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Wang X, Song J, Hu L, Ren G, Geng N, Song Z. Intrapleural perfusion hyperthermia improves the efficiency of anti‑PD1 antibody‑based therapy for lung adenocarcinoma: A case report. Oncol Lett 2024; 27:217. [PMID: 38586203 PMCID: PMC10995656 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2024.14351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Chemotherapy based on intrapleural perfusion hyperthermia (IPH) can markedly improve the sensitivity of lung adenocarcinoma cells to anti-programmed cell death receptor 1 (PD1) antibody adjuvant chemotherapy and enhance the clinical response of a patient. In the present study, a unique case of a patient who failed to respond to immunotherapy combined with chemotherapy but achieved prolonged stable disease after treatment with IPH and subsequent sintilimab-based treatment, is reported. A 50-year-old Chinese female patient was admitted to a regional cancer hospital presenting with hemoptysis and persistent fever. The findings of computed tomography imaging and thoracic puncture tissue biopsy indicated a diagnosis of adenocarcinoma. The TNM and clinical stage were identified as cT2N3M0 and stage IIIB, respectively. Immunohistochemical tests showed the expression of programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) with a tumor proportion score of 2%. No other classic genetic alterations were detected. Initially, sintilimab-based chemotherapy at 200 mg was administered, for three cycles from April 2020, and increased pleural effusion was observed on the left side. The best overall response (BOR) assessment of the local lesion was progressive disease. IPH combined with chemotherapy was then carried out from August to September 2020, after which the same course of sintilimab-based chemotherapy as aforementioned was provided from October 2020 to September 2023. The BOR evaluation results during the monotherapy courses were all judged as stable disease. Therefore, it was concluded that IPH can substantially improve the efficiency of anti-PD1 antibody-based therapy for lung adenocarcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolei Wang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University, Hebei Key Laboratory of Cancer Radiotherapy and Chemotherapy, Baoding, Hebei 071000, P.R. China
| | - Jin Song
- Department of Medical Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University, Hebei Key Laboratory of Cancer Radiotherapy and Chemotherapy, Baoding, Hebei 071000, P.R. China
| | - Ling Hu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University, Hebei Key Laboratory of Cancer Radiotherapy and Chemotherapy, Baoding, Hebei 071000, P.R. China
| | - Guanying Ren
- Department of Medical Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University, Hebei Key Laboratory of Cancer Radiotherapy and Chemotherapy, Baoding, Hebei 071000, P.R. China
| | - Nan Geng
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050000, P.R. China
| | - Zizheng Song
- Department of Medical Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University, Hebei Key Laboratory of Cancer Radiotherapy and Chemotherapy, Baoding, Hebei 071000, P.R. China
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Danielpour D. Advances and Challenges in Targeting TGF-β Isoforms for Therapeutic Intervention of Cancer: A Mechanism-Based Perspective. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2024; 17:533. [PMID: 38675493 PMCID: PMC11054419 DOI: 10.3390/ph17040533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Revised: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The TGF-β family is a group of 25 kDa secretory cytokines, in mammals consisting of three dimeric isoforms (TGF-βs 1, 2, and 3), each encoded on a separate gene with unique regulatory elements. Each isoform plays unique, diverse, and pivotal roles in cell growth, survival, immune response, and differentiation. However, many researchers in the TGF-β field often mistakenly assume a uniform functionality among all three isoforms. Although TGF-βs are essential for normal development and many cellular and physiological processes, their dysregulated expression contributes significantly to various diseases. Notably, they drive conditions like fibrosis and tumor metastasis/progression. To counter these pathologies, extensive efforts have been directed towards targeting TGF-βs, resulting in the development of a range of TGF-β inhibitors. Despite some clinical success, these agents have yet to reach their full potential in the treatment of cancers. A significant challenge rests in effectively targeting TGF-βs' pathological functions while preserving their physiological roles. Many existing approaches collectively target all three isoforms, failing to target just the specific deregulated ones. Additionally, most strategies tackle the entire TGF-β signaling pathway instead of focusing on disease-specific components or preferentially targeting tumors. This review gives a unique historical overview of the TGF-β field often missed in other reviews and provides a current landscape of TGF-β research, emphasizing isoform-specific functions and disease implications. The review then delves into ongoing therapeutic strategies in cancer, stressing the need for more tools that target specific isoforms and disease-related pathway components, advocating mechanism-based and refined approaches to enhance the effectiveness of TGF-β-targeted cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Danielpour
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center Research Laboratories, The Division of General Medical Sciences-Oncology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; ; Tel.: +1-216-368-5670; Fax: +1-216-368-8919
- Department of Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- Institute of Urology, University Hospitals, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
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Ge S, Zhao Y, Liang J, He Z, Li K, Zhang G, Hua B, Zheng H, Guo Q, Qi R, Shi Z. Immune modulation in malignant pleural effusion: from microenvironment to therapeutic implications. Cancer Cell Int 2024; 24:105. [PMID: 38475858 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-024-03211-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Immune microenvironment and immunotherapy have become the focus and frontier of tumor research, and the immune checkpoint inhibitors has provided novel strategies for tumor treatment. Malignant pleural effusion (MPE) is a common end-stage manifestation of lung cancer, malignant pleural mesothelioma and other thoracic malignancies, which is invasive and often accompanied by poor prognosis, affecting the quality of life of affected patients. Currently, clinical therapy for MPE is limited to pleural puncture, pleural fixation, catheter drainage, and other palliative therapies. Immunization is a new direction for rehabilitation and treatment of MPE. The effusion caused by cancer cells establishes its own immune microenvironment during its formation. Immune cells, cytokines, signal pathways of microenvironment affect the MPE progress and prognosis of patients. The interaction between them have been proved. The relevant studies were obtained through a systematic search of PubMed database according to keywords search method. Then through screening and sorting and reading full-text, 300 literatures were screened out. Exclude irrelevant and poor quality articles, 238 literatures were cited in the references. In this study, the mechanism of immune microenvironment affecting malignant pleural effusion was discussed from the perspectives of adaptive immune cells, innate immune cells, cytokines and molecular targets. Meanwhile, this study focused on the clinical value of microenvironmental components in the immunotherapy and prognosis of malignant pleural effusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Ge
- Institute of Basic Research in Clinical Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, No. 16, Nanxiao Street, Dongzhimen, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Yuwei Zhao
- Department of Oncology, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, No. 5 Beixiange, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100053, China
| | - Jun Liang
- Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, No. 5 Beixiange, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100053, China
| | - Zhongning He
- Department of Oncology, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, No. 5 Beixiange, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100053, China
| | - Kai Li
- Beijing Shijitan Hospital, No.10 Yangfangdiantieyilu, Haidian District, Beijing, 100038, China
| | - Guanghui Zhang
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Baojin Hua
- Department of Oncology, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, No. 5 Beixiange, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100053, China
| | - Honggang Zheng
- Department of Oncology, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, No. 5 Beixiange, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100053, China
| | - Qiujun Guo
- Department of Oncology, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, No. 5 Beixiange, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100053, China
| | - Runzhi Qi
- Department of Oncology, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, No. 5 Beixiange, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100053, China.
| | - Zhan Shi
- Institute of Basic Research in Clinical Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, No. 16, Nanxiao Street, Dongzhimen, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100700, China.
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Ajeel NA, Diab BS. Dental caries as a health risk for visual acuity in relation to salivary transforming growth factor beta-1 among students aged 8-10 years: A cross-sectional study. J Int Soc Prev Community Dent 2024; 14:144-151. [PMID: 38827353 PMCID: PMC11141898 DOI: 10.4103/jispcd.jispcd_205_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Revised: 02/17/2024] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 06/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Dental caries and an impairment in visual acuity (VA) may both be caused by a variety of risk factors. Various conditions of the eye can appear as a consequence of overall inflammation and active dental caries. Aim The present study aims to assess dental caries and salivary status by measuring the transforming growth factor beta-1 (TGF-β1) and flow rate between visually impaired students compared with students with normal vision. Materials and Methods Research was performed employing a cross-sectional comparative study design conducted among representative 653 students aged 8-10 years at primary schools in Al-Diwaniyah governorate using the Snellen E chart for measuring VA status. Partitioning the students according to the degree of VA into normal students with normal VA of 6/9 or better and students with visual impairment of 6/12 or worse was done. Sub-sample of 180 students was recruited randomly from both groups, age and gender-matched participants for salivary analysis, and dental caries assessment measured by decay, missed, filled index, according to the World Health Organization in 2013. Results Out of 653 students, only 70 students suffer from a decrease in VA. Dental caries was more prevalent in those who had a decrease in VA compared with normal groups. For primary teeth decay, missed, filled teeth index (DMFT/dmft), the result was not significant but highly significant for DMFT/dmft. A significant decrease in salivary flow rate and increased salivary TGF-β1 level among visually impaired students was found. Conclusions According to the current research, the study population that has impaired VA, dental health status has greatly deteriorated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noor Adil Ajeel
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, College of Dentistry, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Baghdad Governorate, Iraq
| | - Ban Sahib Diab
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, College of Dentistry, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Baghdad Governorate, Iraq
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Liu Y, Yuan Y, Zhou Z, Jiang X, He S, Wei F, Cui Y, Yang L, Zhao G. Mettl14 sustains FOXP3 expression to promote the differentiation and functions of induced-regulatory T cells via the mTOR signaling pathway. Immunol Lett 2023; 258:35-44. [PMID: 37121553 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2023.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Induced regulatory T cell (iTregs) can be generated in vitro. Thus, iTregs-based therapeutics are receiving increased attention for their potential to treat autoimmune diseases and prevent transplant rejection. However, iTregs fail to maintain FoxP3 expression and suppressive activity, which limits their clinical application. Increasing lines of evidence suggest that methyltransferase-like 14 (METTL14), a critical component of the m6A writer complex, regulates the stability and function of the Treg cells. However, beyond meeting the epigenetic modification of Treg cells, whether Mettl14 plays a role in the fate determination of iTregs is unclear. Here, we systemically investigated the potential function of METTL14 in iTregs differentiation and regulatory activity. In our study, iTregs were generated from CD4+ naïve T cells under iTreg-polarizing conditions, we found that the expression of METTL14 was increased in iTregs compared with CD4+ naïve T cells. Subsequently, the expression of METTL14 was knocked down by siRNA-METTL14 interference in CD4+ naïve T cells and cultured under iTreg-polarizing conditions. According to the results, Mettl14 deficiency resulted in the disruption of iTregs differentiation evidenced by the limited FoxP3 expression. Meanwhile, inflammatory cytokines such as IFN-γ and IL-17a were upregulated in cultured iTregs. We next determined the functional change in METTL14-deficient iTregs. The results of the colitis development in Rag1-/- mice and CFSE assays revealed that loss of METTL14 significantly compromised the suppressive function of iTregs in vivo and in vitro. We further checked the altered signaling pathway in METTL14-deficient iTregs. We found that reduced METTL14 leads to activation of the mTOR pathway with increased p-mTOR and p-p70S6K, which are known to modulate the suppressive function of iTregs. In conclusion, our study revealed that Mettl14 plays a critical role in the development and suppressive function of iTregs in vitro and could thus serve as a regulatory element for stabilizing iTregs in cell-based therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanzhuo Liu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610072, Sichuan Province, China; Clinical Immunology Translational Medicine Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610072, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Yinglin Yuan
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610072, Sichuan Province, China; Clinical Immunology Translational Medicine Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610072, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Zili Zhou
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610072, Sichuan Province, China; Clinical Immunology Translational Medicine Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610072, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Xiaomei Jiang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610072, Sichuan Province, China; Clinical Immunology Translational Medicine Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610072, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Shu He
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610072, Sichuan Province, China; Institute of Neurology, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610072, PR China
| | - Fan Wei
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610072, Sichuan Province, China; Institute of Neurology, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610072, PR China
| | - Yuanyuan Cui
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610072, Sichuan Province, China; Clinical Immunology Translational Medicine Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610072, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Lu Yang
- Institute of Neurology, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610072, PR China.
| | - Gaoping Zhao
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610072, Sichuan Province, China; Clinical Immunology Translational Medicine Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610072, Sichuan Province, China.
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Fiyouzi T, Pelaez-Prestel HF, Reyes-Manzanas R, Lafuente EM, Reche PA. Enhancing Regulatory T Cells to Treat Inflammatory and Autoimmune Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24097797. [PMID: 37175505 PMCID: PMC10177847 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24097797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) control immune responses and are essential to maintain immune homeostasis and self-tolerance. Hence, it is no coincidence that autoimmune and chronic inflammatory disorders are associated with defects in Tregs. These diseases have currently no cure and are treated with palliative drugs such as immunosuppressant and immunomodulatory agents. Thereby, there is a great interest in developing medical interventions against these diseases based on enhancing Treg cell function and numbers. Here, we give an overview of Treg cell ontogeny and function, paying particular attention to mucosal Tregs. We review some notable approaches to enhance immunomodulation by Tregs with therapeutic purposes including adoptive Treg cell transfer therapy and discuss relevant clinical trials for inflammatory bowel disease. We next introduce ways to expand mucosal Tregs in vivo using microbiota and dietary products that have been the focus of clinical trials in various autoimmune and chronic-inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tara Fiyouzi
- Laboratory of Immunomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University Complutense of Madrid, Ave Complutense S/N, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Hector F Pelaez-Prestel
- Laboratory of Immunomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University Complutense of Madrid, Ave Complutense S/N, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Raquel Reyes-Manzanas
- Laboratory of Immunomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University Complutense of Madrid, Ave Complutense S/N, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Esther M Lafuente
- Laboratory of Immunomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University Complutense of Madrid, Ave Complutense S/N, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Pedro A Reche
- Laboratory of Immunomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University Complutense of Madrid, Ave Complutense S/N, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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Fujii M, Tanaka Y, Okimura H, Maeda E, Hamaguchi M, Fukui M, Kitawaki J, Mori T. Decrease in activated regulatory T cell populations in the endometrium during ovulation in endometriosis. J Reprod Immunol 2023; 156:103825. [PMID: 36758472 DOI: 10.1016/j.jri.2023.103825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Endometriosis is a serious disorder that can lead to infertility. The immune system, particularly regulatory T cells (Tregs), is involved in endometriosis and infertility; however, endometriosis-associated infertility is poorly understood. Tregs, which have an immunosuppressive function, fluctuate during the menstrual cycle. They are functionally heterogeneous and can be divided into subsets, with only activated Tregs (aTregs) having a true immunosuppressive function. The purpose of this study is to investigate the role of aTregs in endometriosis and how they contribute to endometriosis-associated infertility. We enrolled 72 women with (n = 39) and without (n = 33) endometriosis. Subpopulations of Tregs were examined in normal endometrium (NE), eutopic endometrium from women with endometriosis (EE), normal peritoneal fluid (N-PF), and peritoneal fluid from women with endometriosis (E-PF) via flow cytometry. The proportion of aTregs during the ovulatory phase was higher in NE than in EE (P < 0.05), and that during ovulatory and secretory phases was significantly higher in NE than in N-PF (P < 0.01 and 0.05, respectively). aTreg populations did not significantly differ between EE and E-PF. During the ovulatory phase, the proportion of resting Treg (rTreg) in the N-PF was significantly higher than during the proliferative phase (P < 0.05). The E-PF of rTreg populations did not differ significantly throughout the menstrual cycle. We found that Treg subsets were altered in the endometrium and PF of patients with endometriosis during the menstrual cycle. Our findings, particularly the reduction of aTregs in the EE, may provide an insight into the mechanism of endometriosis-associated infertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maya Fujii
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
| | - Yukiko Tanaka
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan.
| | - Hiroyuki Okimura
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
| | - Eiko Maeda
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
| | - Masahide Hamaguchi
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
| | - Michiaki Fukui
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
| | - Jo Kitawaki
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
| | - Taisuke Mori
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
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Huang Q, Li J, Liao Y, Wei L, Chen H. Effect of Propofol Nanoemulsion on Brain Perilymph Metabolism Through Transforming Growth Factor β1/Extracellular Signal Regulated Kinase 5 (TGF- β1/ERK5) Signaling Pathway. J Biomed Nanotechnol 2022. [DOI: 10.1166/jbn.2022.3394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Propofol takes part in the metabolism of perilymph in the brain. Propofol nanoemulsion can enhance the efficacy of drugs. This study explored how propofol modified by nanoemulsion inhibited the TGF-β1/ERK5 signaling pathway, thus affecting the brain. The role of perilymph
metabolism, and its mechanism of action were also clarified. 40 SD rats of clean grade were separated into 4 groups, namely; control group, propofol, propofol nanoemulsion and TGF-β1/ERK5 inhibitor group. We observed the particle size and potential of propofol nanoemulsion, concentration
of several groups of immune factors, inflammatory factors, TGF-β1, and ERK5 protein expression. Results from the laser particle size analyzer showed that the average particle size for the propofol nanoemulsion was 87.14 nm. The zeta potential was 0.391 mV, which was close to electrical
neutrality. ELISA results showed that the concentrations of IgG, IgA, and lgM in the propofol group, propofol nanoemulsion group, and TGF-β1/ERK5 inhibitor group were evidently lower and the IgG, IgA, IgM concentration for the propofol nanoemulsion group. Moreover, the concentration
was lower than that of other groups. ELISA test results showed that the concentrations of IL-12, IL-10, TNF-α, and IL-2 in the propofol group, propofol nanoemulsion group, and TGF-β1/ERK5 inhibitor group were obviously lower. The concentrations of IL-12, IL-10, TNF-α
and IL-2 in the propofol nanoemulsion group were lower than those in the other groups (p < 0.05). These results exhibited that, the expression levels of TGF-β1 and ERK5 in the propofol group, propofol nanoemulsion group, and TGF-β1/ERK5 inhibitor group were
evidently lower. TGF-β1 and ERK5 expression levels in the propofol nanoemulsion group was lower than in the other groups (p<0.05). Propofol nanoemulsion regulates the TGF-β1/ERK5 signaling pathway, inhibits its expression, reducing inflammation, increasing
immune response, and promoting perilymph metabolism in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinfeng Huang
- Department of Anesthesiology, First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University (Anesthesiology Research Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical), Fuzhou 350000, Fujian Province, China
| | - Jiaqi Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University (Anesthesiology Research Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical), Fuzhou 350000, Fujian Province, China
| | - Ye Liao
- Department of Anesthesiology, First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University (Anesthesiology Research Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical), Fuzhou 350000, Fujian Province, China
| | - LiQin Wei
- Department of Anesthesiology, Union Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350000, Fujian Province, China
| | - Hui Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University (Anesthesiology Research Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical), Fuzhou 350000, Fujian Province, China
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Gierlikowski W, Gierlikowska B. MicroRNAs as Regulators of Phagocytosis. Cells 2022; 11:cells11091380. [PMID: 35563685 PMCID: PMC9106007 DOI: 10.3390/cells11091380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are short non-coding RNAs that regulate gene expression and thus act as important regulators of cellular phenotype and function. As their expression may be dysregulated in numerous diseases, they are of interest as biomarkers. What is more, attempts of modulation of some microRNAs for therapeutic reasons have been undertaken. In this review, we discuss the current knowledge regarding the influence of microRNAs on phagocytosis, which may be exerted on different levels, such as through macrophages polarization, phagosome maturation, reactive oxygen species production and cytokines synthesis. This phenomenon plays an important role in numerous pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wojciech Gierlikowski
- Department of Internal Medicine and Endocrinology, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1a, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
- Correspondence:
| | - Barbara Gierlikowska
- Department of Laboratory Diagnostics and Clinical Immunology of Developmental Age, Medical University of Warsaw, Żwirki i Wigury 63a, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland;
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du Fossé NA, Lashley EELO, Anholts JDH, van Beelen E, le Cessie S, van Lith JMM, Eikmans M, van der Hoorn MLP. Impaired immunomodulatory effects of seminal plasma may play a role in unexplained recurrent pregnancy loss: results of an in vitro study. J Reprod Immunol 2022; 151:103500. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jri.2022.103500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Revised: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Abstract
Transforming growth factor-β (TGFβ) isoforms are upregulated and activated in myocardial diseases and have an important role in cardiac repair and remodelling, regulating the phenotype and function of cardiomyocytes, fibroblasts, immune cells and vascular cells. Cardiac injury triggers the generation of bioactive TGFβ from latent stores, through mechanisms involving proteases, integrins and specialized extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins. Activated TGFβ signals through the SMAD intracellular effectors or through non-SMAD cascades. In the infarcted heart, the anti-inflammatory and fibroblast-activating actions of TGFβ have an important role in repair; however, excessive or prolonged TGFβ signalling accentuates adverse remodelling, contributing to cardiac dysfunction. Cardiac pressure overload also activates TGFβ cascades, which initially can have a protective role, promoting an ECM-preserving phenotype in fibroblasts and preventing the generation of injurious, pro-inflammatory ECM fragments. However, prolonged and overactive TGFβ signalling in pressure-overloaded cardiomyocytes and fibroblasts can promote cardiac fibrosis and dysfunction. In the atria, TGFβ-mediated fibrosis can contribute to the pathogenic substrate for atrial fibrillation. Overactive or dysregulated TGFβ responses have also been implicated in cardiac ageing and in the pathogenesis of diabetic, genetic and inflammatory cardiomyopathies. This Review summarizes the current evidence on the role of TGFβ signalling in myocardial diseases, focusing on cellular targets and molecular mechanisms, and discussing challenges and opportunities for therapeutic translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaos G Frangogiannis
- The Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA.
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Gierlikowska B, Gierlikowski W, Demkow U. Alantolactone Enhances the Phagocytic Properties of Human Macrophages and Modulates Their Proinflammatory Functions. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:1339. [PMID: 33013371 PMCID: PMC7494907 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.01339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim of the Study Phagocytosis is a crucial element of innate immune defense involved in bacterial killing. The aim of our study was to evaluate the influence of alantolactone on phagocytosis and cytokines release by THP1-derived macrophages. We assessed whether antimicrobial compound alantolactone (a sesquiterpene lactone present in Inula helenium L.) is able to stimulate immune functions of macrophages by increase of S. aureus uptake, phagosome acidification and further stimulation of phago-lysosomes formation. Simultaneously, we tested influence of alantolactone on cytokines/chemokines production and p65 NF-κB concentration. The activity of alantolactone was compared with clarithromycin at concentration 20 µM. Methods The cytotoxicity of alantolactone as well as S. aureus uptake, pH of phagosomes and phago-lysosomes fusion were analysed with flow cytometry. Reactive oxygen species and superoxide production were evaluated spectrophotometrically. The efficiency of phagocytosis was evaluated via quantifying viable bacteria (CFU). The effect on p65 protein concentration and cytokine production by macrophages were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Results Alantolactone enhanced phagocytosis via increase of S. aureus uptake, acidification of phagosomes, and later stimulation of phago-lysosomes fusion. Alantolactone treatment resulted in ROS and superoxide production decrease. Furthermore, alantolactone inhibited production of pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-8 as well as decreased p65 concentration, the subunit responsible for NF-κB activation and cytokine production and simultaneously stimulated release of anti-inflammatory mediators (IL-10 and TGF-β). Conclusion Results of our study indicate that alantolactone enhances clearance of S. aureus, and simultaneously modulates immune response, preventing collateral damage of the surrounding tissues. Considering the importance of phagocytosis in the pathogen killing, alantolactone may have a great potential as the supportive treatment of S. aureus infections. Further in vivo studies are warranted to confirm this hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Gierlikowska
- Department of Laboratory Diagnostics and Clinical Immunology of Developmental Age, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Wojciech Gierlikowski
- Department of Internal Medicine and Endocrinology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Urszula Demkow
- Department of Laboratory Diagnostics and Clinical Immunology of Developmental Age, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
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Krop J, Heidt S, Claas FHJ, Eikmans M. Regulatory T Cells in Pregnancy: It Is Not All About FoxP3. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1182. [PMID: 32655556 PMCID: PMC7324675 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In pregnancy, the semi-allogeneic fetus needs to be tolerated by the mother's immune system. Regulatory T cells (Tregs) play a prominent role in this process. Novel technologies allow for in-depth phenotyping of previously unidentified immune cell subsets, which has resulted in the appreciation of a vast heterogeneity of Treg subsets. Similar to other immunological events, there appears to be great diversity within the Treg population during pregnancy, both at the maternal-fetal interface as in the peripheral blood. Different Treg subsets have distinct phenotypes and various ways of functioning. Furthermore, the frequency of individual Treg subsets varies throughout gestation and is altered in aberrant pregnancies. This suggests that distinct Treg subsets play a role at different time points of gestation and that their role in maintaining healthy pregnancy is crucial, as reflected for instance by their reduced frequency in women with recurrent pregnancy loss. Since pregnancy is essential for the existence of mankind, multiple immune regulatory mechanisms and cell types are likely at play to assure successful pregnancy. Therefore, it is important to understand the complete microenvironment of the decidua, preferably in the context of the whole immune cell repertoire of the pregnant woman. So far, most studies have focused on a single mechanism or cell type, which often is the FoxP3 positive regulatory T cell when studying immune regulation. In this review, we instead focus on the contribution of FoxP3 negative Treg subsets to the decidual microenvironment and their possible role in pregnancy complications. Their phenotype, function, and effect in pregnancy are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliette Krop
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Sebastiaan Heidt
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Frans H J Claas
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Michael Eikmans
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
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14
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Arreguin-Nava MA, Graham BD, Adhikari B, Agnello M, Selby CM, Hernandez-Velasco X, Vuong CN, Solis-Cruz B, Hernandez-Patlan D, Latorre JD, Tellez G, Hargis BM, Tellez-Isaias G. Evaluation of in ovo Bacillus spp. based probiotic administration on horizontal transmission of virulent Escherichia coli in neonatal broiler chickens. Poult Sci 2020; 98:6483-6491. [PMID: 31549175 PMCID: PMC8913981 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pez544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This study evaluated the effect of in ovo Bacillus spp. base probiotic (BBP) administration on hatchability, Gram-negative bacteria (GNB) recovery, performance, and microbiota composition in 2 independent trials using a virulent E. coli seeder challenge model. In each trial, one hundred and eighty 18-day-old embryos were allocated into 1 of 2 groups: Control and treated group (inoculated with 107 BBP). On day 19 of embryogenesis, seeder embryos (n = 18) were inoculated with 4.5 × 104E. coli/mL+272 μg/mL tetracycline and segregated into mesh hatching bags. Twelve chicks per group were euthanized at hatch and at day 7 to evaluate the gastrointestinal composition of total GNB or total aerobic pasteurized bacteria. Also, in trial 2, ceca content from five chickens at day 7 were collected to evaluate microbiota composition. Embryos inoculated with BBP showed a significant (P < 0.05) reduction in the total number of GNB at day-of-hatch (DOH) and day 7. Probiotic treatment increased BW at DOH and day 7, and BW gain (days 0 to 7) when compared with Control chickens. Proteobacteria phylum was significantly reduced, while the Firmicutes was significantly increased by the BBP as compared to the Control (P < 0.05). At family level, Enterobacteriaceae was significantly decreased, while the Lachnospiraceae was significantly elevated in the BBP as compared to the Control group (P < 0.05). The genus Oscillospira was significantly enriched in the BBP group, whereas the unidentified genus of family Enterobacteriaceae in the Control group (P < 0.05). The BBP group increased the bacterial species richness, although there was no significant difference between treatments (P > 0.05). Interestingly, beta diversity showed a significant difference in bacterial community structure between Control and BBP groups (P < 0.05). The results of the present study suggest that in ovo administration of a BBP can reduce the severity of virulent E. coli horizontal transmission and infection of broiler chickens during hatch. The reduction in the severity of the transmission and infection by the BPP might be achieved through alterations of microbiota composition and its community structure.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - B D Graham
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
| | - B Adhikari
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
| | - M Agnello
- uBiome, Inc, San Francisco 94103, CA
| | - C M Selby
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
| | - X Hernandez-Velasco
- Departamento de Medicina y Zootecnia de Aves, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, Mexico City 04510, Mexico
| | - C N Vuong
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
| | - B Solis-Cruz
- Laboratorio 5: LEDEFAR, Unidad de Investigación Multidisciplinaria, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Cuautitlán, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuautitlan Izcalli 54714, Estado de Mexico, Mexico
| | - D Hernandez-Patlan
- Laboratorio 5: LEDEFAR, Unidad de Investigación Multidisciplinaria, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Cuautitlán, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuautitlan Izcalli 54714, Estado de Mexico, Mexico
| | - J D Latorre
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
| | - G Tellez
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
| | - B M Hargis
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
| | - G Tellez-Isaias
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
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15
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Royster GD, Harris JC, Nelson A, Castro Y, Weitzel RP, Tisdale J, Heitmann RJ, DeCherney AH, Wolff EF. Rapamycin Corrects T Regulatory Cell Depletion and Improves Embryo Implantation and Live Birth Rates in a Murine Model. Reprod Sci 2019; 26:1545-1556. [PMID: 30782087 PMCID: PMC6949958 DOI: 10.1177/1933719119828110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
There are few treatments for patients with recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL) or recurrent implantation failure (RIF). Women with RPL and unexplained infertility have lower T regulatory cell (Treg) expression when compared to fertile controls. A murine model has been developed with depletion of regulatory T cells (DEREG) after administration of diphtheria toxin (DT), resulting in smaller litter sizes, secondary to embryo implantation failure. Numerous murine studies have shown that adoptive transfer of CD4+CD25+FoxP3+ Tregs from donors improves litter sizes in DEREG mice with depleted Tregs. Our hypothesis is that DEREG mice treated with a single dose of DT will deplete Tregs and subsequently decrease litter sizes and that treatment with rapamycin (sirolimus; Pfizer) during the time of embryo implantation will increase Tregs and restore litter sizes nearly back to normal levels. Syngeneic mating of DEREG mice after depletion of Tregs resulted in smaller litter sizes and this defect was reversed when these DEREG mice were treated with rapamycin at the time of embryo implantation. The importance of Tregs at the time of embryo implantation has been well established and immunotherapy treatments, such as rapamycin (mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitor), may prove to be an effective treatment for patients with RPL, RIF, or unexplained infertility with low Treg.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Justine C. Harris
- National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Amanda Nelson
- National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Alan H. DeCherney
- National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Erin F. Wolff
- National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, MD, USA
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16
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Hanna A, Frangogiannis NG. The Role of the TGF-β Superfamily in Myocardial Infarction. Front Cardiovasc Med 2019; 6:140. [PMID: 31620450 PMCID: PMC6760019 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2019.00140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The members of the transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) superfamily are essential regulators of cell differentiation, phenotype and function, and have been implicated in the pathogenesis of many diseases. Myocardial infarction is associated with induction of several members of the superfamily, including TGF-β1, TGF-β2, TGF-β3, bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)-2, BMP-4, BMP-10, growth differentiation factor (GDF)-8, GDF-11 and activin A. This manuscript reviews our current knowledge on the patterns and mechanisms of regulation and activation of TGF-β superfamily members in the infarcted heart, and discusses their cellular actions and downstream signaling mechanisms. In the infarcted heart, TGF-β isoforms modulate cardiomyocyte survival and hypertrophic responses, critically regulate immune cell function, activate fibroblasts, and stimulate a matrix-preserving program. BMP subfamily members have been suggested to exert both pro- and anti-inflammatory actions and may regulate fibrosis. Members of the GDF subfamily may also modulate survival and hypertrophy of cardiomyocytes and regulate inflammation. Important actions of TGF-β superfamily members may be mediated through activation of Smad-dependent or non-Smad pathways. The critical role of TGF-β signaling cascades in cardiac repair, remodeling, fibrosis, and regeneration may suggest attractive therapeutic targets for myocardial infarction patients. However, the pleiotropic, cell-specific, and context-dependent actions of TGF-β superfamily members pose major challenges in therapeutic translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anis Hanna
- Department of Medicine (Cardiology), The Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Nikolaos G Frangogiannis
- Department of Medicine (Cardiology), The Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
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17
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Care AS, Bourque SL, Morton JS, Hjartarson EP, Robertson SA, Davidge ST. Reduction in Regulatory T Cells in Early Pregnancy Causes Uterine Artery Dysfunction in Mice. Hypertension 2018; 72:177-187. [PMID: 29785960 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.118.10858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Revised: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Preeclampsia, fetal growth restriction, and miscarriage remain important causes of maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality. These complications are associated with reduced numbers of a specialized T lymphocyte subset called regulatory T cells (Treg cells) in the maternal circulation, decidua, and placenta. Treg cells suppress inflammation and prevent maternal immunity toward the fetus, which expresses foreign paternal alloantigens. Treg cells are demonstrated to contribute to vascular homeostasis, but whether Treg cells influence the vascular adaptations essential for a healthy pregnancy is unknown. Thus, using a mouse model of Treg-cell depletion, we investigated the hypothesis that depletion of Treg cells would cause increased inflammation and aberrant uterine artery function. Here, we show that Treg-cell depletion resulted in increased embryo resorption and increased production of proinflammatory cytokines. Mean arterial pressure exhibited greater modulation by NO in Treg cell-deficient mice because the L-NG-nitroarginine methyl ester-induced increase in mean arterial pressure was 46% greater compared with Treg cell-replete mice. Uterine artery function, which is essential for the supply of nutrients to the placenta and fetus, demonstrated dysregulated hemodynamics after Treg-cell depletion. This was evidenced by increased uterine artery resistance and pulsatility indices and enhanced conversion of bET-1 (big endothelin-1) to the active and potent vasoconstrictor, ET-1 (endothelin-1). These data demonstrate an essential role for Treg cells in modulating uterine artery function during pregnancy and implicate Treg-cell control of maternal vascular function as a key mechanism underlying normal fetal and placental development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison S Care
- From the Robinson Research Institute, Adelaide Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, South Australia, Australia (A.S.C., S.A.R.) .,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (A.S.C., J.S.M., E.P.H., S.T.D.).,Women and Children's Health Research Institute, Edmonton, Canada (A.S.C., S.L.B., J.S.M., E.P.H., S.T.D.)
| | - Stephane L Bourque
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine (S.L.B.), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Jude S Morton
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (A.S.C., J.S.M., E.P.H., S.T.D.).,Women and Children's Health Research Institute, Edmonton, Canada (A.S.C., S.L.B., J.S.M., E.P.H., S.T.D.)
| | - Emma P Hjartarson
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (A.S.C., J.S.M., E.P.H., S.T.D.).,Women and Children's Health Research Institute, Edmonton, Canada (A.S.C., S.L.B., J.S.M., E.P.H., S.T.D.)
| | - Sarah A Robertson
- From the Robinson Research Institute, Adelaide Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, South Australia, Australia (A.S.C., S.A.R.)
| | - Sandra T Davidge
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (A.S.C., J.S.M., E.P.H., S.T.D.).,Women and Children's Health Research Institute, Edmonton, Canada (A.S.C., S.L.B., J.S.M., E.P.H., S.T.D.)
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18
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Caffeic acid combined with autoclaved Leishmania major boosted the protection of infected BALB/c mice by enhancing IgG2 production, IFN-γ/TGF-β and iNO synthase/arginase1 ratios, and the death of infected phagocytes. Inflammopharmacology 2017; 26:621-634. [DOI: 10.1007/s10787-017-0399-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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19
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Resolvin D1 Programs Inflammation Resolution by Increasing TGF-β Expression Induced by Dying Cell Clearance in Experimental Autoimmune Neuritis. J Neurosci 2017; 36:9590-603. [PMID: 27629711 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0020-16.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2016] [Accepted: 07/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Experimental autoimmune neuritis (EAN) is the animal model of human acute inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathies (AIDP), an auto-immune inflammatory demyelination disease of the peripheral nervous system (PNS) and the world's leading cause of acute autoimmune neuromuscular paralysis. EAN and AIDP are characterized by self-limitation with spontaneous recovery; however, endogenous pathways that regulate inflammation resolution in EAN and AIDP remain elusive. A pathway of endogenous mediators, especially resolvins and clearance of apoptotic cells, may be involved. Here, we determined that resolvin D1 (RvD1), its synthetic enzyme, and its receptor were greatly increased in PNS during the recovery stage of EAN. Both endogenous and exogenous RvD1 increased regulatory T (Treg) cell and anti-inflammatory macrophage counts in PNS, enhanced inflammation resolution, and promoted disease recovery in EAN rats. Moreover, RvD1 upregulated the transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) level and pharmacologic inhibition of TGF-β signaling suppressed RvD1-induced Treg cell counts, but not anti-inflammatory macrophage counts, and RvD1-improved inflammation resolution and disease recovery in EAN rats. Mechanistically, the RvD1-enhanced macrophage phagocytosis of apoptotic T cells leading to reduced apoptotic T-cell accumulation in PNS induced TGF-β production and caused Treg cells to promote inflammation resolution and disease recovery in EAN. Therefore, these data highlight the crucial role of RvD1 as an important pro-resolving molecule in EAN and suggest its potential as a therapeutic target in human neuropathies. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Experimental autoimmune neuritis (EAN) is the animal model of human acute inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathies, an auto-immune inflammatory demyelination disease of the peripheral nervous system (PNS) and the world's leading cause of acute autoimmune neuromuscular paralysis. Here, we demonstrated that resolvin D1 (RvD1) promoted macrophage phagocytosis of apoptotic T cells in PNS, thereby upregulating transforming growth factor-β by macrophages, increased local Treg cell counts, and finally promoted inflammation resolution and disease recovery in EAN. These data highlight the crucial role of RvD1 as an important pro-resolving molecule in EAN and suggest that it has potential as a therapeutic target in human neuritis.
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20
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Leksa V, Ilková A, Vičíková K, Stockinger H. Unravelling novel functions of the endosomal transporter mannose 6-phosphate/insulin-like growth factor receptor (CD222) in health and disease: An emerging regulator of the immune system. Immunol Lett 2017; 190:194-200. [PMID: 28823520 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2017.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Revised: 08/04/2017] [Accepted: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Properly balanced cellular responses require both the mutual interactions of soluble factors with cell surface receptors and the crosstalk of intracellular molecules. In particular, immune cells exposed unceasingly to an array of positive and negative stimuli must distinguish between what has to be tolerated and attacked. Protein trafficking is one of crucial pathways involved in this labour. The approximately >270-kDa protein transporter called mannose 6- phosphate/insulin-like growth factor 2 receptor (M6P/IGF2R, CD222) is a type I transmembrane glycoprotein present largely intracellularly in the Golgi apparatus and endosomal compartments, but also at the cell surface. It is expressed ubiquitously in a vast majority of higher eukaryotic cell types. Through binding and trafficking multiple unrelated extracellular and intracellular ligands, CD222 is involved in the regulation of a plethora of functions, and thus implicated in many physiological but also pathophysiological conditions. This review describes, first, general features of CD222, such as its evolution, genomic structure and regulation, protein structure and ligands; and second, its specific functions with a special focus on the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Leksa
- Centre for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Institute for Hygiene and Applied Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Lazarettgasse 19, A-1090 Vienna, Austria; Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Institute of Molecular Biology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovak Republic.
| | - Antónia Ilková
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Institute of Molecular Biology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Kristína Vičíková
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Institute of Molecular Biology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Hannes Stockinger
- Centre for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Institute for Hygiene and Applied Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Lazarettgasse 19, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
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Dabrowski FA, Burdzinska A, Kulesza A, Sladowska A, Zolocinska A, Gala K, Paczek L, Wielgos M. Comparison of the paracrine activity of mesenchymal stem cells derived from human umbilical cord, amniotic membrane and adipose tissue. J Obstet Gynaecol Res 2017; 43:1758-1768. [DOI: 10.1111/jog.13432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2016] [Revised: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 05/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Filip A. Dabrowski
- 1st Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology; Medical University of Warsaw; Warsaw Poland
| | - Anna Burdzinska
- Department of Immunology, Transplant Medicine and Internal Diseases; Medical University of Warsaw; Warsaw Poland
| | - Agnieszka Kulesza
- Department of Immunology, Transplant Medicine and Internal Diseases; Medical University of Warsaw; Warsaw Poland
| | - Anna Sladowska
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Center for Biostructure Research; Medical University of Warsaw; Warsaw Poland
| | - Aleksandra Zolocinska
- Department of Regenerative Medicine; Maria Sklodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Center; Warsaw Poland
| | - Kamila Gala
- Department of Immunology, Transplant Medicine and Internal Diseases; Medical University of Warsaw; Warsaw Poland
| | - Leszek Paczek
- Department of Immunology, Transplant Medicine and Internal Diseases; Medical University of Warsaw; Warsaw Poland
- Department of Bioinformatics; Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences; Warsaw Poland
| | - Miroslaw Wielgos
- 1st Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology; Medical University of Warsaw; Warsaw Poland
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22
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Ding Q, Subramanian I, Luckhardt TR, Che P, Waghray M, Zhao XK, Bone N, Kurundkar AR, Hecker L, Hu M, Zhou Y, Horowitz JC, Vittal R, Thannickal VJ. Focal adhesion kinase signaling determines the fate of lung epithelial cells in response to TGF-β. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2017; 312:L926-L935. [PMID: 28360109 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00121.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Revised: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 03/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Alveolar epithelial cell (AEC) injury and apoptosis are prominent pathological features of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). There is evidence of AEC plasticity in lung injury repair response and in IPF. In this report, we explore the role of focal adhesion kinase (FAK) signaling in determining the fate of lung epithelial cells in response to transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1). Rat type II alveolar epithelial cells (RLE-6TN) were treated with or without TGF-β1, and the expressions of mesenchymal markers, phenotype, and function were analyzed. Pharmacological protein kinase inhibitors were utilized to screen for SMAD-dependent and -independent pathways. SMAD and FAK signaling was analyzed using siRNA knockdown, inhibitors, and expression of a mutant construct of FAK. Apoptosis was measured using cleaved caspase-3 and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) staining. TGF-β1 induced the acquisition of mesenchymal markers, including α-smooth muscle actin, in RLE-6TN cells and enhanced the contraction of three-dimensional collagen gels. This phenotypical transition or plasticity, epithelial-myofibroblast plasticity (EMP), is dependent on SMAD3 and FAK signaling. FAK activation was found to be dependent on ALK5/SMAD3 signaling. We observed that TGF-β1 induces both EMP and apoptosis in the same cell culture system but not in the same cell. While blockade of SMAD signaling inhibited EMP, it had a minimal effect on apoptosis; in contrast, inhibition of FAK signaling markedly shifted to an apoptotic fate. The data support that FAK activation determines whether AECs undergo EMP vs. apoptosis in response to TGF-β1 stimulation. TGF-β1-induced EMP is FAK- dependent, whereas TGF-β1-induced apoptosis is favored when FAK signaling is inhibited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Ding
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama;
| | - Indhu Subramanian
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Alameda Health System, Oakland, California
| | - Tracy R Luckhardt
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Pulin Che
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Meghna Waghray
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Xue-Ke Zhao
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Affiliated to Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China; and
| | - Nathaniel Bone
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Ashish R Kurundkar
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Louise Hecker
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Meng Hu
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Yong Zhou
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Jeffrey C Horowitz
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Ragini Vittal
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Victor J Thannickal
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
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23
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Frangogiannis NG. The role of transforming growth factor (TGF)-β in the infarcted myocardium. J Thorac Dis 2017; 9:S52-S63. [PMID: 28446968 DOI: 10.21037/jtd.2016.11.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The adult mammalian heart has negligible regenerative capacity. Following myocardial infarction, sudden necrosis of cardiomyocytes triggers an intense inflammatory reaction that clears the wound from dead cells and matrix debris, while activating a reparative program. A growing body of evidence suggests that members of the transforming growth factor (TGF)-β family critically regulate the inflammatory and reparative response following infarction. Although all three TGF-β isoforms (TGF-β1, -β2 and -β3) are markedly upregulated in the infarcted myocardium, information on isoform-specific actions is limited. Experimental studies have suggested that TGF-β exerts a wide range of actions on cardiomyocytes, fibroblasts, immune cells, and vascular cells. The findings are often conflicting, reflecting the context-dependence of TGF-β-mediated effects; conclusions are often based exclusively on in vitro studies and on associative evidence. TGF-β has been reported to modulate cardiomyocyte survival responses, promote monocyte recruitment, inhibit macrophage pro-inflammatory gene expression, suppress adhesion molecule synthesis by endothelial cells, promote myofibroblast conversion and extracellular matrix synthesis, and mediate both angiogenic and angiostatic effects. This review manuscript discusses our understanding of the cell biological effects of TGF-β in myocardial infarction. We discuss the relative significance of downstream TGF-β-mediated Smad-dependent and -independent pathways, and the risks and challenges of therapeutic TGF-β targeting. Considering the high significance of TGF-β-mediated actions in vivo, study of cell-specific effects and dissection of downstream signaling pathways are needed in order to design safe and effective therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaos G Frangogiannis
- The Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Medicine (Cardiology), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
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Hillyer L, Dao B, Niemiec P, Lee S, Doidge M, Bemben I, Neyestani T, Woodward B. Elevated Bioactivity of the Tolerogenic Cytokines, Interleukin-10 and Transforming Growth Factor-β, in the Blood of Acutely Malnourished Weanling Mice. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2016; 231:1439-47. [PMID: 16946413 DOI: 10.1177/153537020623100818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The main objective of this investigation was to determine the influence of acute deficits of protein and energy on the blood levels of interleukin-10 (IL-10) and transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), physiologically the main anti-inflammatory and tolerogenic cytokines. In four 14-day experiments, male and female C57BL/6J mice, initially 19 days old, consumed a complete purified diet either ad libitum or in restricted daily quantities, or had free access to an isocaloric purified low-protein diet. A zero-time control group (19 days old) was included. In the first two experiments, serum IL-10 levels were assessed by sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and bioassay. The mean serum IL-10 bioactivities were higher (P ≤ 0.05) in both malnourished groups (low-protein and restricted intake: 15.8 and 12.2 ng/ml, respectively) than in the zero-time and age-matched control groups (6.3 and 7.3 ng/ml, respectively), whereas serum IL-10 immunoactivity was high only in the restricted intake group (e.g., second experiment: 17.0 pg/ml vs. 5.4, 3.7, and 3.1 pg/ml in the zero-time control, age-matched control and low-protein group, respectively). The third and fourth experiments centered on plasma TGF-β immunoactivity (sandwich ELISA) and bioactivity, respectively. The ELISA revealed a high mean plasma TGF-β1 level (P < 0.05) in the low-protein group only, but TGF-β bioactivity (β1 isoform, although 15% β2 in the restricted intake group) was high in both malnourished groups (8.7 and 9.3 ng/ml in the low-protein and restricted groups, respectively) relative to the age-matched control group (0.5 ng/ml). Thus, metabolically distinct weanling systems mimicking marasmus and incipient kwashiorkor both exhibit a blood cytokine profile that points to a tolerogenic microenvironment within immune response compartments. A model emerges in which malnutrition-associated immune competence, at least in advanced weight loss, centers on cytokine-mediated peripheral tolerance that reduces the risk of catabolically induced autoimmune disease, but this is at the cost of attenuated responsiveness to infectious agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lyn Hillyer
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON Canada N1G 2W1
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Kyriazis ID, Koutsoni OS, Aligiannis N, Karampetsou K, Skaltsounis AL, Dotsika E. The leishmanicidal activity of oleuropein is selectively regulated through inflammation- and oxidative stress-related genes. Parasit Vectors 2016; 9:441. [PMID: 27501956 PMCID: PMC4977900 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-016-1701-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2016] [Accepted: 07/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Much research effort has been focused on investigating new compounds derived from low-cost sources, such as natural products, for treating leishmaniasis. Oleuropein derived from numerous plants, particularly from the olive tree, Olea europaea L. (Oleaceae), is a biophenol with many biological activities. Our previous findings showed that oleuropein exhibits leishmanicidal effects against three Leishmania spp. in vitro, and minimizes the parasite burden in L. donovani-infected BALB/c mice. The aim of the present study is to investigate the possible mechanism(s) that mediate this leishmanicidal activity. Methods We determined the efficacy of oleuropein in elevating ROS and NO production in L. donovani-infected J774A.1 macrophages and in explanted splenocytes and hepatocytes obtained from L. donovani-infected BALB/c mice. We also assessed the expression of genes that are related to inflammation, T-cell polarization and antioxidant defense, in splenocytes. Finally, we determined the ratios of specific IgG2a/IgG1 antibodies and DTH reactions in L. donovani-infected BALB/c mice treated with oleuropein. Results Oleuropein was able to elevate ROS production in both in vitro and in vivo models of visceral leishmaniasis and raised NO production in ex vivo cultures of splenocytes and hepatocytes. The extensive oxidative stress found in oleuropein-treated mice was obviated by the upregulation of the host’s antioxidant enzyme (mGCLC) and the simultaneous downregulation of the corresponding enzyme of the parasite (LdGCLC). Moreover, oleuropein was able to mount a significant Th1 polarization characterized by the expression of immune genes (IL-12β, IL-10, TGF-β1, IFN-γ) and transcription factors (Tbx21 and GATA3). Moreover, this immunomodulatory effect was also correlated with an inhibitory effect on IL-1β gene expression, rather than with the expression of IL-1α, IL-1rn and TNF-α. Furthermore, oleuropein-treated BALB/c mice mounted a delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) response and an elevated Leishmania-specific IgG2a/IgG1 ratio that clearly demonstrated an in vivo protective mechanism. Conclusion The ability of Oleuropein to promote a Th1 type immune response in L. donovani-infected BALB/c mice points towards the candidacy of this bioactive compound as an immunomodulatory agent that may complement therapeutic approaches to leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis D Kyriazis
- Laboratory of Cellular Immunology, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, 127 Vas. Sofias Ave., 11521, Athens, Greece.,VIVUS research and diagnostic center, 160 Konstanta str, Volos, Greece
| | - Olga S Koutsoni
- Laboratory of Cellular Immunology, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, 127 Vas. Sofias Ave., 11521, Athens, Greece
| | - Nektarios Aligiannis
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Natural Products Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zografou, 15771, Athens, Greece
| | - Kalliopi Karampetsou
- Laboratory of Cellular Immunology, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, 127 Vas. Sofias Ave., 11521, Athens, Greece
| | - Alexios-Leandros Skaltsounis
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Natural Products Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zografou, 15771, Athens, Greece
| | - Eleni Dotsika
- Laboratory of Cellular Immunology, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, 127 Vas. Sofias Ave., 11521, Athens, Greece.
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Li L, Yang L, Wang L, Wang F, Zhang Z, Li J, Yue D, Chen X, Ping Y, Huang L, Zhang B, Zhang Y. Impaired T cell function in malignant pleural effusion is caused by TGF-β derived predominantly from macrophages. Int J Cancer 2016; 139:2261-9. [PMID: 27459735 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.30289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Revised: 06/28/2016] [Accepted: 07/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lifeng Li
- Biotherapy Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University; Zhengzhou Henan 450052 People's Republic of China
- Department of Oncology; The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University; Zhengzhou Henan 450052 People's Republic of China
| | - Li Yang
- Biotherapy Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University; Zhengzhou Henan 450052 People's Republic of China
- Department of Oncology; The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University; Zhengzhou Henan 450052 People's Republic of China
| | - Liping Wang
- Department of Oncology; The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University; Zhengzhou Henan 450052 People's Republic of China
| | - Fei Wang
- Biotherapy Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University; Zhengzhou Henan 450052 People's Republic of China
- School of Life Sciences; Zhengzhou University; Zhengzhou Henan 450001 People's Republic of China
| | - Zhen Zhang
- Biotherapy Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University; Zhengzhou Henan 450052 People's Republic of China
- Department of Oncology; The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University; Zhengzhou Henan 450052 People's Republic of China
| | - Jieyao Li
- Biotherapy Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University; Zhengzhou Henan 450052 People's Republic of China
- Department of Oncology; The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University; Zhengzhou Henan 450052 People's Republic of China
| | - Dongli Yue
- Biotherapy Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University; Zhengzhou Henan 450052 People's Republic of China
- Department of Oncology; The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University; Zhengzhou Henan 450052 People's Republic of China
| | - Xinfeng Chen
- Biotherapy Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University; Zhengzhou Henan 450052 People's Republic of China
- Department of Oncology; The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University; Zhengzhou Henan 450052 People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Ping
- Biotherapy Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University; Zhengzhou Henan 450052 People's Republic of China
- School of Life Sciences; Zhengzhou University; Zhengzhou Henan 450001 People's Republic of China
| | - Lan Huang
- Biotherapy Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University; Zhengzhou Henan 450052 People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Zhang
- Division of Hematology/Oncology; Department of Medicine, Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine; Chicago IL 60611
| | - Yi Zhang
- Biotherapy Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University; Zhengzhou Henan 450052 People's Republic of China
- Department of Oncology; The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University; Zhengzhou Henan 450052 People's Republic of China
- School of Life Sciences; Zhengzhou University; Zhengzhou Henan 450001 People's Republic of China
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong-Song Wang
- School of Science, Shantou University, Shantou City, Guangdong Province, PR China
| | - Pan-Pan Cheng
- Qingdao Municipal Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Qingdao City, Shandong Province, PR China
| | - Zhong-Quan Qi
- Organ Transplantation Institute, Medical College, Xiamen University, Xiamen City, Fujian Province, PR China
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Craenmehr MHC, Heidt S, Eikmans M, Claas FHJ. What is wrong with the regulatory T cells and foetomaternal tolerance in women with recurrent miscarriages? HLA 2016; 87:69-78. [PMID: 26841054 DOI: 10.1111/tan.12737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 12/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Couples of whom the woman has had a miscarriage have two major concerns: the cause and possible risk of recurrence. Unfortunately, a significant proportion of cases of recurrent miscarriage (RM) remain unexplained despite detailed investigation. Because data suggest that regulatory T cells (Treg) are involved in the maternal acceptance of the allogeneic foetus, RM could possibly be explained by a disturbance of the Treg network. The possible role of Tregs in RM is described in this review, as well as their potential application in diagnostics and therapeutic intervention trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- M H C Craenmehr
- Department of Immunohaematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - S Heidt
- Department of Immunohaematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - M Eikmans
- Department of Immunohaematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - F H J Claas
- Department of Immunohaematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
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Anzengruber F, Avci P, de Freitas LF, Hamblin MR. T-cell mediated anti-tumor immunity after photodynamic therapy: why does it not always work and how can we improve it? Photochem Photobiol Sci 2015; 14:1492-1509. [PMID: 26062987 PMCID: PMC4547550 DOI: 10.1039/c4pp00455h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) uses the combination of non-toxic photosensitizers and harmless light to generate reactive oxygen species that destroy tumors by a combination of direct tumor cell killing, vascular shutdown, and activation of the immune system. It has been shown in some animal models that mice that have been cured of cancer by PDT, may exhibit resistance to rechallenge. The cured mice can also possess tumor specific T-cells that recognize defined tumor antigens, destroy tumor cells in vitro, and can be adoptively transferred to protect naïve mice from cancer. However, these beneficial outcomes are the exception rather than the rule. The reasons for this lack of consistency lie in the ability of many tumors to suppress the host immune system and to actively evade immune attack. The presence of an appropriate tumor rejection antigen in the particular tumor cell line is a requisite for T-cell mediated immunity. Regulatory T-cells (CD25+, Foxp3+) are potent inhibitors of anti-tumor immunity, and their removal by low dose cyclophosphamide can potentiate the PDT-induced immune response. Treatments that stimulate dendritic cells (DC) such as CpG oligonucleotide can overcome tumor-induced DC dysfunction and improve PDT outcome. Epigenetic reversal agents can increase tumor expression of MHC class I and also simultaneously increase expression of tumor antigens. A few clinical reports have shown that anti-tumor immunity can be generated by PDT in patients, and it is hoped that these combination approaches may increase tumor cures in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Anzengruber
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Pinar Avci
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Dermatology, Dermatooncology and Venerology, Semmelweis University School of Medicine, Budapest, 1085, Hungary
| | - Lucas Freitas de Freitas
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Programa de Pos Graduacao Interunidades Bioengenharia – USP – Sao Carlos, Brazil
| | - Michael R Hamblin
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Correspondence to: Michael R Hamblin, PhD, Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 50 Blossom Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
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Cheng PP, Liu XC, Ma PF, Gao C, Li JL, Lin YY, Shao W, Han S, Zhao B, Wang LM, Fu JZ, Meng LX, Li Q, Lian QZ, Xia JJ, Qi ZQ. iPSC-MSCs Combined with Low-Dose Rapamycin Induced Islet Allograft Tolerance Through Suppressing Th1 and Enhancing Regulatory T-Cell Differentiation. Stem Cells Dev 2015; 24:1793-804. [PMID: 25867817 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2014.0488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) differentiation is dramatically reduced after long-term in vitro culture, which limits their application. MSCs derived from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs-MSCs) represent a novel source of MSCs. In this study, we investigated the therapeutic effect of iPSC-MSCs on diabetic mice. Streptozocin-induced diabetic mice transplanted with 400 islets alone or with 1×10(6) iPSC-MSCs were examined following rapamycin injection (0.1 mg/kg/day, i.p., from days 0 to 9) after transplantation. Our results showed that iPSC-MSCs combined with rapamycin significantly prolonged islet allograft survival in the diabetic mice; 50% of recipients exhibited long-term survival (>100 days). Histopathological analysis revealed that iPSC-MSCs combined with rapamycin preserved the graft effectively, inhibited inflammatory cell infiltration, and resulted in substantial release of insulin. Flow cytometry results showed that the proportion of CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells was significantly reduced, and the number of T regulatory cells increased in the spleen and lymph nodes in the iPSC-MSCs combined with the rapamycin group compared with the rapamycin-alone group. Production of the Th1 proinflammatory cytokines interleukin-2 (IL-2) and interferon-γ was reduced, and secretion of the anti-inflammatory cytokines IL-10 and transforming growth factor-β was enhanced compared with the rapamycin group, as determined using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. Transwell separation significantly weakened the immunosuppressive effects of iPSC-MSCs on the proliferation of Con A-treated splenic T cells, which indicated that the combined treatment exerted immunosuppressive effects through cell-cell contact and regulation of cytokine production. Taken together, these findings highlight the potential application of iPSC-MSCs in islet transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pan-Pan Cheng
- 1 Organ Transplantation Institute, Medical College, Xiamen University , Xiamen City, Fujian Province, People's Republic of China .,2 Qingdao Municipal Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Qingdao City, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Cun Liu
- 1 Organ Transplantation Institute, Medical College, Xiamen University , Xiamen City, Fujian Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Peng-Fei Ma
- 3 State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Renji-Med X Clinical Stem Cell Research Center, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University , Shanghai City, People's Republic of China
| | - Chang Gao
- 1 Organ Transplantation Institute, Medical College, Xiamen University , Xiamen City, Fujian Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Jia-Li Li
- 1 Organ Transplantation Institute, Medical College, Xiamen University , Xiamen City, Fujian Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying-Ying Lin
- 1 Organ Transplantation Institute, Medical College, Xiamen University , Xiamen City, Fujian Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Shao
- 4 The Affiliated Chenggong Hospital of Xiamen University , Xiamen City, Fujian Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuo Han
- 4 The Affiliated Chenggong Hospital of Xiamen University , Xiamen City, Fujian Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Zhao
- 1 Organ Transplantation Institute, Medical College, Xiamen University , Xiamen City, Fujian Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Lu-Min Wang
- 1 Organ Transplantation Institute, Medical College, Xiamen University , Xiamen City, Fujian Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Jia-Zhao Fu
- 1 Organ Transplantation Institute, Medical College, Xiamen University , Xiamen City, Fujian Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Lu-Xi Meng
- 5 The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University , Xiamen City, Fujian Province, People's of Republic of China
| | - Qing Li
- 1 Organ Transplantation Institute, Medical College, Xiamen University , Xiamen City, Fujian Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Qi-Zhou Lian
- 6 Departments of Ophthalmology and Medicine, University of Hong Kong , Pokfulam, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun-Jie Xia
- 1 Organ Transplantation Institute, Medical College, Xiamen University , Xiamen City, Fujian Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhong-Quan Qi
- 1 Organ Transplantation Institute, Medical College, Xiamen University , Xiamen City, Fujian Province, People's Republic of China
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Gardner DK. Lactate production by the mammalian blastocyst: manipulating the microenvironment for uterine implantation and invasion? Bioessays 2015; 37:364-71. [PMID: 25619853 PMCID: PMC4409083 DOI: 10.1002/bies.201400155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The mammalian blastocyst exhibits a high capacity for aerobic glycolysis, a metabolic characteristic of tumours. It has been considered that aerobic glycolysis is a means to ensure a high carbon flux to fulfil biosynthetic demands. Here, alternative explanations for this pattern of metabolism are considered. Lactate creates a microenvironment of low pH around the embryo to assist the disaggregation of uterine tissues to facilitate trophoblast invasion. Further it is proposed that lactate acts as a signalling molecule (especially at the reduced oxygen tension present at implantation) to elicit bioactive VEGF recruitment from uterine cells, to promote angiogenesis. Finally it is suggested that the region of high lactate/low pH created by the blastocyst modulates the activity of the local immune response, helping to create immune tolerance. Consequently, the mammalian blastocyst offers a model to study the role of microenvironments, and how metabolites and pH are used in signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- David K Gardner
- School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
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Schumacher A, Zenclussen AC. The Paternal Contribution to Fetal Tolerance. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2015; 868:211-25. [PMID: 26178852 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-18881-2_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Recognition of foreign paternal antigens expressed in the semi-allogeneic fetus by maternal immune cells is a requirement for successful pregnancy. However, despite intensive research activity during the last decades, the precise mechanisms contributing to the acceptance of the paternal alloantigens are still puzzling and pregnancy remains a fascinating phenomenon. Moreover, most studies focused on the maternal and fetal contribution to pregnancy success, and relatively little is known about the paternal involvement. In the current review, we address the contribution of paternal-derived factors to fetal-tolerance induction. First, we discuss data suggesting that in both humans and mice, the female body gets prepared for a pregnancy in every cycle, also in regard to male alloantigens delivered at coitus. Then, we provide an overview about factors present in seminal fluid and how these factors influence immune responses in the female reproductive tract. We further discuss ways of paternal alloantigen presentation and identify the immune modulatory properties of seminal fluid-derived factors with a special focus on Treg biology. Finally, we highlight the therapeutic potential of seminal fluid in different clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Schumacher
- Department of Experimental Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical Faculty, Otto-von-Guericke University, Gerhart-Hauptmann Straße 35, 39108, Magdeburg, Germany
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Kyurkchiev D, Bochev I, Ivanova-Todorova E, Mourdjeva M, Oreshkova T, Belemezova K, Kyurkchiev S. Secretion of immunoregulatory cytokines by mesenchymal stem cells. World J Stem Cells 2014; 6:552-570. [PMID: 25426252 PMCID: PMC4178255 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v6.i5.552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 439] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2014] [Revised: 08/20/2014] [Accepted: 09/10/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
According to the minimal criteria of the International Society of Cellular Therapy, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are a population of undifferentiated cells defined by their ability to adhere to plastic surfaces when cultured under standard conditions, express a certain panel of phenotypic markers and can differentiate into osteogenic, chondrogenic and adipogenic lineages when cultured in specific inducing media. In parallel with their major role as undifferentiated cell reserves, MSCs have immunomodulatory functions which are exerted by direct cell-to-cell contacts, secretion of cytokines and/or by a combination of both mechanisms. There are no convincing data about a principal difference in the profile of cytokines secreted by MSCs isolated from different tissue sources, although some papers report some quantitative but not qualitative differences in cytokine secretion. The present review focuses on the basic cytokines secreted by MSCs as described in the literature by which the MSCs exert immunodulatory effects. It should be pointed out that MSCs themselves are objects of cytokine regulation. Hypothetical mechanisms by which the MSCs exert their immunoregulatory effects are also discussed in this review. These mechanisms may either influence the target immune cells directly or indirectly by affecting the activities of predominantly dendritic cells. Chemokines are also discussed as participants in this process by recruiting cells of the immune systems and thus making them targets of immunosuppression. This review aims to present and discuss the published data and the personal experience of the authors regarding cytokines secreted by MSCs and their effects on the cells of the immune system.
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Zhu H, Cao M, Figueroa JA, Cobos E, Uretsky BF, Chiriva-Internati M, Hermonat PL. AAV2/8-hSMAD3 gene delivery attenuates aortic atherogenesis, enhances Th2 response without fibrosis, in LDLR-KO mice on high cholesterol diet. J Transl Med 2014; 12:252. [PMID: 25236373 PMCID: PMC4189750 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-014-0252-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2014] [Accepted: 09/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Inflammation is a key etiologic component in atherogenesis and transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGFβ1) is a well known anti-inflammatory cytokine which potentially might be used to limit it. Yet TGFβ1 is pleiomorphic, causing fibrosis, cell taxis, and under certain circumstances, can even worsen inflammation. SMAD3 is an important member of TGFβ1′s signal transduction pathway, but is a fully intracellular protein. Objectives With the hope of attenuating TGFβ1′s adverse systemic effects (eg. fibrosis) and accentuating its anti-inflammatory activity, we proposed the use of human (h)SMAD3 as an intracellular substitute for TGFβ1. Study design To test this hypothesis adeno-associated virus type 2/8 (AAV)/hSMAD3 or AAV/Neo (control) was tail vein injected into the low density lipoprotein receptor knockout (LDLR-KO) mice, then placed on a high-cholesterol diet (HCD). Results The hSMAD3 delivery was associated with significantly lower atherogenesis as measured by larger aortic cross sectional area, thinner aortic wall thickness, and lower aortic systolic blood velocity compared with Neo gene-treated controls. HSMAD3 delivery also resulted in fewer aortic macrophages by immunohistochemistry for CD68 and ITGAM, and quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction analysis of EMR and ITGAM. Overall, aortic cytokine expression showed an enhancement of Th2 response (higher IL-4 and IL-10); while Th1 response (IL-12) was lower with hSMAD3 delivery. While TGFβ1 is often associated with increased fibrosis, AAV/hSMAD3 delivery exhibited no increase of collagen 1A2 or significantly lower 2A1 expression in the aorta compared with Neo-delivery. Connective tissue growth factor (CTGF), a mediator of TGFβ1/SMAD3-induced fibrosis, was unchanged in hSMAD3-delivered aortas. In the liver, all three of these genes were down-regulated by hSMAD3 gene delivery. Conclusion These data strongly suggest that AAV/hSMAD3 delivery gave anti-atherosclerosis therapeutic effect without the expected undesirable effect of TGFβ1-associated fibrosis.
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Jajosky AN, Coad JE, Vos JA, Martin KH, Senft JR, Wenger SL, Gibson LF. RepSox slows decay of CD34+ acute myeloid leukemia cells and decreases T cell immunoglobulin mucin-3 expression. Stem Cells Transl Med 2014; 3:836-48. [PMID: 24855276 DOI: 10.5966/sctm.2013-0193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite initial response to therapy, most acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patients relapse. To eliminate relapse-causing leukemic stem/progenitor cells (LPCs), patient-specific immune therapies may be required. In vitro cellular engineering may require increasing the "stemness" or immunogenicity of tumor cells and activating or restoring cancer-impaired immune-effector and antigen-presenting cells. Leukapheresis samples provide the cells needed to engineer therapies: LPCs to be targeted, normal hematopoietic stem cells to be spared, and cancer-impaired immune cells to be repaired and activated. This study sought to advance development of LPC-targeted therapies by exploring nongenetic ways to slow the decay and to increase the immunogenicity of primary CD34(+) AML cells. CD34(+) AML cells generally displayed more colony-forming and aldehyde dehydrogenase activity than CD34(-) AML cells. Along with exposure to bone marrow stromal cells and low (1%-5%) oxygen, culture with RepSox (a reprogramming tool and inhibitor of transforming growth factor-β receptor 1) consistently slowed decline of CD34(+) AML and myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) cells. RepSox-treated AML cells displayed higher CD34, CXCL12, and MYC mRNA levels than dimethyl sulfoxide-treated controls. RepSox also accelerated loss of T cell immunoglobulin mucin-3 (Tim-3), an immune checkpoint receptor that impairs antitumor immunity, from the surface of AML and MDS cells. Our results suggest RepSox may reduce Tim-3 expression by inhibiting transforming growth factor-β signaling and slow decay of CD34(+) AML cells by increasing CXCL12 and MYC, two factors that inhibit AML cell differentiation. By prolonging survival of CD34(+) AML cells and reducing Tim-3, RepSox may promote in vitro immune cell activation and advance development of LPC-targeted therapies.
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MESH Headings
- Aldehyde Dehydrogenase/metabolism
- Antigens, CD34/genetics
- Antigens, CD34/metabolism
- Biomarkers, Tumor/metabolism
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- Cell Survival/drug effects
- Cellular Reprogramming/drug effects
- Chemokine CXCL12/genetics
- Chemokine CXCL12/metabolism
- Coculture Techniques
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Feeder Cells
- Gene Expression Regulation, Leukemic/drug effects
- Hepatitis A Virus Cellular Receptor 2
- Humans
- Leukapheresis
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/genetics
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/immunology
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/metabolism
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/pathology
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/therapy
- Membrane Proteins/genetics
- Membrane Proteins/metabolism
- Neoplastic Stem Cells/drug effects
- Neoplastic Stem Cells/immunology
- Neoplastic Stem Cells/metabolism
- Neoplastic Stem Cells/pathology
- Oxygen/metabolism
- Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/antagonists & inhibitors
- Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/metabolism
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-myc/genetics
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-myc/metabolism
- Pyrazoles/pharmacology
- Pyridines/pharmacology
- Receptor, Transforming Growth Factor-beta Type I
- Receptors, Transforming Growth Factor beta/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Transforming Growth Factor beta/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes/drug effects
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes/pathology
- Time Factors
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
- Tumor Escape
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey N Jajosky
- Alexander B. Osborn Hematopoietic Malignancy and Transplantation Program of the Mary Babb Randolph Cancer Center, Cancer Cell Biology Program, and Departments of Pathology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, and Microbiology, Immunology and Cell Biology, Robert C. Byrd Health Sciences Center, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - James E Coad
- Alexander B. Osborn Hematopoietic Malignancy and Transplantation Program of the Mary Babb Randolph Cancer Center, Cancer Cell Biology Program, and Departments of Pathology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, and Microbiology, Immunology and Cell Biology, Robert C. Byrd Health Sciences Center, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Jeffrey A Vos
- Alexander B. Osborn Hematopoietic Malignancy and Transplantation Program of the Mary Babb Randolph Cancer Center, Cancer Cell Biology Program, and Departments of Pathology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, and Microbiology, Immunology and Cell Biology, Robert C. Byrd Health Sciences Center, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Karen H Martin
- Alexander B. Osborn Hematopoietic Malignancy and Transplantation Program of the Mary Babb Randolph Cancer Center, Cancer Cell Biology Program, and Departments of Pathology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, and Microbiology, Immunology and Cell Biology, Robert C. Byrd Health Sciences Center, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Jamie R Senft
- Alexander B. Osborn Hematopoietic Malignancy and Transplantation Program of the Mary Babb Randolph Cancer Center, Cancer Cell Biology Program, and Departments of Pathology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, and Microbiology, Immunology and Cell Biology, Robert C. Byrd Health Sciences Center, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Sharon L Wenger
- Alexander B. Osborn Hematopoietic Malignancy and Transplantation Program of the Mary Babb Randolph Cancer Center, Cancer Cell Biology Program, and Departments of Pathology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, and Microbiology, Immunology and Cell Biology, Robert C. Byrd Health Sciences Center, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Laura F Gibson
- Alexander B. Osborn Hematopoietic Malignancy and Transplantation Program of the Mary Babb Randolph Cancer Center, Cancer Cell Biology Program, and Departments of Pathology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, and Microbiology, Immunology and Cell Biology, Robert C. Byrd Health Sciences Center, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
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Schumacher A, Zenclussen AC. Regulatory T cells: regulators of life. Am J Reprod Immunol 2014; 72:158-70. [PMID: 24661545 DOI: 10.1111/aji.12238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2014] [Accepted: 02/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Pregnancy still represents one of the most fascinating paradoxical phenomena in science. Immediately after conception, the maternal immune system is challenged by the presence of foreign paternal antigens in the semen. This triggers mechanisms of recognition and tolerance that all together allow the embryo to implant and later the fetus to develop. Tolerance mechanisms to maintain pregnancy are of special interest as they defy the classical immunology rules. Several cell types, soluble factors, and immune regulatory molecules have been proposed to contribute to fetal tolerance. Within these, regulatory T cells (Treg) are one of the most studied immune cell populations lately. They are reportedly involved in fetal acceptance. Here, we summarize several aspects of Treg biology in normal and pathologic pregnancies focusing on Treg frequencies, subtypes, antigen specificity, and activity as well as on factors influencing Treg generation, recruitment, and function. This review also highlights the contribution of fetal Treg in tolerance induction and addresses the role of Treg in autoimmune diseases and infections during gestation. Finally, the potential of Treg as a predictive marker for the success of assisted reproductive techniques and for therapeutic interventions is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Schumacher
- Department of Experimental Obstetrics & Gynecology, Medical Faculty, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
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37
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Robertson SA, Prins JR, Sharkey DJ, Moldenhauer LM. Seminal fluid and the generation of regulatory T cells for embryo implantation. Am J Reprod Immunol 2013; 69:315-30. [PMID: 23480148 DOI: 10.1111/aji.12107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2012] [Accepted: 01/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
T regulatory (Treg) cells are essential mediators of the maternal immune adaptation necessary for embryo implantation. In mice, insufficient Treg cell activity results in implantation failure, or constrains placental function and fetal growth. In women, Treg cell deficiency is linked with unexplained infertility, miscarriage, and pre-eclampsia. To devise strategies to improve Treg cell function, it is essential to define the origin of the Treg cells in gestational tissues, and the regulators that control their functional competence and recruitment. Male seminal fluid is a potent source of the Treg cell-inducing agents TGFβ and prostaglandin E, and coitus is one key factor involved in expanding the pool of inducible Treg cells that react with paternal alloantigens shared by conceptus tissues. In mice, coitus initiates a sequence of events whereby female dendritic cells cross-present seminal fluid antigens and activate T cells, which in turn circulate via the blood to be sequestered into the endometrium. Similar events may occur in the human genital tract, where seminal fluid induces immune cell changes that appear competent to prime Treg cells. Improved understanding of how seminal fluid influences Treg cells in women should ultimately assist in the development of new therapies for immune-mediated pathologies of pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A Robertson
- Robinson Institute, School of Paediatrics and Reproductive Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia.
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38
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Expression of Foxp3, TGF-β and IL-10 in American cutaneous leishmaniasis lesions. Arch Dermatol Res 2013; 306:163-71. [PMID: 23922083 DOI: 10.1007/s00403-013-1396-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2012] [Revised: 07/17/2013] [Accepted: 07/22/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are a unique population of CD25+CD4+ T cells that regulate innate and adaptive immune responses and have the ability to control the excessive or misdirected effects of the immune system. This modulation involves different mechanisms, such as the suppression of T cell proliferation and cytokine production, the secretion of suppressive cytokines (IL-10 and TGF-β) and the induction of effector T cell apoptosis in humans with infectious diseases such as Leishmania infections. The aim of this study was to evaluate the expression of Foxp3, IL-10 and TGF-β through immunohistochemistry in 22 skin biopsies of patients with localized cutaneous leishmaniasis (LCL) caused by Leishmania (Viannia) spp. from an endemic area in pre-Amazonian area of Maranhão State, Brazil. The density of these markers was also analyzed according to the species of parasite and the progression of the disease. The cellular density was 234 cells/mm(2) for Foxp3+ cells, 357 cells/mm(2) for TGF-β+ cells and 648 cells/mm(2) for IL-10+ cells in the studied skin lesions. The analysis of the cellular density of these immunological markers in relation to the species of Leishmania demonstrated that lesions caused by L. (V.) braziliensis had a lower density of Foxp3+ cells than lesions caused by L. (Viannia) spp. The expression of IL-10 was also lower in lesions caused by L. (V.) braziliensis. There were no significant differences in TGF-β expression between the two groups. The evaluation of these markers according to the progression of the disease did not reveal any significant differences. These findings suggest that Treg Foxp3+ cells, IL-10, and TGF-β play important roles in the immunopathogenesis of LCL and that these roles differ depending on the causal Leishmania species.
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39
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Mosley RL, Hutter-Saunders JA, Stone DK, Gendelman HE. Inflammation and adaptive immunity in Parkinson's disease. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2013; 2:a009381. [PMID: 22315722 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a009381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The immune system is designed to protect the host from infection and injury. However, when an adaptive immune response continues unchecked in the brain, the proinflammatory innate microglial response leads to the accumulation of neurotoxins and eventual neurodegeneration. What drives such responses are misfolded and nitrated proteins. Indeed, the antigen in Parkinson's disease (PD) is an aberrant self-protein, although the adaptive immune responses are remarkably similar in a range of diseases. Ingress of lymphocytes and chronic activation of glial cells directly affect neurodegeneration. With this understanding, new therapies aimed at modulating the immune system's response during PD could lead to decreased neuronal loss and improved clinical outcomes for disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Lee Mosley
- Movement Disorders Program, Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, Center for Neurodegenerative Disorders, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198, USA
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40
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Natural velvet antler polypeptide conformation prediction and molecular docking study with TGF-β1 complex. J Mol Model 2013; 19:3671-82. [PMID: 23771398 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-013-1904-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2012] [Accepted: 05/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Based on the chain A structures of hemoglobin (PDB code: 1HDS, 1IBE, 1FAW, 3AT5), the three dimensional (3D) structure of natural velvet antler polypeptide (nVAP) was constructed by homology modeling and molecular dynamics (MD) method. The structural rationality was further checked by Profile-3D and Procheck, both of which confirmed that the 3D structure of nVAP was reasonable. The modeled structure indicates that the stable conformation of nVAP is composed of two α-helixes. The extracellular domains of transforming growth factor-β1 receptor I (TβRI-ED) and II (TβRII-ED) were docked with nVAP, respectively. The results show that both of TβR-EDs have high affinity with nVAP which locates near the active center of TβRII-ED integrating with transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1). Otherwise, nVAP can also insert near the "pre-helix extension" of TβRI-ED, which is the key domain to interact on TGF-β1 and TβRII-ED. With the perturbation of nVAP, TβRI-ED can not be recruited by TGF-β1:TβRII-ED complex rigorously. The intracellular domain of TβRI (TβRI-ID) is not phosphorylated and activated by TβRII. This study shows that nVAP prefers tethering TβRI-ED which is more crucial in TGF-β1:TβRII-ED:TβRI-ED complex. Thus nVAP can disturb the TGF-β1 binding pattern by interacting on TβRs (TβRI and TβRII), further intercepting TGF-β1 pathway downstream.
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41
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Seemann F, Knigge T, Rocher B, Minier C, Monsinjon T. 17β-Estradiol induces changes in cytokine levels in head kidney and blood of juvenile sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax, L., 1758). MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2013; 87-88:44-51. [PMID: 23602341 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2013.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2013] [Revised: 03/18/2013] [Accepted: 03/22/2013] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The cytokine network is involved in the immune system communication. As estrogens influence the cytokine expression in mammals, this study investigated the impact of exogenous estrogenic pollutants on selected cytokines in Dicentrarchus labrax. The gene expression of Interleukin 6, Tumour Necrosis Factor α, Transforming Growth Factor β1 and Interleukin 1β was assessed and accomplished with protein measurements in the blood for the last two. Impacts through 17β-estradiol mainly occurred at the beginning of organ regionalisation, thus falling together with a developmentally induced increase of Interleukin 1β and Tumour Necrosis Factor α gene expression in 102 dph fish. 17β-estradiol depressed this modification after 35 days of exposure and the cytokine gene expression tended to be generally down-regulated independently of the 17β-estradiol concentrations after 56 days of exposure. This impact was confirmed at the protein level, showing that 17β-estradiol affects the fine control of the cytokine network in sea bass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frauke Seemann
- Laboratoire d'Écotoxicologie - Milieux Aquatiques (LEMA), SFR SCALE 4116, Université du Havre, 25 Rue Philippe Lebon, 76058 Le Havre Cedex, France.
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42
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Renson P, Le Dimna M, Keranflech A, Cariolet R, Koenen F, Le Potier MF. CP7_E2alf oral vaccination confers partial protection against early classical swine fever virus challenge and interferes with pathogeny-related cytokine responses. Vet Res 2013; 44:9. [PMID: 23398967 PMCID: PMC3599443 DOI: 10.1186/1297-9716-44-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2012] [Accepted: 12/19/2012] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The conventional C-strain vaccine induces early protection against classical swine fever (CSF), but infected animals cannot be distinguished from vaccinated animals. The CP7_E2alf marker vaccine, a pestivirus chimera, could be a suitable substitute for C-strain vaccine to control CSF outbreaks. In this study, single oral applications of CP7_E2alf and C-strain vaccines were compared for their efficacy to induce protection against a CSF virus (CSFV) challenge with the moderately virulent Bas-Rhin isolate, in pigs as early as two days post-immunization. This work emphasizes the powerful potential of CP7_E2alf vaccine administered orally by a rapid onset of partial protection similar to that induced by the C-strain vaccine. Furthermore, our results revealed that both vaccinations attenuated the effects induced by CSFV on production of the pig major acute phase protein (PigMAP), IFN-α, IL-12, IL-10, and TGF-β1 cytokines. By this interference, several cytokines that may play a role in the pathogeny induced by moderately virulent CSFV strains were revealed. New hypotheses concerning the role of each of these cytokines in CSFV pathogeny are discussed. Our results also show that oral vaccination with either vaccine (CP7_E2alf or C-strain) enhanced CSFV-specific IgG2 production, compared to infection alone. Interestingly, despite the similar antibody profiles displayed by both vaccines post-challenge, the production of CSFV-specific IgG1 and neutralizing antibodies without challenge was lower with CP7_E2alf vaccination than with C-strain vaccination, suggesting a slight difference in the balance of adaptive immune responses between these vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Renson
- Anses, Ploufragan/Plouzané laboratory, Swine Virology and Immunology Unit, BP53, 22440, Ploufragan, France.
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43
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Goode EL, DeRycke M, Kalli KR, Oberg AL, Cunningham JM, Maurer MJ, Fridley BL, Armasu SM, Serie DJ, Ramar P, Goergen K, Vierkant RA, Rider DN, Sicotte H, Wang C, Winterhoff B, Phelan CM, Schildkraut JM, Weber RP, Iversen E, Berchuck A, Sutphen R, Birrer MJ, Hampras S, Preus L, Gayther SA, Ramus SJ, Wentzensen N, Yang HP, Garcia-Closas M, Song H, Tyrer J, Pharoah PPD, Konecny G, Sellers TA, Ness RB, Sucheston LE, Odunsi K, Hartmann LC, Moysich KB, Knutson KL. Inherited variants in regulatory T cell genes and outcome of ovarian cancer. PLoS One 2013; 8:e53903. [PMID: 23382860 PMCID: PMC3559692 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0053903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2012] [Accepted: 12/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Although ovarian cancer is the most lethal of gynecologic malignancies, wide variation in outcome following conventional therapy continues to exist. The presence of tumor-infiltrating regulatory T cells (Tregs) has a role in outcome of this disease, and a growing body of data supports the existence of inherited prognostic factors. However, the role of inherited variants in genes encoding Treg-related immune molecules has not been fully explored. We analyzed expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL) and sequence-based tagging single nucleotide polymorphisms (tagSNPs) for 54 genes associated with Tregs in 3,662 invasive ovarian cancer cases. With adjustment for known prognostic factors, suggestive results were observed among rarer histological subtypes; poorer survival was associated with minor alleles at SNPs in RGS1 (clear cell, rs10921202, p=2.7×10(-5)), LRRC32 and TNFRSF18/TNFRSF4 (mucinous, rs3781699, p=4.5×10(-4), and rs3753348, p=9.0×10(-4), respectively), and CD80 (endometrioid, rs13071247, p=8.0×10(-4)). Fo0r the latter, correlative data support a CD80 rs13071247 genotype association with CD80 tumor RNA expression (p=0.006). An additional eQTL SNP in CD80 was associated with shorter survival (rs7804190, p=8.1×10(-4)) among all cases combined. As the products of these genes are known to affect induction, trafficking, or immunosuppressive function of Tregs, these results suggest the need for follow-up phenotypic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen L Goode
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America.
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44
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Teles A, Zenclussen AC, Schumacher A. Regulatory T cells are baby's best friends. Am J Reprod Immunol 2013; 69:331-9. [PMID: 23289369 DOI: 10.1111/aji.12067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2012] [Accepted: 12/05/2012] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Treg) are one of the most and best studied immune cell population during human and murine pregnancy, and there is a general consent about their expansion during pregnancy. However, the identification of new and more reliable Treg markers during the last years resulted in some controversies about the kinetics of various Treg subsets at different pregnancy stages. No doubt exists regarding the importance of Treg for a normal pregnancy as pregnancy complications like spontaneous abortion and preeclampsia could be associated with a reduced Treg number and activity. In future, more attention should be paid to bring established data from the bench to the bedside to force the development of adequate therapies for treatment of pregnancy complications. In this article, we summarize previous and recent data on several aspects of Treg biology during human and murine pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Teles
- Department of Experimental Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical Faculty, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
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45
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Tumor dormancy and cancer stem cells: two sides of the same coin? ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2013; 734:145-79. [PMID: 23143979 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-1445-2_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests that tumor dormancy represents an important mechanism underlying the observed failure of existing therapeutic modalities to fully eradicate cancers. In addition to its more established role in maintaining minimal residual disease after treatment, dormancy might also critically contribute to early stages of tumor development and the formation of clinically undetectable micrometastatic foci. There are striking parallels between the concept of tumor dormancy and the cancer stem cell (CSC) theory of tumor propagation. For instance, the CSC hypothesis similarly predicts that a subset of self-renewing cancer cells-that is CSCs-is responsible for tumor initiation, bears the preferential ability to survive tumor therapy, and persists long term to ultimately cause delayed cancer recurrence and metastatic progression. Additionally, many of the biological mechanisms involved in controlling the dormant state of a tumor can also govern CSC behavior, including cell cycle modifications, alteration of angiogenic processes, and modulation of antitumor immune responses. In fact, quiescence and immune escape are emerging hallmark features of at least some CSCs, indicating significant overlap between dormant cancer populations and CSCs. Herein, we crucially dissect whether CSCs occupy specific roles in orchestrating the switch between dormancy and exuberant tumor growth. We elucidate how recently uncovered CSC biological features could enable these cells to evade immunologic clearance and regulate cancer expansion, relapse, and progression. We propose that the study of CSC immunobiological pathways holds the promise to critically advance our understanding of the processes mediating tumor dormancy. Ultimately, such research endeavors could unravel novel therapeutic avenues that efficiently target both proliferating and dormant CSCs to minimize the risk of tumor recurrence in cancer patients.
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46
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A molecular insight of CTLA-4 in food allergy. Immunol Lett 2013; 149:101-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2012.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2012] [Accepted: 12/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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47
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Patterson KC, Hogarth K, Husain AN, Sperling AI, Niewold TB. The clinical and immunologic features of pulmonary fibrosis in sarcoidosis. Transl Res 2012; 160:321-31. [PMID: 22683422 PMCID: PMC3910531 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2012.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2011] [Revised: 03/14/2012] [Accepted: 03/16/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Sarcoidosis is a multisystem, granulomatous disease that most often affects the lungs. The clinical course is highly variable; many patients undergo spontaneous remission, but up to a third of patients progresses to a chronic disease course. The development of pulmonary fibrosis (PF) in a subset of patients with chronic disease has a negative impact on morbidity and mortality. While sarcoidosis-associated PF can be progressive, it is often referred to as "burnt out" disease, a designation reflecting inactive granulomatous inflammation. The immune mechanisms of sarcoidosis-associated PF are not well understood. It is not clear if fibrotic processes are active from the onset of sarcoidosis in predisposed individuals, or whether a profibrotic state develops as a response to ongoing inflammation. Transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) is an important profibrotic cytokine, and in sarcoidosis, distinct genotypes of TGF-β have been identified in those with PF. The overall cytokine profile in sarcoidosis-associated PF has not been well characterized, although a transition from a T helper 1 to a T helper 2 signature has been proposed. Macrophages have important regulatory interactions with fibroblasts, and the role of alveolar macrophages in sarcoidosis-associated PF is a compelling target for further study. Elucidating the natural history of sarcoidosis-associated PF will inform our understanding of the fundamental derangements, and will enhance prognostication and the development of therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen C Patterson
- Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care, University of Chicago, Chicago, Ill.
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48
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Liu X, Xu X, Lin X, Tian Y, Ji B, Xia S, Xu S, Yin Q, Zhang M, Jiao Z, Wang S, Xu H, Shao Q. PTD-hFOXP3 protein acts as an immune regulator to convert human CD4+CD25−T cells to regulatory T-like cells. J Cell Biochem 2012; 113:3797-809. [DOI: 10.1002/jcb.24255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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49
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Abstract
Because of the potent effector mechanisms of the immune system, the potential for self-destructive immune responses is especially high and many negative regulatory modalities exist to prevent excessive tissue damage. This Commentary places such regulatory mechanisms in the larger context of system organization on many scales. The sometimes counterintuitive nature of feedback control is discussed and a case is made for greater attention to quantitative spatiotemporal aspects of regulation, rather than limiting the discussion to the qualitative descriptions of pathways that dominate at present.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald N Germain
- Lymphocyte Biology Section, Laboratory of Systems Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
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50
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Hutter-Saunders JAL, Mosley RL, Gendelman HE. Pathways towards an effective immunotherapy for Parkinson's disease. Expert Rev Neurother 2012; 11:1703-15. [PMID: 22091596 DOI: 10.1586/ern.11.163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Immunizations that target specific types of immune responses are used commonly to prevent microbial infections. However, a range of immune responses may prove necessary to combat the ravages of neurodegenerative diseases. The goal is to eliminate the 'root' cause of neurodegenerative disorders, misfolded aggregated proteins, while harnessing adaptive immune responses to promote neural repair. However, immunization strategies used to elicit humoral immune responses against aberrant brain proteins have yielded mixed success. While specific proteins can be cleared, the failures in halting disease progression revolve, in measure, around adaptive immune responses that promote autoreactive T cells and, as such, induce a meningoencephalitis, accelerating neurodegeneration. Thus, alternative approaches for protein clearance and neural repair are desired. To this end, our laboratories have sought to transform autoreactive adaptive immune responses into regulatory neuroprotective cells in Parkinson's disease. In this context, induction of immune responses against modified brain proteins serves to break immunological tolerance, while eliciting adaptive immunity to facilitate neuronal repair. How to harness the immune response in the setting of Parkinson's disease requires a thorough understanding of the role of immunity in human disease and the ways to modify such immune responses to elicit therapeutic gain. These are discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica A L Hutter-Saunders
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
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