and booster vaccinations in the 1st and 2nd year of life to prevent infections by viral and bacterial pathogens. Despite high vaccine compliance, outbreaks of vaccine-preventable infections are occurring worldwide. These data strongly argue for an improved understanding of the immune responses of neonates, infants and young children to vaccine antigens and further study of the exploitable mechanisms to achieve more robust and prolonged immunity with fewer primary and booster vaccinations in the pediatric population. This review will focus on our recent work involving infant and young child immunity following routine recommended vaccinations. The discussion will address vaccine responses with respect to four areas: (1) systemic antibody responses, (2) memory B-cell generation, (3) CD4 T-cell responses, and (4) APC function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael E Pichichero
- Rochester General Hospital Research Institute, Rochester, NY 14621, United States of America.
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8
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Li L, Kim HT, Nellore A, Patsoukis N, Petkova V, McDonough S, Politikos I, Nikiforow S, Soiffer R, Antin JH, Ballen K, Cutler C, Ritz J, Boussiotis VA. Prostaglandin E2 promotes survival of naive UCB T cells via the Wnt/β-catenin pathway and alters immune reconstitution after UCBT. Blood Cancer J 2014; 4:e178. [PMID: 24442207 PMCID: PMC3913944 DOI: 10.1038/bcj.2013.75] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2013] [Accepted: 12/06/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The outcome of umbilical cord blood transplantation (UCBT) is compromised by low hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) doses leading to prolonged time to engraftment, delayed immunological reconstitution and late memory T-cell skewing. Exposure of UCB to dimethyl-prostaglandin E2 (dmPGE2) increases HSC in vivo. We determined that exposure of UCB T lymphocytes to dmPGE2 modified Wnt signaling resulting in T cell factor (TCF)-mediated transcription. Wnt signaling upregulated interleukin (IL)-7R and IL-2Rβ, resulting in enhanced survival mediated by the homeostatic cytokines IL-7 and IL-15. dmPGE2 also induced components of the Wnt pathway and Wnt receptors, thereby priming UCB T cells to receive signals via Wnt ligands in vivo. We observed that the Wnt transcription factor TCF7 and its target EOMES were elevated in the T cells of patients who received PGE2-treated UCBs. Consistent with the role of Wnt/β-catenin signaling to induce and maintain naive, memory precursors and long-lived central memory CD8(+) cells, these patients also had increased fractions of CD8(+)CD45RO(-)CD62L(+) plus CD8(+)CD45RO(+)CD62L(+) subsets encompassing these T-cell populations. These effects of the PGE2/Wnt/β-catenin axis may have significant implications for harnessing immunity in the context of UCBT, where impaired immune reconstitution is associated with late memory T-cell skewing.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Li
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology and Cancer Biology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - H T Kim
- Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - A Nellore
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology and Cancer Biology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - N Patsoukis
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology and Cancer Biology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - V Petkova
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - S McDonough
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - I Politikos
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology and Cancer Biology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - S Nikiforow
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - R Soiffer
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - J H Antin
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - K Ballen
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - C Cutler
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - J Ritz
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - V A Boussiotis
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology and Cancer Biology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Sharma SK, Pichichero ME. Deficiencies in the CD4 + T-Helper Cell Arm of the Immune System of Neonates and Young Children. PEDIATRIC ALLERGY, IMMUNOLOGY, AND PULMONOLOGY 2013; 26:4-10. [PMID: 35927842 DOI: 10.1089/ped.2012.0181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Newborns and young children rely on innate immunity to protect against infections until the adaptive immune system matures. Immunization helps facilitate protection, but multiple doses are needed to establish sufficient antibody levels and T-cell-facilitated immune memory. Deficient T-cell activation and function among neonates and young children are primarily present in the CD4+ compartment, whereas CD8+ T-cell function is at par with adults. CD4+ T cells in neonates and young children produce low levels of IFNγ, interleukin (IL)-2, IL-13, IL-5, and IL-17. This inherent deficiency in neonatal and young child CD4+ T-cell functionality has been linked to several mechanistic failures: (1) lower sensitivity to T-cell receptor stimulation, (2) increased apoptosis after proliferation, (3) unavailability of antigen for T-cell priming, and (4) inefficient stimulation by relatively immature antigen-presenting cells. In this review, we discuss evidence from infection and vaccination responses that shed light on the various checkpoints possibly involved in delayed maturation of CD4+ T-cell activation and function in newborns and young children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharad K Sharma
- Center for Infectious Disease and Immunology, Rochester General Hospital Research Institute, Rochester, New York
| | - Michael E Pichichero
- Center for Infectious Disease and Immunology, Rochester General Hospital Research Institute, Rochester, New York
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Milward K, Issa F, Hester J, Figueroa-Tentori D, Madrigal A, Wood KJ. Multiple unit pooled umbilical cord blood is a viable source of therapeutic regulatory T cells. Transplantation 2013; 95:85-93. [PMID: 23263503 PMCID: PMC4516307 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0b013e31827722ed] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Regulatory T cells (Treg) are potentially a useful therapeutic option for the treatment of immunopathological conditions including graft-versus-host disease. Umbilical cord blood (UCB) offers certain advantages over adult peripheral blood (APB) as a source of Treg for cellular therapy but yields far fewer Treg per unit. Pooling of Treg from multiple donors may overcome this challenge. METHODS In this study, we assessed the in vitro and in vivo efficacy of multiple donor pooled UCB or APB-derived Treg. RESULTS In vitro, pooled freshly isolated UCB-derived Treg were as suppressive as APB-derived Treg. However, in a mouse model of human skin allodestruction, pooled UCB-derived Treg were more potent at suppressing alloresponses and prolonging skin survival compared with pooled APB-derived Treg. Improved survival of UCB Treg in an in vivo cell survival assay and their lower expression of human leukocyte antigen-ABC suggested that lower immunogenicity may account for their superior efficacy in vivo. CONCLUSION Multiple-unit UCB is therefore a viable source of human Treg for cellular therapy, and pooling of Treg from multiple donors offers a useful strategy for achieving required therapeutic doses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate Milward
- Transplantation Research Immunology Group, Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Fadi Issa
- Transplantation Research Immunology Group, Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Joanna Hester
- Transplantation Research Immunology Group, Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Alejandro Madrigal
- Anthony Nolan Research Institute, The Royal Free Hospital, UCL Cancer Institute, London, UK
| | - Kathryn J. Wood
- Transplantation Research Immunology Group, Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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Mouzaki A, Panagoulias I, Raptis G, Farri-Kostopoulou E. Cord blood leptin levels of healthy neonates are associated with IFN-γ production by cord blood T-cells. PLoS One 2012; 7:e40830. [PMID: 22815836 PMCID: PMC3397963 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0040830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2011] [Accepted: 06/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Leptin is a hormone synthesized by adipocytes and other tissues, including the placenta, and it regulates food intake and energy expenditure, reproductive and immune functions. To investigate the role of leptin in neonatal immunity, we measured serum leptin and cytokine (IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-2, IL-4, IL-10, IL-12) levels in the cord blood (cb) of 510 healthy neonates, 14 small for gestational age (SGA), 312 appropriately grown for gestational age (AGA) and 184 large for gestational age (LGA). Median serum leptin concentration in the whole sample was 11 ng/ml. In 11.2% neonates (1 SGA, 32 AGA, 24 LGA), leptin levels were >90th percentile (median 39 ng/ml). In 33.3% of those (3.72% of total sample) with the highest leptin levels (median 46 ng/ml), significantly elevated levels of serum IFN-γ were also found (mean 27.11 pg/ml, range 17.5-38.5 pg/ml). In neonates with leptin levels ∼50th percentile (median 12 ng/ml) or <10th percentile (median 1 ng/ml), serum IFN-γ levels were negligible. All other cytokines measured, were < the assays' detection limits. To investigate whether leptin can independently influence cytokine gene expression by cb T-cells and monocytes (Mc), we cultured cb T-cells or Mc, isolated from randomly selected AGA neonates or adult peripheral blood, with leptin. This resulted in upregulation of IL-2, IFN-γ and IL-4 gene expression in cb and adult T-cells and IL-10 expression mainly in cb-Mc. Significantly higher expression of IFN-γ occurred in female cb-T-cells cultured with leptin, compared with male cb-T-cells. In conclusion, the concurrent presence of high concentrations in both leptin and IFN-γ in cb of healthy infants, and leptin's ability to directly upregulate cytokine gene expression in cb T and Mc cells, indicate that abnormally high leptin levels can independently influence the immune system of healthy newborns, and may mediate gender differences in the development of a Th1 polarized immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athanasia Mouzaki
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, University of Patras, Patras, Greece.
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Lin SJ, Yan DC, Lee YC, Hsiao HS, Lee PT, Liang YW, Kuo ML. Umbilical cord blood immunology: relevance to stem cell transplantation. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2012; 42:45-57. [PMID: 22134956 DOI: 10.1007/s12016-011-8289-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Because of its easier accessibility and less severe graft-versus-host disease, umbilical cord blood (UCB) has been increasingly used as an alternative to bone marrow for hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Naiveté of UCB lymphocytes, however, results in delayed immune reconstitution and infection-related mortality in transplant recipients. This review updates the phenotypic and functional deficiencies of various immune cell populations in UCB compared with their adult counterparts and discusses clinical implications and possible therapeutic strategies to improve the outcome of stem cell transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syh-Jae Lin
- Division of Asthma, Allergy, and Rheumatology Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Children's Hospital, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan, Republic of China
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13
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Kollár S, Sándor N, Molvarec A, Stenczer B, Rigó J, Tulassay T, Vásárhelyi B, Toldi G. Prevalence of intracellular galectin-1-expressing lymphocytes in umbilical cord blood in comparison with adult peripheral blood. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 2012; 18:1608-13. [PMID: 22609846 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbmt.2012.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2011] [Accepted: 05/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Umbilical cord blood (UCB) is a promising alternative for the treatment of hematological malignancies. The lower immune reactivity of UCB lymphocytes is a well-known phenomenon; however, immune tolerance mechanisms are not fully elucidated. Galectin-1 has strong immunosuppressive properties and plays a key role in the regulation of immune reactivity. We aimed to determine the properties of intracellular galectin-1 (Gal-1)-producing cells within CD3, CD4, CD8, regulatory T (Treg), and natural killer (NK) cells in UCB compared to adult peripheral blood (APB). We took peripheral blood samples from 22 healthy adults and cord blood samples from 19 healthy, term neonates. Intracellular Gal-1 expression was determined by flow cytometry in the above subsets. Furthermore, we assessed the prevalence of naive and memory T cells that play a role in the regulation of immune reactivity. We also performed functional analyses to assess the effect of exogenous Gal-1 on the rate of proliferation of T lymphocytes isolated from APB and UCB. The prevalence of intracellular Gal-1-expressing CD3, CD4, CD8, Treg and NK lymphocytes was lower in UCB than in APB. However, their capability to produce Gal-1 reaches the level seen in adults. The prevalence of naive cells was higher, whereas that of central and effector memory T cells was lower in UCB compared with APB. Lower Gal-1-producing cell proportion might be due to the naivety of neonatal lymphocytes, as indicated by the positive correlation detected between the number of CD3 lymphocytes expressing intracellular Gal-1 and the prevalence of memory T cells. The intracellular expression of Gal-1 may be down-regulated in neonatal lymphocytes due to the already reduced immune reactivity of UCB. In contrast with previous findings, our results indicate that the administration of exogenous Gal-1 failed to decrease the rate of proliferation in T lymphocytes isolated from either APB or UCB. This suggests that Gal-1-expressing lymphocytes are unlikely to play a major role in mitigating the immune reactivity of UCB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Szonja Kollár
- First Department of Pediatrics, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
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Hanley PJ, Lam S, Shpall EJ, Bollard CM. Expanding cytotoxic T lymphocytes from umbilical cord blood that target cytomegalovirus, Epstein-Barr virus, and adenovirus. J Vis Exp 2012:e3627. [PMID: 22588077 DOI: 10.3791/3627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Virus infections after stem cell transplantation are among the most common causes of death, especially after cord blood (CB) transplantation (CBT) where the CB does not contain appreciable numbers of virus-experienced T cells which can protect the recipient from infection. We and others have shown that virus-specific CTL generated from seropositive donors and infused to the recipient are safe and protective. However, until recently, virus-specific T cells could not be generated from cord blood, likely due to the absence of virus-specific memory T cells. In an effort to better mimic the in vivo priming conditions of naïve T cells, we established a method that used CB-derived dendritic cells (DC) transduced with an adenoviral vector (Ad5f35pp65) containing the immunodominant CMV antigen pp65, hence driving T cell specificity towards CMV and adenovirus. At initiation, we use these matured DCs as well as CB-derived T cells in the presence of the cytokines IL-7, IL-12, and IL-15. At the second stimulation we used EBV-transformed B cells, or EBV-LCL, which express both latent and lytic EBV antigens. Ad5f35pp65-transduced EBV-LCL are used to stimulate the T cells in the presence of IL-15 at the second stimulation. Subsequent stimulations use Ad5f35pp65-transduced EBV-LCL and IL-2. From 50x10(6) CB mononuclear cells we are able to generate upwards of 150 x 10(6) virus-specific T cells that lyse antigen-pulsed targets and release cytokines in response to antigenic stimulation. These cells were manufactured in a GMP-compliant manner using only the 20% fraction of a fractionated cord blood unit and have been translated for clinical use.
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Cruz CR, Gerdemann U, Leen AM, Shafer JA, Ku S, Tzou B, Horton TM, Sheehan A, Copeland A, Younes A, Rooney CM, Heslop HE, Bollard CM. Improving T-cell therapy for relapsed EBV-negative Hodgkin lymphoma by targeting upregulated MAGE-A4. Clin Cancer Res 2011; 17:7058-66. [PMID: 21908573 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-11-1873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Patients with Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) relapsing after hematopoietic stem cell transplant have limited options for long-term cure. We have shown that infused cytotoxic T cells (CTL) targeting Epstein Barr virus (EBV)-derived proteins induced complete remissions in EBV(+) HL patients. A limitation of this approach is that up to 70% of relapsed HL tumors are EBV-negative. For these patients, an alternative is to target the cancer/testis antigen MAGE-A4 present in EBV antigen-negative HL tumors. Furthermore, epigenetic modification by clinically available demethylating agents can enhance MAGE-A4 expression in previously MAGE-negative tumors. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We explored the feasibility of combining adoptive T cell therapy with epigenetic modification of tumor antigen expression. We further characterized MAGE-A4-specific T-cell phenotype and function, and examined the effects of the epigenetic modifying drug decitabine on these T cells. RESULTS Cytotoxic T cells were generated specifically recognizing MAGE-A4 expressed by autologous HL targets and tumor cell lines. Decitabine-previously shown to increase tumor antigen expression in HL-did not compromise MAGE-A4-specific T-cell phenotype and function. In patients treated with decitabine, expanded MAGE-A4-specific T cells had a broader antitumor T cell repertoire, consistent with increased antigen stimulation in vivo. CONCLUSIONS Adoptive transfer of MAGE-A4-specific T cells, combined with epigenetic modifying drugs to increase expression of the protein, may improve treatment of relapsed HL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conrad R Cruz
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
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Kim YJ, Broxmeyer HE. Immune regulatory cells in umbilical cord blood and their potential roles in transplantation tolerance. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2010; 79:112-26. [PMID: 20727784 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2010.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2010] [Revised: 07/08/2010] [Accepted: 07/14/2010] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Umbilical cord blood (UCB) is a source of primitive hematopoietic stem (HSC) and progenitor cells, that served as an alternative to bone marrow (BM) for effective transplantation therapy. Success of HSC transplantation (HSCT) is limited in part by graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), graft rejection and delayed immune reconstitution, which all relate to immunological complications. GVHD after UCB transplantation is lower compared to that of BM HSCT. This may relate to the tolerogenic nature of T cells, mononuclear cells (MNCs) and especially immune regulatory cells existing in UCB. UCB contains limiting numbers of HSC or CD34(+) cell dose for adult patients resulting in delayed engraftment after UCB transplantation (UCBT). This needs to be improved for optimal transplantation outcomes. Approaches have been undertaken to promote HSC engraftment, including co-infusion of multiple units of UCB cells. These new methods however added additional immunological complications. Herein, we describe current knowledge on features of UCB immune cells, including regulatory T cells (Tregs) and mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) and their potential future usage to reduce GVHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-June Kim
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
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Lee CC, Lin SJ, Cheng PJ, Kuo ML. The regulatory function of umbilical cord blood CD4(+) CD25(+) T cells stimulated with anti-CD3/anti-CD28 and exogenous interleukin (IL)-2 or IL-15. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2009; 20:624-32. [PMID: 19302176 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3038.2008.00843.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The abundance of CD4(+) CD25(+) regulatory T cells in umbilical cord blood (UCB) might contribute to the decreased severity of graft-vs.-host disease (GVHD) for UCB transplantation. This study aims to characterize the phenotypes and suppressive function of UCB CD4(+) CD25(+) T cells under the influence of anti-CD3/anti-CD28 (CD3/CD28) and exogenous interleukin (IL)-2 or IL-15. Higher percentages of CD4(+) CD25(high) and FoxP3(+) cells were detected in UCB compared to their adult counterparts. IL-15 was as effective as IL-2 in enhancing the proliferation of CD3/CD28 stimulated UCB CD4(+) CD25(+) T cells. Phenotypically, IL-2/IL-15-stimulated UCB CD4(+) CD25(+) T cells expressed higher level of CTLA-4, GITR, membrane bound transforming growth factor-beta (mTGF-beta), and especially Foxp-3 than controls. IL-2/IL-15-stimulated UCB CD4(+) CD25(+) T cells also produced much higher IL-10 and TGF-beta than controls; while IL-2/IL-15-stimulated UCB CD4(+) CD25(-) T cells showed increased TGF-beta, but not IL-10 production. IL-2/IL-15-cultured UCB CD4(+) CD25(+) T cells showed comparable suppressor activity on allogeneic adult CD4(+) T-cell proliferation compared to controls, partly through a contact-dependent fashion. Taken together, IL-2/IL-15-stimulated UCB CD4(+) CD25(+) T cells show distinct regulatory T-cell phenotypic and functional features, and may be applied for the alleviation of GVHD severity following UCB transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen-Cheng Lee
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Science, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
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18
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Cantó E, Moga E, Ricart E, Garcia-Bosch O, Garcia-Planella E, Juarez C, Vidal S. MDP-Induced selective tolerance to TLR4 ligands: impairment in NOD2 mutant Crohn's disease patients. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2009; 15:1686-96. [PMID: 19572373 DOI: 10.1002/ibd.21013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pathogen infection is a complex process in which several pathogen-recognition receptor (PRR) pathways are activated to induce proinflammatory mediators. The activation of multiple PRRs suggests an interaction between Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor (NOD) signaling pathways. METHODS To understand the modulation induced by NOD2 signals on successive responses to pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), we examined how muramyl dipeptide (MDP) pretreatment reprograms the MDP+LPS (lipopolysaccharide) response of monocytes from human peripheral blood. RESULTS Preexposure to bacterial MDP components induced selective tolerance to a subsequent NOD2+TLR4 stimulation. MDP pretreatment inhibited the production of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha) and interleuken 10 (IL10), whereas IL6 and IL8 remained unaffected. MDP-induced tolerance was independent of receptor downregulation but was associated with reduced levels of phosphorylated TAK1 and abrogated phosphorylation of the downstream MAPK.Since Nod2 mutations have been associated with susceptibility to develop Crohn's disease (CD), we compared the MDP-induced tolerance in healthy donors and CD patients with compound heterozygous Nod2 mutations (Mut-Nod2) expressing variant NOD2 proteins. MDP-induced tolerance in Mut-Nod2 patients reduced IL10 but not TNFalpha production. In contrast with healthy donors, a p38-independent TNFalpha production was observed during the kinetics of the MDP+LPS response in Mut-Nod2 patients. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that the selective tolerance induced by MDP in healthy donors was related to the modulation of a convergent nub of NOD2 and TLR4 signaling pathways. This MDP-induced tolerance was impaired in Mut-Nod2 CD patients, resulting in a p38-independent TNFalpha production and an imbalance between pro- and antiinflammatory cytokines that could be partly responsible for the pathogenesis of CD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabet Cantó
- Department of Immunology, Institut Rec & Hospital Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
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19
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Lin SJ, Lee CC, Cheng PJ, See LC, Kuo ML. Susceptibility to Fas and tumor necrosis factor-alpha receptor mediated apoptosis of anti-CD3/anti-CD28-activated umbilical cord blood T cells. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2009; 20:392-8. [PMID: 18713315 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3038.2008.00790.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Decreased severity of graft-versus-host disease after mismatched umbilical cord blood (UCB) transplantation may be attributed in part to the increased propensity to apoptosis of UCB T cells following activation. Interleukin (IL)-15, a pleiotropic cytokine that is essential for T-cell proliferation and survival, may serve as promising immunomodulative therapy post-CB transplantation for its anti-apoptotic effect. This study aimed to determine the kinetics of Fas or tumor necrosis factor-alpha receptor (TNFR) mediated caspase-3 expression and apoptosis of anti-CD3/anti-CD28 activated UCB T cells in the influence of IL-15. Activated caspase-3 expression was analyzed by Western blotting and the percentage of apoptotic cells was determined by annexin-V/propidium iodide (PI) flow cytometric staining. Significant expression of Fas and TNFR2 was detected on anti-CD3/anti-CD28 pre-activated UCB T cells. These cells were susceptible to anti-Fas but not TNF-alpha-induced apoptosis. Kinetic study shows that caspase-3 expression became evident at 6th-8th h following anti-Fas stimulation, while early apoptotic cells with annexin-V(+)/PI(-) expression appeared at 12th-16th h. IL-15, though successful in decreasing apoptosis in pre-activated UCB T cells, failed to completely prevent Fas-mediated caspase-3 expression and apoptosis of CB T cells. The pre-activated UCB and adult peripheral blood T cells behaved similarly with regard to death receptor expression, caspase-3 expression and apoptosis upon Fas-engagement. Although IL-15 promotes overall activated UCB T-cell survival, it did not particularly prevent Fas-mediated activation-induced cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syh-Jae Lin
- Division of Asthma, Allergy and Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
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20
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Functionally active virus-specific T cells that target CMV, adenovirus, and EBV can be expanded from naive T-cell populations in cord blood and will target a range of viral epitopes. Blood 2009; 114:1958-67. [PMID: 19443656 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2009-03-213256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 214] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The naive phenotype of cord blood (CB) T cells may reduce graft-versus-host disease after umbilical cord blood transplantation, but this naivety and their low absolute numbers also delays immune reconstitution, producing higher infection-related mortality that is predominantly related to CMV, adenovirus (Adv), and EBV. Adoptive immunotherapy with peripheral blood-derived virus-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) can effectively prevent viral disease after conventional stem cell transplantation, and we now describe the generation of single cultures of CTLs from CB that are specific for multiple viruses. Using EBV-infected B cells transduced with a clinical-grade Ad5f35CMVpp65 adenoviral vector as sources of EBV, Adv, and CMV antigens, we expanded virus-specific T cells even from CB T cells with a naive phenotype. After expansion, each CTL culture contained both CD8(+) and CD4(+) T-cell subsets, predominantly of effector memory phenotype. Each CTL culture also had HLA-restricted virus-specific cytotoxic effector function against EBV, CMV, and Adv targets. The CB CTLs recognized multiple viral epitopes, including CD4-restricted Adv-hexon epitopes and immunosubdominant CD4- and CD8-restricted CMVpp65 epitopes. Notwithstanding their naive phenotype, it is therefore possible to generate trivirus-specific CTLs in a single culture of CB, which may be of value to prevent or treat viral disease in CB transplant recipients. This study is registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov as NCT00078533.
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21
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Lin SJ, Yan DC, Lee YC, Kuo ML. Role of interleukin-15 in umbilical cord blood transplantation. Int Rev Immunol 2009; 27:518-31. [PMID: 19065354 DOI: 10.1080/08830180802317940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Owing to its easier accessibility and less severe graft-versus-host disease, umbilical cord blood (UCB) has been increasingly used as an alternative to bone marrow for hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation. Naiveté of UCB lymphocytes, however, results in delayed immune reconstitution and infection-related mortality in transplant recipients. This article reviews UCB immunology and addresses the potential therapeutic role of interleukin (IL)-15, a pleiotropic gamma chain signaling cytokine, in modulating immune reconstitution, graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), graft-versus-leukemia effect, and infection susceptibility during the post-UCB transplant period. Cytokine immunotherapy using IL-15 simultaneously modulates several immune compartments, thus holds promise for facilitating post-transplant recovery and augmenting antitumor effect without aggravating GVHD in the setting of UCB transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syh-Jae Lin
- Division of Asthma, Allergy and Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Children's Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan
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22
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Macciò A, Madeddu C, Sanna E, Panzone F, Volpe A, Mantovani G. Evidence that human serum with high levels of estrogens interferes with immune system both by decreasing CD25 expression on T-cell and by increasing interleukin-2 availability. Reprod Sci 2008; 15:961-969. [PMID: 19050329 DOI: 10.1177/1933719108322428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/27/2023]
Abstract
Our study aimed to verify whether serum with high estrogen levels, obtained from infertile women who underwent multiple follicular development, was able to interfere with peripheral blood mononuclear cells proliferative response to phytohemoagglutinin +/- interleukin-2, recombinant interleukin-2 alone and phytohemoagglutinin-stimulated CD25 expression. Blood samples from 10 women were collected at the onset (low estrogen doses), during multiple follicular development (intermediate estrogen doses), and on the day preceding the human chorionic gonadotropin administration (high estrogen doses). Serum with high estrogen doses reduced the proliferative response to phytohemoagglutinin alone and plus recombinant interleukin-2, while increased the proliferative response to recombinant interleukin-2 alone, and reduced the CD25 expression in nonblastic and total lymphocytes. These effects were inhibited by the estrogen receptor antagonist ICI182,780. Inconclusion, estrogens exert a dual effect on immune system: (1) an inhibition of cell-mediated immunity through a reduction of interleukin-2 receptors; (2) an increased proliferative response to interleukin-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Macciò
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sirai Hospital, Carbonia, Italy.
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23
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Arcese W, Picardi A, Cerretti R, Cudillo L, Angelis GD, Franceschini L, Felice LD, Postorino M. The Therapeutic Use of Cord Blood. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1089/cpt.2006.4.161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- William Arcese
- Department of Biopathology and Hematology, University of Rome “Tor Vergata,” Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandra Picardi
- Department of Biopathology and Hematology, University of Rome “Tor Vergata,” Rome, Italy
| | - Raffaella Cerretti
- Department of Biopathology and Hematology, University of Rome “Tor Vergata,” Rome, Italy
| | - Laura Cudillo
- Department of Biopathology and Hematology, University of Rome “Tor Vergata,” Rome, Italy
| | - Gottardo De Angelis
- Department of Biopathology and Hematology, University of Rome “Tor Vergata,” Rome, Italy
| | - Luca Franceschini
- Department of Biopathology and Hematology, University of Rome “Tor Vergata,” Rome, Italy
| | - Lidia De Felice
- Department of Biopathology and Hematology, University of Rome “Tor Vergata,” Rome, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Postorino
- Department of Biopathology and Hematology, University of Rome “Tor Vergata,” Rome, Italy
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24
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Kloosterboer FM, van Luxemburg-Heijs SAP, Willemze R, Falkenburg JHF. Similar potential to become activated and proliferate but differential kinetics and profiles of cytokine production of umbilical cord blood T cells and adult blood naive and memory T cells. Hum Immunol 2006; 67:874-83. [PMID: 17145367 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2006.02.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2005] [Revised: 02/22/2006] [Accepted: 02/24/2006] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Low alloreactivity of umbilical cord blood (UCB) T-cells may explain diminished graft-versus-host-disease after UCB transplantation. We investigated whether UCB T-cells have an intrinsic lower capacity to become activated. T-cells from UCB or adult blood (AB) were stimulated with anti-CD3 and anti-CD28 antibodies. On days 1-3 after stimulation, T-cell activation was determined by CD25 expression, proliferation was measured, and kinetics of cell division were analyzed by staining with CFSE. UCB and AB T cells exhibited similar numbers of activated and proliferating cells, but the extent of activation was lower in UCB T-cells. Enzyme-linked immunospot analysis showed lower levels and slower kinetics of IL-2, IL-4, IL-10, and IFN-gamma secreting cells for UCB T-cells. Comparison of UCB T-cells with CD45RA+ naive or CD45RO+ memory T cells purified from AB showed relatively low numbers of IL-4 and IL-10 secreting T cells in CD45RA+ AB T-cells and UCB T-cells as compared with CD45RO+ AB T cells. Numbers of IL-2 or IFN-gamma secreting cells in adult CD45RA+ T-cells were lower than in CD45RO+ T-cells but higher than in UCB T-cells. Thus diminished reactivity of UCB T-cells was not caused by a lower capacity to become activated and proliferate but may be explained by a lower extent of activation in UCB T cells, the absence of memory T cells in UCB, and differences between naive T cells from UCB and AB.
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Affiliation(s)
- F M Kloosterboer
- Department of Hematology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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25
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Paz Morante M, Briones J, Canto E, Sabzevari H, Martino R, Sierra J, Rodriguez-Sanchez JL, Vidal S. Activation-associated phenotype of CD3 T cells in acute graft-versus-host disease. Clin Exp Immunol 2006; 145:36-43. [PMID: 16792671 PMCID: PMC1942002 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2006.03104.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
During the effector phase of graft-versus-host disease (GvHD) response, donor T cells play an essential role and they are believed to change the expression of activation and co-stimulatory markers associated with functional alloreactivity. We analysed the expression of CD25, CD69, HLA-DR, CD154 and CD134 on CD4+ and CD8+ T cells by flow cytometry during acute GvHD (aGvHD) in 24 patients receiving human leucocyte antigen (HLA)-identical stem cell transplants. Expression of these molecules in nine patients with stages I-IV aGvHD was compared with 15 patients without aGvHD (n = 15). Serial analysis showed that peripheral blood of aGvHD patients presented a significant increase of CD4+ CD25+ cells (P < 0.03), CD4+ CD69+ (P < 0.04) and CD4+ CD134+ cells (P < 0.01). Additionally, there was a significant increase in CD8+ cells expressing CD134 (P = 0.007) and CD154 (P = 0.02). After resolution of aGvHD, the increased expression of these molecules returned to values comparable to patients without aGvHD. Only two of the 15 patients without clinical signs of aGvHD presented activated T cells that could not be attributed to development of aGvHD. In summary, our data show that multiple activation molecules are preferentially up-regulated on CD4+ and CD8+ T cells from patients with aGvHD. These patients had a significant increase in the expression of the co-stimulatory molecules CD134 and CD154.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Paz Morante
- Department of Immunology, Hospital Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
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26
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Chang CC, Satwani P, Oberfield N, Vlad G, Simpson LL, Cairo MS. Increased induction of allogeneic-specific cord blood CD4+CD25+ regulatory T (Treg) cells: A comparative study of naïve and antigenic-specific cord blood Treg cells. Exp Hematol 2005; 33:1508-20. [PMID: 16338494 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2005.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2005] [Revised: 08/31/2005] [Accepted: 09/06/2005] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The genetic and immunological mechanism(s) responsible for the significant decrease in the incidence of graft-vs-host disease (GVHD) following HLA-disparate unrelated cord blood transplantation remains largely unknown. In this study, we investigated if cord blood (CB) CD4(+)CD25(+) T cells play a significant role in reducing the immune responses of allo-reactive CD4(+)CD25(-) T lymphocytes. METHODS We compared CB CD4(+)CD25(-) and CD4(+)CD25(+) T cells, either naïve or antigenic stimulated, to their counterparts in unmobilized adult peripheral blood (APB) with respect to genetic expression patterns, immunophenotype, suppressive activity, and mechanism(s) of suppression. RESULTS Both naïve CB and APB CD4(+)CD25(+) T cells expressed similarly elevated mRNA levels of CTLA-4, GITR, Foxp3, CD25, and elevated protein levels of CTLA-4 (p < 0.001) and GITR (p < 0.001). However, only naïve APB but not CB CD4(+)CD25(+) T cells showed suppression of allogeneic responses. Stimulation of CD4(+)CD25(-) T cells by MUTZ-iDC (MUTZ-3-specific immature dendritic cells) elicited amplification of these genes and potent suppression (69% +/- 5% and 71% +/- 3% suppression, p < 0.001, CB and APB, respectively) on CD4(+)CD25(-) T cell proliferation induced by MUTZ-iDC but not by unrelated stimulators. Compared to that from unmobilized APB, a significantly higher percentage (2.7-fold +/- 0.5-fold; p < 0.002) of CD4(+)CD25(+)CTLA-4(+) T regulatory (Treg) cell subsets were induced from CB CD4(+)CD25(-) T cells following allogeneic stimulation. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that CB CD4(+)CD25(+) Treg cells, which are induced at a higher rate by allogeneic stimulation when compared to unmobilized APB, can readily function as potent allogeneic immune suppressors and may in part contribute to the decrease in CB alloantigen recognition and activation of CB CD4(+)CD25(-) T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Chao Chang
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
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27
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Lin SJ, Cheng PJ, Hsiao SS, Lin HH, Hung PF, Kuo ML. Differential effect of IL-15 and IL-2 on survival of phytohemagglutinin-activated umbilical cord blood T cells. Am J Hematol 2005; 80:106-12. [PMID: 16184573 DOI: 10.1002/ajh.20431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Cytokine immunotherapy using interleukin (IL)-2 and IL-15 may be beneficial for patients receiving umbilical cord blood (CB) transplantation by ameliorating post-transplant T-cell apoptosis. The present study compares the differential effect of IL-15 and IL-2 on survival of phytohemagglutinin (PHA)-activated CB and adult peripheral blood (APB) T lymphocytes. In comparison with IL-2, IL-15 preferentially enhanced the survival of CB PHA-activated T cells by decreasing the caspase-3+ population and by increasing the Bcl-2+ population. Activated CB T cells were more susceptible to TNF-alpha-induced apoptosis compared to their adult counterparts. However, the susceptibility could be abrogated by IL-15 but not by IL-2. IL-15 but not IL-2 down-regulated CD28 expression on both activated CB and APB CD8+ T cells, with a much greater effect seen with CB. Western-blot analysis shows that IL-15 Ralpha is deficient in CB compared to APB immediately after PHA stimulation, while culturing with IL-15 significantly enhanced CB IL-15 Ralpha expression to levels comparable to that of adults. Thus, IL-15 may provide a better therapeutic choice for immune reconstitution than IL-2 post-CB transplantation due to its preferential survival enhancing effect on CB T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syh-Jae Lin
- Division of Asthma, Allergy, and Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Children's Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
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Cantó E, Rodríguez-Sánchez JL, Vidal S. Naive CD4+ Cells from Cord Blood Can Generate Competent Th Effector Cells. Transplantation 2005; 80:850-8. [PMID: 16210975 DOI: 10.1097/01.tp.0000174135.32068.65] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Umbilical cord blood (UCB) cells have been increasingly used as a source of hematopoietic stem cells for allogeneic transplantation. Previous reports suggest that the low risk of graft-versus-host disease in patients that received cord blood cells seems related to the distinctive nature of cord blood T cells. METHODS To analyze the maturation of CD4+CD45RA+ cord blood cells, we performed an in vitro differentiation assay to compare the generation of Th effector cells strictly from UCB and adult peripheral blood (APB) CD4+CD45RA+ cells. RESULTS During the maturation into effector cells, UCB and APB cells acquired a comparable activation level determined by the expression pattern of CD69, CD40L, OX40 and CD62L as well as PD1 and CTLA-4 molecules. Moreover, the expression of CD45RO isoform was induced in most activated effector cells from both UCB and APB. OKT3-restimulated effector cells generated from naive UCB expressed higher levels of CD25 coinciding with the secretion of higher amounts of IL-2. Effector cells from both origins consisted of heterogeneous populations with similar frequencies of Th1 and Th2 cytokine producing cells, secreting equivalent levels of IL-4, IL-5 and IFNgamma. Although, higher levels of IL-10 were detected in the cytokine mRNA profile and in the supernatants of OKT3-restimulated UCB effector cells, blocking endogenous IL-10 with anti-IL-10 mAbs enhanced significantly the proliferative response of UCB as well as APB effector cells (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS These results indicated that Th effector cells generated from naive UCB cells were intrinsically as competent as naive APB to respond to TCR-mediated stimulation. In addition, UCB effector cells produced higher IL-10 but its inhibitory effect on proliferation may be partially compensated by the higher production of IL-2 and enhanced expression of CD25.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabet Cantó
- Department of Immunology, Institut Recerca i Hospital Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
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Thornton CA, Upham JW, Wikström ME, Holt BJ, White GP, Sharp MJ, Sly PD, Holt PG. Functional Maturation of CD4+CD25+CTLA4+CD45RA+T Regulatory Cells in Human Neonatal T Cell Responses to Environmental Antigens/Allergens. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2004; 173:3084-92. [PMID: 15322168 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.173.5.3084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A number of laboratories have reported cord blood T cell responses to ubiquitous environmental Ags, including allergens, by proliferation and cytokine secretion. Moreover, the magnitude of these responses has been linked with risk for subsequent expression of allergy. These findings have been widely interpreted as evidence for transplacental priming and the development of fetal T memory cells against Ags present in the maternal environment. However, we present findings below that suggest that neonatal T cell responses to allergens (and other Ags) differ markedly from those occurring in later life. Notably, in contrast to allergen-responsive adult CD4(+) T cell cultures, responding neonatal T cell cultures display high levels of apoptosis. Comparable responses were observed against a range of microbial Ags and against a parasite Ag absent from the local environment, but not against autoantigen. A notable finding was the appearance in these cultures of CD4(+)CD25(+)CTLA4(+) T cells that de novo develop MLR-suppressive activity. These cells moreover expressed CD45RA and CD38, hallmarks of recent thymic emigrants. CFSE-labeling studies indicate that the CD4(+)CD25(+) cells observed at the end of the culture period were present in the day 0 starting populations, but they were not suppressive in MLR responses. Collectively, these findings suggest that a significant component of the reactivity of human neonatal CD4(+) T cells toward nominal Ag (allergen) represents a default response by recent thymic emigrants, providing an initial burst of short-lived cellular immunity in the absence of conventional T cell memory, which is limited in intensity and duration via the parallel activation of regulatory T cells.
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