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Holbert CE, Casero RA, Stewart TM. Polyamines: the pivotal amines in influencing the tumor microenvironment. Discov Oncol 2024; 15:173. [PMID: 38761252 PMCID: PMC11102423 DOI: 10.1007/s12672-024-01034-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Cellular proliferation, function and survival is reliant upon maintaining appropriate intracellular polyamine levels. Due to increased metabolic needs, cancer cells elevate their polyamine pools through coordinated metabolism and uptake. High levels of polyamines have been linked to more immunosuppressive tumor microenvironments (TME) as polyamines support the growth and function of many immunosuppressive cell types such as MDSCs, macrophages and regulatory T-cells. As cancer cells and other pro-tumorigenic cell types are highly dependent on polyamines for survival, pharmacological modulation of polyamine metabolism is a promising cancer therapeutic strategy. This review covers the roles of polyamines in various cell types of the TME including both immune and stromal cells, as well as how competition for nutrients, namely polyamine precursors, influences the cellular landscape of the TME. It also details the use of polyamines as biomarkers and the ways in which polyamine depletion can increase the immunogenicity of the TME and reprogram tumors to become more responsive to immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassandra E Holbert
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Robert A Casero
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Tracy Murray Stewart
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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2
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Fathima S, Al Hakeem WG, Selvaraj RK, Shanmugasundaram R. Beyond protein synthesis: the emerging role of arginine in poultry nutrition and host-microbe interactions. Front Physiol 2024; 14:1326809. [PMID: 38235383 PMCID: PMC10791986 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1326809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Arginine is a functional amino acid essential for various physiological processes in poultry. The dietary essentiality of arginine in poultry stems from the absence of the enzyme carbamoyl phosphate synthase-I. The specific requirement for arginine in poultry varies based on several factors, such as age, dietary factors, and physiological status. Additionally, arginine absorption and utilization are also influenced by the presence of antagonists. However, dietary interventions can mitigate the effect of these factors affecting arginine utilization. In poultry, arginine is utilized by four enzymes, namely, inducible nitric oxide synthase arginase, arginine decarboxylase and arginine: glycine amidinotransferase (AGAT). The intermediates and products of arginine metabolism by these enzymes mediate the different physiological functions of arginine in poultry. The most studied function of arginine in humans, as well as poultry, is its role in immune response. Arginine exerts immunomodulatory functions primarily through the metabolites nitric oxide (NO), ornithine, citrulline, and polyamines, which take part in inflammation or the resolution of inflammation. These properties of arginine and arginine metabolites potentiate its use as a nutraceutical to prevent the incidence of enteric diseases in poultry. Furthermore, arginine is utilized by the poultry gut microbiota, the metabolites of which might have important implications for gut microbial composition, immune regulation, metabolism, and overall host health. This comprehensive review provides insights into the multifaceted roles of arginine and arginine metabolites in poultry nutrition and wellbeing, with particular emphasis on the potential of arginine in immune regulation and microbial homeostasis in poultry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahna Fathima
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | | | - Ramesh K. Selvaraj
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
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3
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Jimenez J, Dubey P, Carter B, Koomen JM, Markowitz J. A metabolic perspective on nitric oxide function in melanoma. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2024; 1879:189038. [PMID: 38061664 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2023.189038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) generated from nitric oxide synthase (NOS) exerts a dichotomous effect in melanoma, suppressing or promoting tumor progression. This dichotomy is thought to depend on the intracellular NO concentration and the cell type in which it is generated. Due to its central role in the metabolism of multiple critical constituents involved in signaling and stress, it is crucial to explore NO's contribution to the metabolic dysfunction of melanoma. This review will discuss many known metabolites linked to NO production in melanoma. We discuss the synthesis of these metabolites, their role in biochemical pathways, and how they alter the biological processes observed in the melanoma tumor microenvironment. The metabolic pathways altered by NO and the corresponding metabolites reinforce its dual role in melanoma and support investigating this effect for potential avenues of therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Jimenez
- Department of Cutaneous Oncology, Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA; Department of Oncologic Sciences, University of South Florida Morsani School of Medicine, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Parul Dubey
- Department of Cutaneous Oncology, Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Bethany Carter
- Department of Cutaneous Oncology, Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA; Flow Cytometry Core Facility, Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - John M Koomen
- Molecular Oncology, Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Joseph Markowitz
- Department of Cutaneous Oncology, Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA; Department of Oncologic Sciences, University of South Florida Morsani School of Medicine, Tampa, FL 33612, USA.
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4
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Mposhi A, Turner JD. How can early life adversity still exert an effect decades later? A question of timing, tissues and mechanisms. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1215544. [PMID: 37457711 PMCID: PMC10348484 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1215544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Exposure to any number of stressors during the first 1000 days from conception to age 2 years is important in shaping an individual's life trajectory of health and disease. Despite the expanding range of stressors as well as later-life phenotypes and outcomes, the underlying molecular mechanisms remain unclear. Our previous data strongly suggests that early-life exposure to a stressor reduces the capacity of the immune system to generate subsequent generations of naïve cells, while others have shown that, early life stress impairs the capacity of neuronal stem cells to proliferate as they age. This leads us to the "stem cell hypothesis" whereby exposure to adversity during a sensitive period acts through a common mechanism in all the cell types by programming the tissue resident progenitor cells. Furthermore, we review the mechanistic differences observed in fully differentiated cells and suggest that early life adversity (ELA) may alter mitochondria in stem cells. This may consequently alter the destiny of these cells, producing the lifelong "supply" of functionally altered fully differentiated cells.
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Benito-Lopez JJ, Marroquin-Muciño M, Perez-Medina M, Chavez-Dominguez R, Aguilar-Cazares D, Galicia-Velasco M, Lopez-Gonzalez JS. Partners in crime: The feedback loop between metabolic reprogramming and immune checkpoints in the tumor microenvironment. Front Oncol 2023; 12:1101503. [PMID: 36713558 PMCID: PMC9879362 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.1101503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment (TME) is a complex and constantly changing cellular system composed of heterogeneous populations of tumor cells and non-transformed stromal cells, such as stem cells, fibroblasts, endothelial cells, pericytes, adipocytes, and innate and adaptive immune cells. Tumor, stromal, and immune cells consume available nutrients to sustain their proliferation and effector functions and, as a result of their metabolism, produce a wide array of by-products that gradually alter the composition of the milieu. The resulting depletion of essential nutrients and enrichment of by-products work together with other features of the hostile TME to inhibit the antitumor functions of immune cells and skew their phenotype to promote tumor progression. This review briefly describes the participation of the innate and adaptive immune cells in recognizing and eliminating tumor cells and how the gradual metabolic changes in the TME alter their antitumor functions. In addition, we discuss the overexpression of the immune checkpoints and their ligands as a result of nutrient deprivation and by-products accumulation, as well as the amplification of the metabolic alterations induced by the immune checkpoints, which creates an immunosuppressive feedback loop in the TME. Finally, the combination of metabolic and immune checkpoint inhibitors as a potential strategy to treat cancer and enhance the outcome of patients is highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesus J Benito-Lopez
- Laboratorio de Investigacion en Cancer Pulmonar, Departamento de Enfermedades Cronico-Degenerativas, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias "Ismael Cosio Villegas", Mexico City, Mexico
- Posgrado en Ciencias Biologicas, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Mario Marroquin-Muciño
- Laboratorio de Investigacion en Cancer Pulmonar, Departamento de Enfermedades Cronico-Degenerativas, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias "Ismael Cosio Villegas", Mexico City, Mexico
- Laboratorio de Quimioterapia Experimental, Departamento de Bioquimica, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biologicas, Instituto Politecnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Mario Perez-Medina
- Laboratorio de Investigacion en Cancer Pulmonar, Departamento de Enfermedades Cronico-Degenerativas, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias "Ismael Cosio Villegas", Mexico City, Mexico
- Laboratorio de Quimioterapia Experimental, Departamento de Bioquimica, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biologicas, Instituto Politecnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Rodolfo Chavez-Dominguez
- Laboratorio de Investigacion en Cancer Pulmonar, Departamento de Enfermedades Cronico-Degenerativas, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias "Ismael Cosio Villegas", Mexico City, Mexico
- Posgrado en Ciencias Biologicas, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Dolores Aguilar-Cazares
- Laboratorio de Investigacion en Cancer Pulmonar, Departamento de Enfermedades Cronico-Degenerativas, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias "Ismael Cosio Villegas", Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Miriam Galicia-Velasco
- Laboratorio de Investigacion en Cancer Pulmonar, Departamento de Enfermedades Cronico-Degenerativas, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias "Ismael Cosio Villegas", Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Jose S Lopez-Gonzalez
- Laboratorio de Investigacion en Cancer Pulmonar, Departamento de Enfermedades Cronico-Degenerativas, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias "Ismael Cosio Villegas", Mexico City, Mexico
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CD8 + T cell metabolic rewiring defined by scRNA-seq identifies a critical role of ASNS expression dynamics in T cell differentiation. Cell Rep 2022; 41:111639. [PMID: 36384124 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
T cells dynamically rewire their metabolism during an immune response. We applied single-cell RNA sequencing to CD8+ T cells activated and differentiated in vitro in physiological medium to resolve these metabolic dynamics. We identify a differential time-dependent reliance of activating T cells on the synthesis versus uptake of various non-essential amino acids, which we corroborate with functional assays. We also identify metabolic genes that potentially dictate the outcome of T cell differentiation, by ranking them based on their expression dynamics. Among them, we find asparagine synthetase (Asns), whose expression peaks for effector T cells and decays toward memory formation. Disrupting these expression dynamics by ASNS overexpression promotes an effector phenotype, enhancing the anti-tumor response of adoptively transferred CD8+ T cells in a mouse melanoma model. We thus provide a resource of dynamic expression changes during CD8+ T cell activation and differentiation, and identify ASNS expression dynamics as a modulator of CD8+ T cell differentiation.
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Chen YL, Lowery AKT, Lin S, Walker AM, Chen KHE. Tumor cell-derived asymmetric dimethylarginine regulates macrophage functions and polarization. Cancer Cell Int 2022; 22:351. [PMID: 36376929 PMCID: PMC9664648 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-022-02769-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA), which is significantly elevated in the plasma of cancer patients, is formed via intracellular recycling of methylated proteins and serves as a precursor for resynthesis of arginine. However, the cause of ADMA elevation in cancers and its impact on the regulation of tumor immunity is not known. METHODS Three mouse breast cell lines (normal breast epithelial HC11, breast cancer EMT6 and triple negative breast cancer 4T1) and their equivalent 3D stem cell culture were used to analyze the secretion of ADMA using ELISA and their responses to ADMA. Bone marrow-derived macrophages and/or RAW264.7 cells were used to determine the impact of increased extracellular ADMA on macrophage-tumor interactions. Gene/protein expression was analyzed through RNAseq, qPCR and flow cytometry. Protein functional analyses were conducted via fluorescent imaging (arginine uptake, tumor phagocytosis) and enzymatic assay (arginase activity). Cell viability was measured via MTS assay and/or direct cell counting using Countess III FL system. RESULTS For macrophages, ADMA impaired proliferation and phagocytosis of tumor cells, and even caused death in cultures incubated without arginine. ADMA also led to an unusual macrophage phenotype, with increased expression of arginase, cd163 and cd206 but decreased expression of il10 and dectin-1. In contrast to the severely negative impacts on macrophages, ADMA had relatively minor effects on proliferation and survival of mouse normal epithelial HC11 cells, mouse breast cancer EMT6 and 4T1 cells, but there was increased expression of the mesenchymal markers, vimentin and snail2, and decreased expression of the epithelial marker, mucin-1 in EMT6 cells. When tumor cells were co-cultured ex vivo with tumor antigen in vivo-primed splenocytes, the tumor cells secreted more ADMA and there were alterations in the tumor cell arginine metabolic landscape, including increased expression of genes involved in arginine uptake, metabolism and methylation, and decreased expression of a gene that is responsible for arginine demethylation. Additionally, interferon-gamma, a cytokine involved in immune challenge, increased secretion of ADMA in tumor cells, a process attenuated by an autophagy inhibitor. CONCLUSION Our results suggest initial immune attack promotes autophagy in tumor cells, which then secrete ADMA to manipulate macrophage polarization favoring tumor tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Ling Chen
- Department of Electronic Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - AKaychia T Lowery
- Division of Mathematics and Sciences, Delta State University, 38733, Cleveland, MS, USA
| | - Samuel Lin
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California Riverside, 92521, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Ameae M Walker
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California Riverside, 92521, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Kuan-Hui E Chen
- Division of Mathematics and Sciences, Delta State University, 38733, Cleveland, MS, USA.
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California Riverside, 92521, Riverside, CA, USA.
- Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, 79409, Lubbock, TX, USA.
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8
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Holbert CE, Cullen MT, Casero RA, Stewart TM. Polyamines in cancer: integrating organismal metabolism and antitumour immunity. Nat Rev Cancer 2022; 22:467-480. [PMID: 35477776 PMCID: PMC9339478 DOI: 10.1038/s41568-022-00473-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The natural mammalian polyamines putrescine, spermidine and spermine are essential for both normal and neoplastic cell function and replication. Dysregulation of metabolism of polyamines and their requirements is common in many cancers. Both clinical and experimental depletion of polyamines have demonstrated their metabolism to be a rational target for therapy; however, the mechanisms through which polyamines can establish a tumour-permissive microenvironment are only now emerging. Recent data indicate that polyamines can play a major role in regulating the antitumour immune response, thus likely contributing to the existence of immunologically 'cold' tumours that do not respond to immune checkpoint blockade. Additionally, the interplay between the microbiota and associated tissues creates a tumour microenvironment in which polyamine metabolism, content and function can all be dramatically altered on the basis of microbiota composition, dietary polyamine availability and tissue response to its surrounding microenvironment. The goal of this Perspective is to introduce the reader to the many ways in which polyamines, polyamine metabolism, the microbiota and the diet interconnect to establish a tumour microenvironment that facilitates the initiation and progression of cancer. It also details ways in which polyamine metabolism and function can be successfully targeted for therapeutic benefit, including specifically enhancing the antitumour immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassandra E Holbert
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - Robert A Casero
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Tracy Murray Stewart
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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Hou X, Chen S, Zhang P, Guo D, Wang B. Targeted Arginine Metabolism Therapy: A Dilemma in Glioma Treatment. Front Oncol 2022; 12:938847. [PMID: 35898872 PMCID: PMC9313538 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.938847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Efforts in the treatment of glioma which is the most common primary malignant tumor of the central nervous system, have not shown satisfactory results despite a comprehensive treatment model that combines various treatment methods, including immunotherapy. Cellular metabolism is a determinant of the viability and function of cancer cells as well as immune cells, and the interplay of immune regulation and metabolic reprogramming in tumors has become an active area of research in recent years. From the perspective of metabolism and immunity in the glioma microenvironment, we elaborated on arginine metabolic reprogramming in glioma cells, which leads to a decrease in arginine levels in the tumor microenvironment. Reduced arginine availability significantly inhibits the proliferation, activation, and function of T cells, thereby promoting the establishment of an immunosuppressive microenvironment. Therefore, replenishment of arginine levels to enhance the anti-tumor activity of T cells is a promising strategy for the treatment of glioma. However, due to the lack of expression of argininosuccinate synthase, gliomas are unable to synthesize arginine; thus, they are highly dependent on the availability of arginine in the extracellular environment. This metabolic weakness of glioma has been utilized by researchers to develop arginine deprivation therapy, which ‘starves’ tumor cells by consuming large amounts of arginine in circulation. Although it has shown good results, this treatment modality that targets arginine metabolism in glioma is controversial. Exploiting a suitable strategy that can not only enhance the antitumor immune response, but also “starve” tumor cells by regulating arginine metabolism to cure glioma will be promising.
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Conway J, Certo M, Lord JM, Mauro C, Duggal NA. Understanding the role of host metabolites in the induction of immune senescence: Future strategies for keeping the ageing population healthy. Br J Pharmacol 2022; 179:1808-1824. [PMID: 34435354 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Advancing age is accompanied by significant remodelling of the immune system, termed immune senescence, and increased systemic inflammation, termed inflammageing, both of which contribute towards an increased risk of developing chronic diseases in old age. Age-associated alterations in metabolic homeostasis have been linked with changes in a range of physiological functions, but their effects on immune senescence remains poorly understood. In this article, we review the recent literature to formulate hypotheses as to how an age-associated dysfunctional metabolism, driven by an accumulation of key host metabolites (saturated fatty acids, cholesterol, ceramides and lactate) and loss of other metabolites (glutamine, tryptophan and short-chain fatty acids), might play a role in driving immune senescence and inflammageing, ultimately leading to diseases of old age. We also highlight the potential use of metabolic immunotherapeutic strategies targeting these processes in counteracting immune senescence and restoring immune homeostasis in older adults. LINKED ARTICLES: This article is part of a themed issue on Inflammation, Repair and Ageing. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v179.9/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Conway
- Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- MRC-Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Michelangelo Certo
- Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Janet M Lord
- Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- MRC-Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- NIHR Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals Birmingham and University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Claudio Mauro
- Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- MRC-Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Niharika A Duggal
- Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- MRC-Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
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Carter NS, Kawasaki Y, Nahata SS, Elikaee S, Rajab S, Salam L, Alabdulal MY, Broessel KK, Foroghi F, Abbas A, Poormohamadian R, Roberts SC. Polyamine Metabolism in Leishmania Parasites: A Promising Therapeutic Target. Med Sci (Basel) 2022; 10:24. [PMID: 35645240 PMCID: PMC9149861 DOI: 10.3390/medsci10020024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Parasites of the genus Leishmania cause a variety of devastating and often fatal diseases in humans and domestic animals worldwide. The need for new therapeutic strategies is urgent because no vaccine is available, and treatment options are limited due to a lack of specificity and the emergence of drug resistance. Polyamines are metabolites that play a central role in rapidly proliferating cells, and recent studies have highlighted their critical nature in Leishmania. Numerous studies using a variety of inhibitors as well as gene deletion mutants have elucidated the pathway and routes of transport, revealing unique aspects of polyamine metabolism in Leishmania parasites. These studies have also shed light on the significance of polyamines for parasite proliferation, infectivity, and host-parasite interactions. This comprehensive review article focuses on the main polyamine biosynthetic enzymes: ornithine decarboxylase, S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase, and spermidine synthase, and it emphasizes recent discoveries that advance these enzymes as potential therapeutic targets against Leishmania parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Sigrid C. Roberts
- School of Pharmacy, Pacific University Oregon, Hillsboro, OR 97123, USA; (N.S.C.); (Y.K.); (S.S.N.); (S.E.); (S.R.); (L.S.); (M.Y.A.); (K.K.B.); (F.F.); (A.A.); (R.P.)
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12
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Immunosuppression in Malaria: Do Plasmodium falciparum Parasites Hijack the Host? Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10101277. [PMID: 34684226 PMCID: PMC8536967 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10101277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria reflects not only a state of immune activation, but also a state of general immune defect or immunosuppression, of complex etiology that can last longer than the actual episode. Inhabitants of malaria-endemic regions with lifelong exposure to the parasite show an exhausted or immune regulatory profile compared to non- or minimally exposed subjects. Several studies and experiments to identify and characterize the cause of this malaria-related immunosuppression have shown that malaria suppresses humoral and cellular responses to both homologous (Plasmodium) and heterologous antigens (e.g., vaccines). However, neither the underlying mechanisms nor the relative involvement of different types of immune cells in immunosuppression during malaria is well understood. Moreover, the implication of the parasite during the different stages of the modulation of immunity has not been addressed in detail. There is growing evidence of a role of immune regulators and cellular components in malaria that may lead to immunosuppression that needs further research. In this review, we summarize the current evidence on how malaria parasites may directly and indirectly induce immunosuppression and investigate the potential role of specific cell types, effector molecules and other immunoregulatory factors.
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13
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Fresno M, Gironès N. Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells in Trypanosoma cruzi Infection. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:737364. [PMID: 34513737 PMCID: PMC8430253 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.737364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) are immature heterogeneous myeloid cells that expand in pathologic conditions as cancer, trauma, and infection. Although characterization of MDSCs is continuously revisited, the best feature is their suppressor activity. There are many markers for MDSC identification, it is distinctive that they express inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and arginase 1, which can mediate immune suppression. MDSCs can have a medullary origin as a result of emergency myelopoiesis, but also can have an extramedullary origin. Early studies on Trypanosoma cruzi infection showed severe immunosuppression, and several mechanisms involving parasite antigens and host cell mediators were described as inhibition of IL-2 and IL-2R. Another mechanism of immunosuppression involving tumor necrosis factor/interferon γ-dependent nitric oxide production by inducible nitric oxide synthase was also described. Moreover, other studies showed that nitric oxide was produced by CD11b+ Gr-1+ MDSCs in the spleen, and later iNOS and arginase 1 expressed in CD11b+Ly6C+Ly6Glo monocytic MDSC were found in spleen and heart of T. cruzi infected mice that suppressed T cell proliferation. Uncontrolled expansion of monocytic MDSCs leads to L-arginine depletion which hinders nitric oxide production leading to death. Supplement of L-arginine partially reverts L-arginine depletion and survival, suggesting that L-arginine could be administered along with anti-parasitical drugs. On the other hand, pharmacological inhibition of MDSCs leads to death in mice, suggesting that some expansion of MDSCs is needed for an efficient immune response. The role of signaling molecules mediating immune suppression as reactive oxygen species, reactive nitrogen species, as well as prostaglandin E2, characteristics of MDSCs, in T. cruzi infection is not fully understood. We review and discuss the role of these reactive species mediators produced by MDSCs. Finally, we discuss the latest results that link the SLAMF1 immune receptor with reactive oxygen species. Interaction of the parasite with the SLAMF1 modulates parasite virulence through myeloid cell infectivity and reactive oxygen species production. We discuss the possible strategies for targeting MDSCs and SLAMF1 receptor in acute Trypanosoma cruzi infection in mice, to evaluate a possible translational application in human acute infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Fresno
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Universitario de La Princesa, Group 12, Madrid, Spain
| | - Núria Gironès
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Universitario de La Princesa, Group 12, Madrid, Spain
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14
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Li G, Liu L, Yin Z, Ye Z, Shen N. Glutamine metabolism is essential for the production of IL-17A in γδ T cells and skin inflammation. Tissue Cell 2021; 71:101569. [PMID: 34146944 DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2021.101569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
γδ T cell is one of the most important pathogenic immune cells in autoimmunity, especially in mucosal and epithelial diseases. Metabolism is essential for the maintenance of immune homeostasis. However, unlike αβ T cells, the metabolic regulation of γδ T cell activation still remain unclear. Here, we identified glutamine metabolism as a critical regulator for the generation of IL-17-producing γδ T cells. Metabolic screening uncovered that amino acids related to glutamine metabolism increased most obviously during γδ T cell activation. Pharmaceutical blocking of glutamine impaired IL-17 production in γδ T cells both in vitro and in vivo. Mechanism studies further revealed that genes downregulated upon glutamine deprivation enriched in IL-17 and IL-23/STAT3 signaling pathways. Consistent with this, the activation of STAT3 was suppressed after glutamine blocking. More importantly, application of glutamine antagonist in vivo alleviated the progression of IL-23 induced psoriatic mice model. In addition, both the glutamine level and the expression of glutamine related enzymes were found higher in psoriasis patients when compared with healthy controls. Therefore, our work identified an important metabolic regulatory pathway in γδ T cell activation and suggested that glutamine metabolism could be used as a target for the treatment of γδ T cell related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanhua Li
- Shanghai Institute of Rheumatology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University (SJTUSM), Shanghai, 200001, China; Department of Nephrology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China.
| | - Lu Liu
- Institute of Dermatology and Department of Dermatology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, 230032, China.
| | - Zhihua Yin
- Shenzhen Futian Hospital for Rheumatic Diseases, Shenzhen, 518040, China.
| | - Zhizhong Ye
- Shenzhen Futian Hospital for Rheumatic Diseases, Shenzhen, 518040, China.
| | - Nan Shen
- Shanghai Institute of Rheumatology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University (SJTUSM), Shanghai, 200001, China; Shenzhen Futian Hospital for Rheumatic Diseases, Shenzhen, 518040, China; Center for Autoimmune Genomics and Etiology (CAGE), Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA; State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (SJTUSM), Shanghai, 200032, China.
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15
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Ayelign B, Akalu Y, Teferi B, Molla MD, Shibabaw T. Helminth Induced Immunoregulation and Novel Therapeutic Avenue of Allergy. J Asthma Allergy 2020; 13:439-451. [PMID: 33116652 PMCID: PMC7548329 DOI: 10.2147/jaa.s273556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Allergic diseases are increasing at an alarming rate worldwide, particularly in developed countries. In contrast, there is a decrease in the prevalence of helminthic infections and other neglected diseases. The hygiene hypothesis elaborates parasitic infection, and allergy-associated diseases have an inverse relationship. Acute helminthic infection and allergic reaction stimulate Type 2 helper cells (Th2) immune response with up-regulation of cytokines IL-4-, IL-5-, and IL-13-mediated IgE and mast cell production, as well as eosinophilia. However, people who chronically suffer from helminthic infections are demarcated through polarized Th2 resulting in alternative macrophage activation and T regulatory response. This regulatory system reduces allergy incidence in individuals that are chronically diseased through helminth. As a result, the excretory-secretory (ES) substance derived from parasites and extracellular vesicular components can be used as a novel therapeutic modality of allergy. Therefore, the aim of this review meticulously explored the link between helminth infection and allergy, and utilization of the helminth secretome for therapeutic immunomodulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birhanu Ayelign
- Department of Immunology and Molecular Biology, School of Biomedical and Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Yonas Akalu
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Banchamlak Teferi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Meseret Derbew Molla
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Tewodros Shibabaw
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
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16
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Phillips NA, Lillico DM, Qin R, McAllister M, El-Din MG, Belosevic M, Stafford JL. Inorganic fraction of oil sands process-affected water induces mammalian macrophage stress gene expression and acutely modulates immune cell functional markers at both the gene and protein levels. Toxicol In Vitro 2020; 66:104875. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2020.104875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Revised: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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17
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Grzywa TM, Sosnowska A, Matryba P, Rydzynska Z, Jasinski M, Nowis D, Golab J. Myeloid Cell-Derived Arginase in Cancer Immune Response. Front Immunol 2020; 11:938. [PMID: 32499785 PMCID: PMC7242730 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 236] [Impact Index Per Article: 59.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Amino acid metabolism is a critical regulator of the immune response, and its modulating becomes a promising approach in various forms of immunotherapy. Insufficient concentrations of essential amino acids restrict T-cells activation and proliferation. However, only arginases, that degrade L-arginine, as well as enzymes that hydrolyze L-tryptophan are substantially increased in cancer. Two arginase isoforms, ARG1 and ARG2, have been found to be present in tumors and their increased activity usually correlates with more advanced disease and worse clinical prognosis. Nearly all types of myeloid cells were reported to produce arginases and the increased numbers of various populations of myeloid-derived suppressor cells and macrophages correlate with inferior clinical outcomes of cancer patients. Here, we describe the role of arginases produced by myeloid cells in regulating various populations of immune cells, discuss molecular mechanisms of immunoregulatory processes involving L-arginine metabolism and outline therapeutic approaches to mitigate the negative effects of arginases on antitumor immune response. Development of potent arginase inhibitors, with improved pharmacokinetic properties, may lead to the elaboration of novel therapeutic strategies based on targeting immunoregulatory pathways controlled by L-arginine degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz M. Grzywa
- Department of Immunology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Sosnowska
- Department of Immunology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
- Postgraduate School of Molecular Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Paweł Matryba
- Department of Immunology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
- Laboratory of Neurobiology BRAINCITY, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
- The Doctoral School of the Medical University of Warsaw, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Zuzanna Rydzynska
- Department of Immunology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marcin Jasinski
- Department of Immunology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Dominika Nowis
- Department of Immunology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine, Center of New Technologies, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
- Genomic Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jakub Golab
- Department of Immunology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
- Centre of Preclinical Research, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
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18
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Breda CNDS, Davanzo GG, Basso PJ, Saraiva Câmara NO, Moraes-Vieira PMM. Mitochondria as central hub of the immune system. Redox Biol 2019; 26:101255. [PMID: 31247505 PMCID: PMC6598836 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2019.101255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Revised: 06/01/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Nearly 130 years after the first insights into the existence of mitochondria, new rolesassociated with these organelles continue to emerge. As essential hubs that dictate cell fate, mitochondria integrate cell physiology, signaling pathways and metabolism. Thus, recent research has focused on understanding how these multifaceted functions can be used to improve inflammatory responses and prevent cellular dysfunction. Here, we describe the role of mitochondria on the development and function of immune cells, highlighting metabolic aspects and pointing out some metabolic- independent features of mitochondria that sustain cell function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiane Naffah de Souza Breda
- Transplantation Immunobiology Lab, Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Gastão Davanzo
- Laboratory of Immunometabolism, Department of Genetics, Evolution, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Paulo José Basso
- Transplantation Immunobiology Lab, Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Niels Olsen Saraiva Câmara
- Transplantation Immunobiology Lab, Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Pedro Manoel Mendes Moraes-Vieira
- Laboratory of Immunometabolism, Department of Genetics, Evolution, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil.
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19
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Stamper BD, Davis M, Scott-Collins S, Tran J, Ton C, Simidyan A, Roberts SC. Model-based Evaluation of Gene Expression Changes in Response to Leishmania Infection. GENE REGULATION AND SYSTEMS BIOLOGY 2019; 13:1177625019828350. [PMID: 30792575 PMCID: PMC6376507 DOI: 10.1177/1177625019828350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Since the development of high-density microarray technology in the late 1990s, global host gene expression changes in response to various stimuli have been extensively studied. More than a dozen peer-reviewed publications have investigated the effect of Leishmania infection in various models since 2001. This review covers the transcriptional changes in macrophage models induced by various Leishmania species and summarizes the resulting impact these studies have on our understanding of the host response to leishmaniasis in vitro. Characterization of the similarities and differences between various model systems will not only further our understanding of Leishmania-induced changes to macrophage gene expression but also identify potential therapeutic targets in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Madison Davis
- School of Pharmacy, Pacific University Oregon, Hillsboro, OR, USA
| | | | - Julie Tran
- School of Pharmacy, Pacific University Oregon, Hillsboro, OR, USA
| | - Caryn Ton
- School of Pharmacy, Pacific University Oregon, Hillsboro, OR, USA
| | - Agapi Simidyan
- School of Pharmacy, Pacific University Oregon, Hillsboro, OR, USA
| | - Sigrid C Roberts
- School of Pharmacy, Pacific University Oregon, Hillsboro, OR, USA
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20
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Corbett Y, D'Alessandro S, Parapini S, Scaccabarozzi D, Kalantari P, Zava S, Giavarini F, Caruso D, Colombo I, Egan TJ, Basilico N. Interplay between Plasmodium falciparum haemozoin and L-arginine: implication for nitric oxide production. Malar J 2018; 17:456. [PMID: 30522493 PMCID: PMC6282336 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-018-2602-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Plasmodium falciparum haemozoin, a detoxification product of digested haemoglobin from infected erythrocytes, is released into the bloodstream upon schizont rupture and accumulates in leukocytes. High levels of haemozoin correlate with disease severity. Some studies have shown that concentrations of the substrate of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), l-arginine, as well as nitric oxide are low in patients infected with P. falciparum malaria. The present study investigates, in vitro, the role of P. falciparum haemozoin on nitric oxide production, iNOS expression in macrophages, and the possible interaction between l-arginine and haemozoin. Methods Plasmodium falciparum haemozoin was obtained from in vitro cultures through magnetic isolation. Phagocytosis of haemozoin by immortalized bone marrow derived macrophages was detected by confocal reflection combined with fluorescence microscopy. Nitrite concentrations in the supernatants was evaluated by Griess assay as a standard indication of nitric oxide production, while iNOS expression was detected on cell extracts by western blotting. Detection of l-arginine in haemozoin-treated or untreated media was achieved by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS). Results Haemozoin synergizes in vitro with interferon-gamma to produce nitric oxide. However, when mouse macrophages were stimulated with haemozoin, a proportional increase of nitric oxide was observed up to 25 μM of haemozoin, followed by a decrease with doses up to 100 μM, when nitric oxide release was completely abrogated. This was not due to reactive oxygen species production, nor to an effect on iNOS activity. Interestingly, when at 24 h, haemozoin-treated macrophages were washed and incubated in fresh medium for further 24 h, the nitric oxide production was restored in a dose–response manner. Similar results were seen when l-arginine-enriched media was used in the stimulation. Moreover, muramyldipeptide, a strong nitric oxide inducer, was unable to activate macrophages to release nitric oxide in the presence of haemozoin-treated medium. By LC–MS/MS a complete depletion of l-arginine was observed in this haemozoin-treated, conditioned medium. Conclusions It is proposed that haemozoin interacts with l-arginine reducing its availability for iNOS, and thus decreasing nitric oxide production. The clinical (or pathological) implications of these results are discussed. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12936-018-2602-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yolanda Corbett
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133, Milan, MI, Italy. .,Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133, Milan, MI, Italy.
| | - Sarah D'Alessandro
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133, Milan, MI, Italy.,Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Chirurgiche e Odontoiatriche, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133, Milan, MI, Italy
| | - Silvia Parapini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133, Milan, MI, Italy.,Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Chirurgiche e Odontoiatriche, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133, Milan, MI, Italy
| | - Diletta Scaccabarozzi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133, Milan, MI, Italy
| | - Parisa Kalantari
- Department of Immunology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, 02111, USA
| | - Stefania Zava
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133, Milan, MI, Italy
| | - Flavio Giavarini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133, Milan, MI, Italy
| | - Donatella Caruso
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133, Milan, MI, Italy
| | - Irma Colombo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133, Milan, MI, Italy
| | - Timothy J Egan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Private Bag X3, Rondebosch, 7701, South Africa
| | - Nicoletta Basilico
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Chirurgiche e Odontoiatriche, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133, Milan, MI, Italy
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21
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Tumour microenvironment and metabolic plasticity in cancer and cancer stem cells: Perspectives on metabolic and immune regulatory signatures in chemoresistant ovarian cancer stem cells. Semin Cancer Biol 2018; 53:265-281. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2018.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Revised: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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22
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Ramapriyan R, Caetano MS, Barsoumian HB, Mafra ACP, Zambalde EP, Menon H, Tsouko E, Welsh JW, Cortez MA. Altered cancer metabolism in mechanisms of immunotherapy resistance. Pharmacol Ther 2018; 195:162-171. [PMID: 30439456 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2018.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Many metabolic alterations, including the Warburg effect, occur in cancer cells that influence the tumor microenvironment, including switching to glycolysis from oxidative phosphorylation, using opportunistic modes of nutrient acquisition, and increasing lipid biosynthesis. The altered metabolic landscape of the tumor microenvironment can suppress the infiltration of immune cells and other functions of antitumor immunity through the production of immune-suppressive metabolites. Metabolic dysregulation in cancer cells further affects the expression of cell surface markers, which interferes with immune surveillance. Immune checkpoint therapies have revolutionized the standard of care for some patients with cancer, but disease in many others is resistant to immunotherapy. Specific metabolic pathways involved in immunotherapy resistance include PI3K-Akt-mTOR, hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF), adenosine, JAK/STAT, and Wnt/Beta-catenin. Depletion of essential amino acids such as glutamine and tryptophan and production of metabolites like kynurenine in the tumor microenvironment also blunt immune cell function. Targeted therapies against metabolic checkpoints could work in synergy with immune checkpoint therapy. This combined strategy could be refined by profiling patients' mutation status before treatment and identifying the optimal sequencing of therapies. This personalized combinatorial approach, which has yet to be explored, may well pave the way for overcoming resistance to immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rishab Ramapriyan
- Departments of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Mauricio S Caetano
- Departments of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Hampartsoum B Barsoumian
- Departments of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Ana Carolina P Mafra
- Departments of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Erika Pereira Zambalde
- Departments of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Hari Menon
- Departments of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Efrosini Tsouko
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - James W Welsh
- Departments of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Maria Angelica Cortez
- Departments of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States.
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23
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van Dijk N, Funt SA, Blank CU, Powles T, Rosenberg JE, van der Heijden MS. The Cancer Immunogram as a Framework for Personalized Immunotherapy in Urothelial Cancer. Eur Urol 2018; 75:435-444. [PMID: 30274701 DOI: 10.1016/j.eururo.2018.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT The abysmal outlook of urothelial cancer (UC) has changed with the introduction of immunotherapy. Still, many patients do not respond and distinctive biomarkers are currently lacking. The rise of this novel armamentarium of immunotherapy treatments, in combination with the complex biology of an immunological tumor response, warrants the development of a comprehensive framework that can provide an overview of important immunological processes at play in individual patients. OBJECTIVE To develop a comprehensive framework based on tumor- and host-specific parameters to understand immunotherapy response in UC. This framework can inform rational, biology-driven clinical trials and ultimately guide us toward individualized patient treatment. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION A literature review was conducted on UC immunotherapy, clinical trial data, and biomarkers of response to checkpoint inhibition. EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS Here, we propose a UC immunogram, based on currently available clinical and translational data. The UC immunogram describes several tumor- and host-specific parameters that are required for successful immunotherapy treatment. These seven parameters are tumor foreignness, immune cell infiltration, absence of inhibitory checkpoints, general performance and immune status, absence of soluble inhibitors, absence of inhibitory tumor metabolism, and tumor sensitivity to immune effectors. CONCLUSIONS Longitudinal integration of individual patient parameters may ultimately lead to personalized and dynamic immunotherapy, to adjust to the Darwinian forces that drive tumor evolution. Incorporating multiparameter biomarkers into quantitative predictive models will be a key challenge to integrate the immunogram into daily clinical practice. PATIENT SUMMARY Here, we propose the urothelial cancer immunogram, a novel way of describing important immunological characteristics of urothelial cancer patients and their tumors. Seven characteristics determine the chance of having an immunological tumor response. Using this immunogram, we aim to better understand why some patients respond to immunotherapy and some do not, to ultimately improve anticancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nick van Dijk
- Department of Medical Oncology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Samuel A Funt
- Genitourinary Oncology Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Christian U Blank
- Department of Medical Oncology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas Powles
- Department of Medical Oncology, Barts Cancer Institute, London, UK
| | - Jonathan E Rosenberg
- Genitourinary Oncology Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
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24
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Paiardini A, Mantoni F, Giardina G, Paone A, Janson G, Leoni L, Rampioni G, Cutruzzolà F, Rinaldo S. A novel bacterial l-arginine sensor controlling c-di-GMP levels in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Proteins 2018; 86:1088-1096. [PMID: 30040157 DOI: 10.1002/prot.25587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Revised: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Nutrients such as amino acids play key roles in shaping the metabolism of microorganisms in natural environments and in host-pathogen interactions. Beyond taking part to cellular metabolism and to protein synthesis, amino acids are also signaling molecules able to influence group behavior in microorganisms, such as biofilm formation. This lifestyle switch involves complex metabolic reprogramming controlled by local variation of the second messenger 3', 5'-cyclic diguanylic acid (c-di-GMP). The intracellular levels of this dinucleotide are finely tuned by the opposite activity of dedicated diguanylate cyclases (GGDEF signature) and phosphodiesterases (EAL and HD-GYP signatures), which are usually allosterically controlled by a plethora of environmental and metabolic clues. Among the genes putatively involved in controlling c-di-GMP levels in P. aeruginosa, we found that the multidomain transmembrane protein PA0575, bearing the tandem signature GGDEF-EAL, is an l-arginine sensor able to hydrolyse c-di-GMP. Here, we investigate the basis of arginine recognition by integrating bioinformatics, molecular biophysics and microbiology. Although the role of nutrients such as l-arginine in controlling the cellular fate in P. aeruginosa (including biofilm, pathogenicity and virulence) is already well established, we identified the first l-arginine sensor able to link environment sensing, c-di-GMP signaling and biofilm formation in this bacterium.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Paiardini
- Department of Biochemical Sciences "A. Rossi Fanelli", Sapienza University of Rome (I), Roma, Italy.,Istituto Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Roma, Italy
| | - F Mantoni
- Department of Biochemical Sciences "A. Rossi Fanelli", Sapienza University of Rome (I), Roma, Italy.,Istituto Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Roma, Italy
| | - G Giardina
- Department of Biochemical Sciences "A. Rossi Fanelli", Sapienza University of Rome (I), Roma, Italy.,Istituto Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Roma, Italy
| | - A Paone
- Department of Biochemical Sciences "A. Rossi Fanelli", Sapienza University of Rome (I), Roma, Italy
| | - G Janson
- Department of Biochemical Sciences "A. Rossi Fanelli", Sapienza University of Rome (I), Roma, Italy
| | - L Leoni
- Department of Science, University Roma Tre (I), Roma, Italy
| | - G Rampioni
- Department of Science, University Roma Tre (I), Roma, Italy
| | - F Cutruzzolà
- Department of Biochemical Sciences "A. Rossi Fanelli", Sapienza University of Rome (I), Roma, Italy.,Istituto Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Roma, Italy
| | - S Rinaldo
- Department of Biochemical Sciences "A. Rossi Fanelli", Sapienza University of Rome (I), Roma, Italy.,Istituto Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Roma, Italy
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25
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Dietary arginine affects growth, gut morphology, oxidation resistance and immunity of hybrid grouper (Epinephelus fuscoguttatus♀×Epinephelus lanceolatus♂) juveniles. Br J Nutr 2018; 120:269-282. [DOI: 10.1017/s0007114518001022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
AbstractAn 8-week growth trial was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary arginine (Arg) levels on growth, gut morphology, oxidation resistance and immunity of hybrid grouper (Epinephelus fuscoguttatus♀×Epinephelus lanceolatus♂) juveniles. Seven isoenergetic (1465 kJ (350 kcal)/100-g DM), isoproteic (53·5 % of DM) and isolipidic (7 % of DM) experimental diets were formulated to contain graded Arg levels ranging from 1·9 to 4·7 % (dry weight) at approximately 0·5 % increments. Each diet was randomly assigned to triplicate groups of 16 juvenile fish (average initial body weight: 11·7 (sd 0·1) g) and was administered twice daily (08.00 and 16.00 hours). After the growth trial, all remaining fish were fed their prescribed diets for 2 d and then exposed to 4·5 mg Cu2+/l water for 36 h. Results showed that growth performance and feed utilisation of experimental fish were significantly affected by different dietary Arg levels. Weight gain % (WG%) of fish was increased as dietary Arg increased, reaching a peak value at 3·8 % dietary Arg level, and when dietary Arg level increased to 4·7 % WG% was reduced. Fish fed 1·9 and 2·2 % dietary Arg levels had higher daily feed intake compared with fish fed other dietary Arg levels. Feed conversion ratios in fish fed 1·9, 2·2, 2·7 and 4·7 % dietary Arg levels were higher than those in fish fed 3·1, 3·8 and 4·1 % dietary Arg levels. Protein efficiency ratio and protein productive value (PPV) increased with an increase in dietary Arg, up to a peak value at 3·8 % dietary Arg level, above which these parameters declined. On the basis of quadratic regression analysis of weight gain % (WG%) or PPV against dietary Arg levels, the optimal dietary Arg requirement for hybrid grouper was estimated to be 3·65 %. Fish fed 3·8 % dietary Arg had higher whole-body and muscle protein contents compared with fish fed other dietary Arg levels. Fish fed 3·8 and 4·1 % dietary Arg levels had higher levels of mRNA for insulin-like growth factor-I and target of rapamycin in the liver compared with fish fed other dietary Arg levels. Hepatic S6 kinase 1 mRNA expression in fish fed 3·8 % dietary Arg level was higher than that in fish fed any of the other dietary Arg levels. Gut morphology, hepatic antioxidant indices and immune indices in serum and head kidney were significantly influenced by dietary Arg levels. In conclusion, the optimal dietary Arg requirement for hybrid grouper was estimated to be 3·65 %, and suitable dietary Arg supplementations improved gut morphology and oxidation resistance of hybrid grouper.
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Abstract
The immune system is remarkably responsive to a myriad of invading microorganisms and provides continuous surveillance against tissue damage and developing tumor cells. To achieve these diverse functions, multiple soluble and cellular components must react in an orchestrated cascade of events to control the specificity, magnitude and persistence of the immune response. Numerous catabolic and anabolic processes are involved in this process, and prominent roles for l-arginine and l-glutamine catabolism have been described, as these amino acids serve as precursors of nitric oxide, creatine, agmatine, tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates, nucleotides and other amino acids, as well as for ornithine, which is used to synthesize putrescine and the polyamines spermidine and spermine. Polyamines have several purported roles and high levels of polyamines are manifest in tumor cells as well in autoreactive B- and T-cells in autoimmune diseases. In the tumor microenvironment, l-arginine catabolism by both tumor cells and suppressive myeloid cells is known to dampen cytotoxic T-cell functions suggesting there might be links between polyamines and T-cell suppression. Here, we review studies suggesting roles of polyamines in normal immune cell function and highlight their connections to autoimmunity and anti-tumor immune cell function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca S Hesterberg
- University of South Florida Cancer Biology Graduate Program, University of South Florida, 4202 East Fowler Ave, Tampa, FL 33620, USA.
- Department Immunology, PharmD, Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, 12902 Magnolia Drive, 23033 SRB, Tampa, FL 33612, USA.
| | - John L Cleveland
- Department of Tumor Biology, Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, 12902 Magnolia Drive, Tampa, FL 33612, USA.
| | - Pearlie K Epling-Burnette
- Department Immunology, PharmD, Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, 12902 Magnolia Drive, 23033 SRB, Tampa, FL 33612, USA.
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27
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Fresno M, Gironès N. Regulatory Lymphoid and Myeloid Cells Determine the Cardiac Immunopathogenesis of Trypanosoma cruzi Infection. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:351. [PMID: 29545782 PMCID: PMC5838393 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Chagas disease is a multisystemic disorder caused by the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma cruzi, which affects ~8 million people in Latin America, killing 7,000 people annually. Chagas disease is one of the main causes of death in the endemic area and the leading cause of infectious myocarditis in the world. T. cruzi infection induces two phases, acute and chronic, where the infection is initially asymptomatic and the majority of patients will remain clinically indeterminate for life. However, over a period of 10–30 years, ~30% of infected individuals will develop irreversible, potentially fatal cardiac syndromes (chronic chagasic cardiomyopathy [CCC]), and/or dilatation of the gastro-intestinal tract (megacolon or megaesophagus). Myocarditis is the most serious and frequent manifestation of chronic Chagas heart disease and appears in about 30% of infected individuals several years after infection occurs. Myocarditis is characterized by a mononuclear cell infiltrate that includes different types of myeloid and lymphoid cells and it can occur also in the acute phase. T. cruzi infects and replicates in macrophages and cardiomyocytes as well as in other nucleated cells. The pathogenesis of the chronic phase is thought to be dependent on an immune-inflammatory reaction to a low-grade replicative infection. It is known that cytokines produced by type 1 helper CD4+ T cells are able to control infection. However, the role that infiltrating lymphoid and myeloid cells may play in experimental and natural Chagas disease pathogenesis has not been completely elucidated, and several reports indicate that it depends on the mouse genetic background and parasite strain and/or inoculum. Here, we review the role that T cell CD4+ subsets, myeloid subclasses including myeloid-derived suppressor cells may play in the immunopathogenesis of Chagas disease with special focus on myocarditis, by comparing results obtained with different experimental animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Fresno
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CSIC), Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Universitario de La Princesa, Madrid, Spain
| | - Núria Gironès
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CSIC), Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Universitario de La Princesa, Madrid, Spain
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28
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Mörén L, Perryman R, Crook T, Langer JK, Oneill K, Syed N, Antti H. Metabolomic profiling identifies distinct phenotypes for ASS1 positive and negative GBM. BMC Cancer 2018; 18:167. [PMID: 29422017 PMCID: PMC5806242 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-018-4040-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2016] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Tumour cells have a high demand for arginine. However, a subset of glioblastomas has a defect in the arginine biosynthetic pathway due to epigenetic silencing of the rate limiting enzyme argininosuccinate synthetase (ASS1). These tumours are auxotrophic for arginine and susceptible to the arginine degrading enzyme, pegylated arginine deiminase (ADI-PEG20). Moreover, ASS1 deficient GBM have a worse prognosis compared to ASS1 positive tumours. Since altered tumour metabolism is one of the hallmarks of cancer we were interested to determine if these two subtypes exhibited different metabolic profiles that could allow for their non-invasive detection as well as unveil additional novel therapeutic opportunities. Methods We looked for basal metabolic differences using one and two-dimensional gas chromatography-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (1D/2D GC-TOFMS) followed by targeted analysis of 29 amino acids using liquid chromatography-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-TOFMS). We also looked for differences upon arginine deprivation in a single ASS1 negative and positive cell line (SNB19 and U87 respectively). The acquired data was evaluated by chemometric based bioinformatic methods. Results Orthogonal partial least squares-discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) of both the 1D and 2D GC-TOFMS data revealed significant systematic difference in metabolites between the two subgroups with ASS1 positive cells generally exhibiting an overall elevation of identified metabolites, including those involved in the arginine biosynthetic pathway. Pathway and network analysis of the metabolite profile show that ASS1 negative cells have altered arginine and citrulline metabolism as well as altered amino acid metabolism. As expected, we observed significant metabolite perturbations in ASS negative cells in response to ADI-PEG20 treatment. Conclusions This study has highlighted significant differences in the metabolome of ASS1 negative and positive GBM which warrants further study to determine their diagnostic and therapeutic potential for the treatment of this devastating disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Mörén
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, SE 901 87, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Richard Perryman
- John Fulcher Neuro-Oncology Laboratory, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Tim Crook
- St Luke's Cancer Centre, Royal Surrey County Hospital, Guildford, Surrey, UK
| | - Julia K Langer
- John Fulcher Neuro-Oncology Laboratory, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Kevin Oneill
- John Fulcher Neuro-Oncology Laboratory, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Nelofer Syed
- John Fulcher Neuro-Oncology Laboratory, Imperial College London, London, UK.
| | - Henrik Antti
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, SE 901 87, Umeå, Sweden.
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Lange SM, McKell MC, Schmidt SM, Hossfeld AP, Chaturvedi V, Kinder JM, McAlees JW, Lewkowich IP, Way SS, Turner J, Qualls JE. l-Citrulline Metabolism in Mice Augments CD4 + T Cell Proliferation and Cytokine Production In Vitro, and Accumulation in the Mycobacteria-Infected Lung. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1561. [PMID: 29201027 PMCID: PMC5696333 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation, recruitment, and effector function of T lymphocytes are essential for control of mycobacterial infection. These processes are tightly regulated in T cells by the availability of l-arginine within the microenvironment. In turn, mycobacterial infection dampens T cell responsiveness through arginase induction in myeloid cells, promoting sequestration of l-arginine within the local milieu. Here, we show T cells can replenish intracellular l-arginine through metabolism of l-citrulline to mediate inflammatory function, allowing anti-mycobacterial T cells to overcome arginase-mediated suppression. Furthermore, T cell l-citrulline metabolism is necessary for accumulation of CD4+ T cells at the site of infection, suggesting this metabolic pathway is involved during anti-mycobacterial T cell immunity in vivo. Together, these findings establish a contribution for l-arginine synthesis by T cells during mycobacterial infection, and implicate l-citrulline as a potential immuno-nutrient to modulate host immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon M Lange
- Laboratory of Dr. Joseph E. Qualls, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States.,Immunology Graduate Program, University of Cincinnati/Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Melanie C McKell
- Laboratory of Dr. Joseph E. Qualls, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States.,Immunology Graduate Program, University of Cincinnati/Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Stephanie M Schmidt
- Laboratory of Dr. Joseph E. Qualls, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Austin P Hossfeld
- Laboratory of Dr. Joanne Turner, Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Vandana Chaturvedi
- Laboratory of Dr. Sing Sing Way, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Jeremy M Kinder
- Laboratory of Dr. Sing Sing Way, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Jaclyn W McAlees
- Laboratory of Dr. Ian P. Lewkowich, Division of Immunobiology, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Ian P Lewkowich
- Laboratory of Dr. Ian P. Lewkowich, Division of Immunobiology, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Sing Sing Way
- Laboratory of Dr. Sing Sing Way, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Joanne Turner
- Laboratory of Dr. Joanne Turner, Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States.,Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Joseph E Qualls
- Laboratory of Dr. Joseph E. Qualls, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States
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Mandal A, Das S, Kumar A, Roy S, Verma S, Ghosh AK, Singh R, Abhishek K, Saini S, Sardar AH, Purkait B, Kumar A, Mandal C, Das P. l-Arginine Uptake by Cationic Amino Acid Transporter Promotes Intra-Macrophage Survival of Leishmania donovani by Enhancing Arginase-Mediated Polyamine Synthesis. Front Immunol 2017; 8:839. [PMID: 28798743 PMCID: PMC5526900 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The survival of intracellular protozoan parasite, Leishmania donovani, the causative agent of Indian visceral leishmaniasis (VL), depends on the activation status of macrophages. l-Arginine, a semi-essential amino acid plays a crucial regulatory role for activation of macrophages. However, the role of l-arginine transport in VL still remains elusive. In this study, we demonstrated that intra-macrophage survival of L. donovani depends on the availability of extracellular l-arginine. Infection of THP-1-derived macrophage/human monocyte-derived macrophage (hMDM) with Leishmania, resulted in upregulation of l-arginine transport. While investigating the involvement of the transporters, we observed that Leishmania survival was greatly impaired when the transporters were blocked either using inhibitor or siRNA-mediated downregulation. CAT-2 was found to be the main isoform associated with l-arginine transport in L. donovani-infected macrophages. l-arginine availability and its transport regulated the host arginase in Leishmania infection. Arginase and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression were reciprocally regulated when assayed using specific inhibitors and siRNA-mediated downregulation. Interestingly, induction of iNOS expression and nitric oxide production were observed in case of inhibition of arginase in infected macrophages. Furthermore, inhibition of l-arginine transport as well as arginase resulted in decreased polyamine production, limiting parasite survival inside macrophages. l-arginine availability and transport regulated Th1/Th2 cytokine levels in case of Leishmania infection. Upregulation of l-arginine transport, induction of host arginase, and enhanced polyamine production were correlated with increased level of IL-10 and decreased level of IL-12 and TNF-α in L. donovani-infected macrophages. Our findings provide clear evidence for targeting the metabolism of l-arginine and l-arginine-metabolizing enzymes as an important therapeutic and prophylactic strategy to treat VL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Mandal
- Department of Molecular Biology, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences (ICMR), Patna, India
| | - Sushmita Das
- Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), Patna, India
| | - Ajay Kumar
- Department of Molecular Biology, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences (ICMR), Patna, India
| | - Saptarshi Roy
- Cancer Biology and Inflammatory Disorder Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India
| | - Sudha Verma
- Department of Molecular Biology, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences (ICMR), Patna, India
| | - Ayan Kumar Ghosh
- Department of Molecular Biology, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences (ICMR), Patna, India
| | - Ruby Singh
- Department of Molecular Biology, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences (ICMR), Patna, India
| | - Kumar Abhishek
- Department of Molecular Biology, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences (ICMR), Patna, India
| | - Savita Saini
- Department of Molecular Biology, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences (ICMR), Patna, India.,Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hajipur, India
| | - Abul Hasan Sardar
- Department of Molecular Biology, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences (ICMR), Patna, India
| | - Bidyut Purkait
- Department of Molecular Biology, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences (ICMR), Patna, India
| | - Ashish Kumar
- Department of Molecular Biology, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences (ICMR), Patna, India
| | - Chitra Mandal
- Cancer Biology and Inflammatory Disorder Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India
| | - Pradeep Das
- Department of Molecular Biology, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences (ICMR), Patna, India
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Renner K, Singer K, Koehl GE, Geissler EK, Peter K, Siska PJ, Kreutz M. Metabolic Hallmarks of Tumor and Immune Cells in the Tumor Microenvironment. Front Immunol 2017; 8:248. [PMID: 28337200 PMCID: PMC5340776 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 244] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytotoxic T lymphocytes and NK cells play an important role in eliminating malignant tumor cells and the number and activity of tumor-infiltrating T cells represent a good marker for tumor prognosis. Based on these findings, immunotherapy, e.g., checkpoint blockade, has received considerable attention during the last couple of years. However, for the majority of patients, immune control of their tumors is gray theory as malignant cells use effective mechanisms to outsmart the immune system. Increasing evidence suggests that changes in tumor metabolism not only ensure an effective energy supply and generation of building blocks for tumor growth but also contribute to inhibition of the antitumor response. Immunosuppression in the tumor microenvironment is often based on the mutual metabolic requirements of immune cells and tumor cells. Cytotoxic T and NK cell activation leads to an increased demand for glucose and amino acids, a well-known feature shown by tumor cells. These close metabolic interdependencies result in metabolic competition, limiting the proliferation, and effector functions of tumor-specific immune cells. Moreover, not only nutrient restriction but also tumor-driven shifts in metabolite abundance and accumulation of metabolic waste products (e.g., lactate) lead to local immunosuppression, thereby facilitating tumor progression and metastasis. In this review, we describe the metabolic interplay between immune cells and tumor cells and discuss tumor cell metabolism as a target structure for cancer therapy. Metabolic (re)education of tumor cells is not only an approach to kill tumor cells directly but could overcome metabolic immunosuppression in the tumor microenvironment and thereby facilitate immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathrin Renner
- Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany; Regensburg Center for Interventional Immunology, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Katrin Singer
- Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Regensburg , Regensburg , Germany
| | - Gudrun E Koehl
- Department of Surgery, University Hospital Regensburg , Regensburg , Germany
| | - Edward K Geissler
- Department of Surgery, University Hospital Regensburg , Regensburg , Germany
| | - Katrin Peter
- Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Regensburg , Regensburg , Germany
| | - Peter J Siska
- Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Regensburg , Regensburg , Germany
| | - Marina Kreutz
- Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany; Regensburg Center for Interventional Immunology, Regensburg, Germany
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Expansion of CD11b +Ly-6C + myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) driven by galectin-9 attenuates CVB3-induced myocarditis. Mol Immunol 2017; 83:62-71. [PMID: 28110209 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2017.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2016] [Revised: 01/12/2017] [Accepted: 01/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Galectin-9 is known to play a role in the modulation of innate and adaptive immunity to ameliorate CVB3-induced myocarditis. In the present study, we found that galectin-9 induced the expansion of CD11b+Ly-6C+ myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) in the heart from CVB3-infected mice. Adoptive transfer of CD11b+Ly-6C+ MDSCs significantly alleviated myocarditis accompanied by increased Th2 and Treg frequency and anti-inflammatory cytokines expression in the heart tissue. Moreover, Ly6C+ MDSCs, but not Ly6G+ cells, expressed Arg-1 and NOS2, and suppressed CD4+ T cell proliferation in vitro in an Arg-1-dependent mechanism; an event that was reversed with treatment of either an Arg-1 inhibitor or addition of excess l-arginine. Furthermore, Ly6C+ MDSCs co-expressed higher levels of F4/80, Tim-3, and IL-4Rα, and had the plasticity to up-regulate NOS2 or Arg-1 in response to IFN-γ or IL-4 treatment. The present results indicate that galectin-9 expands CD11b+Ly-6C+ MDSCs to ameliorate CVB3-induced myocarditis.
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Hematopoietic arginase 1 deficiency results in decreased leukocytosis and increased foam cell formation but does not affect atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis 2017; 256:35-46. [DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2016.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2016] [Revised: 11/04/2016] [Accepted: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Yizengaw E, Getahun M, Tajebe F, Cruz Cervera E, Adem E, Mesfin G, Hailu A, Van der Auwera G, Yardley V, Lemma M, Skhedy Z, Diro E, Yeshanew A, Melkamu R, Mengesha B, Modolell M, Munder M, Müller I, Takele Y, Kropf P. Visceral Leishmaniasis Patients Display Altered Composition and Maturity of Neutrophils as well as Impaired Neutrophil Effector Functions. Front Immunol 2016; 7:517. [PMID: 27965662 PMCID: PMC5126105 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunologically, active visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is characterized by profound immunosuppression, severe systemic inflammatory responses, and an impaired capacity to control parasite replication. Neutrophils are highly versatile cells, which play a crucial role in the induction as well as the resolution of inflammation, the control of pathogen replication, and the regulation of immune responses. Neutrophil functions have been investigated in human cutaneous leishmaniasis; however, their role in human VL is poorly understood. In the present study we evaluated the activation status and effector functions of neutrophils in patients with active VL and after successful anti-leishmanial treatment. Our results show that neutrophils are highly activated and have degranulated; high levels of arginase, myeloperoxidase, and elastase, all contained in neutrophils' granules, were found in the plasma of VL patients. In addition, we show that a large proportion of these cells are immature. We also analyzed effector functions of neutrophils that are essential for pathogen clearance and show that neutrophils have an impaired capacity to release neutrophil extracellular traps, produce reactive oxygen species, and phagocytose bacterial particles, but not Leishmania parasites. Our results suggest that impaired effector functions, increased activation, and immaturity of neutrophils play a key role in the pathogenesis of VL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Endalew Yizengaw
- Department of Immunology, University of Gondar , Gondar , Ethiopia
| | - Mulusew Getahun
- Department of Immunology, University of Gondar , Gondar , Ethiopia
| | | | | | - Emebet Adem
- Leishmaniasis Research and Treatment Centre, Gondar University , Gondar , Ethiopia
| | - Getnet Mesfin
- Department of Immunology, University of Gondar , Gondar , Ethiopia
| | - Asrat Hailu
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Addis Ababa University , Addis Ababa , Ethiopia
| | - Gert Van der Auwera
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine , Antwerp , Belgium
| | - Vanessa Yardley
- Department of Immunology and Infection, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine , London , UK
| | - Mulualem Lemma
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Gondar , Gondar , Ethiopia
| | - Ziv Skhedy
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Hasselt , Hasselt , Belgium
| | - Ermias Diro
- Leishmaniasis Research and Treatment Centre, Gondar University , Gondar , Ethiopia
| | - Arega Yeshanew
- Leishmaniasis Research and Treatment Centre, Gondar University , Gondar , Ethiopia
| | - Roma Melkamu
- Leishmaniasis Research and Treatment Centre, Gondar University , Gondar , Ethiopia
| | - Bewketu Mengesha
- Leishmaniasis Research and Treatment Centre, Gondar University , Gondar , Ethiopia
| | - Manuel Modolell
- Department of Cellular Immunology, Max-Planck-Institute for Immunobiology and Epigenetics , Freiburg , Germany
| | - Markus Munder
- Third Department of Medicine (Hematology, Oncology, and Pneumology), University Medical Center Mainz , Mainz , Germany
| | - Ingrid Müller
- Department of Medicine, Imperial College London , London , UK
| | - Yegnasew Takele
- Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK; Leishmaniasis Research and Treatment Centre, Gondar University, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Pascale Kropf
- Department of Medicine, Imperial College London , London , UK
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35
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Andrade MER, Santos RDGCD, Soares ADN, Costa KA, Fernandes SOA, de Souza CM, Cassali GD, de Souza AL, Faria AMC, Cardoso VN. Pretreatment and Treatment WithL-Arginine Attenuate Weight Loss and Bacterial Translocation in Dextran Sulfate Sodium Colitis. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2016; 40:1131-1139. [DOI: 10.1177/0148607115581374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2015] [Accepted: 03/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Adna Luciana de Souza
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | - Ana Maria Caetano Faria
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
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Minutti CM, Knipper JA, Allen JE, Zaiss DMW. Tissue-specific contribution of macrophages to wound healing. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2016; 61:3-11. [PMID: 27521521 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2016.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 281] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Revised: 08/08/2016] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Macrophages are present in all tissues, either as resident cells or monocyte-derived cells that infiltrate into tissues. The tissue site largely determines the phenotype of tissue-resident cells, which help to maintain tissue homeostasis and act as sentinels of injury. Both tissue resident and recruited macrophages make a substantial contribution to wound healing following injury. In this review, we evaluate how macrophages in two fundamentally distinct tissues, i.e. the lung and the skin, differentially contribute to the process of wound healing. We highlight the commonalities of macrophage functions during repair and contrast them with distinct, tissue-specific functions that macrophages fulfill during the different stages of wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos M Minutti
- Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, and the Institute for Immunology and Infection Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FL, United Kingdom
| | - Johanna A Knipper
- Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, and the Institute for Immunology and Infection Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FL, United Kingdom
| | - Judith E Allen
- School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine & Health & Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom.
| | - Dietmar M W Zaiss
- Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, and the Institute for Immunology and Infection Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FL, United Kingdom.
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Arginine deprivation affects glioblastoma cell adhesion, invasiveness and actin cytoskeleton organization by impairment of β-actin arginylation. Amino Acids 2014; 47:199-212. [PMID: 25362567 PMCID: PMC4282698 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-014-1857-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2014] [Accepted: 10/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
A deficit of exogenous arginine affects growth and viability of numerous cancer cells. Although arginine deprivation-based strategy is currently undergoing clinical trials, molecular mechanisms of tumor cells’ response to arginine deprivation are not yet elucidated. We have examined effects of arginine starvation on cell motility, adhesion and invasiveness as well as on actin cytoskeleton organization of human glioblastoma cells. We observed for the first time that arginine, but not lysine, starvation affected cell morphology, significantly inhibited their motility and invasiveness, and impaired adhesion. No effects on glia cells were observed. Also, arginine deprivation in glioblastoma evoked specific changes in actin assembly, decreased β-actin filament content, and affected its N-terminal arginylation. We suggest that alterations in organization of β-actin resulted from a decrease of its arginylation could be responsible for the observed effects of arginine deprivation on cell invasiveness and migration. Our data indicate that arginine deprivation-based treatment strategies could inhibit, at least transiently, the invasion process of highly malignant brain tumors and may have a potential for combination therapy to extend overall patient survival.
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38
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Corware K, Yardley V, Mack C, Schuster S, Al-Hassi H, Herath S, Bergin P, Modolell M, Munder M, Müller I, Kropf P. Protein energy malnutrition increases arginase activity in monocytes and macrophages. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2014; 11:51. [PMID: 25392710 PMCID: PMC4228191 DOI: 10.1186/1743-7075-11-51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2014] [Accepted: 09/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Protein energy malnutrition is commonly associated with immune dysfunctions and is a major factor in susceptibility to infectious diseases. Methods In this study, we evaluated the impact of protein energy malnutrition on the capacity of monocytes and macrophages to upregulate arginase, an enzyme associated with immunosuppression and increased pathogen replication. Results Our results show that monocytes and macrophages are significantly increased in the bone marrow and blood of mice fed on a protein low diet. No alteration in the capacity of bone marrow derived macrophages isolated from malnourished mice to phagocytose particles, to produce the microbicidal molecule nitric oxide and to kill intracellular Leishmania parasites was detected. However, macrophages and monocytes from malnourished mice express significantly more arginase both in vitro and in vivo. Using an experimental model of visceral leishmaniasis, we show that following protein energy malnutrition, the increased parasite burden measured in the spleen of these mice coincided with increased arginase activity and that macrophages provide a more permissive environment for parasite growth. Conclusions Taken together, these results identify a novel mechanism in protein energy malnutrition that might contributes to increased susceptibility to infectious diseases by upregulating arginase activity in myeloid cells. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/1743-7075-11-51) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina Corware
- Department of Medicine, Section of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Norfolk Place, London, W2 1PG UK
| | - Vanessa Yardley
- Immunology and Infection Department, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Christopher Mack
- Department of Medicine, Section of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Norfolk Place, London, W2 1PG UK
| | - Steffen Schuster
- Department of Biochemistry, WHO Immunology Research and Training Center, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Hafid Al-Hassi
- Department of Medicine, Section of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Norfolk Place, London, W2 1PG UK
| | - Shanthi Herath
- School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham, UK
| | - Philip Bergin
- International AIDS Vaccine Initiative Human Immunology Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Manuel Modolell
- Department of Cellular Immunology, Max-Planck-Institute for Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Markus Munder
- Third Department of Medicine (Hematology, Oncology, and Pneumology), University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Ingrid Müller
- Department of Medicine, Section of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Norfolk Place, London, W2 1PG UK
| | - Pascale Kropf
- Department of Medicine, Section of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Norfolk Place, London, W2 1PG UK
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39
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Hübner MP, Layland LE, Hoerauf A. Helminths and their implication in sepsis - a new branch of their immunomodulatory behaviour? Pathog Dis 2013; 69:127-41. [PMID: 23929557 PMCID: PMC4285315 DOI: 10.1111/2049-632x.12080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2013] [Revised: 07/24/2013] [Accepted: 07/31/2013] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of autoimmune and allergic disorders has dramatically increased in developed countries, and it is believed that our ‘cleaner living’ reduces exposure to certain microorganisms and leads to deviated and/or reduced regulation of the immune system. In substantiation of this health hygiene hypothesis, multiple epidemiological studies and animal models have characterized the protective immune responses induced by helminths during auto-inflammatory disorders. The beneficial effects of such helminths, like schistosomes and filariae, are thought to lie in their immunomodulatory capacity, which can be induced by different life-cycle stages or components thereof. In addition to suppressing autoimmunity recent evidence indicates that concurrent helminth infections also counterbalance exacerbated pro-inflammatory immune responses that occur during sepsis, improving survival. As with allergy, epidemiological studies have observed a steady rise in severe sepsis cases and although this may have resulted from several factors (immunosuppressive drugs, chemotherapy, transplantation, increased awareness and increased surgical procedures), it is tempting to hypothesize that the lack of helminth infections in Western countries may have contributed to this phenomenon. This review summarizes how helminths modulate host immunity during sepsis, such as manipulating macrophage activation and provides an overview about the possible implications that may arise during overwhelming bacterial co-infections. This well written review gives a comprehensive overview on the immunopathology of sepsis and the modulation of immune responses by helminths. It provides evidence that helminths or components thereof may improve the outcome of severe infections. This will allow the development of therapeutic strategies to fight infections and sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc P Hübner
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology (IMMIP), University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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40
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Mattila JT, Ojo OO, Kepka-Lenhart D, Marino S, Kim JH, Eum SY, Via LE, Barry CE, Klein E, Kirschner DE, Morris SM, Lin PL, Flynn JL. Microenvironments in tuberculous granulomas are delineated by distinct populations of macrophage subsets and expression of nitric oxide synthase and arginase isoforms. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 191:773-84. [PMID: 23749634 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1300113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 254] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Macrophages in granulomas are both antimycobacterial effector and host cell for Mycobacterium tuberculosis, yet basic aspects of macrophage diversity and function within the complex structures of granulomas remain poorly understood. To address this, we examined myeloid cell phenotypes and expression of enzymes correlated with host defense in macaque and human granulomas. Macaque granulomas had upregulated inducible and endothelial NO synthase (iNOS and eNOS) and arginase (Arg1 and Arg2) expression and enzyme activity compared with nongranulomatous tissue. Immunohistochemical analysis indicated macrophages adjacent to uninvolved normal tissue were more likely to express CD163, whereas epithelioid macrophages in regions where bacteria reside strongly expressed CD11c, CD68, and HAM56. Calprotectin-positive neutrophils were abundant in regions adjacent to caseum. iNOS, eNOS, Arg1, and Arg2 proteins were identified in macrophages and localized similarly in granulomas across species, with greater eNOS expression and ratio of iNOS/Arg1 expression in epithelioid macrophages as compared with cells in the lymphocyte cuff. iNOS, Arg1, and Arg2 expression in neutrophils was also identified. The combination of phenotypic and functional markers support that macrophages with anti-inflammatory phenotypes localized to outer regions of granulomas, whereas the inner regions were more likely to contain macrophages with proinflammatory, presumably bactericidal, phenotypes. Together, these data support the concept that granulomas have organized microenvironments that balance antimicrobial anti-inflammatory responses to limit pathology in the lungs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua T Mattila
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
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41
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Zhu X, Pan Y, Li Y, Cui L, Cao Y. Supplement of L-Arg improves protective immunity during early-stage Plasmodium yoelii 17XL infection. Parasite Immunol 2013; 34:412-20. [PMID: 22709481 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3024.2012.01374.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
L-arginine (L-Arg), the precursor of nitric oxide (NO), plays multiple important roles in nutrient metabolism and immune regulation. L-Arg supplement serves as a potential adjunctive therapy for severe malaria, because it improves NO bioavailability and reverses endothelial dysfunction in severe malaria patients. In this study, we investigated the effect of dietary L-Arg supplement on host immune responses during subsequent malaria infection using the Plasmodium yoelii 17XL - BALB/c mouse model. We have shown that pretreatment of mice with L-Arg significantly decreased parasitemia and prolonged the survival time of mice after infection. L-Arg supplement led to significant increases in activated CD4(+)T-bet(+)IFN-γ(+) T cells and F4/80(+)CD36(+) macrophages during early-stage infection, which were accompanied by enhanced synthesis of IFN-γ, TNF-α and NO by spleen cells. Moreover, L-Arg-pretreated mice developed more splenic myeloid and plasmacytoid dendritic cells with up-regulated expression of MHC II, CD86 and TLR9. In comparison, L-Arg treatment did not change the number of regulatory T cells and the level of anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10. Taken together, our results showed that L-Arg pretreatment could improve the protective immune response in experimental malaria infection in mice, which underlines potential importance of L-Arg supplement in malaria-endemic human populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Zhu
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
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42
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Lamas B, Vergnaud-Gauduchon J, Goncalves-Mendes N, Perche O, Rossary A, Vasson MP, Farges MC. Altered functions of natural killer cells in response to L-Arginine availability. Cell Immunol 2012; 280:182-90. [PMID: 23399839 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2012.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2012] [Revised: 10/03/2012] [Accepted: 11/29/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
L-Arginine (L-Arg) availability is crucial in the regulation of immune response. Indeed, L-Arg deficiency induces T-cell dysfunction and could modulate the properties of natural killer (NK) cells involved in the early host defense against infections and tumors. We explored the impact of L-Arg depletion on NK cell functions using two models - an NK-92 cell line and isolated human blood NK cells. Below 5mg/L of L-Arg, NK-92 cell proliferation was decreased and a total L-Arg depletion reduced NK-92 cell viability. NK cell cytotoxicity was significantly inhibited in presence of low L-Arg concentration (2.5 mg/L). L-Arg depletion reduced the expression of NK-92 activating receptors, NKp46 and NKp30, the expression of NK ζ chain and the NK-92 intracellular production of IFN-γ. Whatever the L-Arg concentrations tested, no significant variation in the gene expression of transporters and enzymes involved in L-Arg metabolism was found. Thus, L-Arg availability modulates the phenotypic and functional properties of NK cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Lamas
- Clermont Université, Université d'Auvergne, EA 4233, Nutrition Cancerogenèse et Thérapie anti-tumorale, CLARA, CRNH Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France.
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Munder M. Role of arginase in asthma: potential clinical applications. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol 2012; 3:17-23. [PMID: 22111529 DOI: 10.1586/ecp.09.53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Allergic asthma is a chronic disease with significant morbidity and mortality. It affects 300 million people worldwide and absorbs a significant amount of the healthcare budget. The predisposition to asthma is dictated by complex genetic regulation, and the asthmatic inflammation itself is characterized by the interplay of various local cells of the bronchial tree and invading inflammatory immune cells. The clinical problems of asthma are owing to intermittent airway hyper-responsiveness that can become chronic in the course of the disease. Histopathologically, infiltration with a variety of inflammatory cells, smooth muscle cell hyperplasia and hypertrophy, goblet cell hyperplasia and subepithelial fibrosis are found in asthmatic inflammatory tissue. This special report sets out to review data on the role of the enzyme arginase and L-arginine metabolism as a unifying element of asthma pathophysiology and as a potential target for future clinical asthma treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Munder
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Rheumatology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
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Pohlenz C, Buentello A, Criscitiello MF, Mwangi W, Smith R, Gatlin DM. Synergies between vaccination and dietary arginine and glutamine supplementation improve the immune response of channel catfish against Edwardsiella ictaluri. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 33:543-551. [PMID: 22728565 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2012.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2012] [Revised: 06/12/2012] [Accepted: 06/13/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Channel catfish was used to investigate the enhancement of vaccine efficacy following dietary supplementation with arginine (ARG, 4% of diet), glutamine (GLN, 2% of diet), or a combination of both. After vaccination against Edwardsiella ictaluri, humoral and cellular immune responses, along with lymphoid organ responses were evaluated. E. ictaluri-specific antibody titers in plasma were higher (P < 0.05) in fish fed the supplemented diets compared to those fed the basal diet as early as 7 d post-vaccination (dpv). B-cell proportion in head-kidney was higher (P < 0.05) at 14 dpv in vaccinated fish fed the GLN diet. The responsiveness of spleen and head-kidney lymphocytes against E. ictaluri was enhanced (P < 0.05) by dietary supplementation of ARG or GLN at 14 dpv. Additionally, at 7 dpv, vaccinated fish fed the GLN diet had higher (P < 0.05) head kidney weights relative to the other dietary treatments, and vaccinated fish fed ARG-supplemented diets had higher (P < 0.05) protein content in this tissue. Results from this study suggest that dietary supplementation of ARG and GLN may improve specific cellular and humoral mechanisms, enhancing the acquired immunity in vaccinated channel catfish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilo Pohlenz
- Department of Wildlife and Fisheries Sciences and Intercollegiate, Faculty of Nutrition, Texas A&M University, 216 Heep Laboratory Building, 2258 TAMUS, College Station, TX 77843, USA
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Lamour SD, Choi BS, Keun HC, Müller I, Saric J. Metabolic characterization of Leishmania major infection in activated and nonactivated macrophages. J Proteome Res 2012; 11:4211-22. [PMID: 22724526 PMCID: PMC3411194 DOI: 10.1021/pr3003358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
![]()
Infection with Leishmania spp. can lead
to a range
of symptoms in the affected individual, depending on underlying immune-metabolic
processes. The macrophage activation state hereby plays a key role.
Whereas the l-arginine pathway has been described in detail
as the main biochemical process responsible for either nitric oxide
mediated parasite killing (classical activation) or amplification
of parasite replication (alternative activation), we were interested
in a wider characterization of metabolic events in vitro. We therefore assessed cell growth medium, parasite extract, and
intra- and extracellular metabolome of activated and nonactivated
macrophages, in presence and absence of Leishmania major. A metabolic profiling approach was applied combining 1H NMR spectroscopy with multi- and univariate data treatment. Metabolic
changes were observed along both conditional axes, that is, infection
state and macrophage activation, whereby significantly higher levels
of potential parasite end products were found in parasite exposed
samples including succinate, acetate, and alanine, compared to uninfected
macrophages. The different macrophage activation states were mainly
discriminated by varying glucose consumption. The presented profiling
approach allowed us to obtain a metabolic snapshot of the individual
biological compartments in the assessed macrophage culture experiments
and represents a valuable read out system for further multiple compartment in vitro studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina D Lamour
- Biomolecular Medicine, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Sir Alexander Fleming Building, South Kensington, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
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Rogers ME. The role of leishmania proteophosphoglycans in sand fly transmission and infection of the Mammalian host. Front Microbiol 2012; 3:223. [PMID: 22754550 PMCID: PMC3384971 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2012.00223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2012] [Accepted: 05/31/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmania are transmitted by the bite of their sand fly vector and this has a significant influence on the virulence of the resulting infection. From our studies into the interaction between parasite, vector, and host we have uncovered an important missing ingredient during Leishmania transmission. Leishmania actively adapt their sand fly hosts into efficient vectors by secreting Promastigote Secretory Gel (PSG), a proteophosphoglycan (PPG)-rich, mucin-like gel which accumulates in sand fly gut and mouthparts. This has the effect of blocking the fly, such that during bloodfeeding both parasites and gel are co-transmitted in an act of regurgitation. We are discovering that this has further implications for the mammalian infection, again, in favor of the parasite. Experimentally, PSG exacerbates cutaneous and visceral leishmaniasis and can promote the chronicity of Leishmania infection, even in mouse strains normally capable of controlling leishmaniasis. The underlying mechanism of PSG's action is a major focus of our ongoing work. This review aims to synthesize what is known about the role and action of PSG and its constituent proteophosphoglycans, for parasite colonization of the sand fly, transmission, and mammalian infection. Lastly, we discuss potential exploitation of this important vector-transmitted product and future avenues of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew E. Rogers
- Faculty of Infectious Tropical Diseases, Department of Immunology and Infection, London School of Hygiene and Tropical MedicineLondon, UK
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Local increase of arginase activity in lesions of patients with cutaneous leishmaniasis in Ethiopia. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2012; 6:e1684. [PMID: 22720104 PMCID: PMC3373636 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0001684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2012] [Accepted: 04/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cutaneous leishmaniasis is a vector-borne disease that is in Ethiopia mainly caused by the parasite Leishmania aethiopica. This neglected tropical disease is common in rural areas and causes serious morbidity. Persistent nonhealing cutaneous leishmaniasis has been associated with poor T cell mediated responses; however, the underlying mechanisms are not well understood. Methodology/Principal Findings We have recently shown in an experimental model of cutaneous leishmaniasis that arginase-induced L-arginine metabolism suppresses antigen-specific T cell responses at the site of pathology, but not in the periphery. To test whether these results translate to human disease, we recruited patients presenting with localized lesions of cutaneous leishmaniasis and assessed the levels of arginase activity in cells isolated from peripheral blood and from skin biopsies. Arginase activity was similar in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from patients and healthy controls. In sharp contrast, arginase activity was significantly increased in lesion biopsies of patients with localized cutaneous leishmaniasis as compared with controls. Furthermore, we found that the expression levels of CD3ζ, CD4 and CD8 molecules were considerably lower at the site of pathology as compared to those observed in paired PBMCs. Conclusion Our results suggest that increased arginase in lesions of patients with cutaneous leishmaniasis might play a role in the pathogenesis of the disease by impairing T cell effector functions. The leishmaniases are a complex of diseases caused by Leishmania parasites. Currently, the diseases affect an estimated 12 million people in 88 countries, and approximately 350 million more people are at risk. The leishmaniases belong to the most neglected tropical diseases, affecting the poorest populations, for whom access to diagnosis and effective treatment are often not available. Leishmania parasites infect cells of the immune system called macrophages, which have the capacity to eliminate the intracellular parasites when they receive the appropriate signals from other cells of the immune system. In nonhealing persistent leishmaniasis, lymphocytes are unable to transmit the signals to macrophages required to kill the intracellular parasites. The local upregulation of the enzyme arginase has been shown to impair lymphocyte effector functions at the site of pathology. In this study, we tested the activity of this enzyme in skin lesions of patients presenting with localized cutaneous leishmaniasis. Our results show that arginase is highly upregulated in these lesions. This increase in arginase activity coincides with lower expression of a signalling molecule in lymphocytes, which is essential for efficient activation of these cells. These results suggest that increased arginase expression in the localized cutaneous lesions might contribute to persistent disease in patients presenting with cutaneous leishmaniasis.
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Pohlenz C, Buentello A, Mwangi W, Gatlin DM. Arginine and glutamine supplementation to culture media improves the performance of various channel catfish immune cells. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 32:762-768. [PMID: 22326940 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2012.01.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2011] [Revised: 01/20/2012] [Accepted: 01/29/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Specific components of both the innate and adaptive immune systems of channel catfish were evaluated after supplementation of culture media with arginine (ARG) and/or glutamine (GLN). Primary cell cultures of head-kidney macrophages (MØ) were used for phagocytic and bactericidal assays against Edwardsiella ictaluri. Additionally, proliferation assays were conducted with naïve peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) exposed to non-specific mitogens. To indirectly assess amino acid utilization of both MØ and PBL, amino acid levels, with emphasis on ARG and GLN, were evaluated in the basal medium before and after activation or mitogenic exposure. After bactericidal and proliferation assays, the sum of the media free amino acid pool significantly (P < 0.05) decreased 23% and 45%, respectively. Glutamine levels in medium decreased by 38% and ARG by 18% during the bactericidal assay. Also, decreases of 52 and 46% from initial values were found after the proliferation assay for GLN and ARG, respectively. Macrophage phagocytosis and killing ability was significantly (P < 0.05) enhanced by ARG supplementation to culture media regardless of GLN supplementation. Proliferation of naïve T- and B-lymphocytes upon mitogenic exposure was significantly (P < 0.05) enhanced by supplementing ARG and GLN to the media, but limited synergistic effects were observed. These results suggest that in vitro, ARG and GLN are important substrates and immunomodulators of both innate and adaptive responses in fish leukocytes, and further highlights the potential use of ARG and GLN as immunonutrients in aquafeeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilo Pohlenz
- Department of Wildlife and Fisheries Sciences and Intercollegiate Faculty of Nutrition, Texas A&M University System, College Station, TX 77843, USA
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Abstract
The vertebrate immune system has evolved in concert with a broad range of infectious agents, including ubiquitous helminth (worm) parasites. The constant pressure of helminth infections has been a powerful force in shaping not only how immunity is initiated and maintained, but also how the body self-regulates and controls untoward immune responses to minimize overall harm. In this Review, we discuss recent advances in defining the immune cell types and molecules that are mobilized in response to helminth infection. Finally, we more broadly consider how these immunological players are blended and regulated in order to accommodate persistent infection or to mount a vigorous protective response and achieve sterile immunity.
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Cuervo H, Guerrero NA, Carbajosa S, Beschin A, De Baetselier P, Gironès N, Fresno M. Myeloid-derived suppressor cells infiltrate the heart in acute Trypanosoma cruzi infection. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 187:2656-65. [PMID: 21804013 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1002928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Chagas disease, caused by the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma cruzi, affects several million people in Latin America. Myocarditis, observed in the acute and chronic phases of the disease, is characterized by a mononuclear cell inflammatory infiltrate. We previously identified a myeloid cell population in the inflammatory heart infiltrate of infected mice that expressed arginase I. In this study, we purified CD11b(+) myeloid cells from the heart and analyzed their phenotype and function. Those CD11b(+) cells were ∼70% Ly6G(-)Ly6C(+) and 25% Ly6G(+)Ly6C(+). Moreover, purified CD11b(+)Ly6G(-) cells, but not Ly6G(+) cells, showed a predominant monocytic phenotype, expressed arginase I and inducible NO synthase, and suppressed anti-CD3/anti-CD28 Ab-induced T cell proliferation in vitro by an NO-dependent mechanism, activity that best defines myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs). Contrarily, CD11b(+)Ly6G(+) cells, but not CD11b(+)Ly6G(-) cells, expressed S100A8 and S100A9, proteins known to promote recruitment and differentiation of MDSCs. Together, our results suggest that inducible NO synthase/arginase I-expressing CD11b(+)Ly6G(-) myeloid cells in the hearts of T. cruzi-infected mice are MDSCs. Finally, we found plasma l-arginine depletion in the acute phase of infection that was coincident in time with the appearance of MDSCs, suggesting that in vivo arginase I could be contributing to l-arginine depletion and systemic immunosuppression. Notably, l-arginine supplementation decreased heart tissue parasite load, suggesting that sustained arginase expression through the acute infection is detrimental for the host. This is, to our knowledge, the first time that MDSCs have been found in the heart in the context of myocarditis and also in infection by T. cruzi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henar Cuervo
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
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