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Wang Y, Gao Y, Shi H, Gao R, Yang J, Qu Y, Hu S, Zhang J, Wang J, Cao J, Zhang F, Ge J. CCL11 released by GSDMD-mediated macrophage pyroptosis regulates angiogenesis after hindlimb ischemia. Cell Death Discov 2024; 10:294. [PMID: 38906863 PMCID: PMC11192718 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-023-01764-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2023] [Revised: 12/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Peripheral vascular disease (PVD) is an emerging public health burden with a high rate of disability and mortality. Gasdermin D (GSDMD) has been reported to exert pyroptosis and play a critical role in the pathophysiology of many cardiovascular diseases. We ought to determine the role of GSDMD in the regulation of perfusion recovery after hindlimb ischemia (HLI). Our study revealed that GSDMD-mediated pyroptosis occurred in HLI. GSDMD deletion aggravated perfusion recovery and angiogenesis in vitro and in vivo. However, how GSDMD regulates angiogenesis after ischemic injury remains unclear. We then found that GSDMD-mediated pyroptosis exerted the angiogenic capacity in macrophages rather than endothelial cells after HLI. GSDMD deletion led to a lower level of CCL11 in mice serum. GSDMD knockdown in macrophages downregulated the expression and decreased the releasing level of CCL11. Furthermore, recombinant CCL11 improved endothelial functions and angiogenesis, which was attenuated by CCL11 antibody. Taken together, these results demonstrate that GSDMD promotes angiogenesis by releasing CCL11, thereby improving blood flow perfusion recovery after hindlimb ischemic injury. Therefore, CCL11 may be a novel target for prevention and treatment of vascular ischemic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiwen Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 200032, Shanghai, China
| | - Yang Gao
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 200032, Shanghai, China
| | - Huairui Shi
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 200032, Shanghai, China
| | - Rifeng Gao
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Fifth People's Hospital, Fudan University, 200240, Shanghai, China
| | - Ji'e Yang
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 200032, Shanghai, China
| | - Ya'nan Qu
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 200032, Shanghai, China
| | - Shiyu Hu
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 200032, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 200032, Shanghai, China
| | - Jingpu Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 200032, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiatian Cao
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 200032, Shanghai, China
| | - Feng Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 200032, Shanghai, China.
| | - Junbo Ge
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 200032, Shanghai, China.
- Key Laboratory of Viral Heart Diseases, National Health Commission, 200032, Shanghai, China.
- Key Laboratory of Viral Heart Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 200032, Shanghai, China.
- National Clinical Research Center for Interventional Medicine, 200032, Shanghai, China.
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, 200032, Shanghai, China.
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2
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Fantou A, Lagrue E, Laurent T, Delbos L, Blandin S, Jarry A, Beriou G, Braudeau C, Salabert N, Marin E, Moreau A, Podevin J, Bourreille A, Josien R, Martin JC. IL-22BP production is heterogeneously distributed in Crohn’s disease. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1034570. [PMID: 36311796 PMCID: PMC9612839 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1034570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Crohn’s disease (CD), a form of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), is characterized by impaired epithelial barrier functions and dysregulated mucosal immune responses. IL-22 binding protein (IL-22BP) is a soluble inhibitor regulating IL-22 bioactivity, a cytokine proposed to play protective roles during CD. We and others have shown that IL-22BP is produced in IBD inflamed tissues, hence suggesting a role in CD. In this work, we extended the characterization of IL-22BP production and distribution in CD tissues by applying enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays to supernatants obtained from the culture of endoscopic biopsies of patients, and reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction on sorted immune cell subsets. We reveal that IL-22BP levels are higher in inflamed ileums than colons. We observe that in a cell-intrinsic fashion, populations of mononuclear phagocytes and eosinophils express IL-22BP at the highest levels in comparison to other sources of T cells. We suggest the enrichment of intestinal eosinophils could explain higher IL-22BP levels in the ileum. In inflamed colon, we reveal the presence of increased IL-22/IL22BP ratios compared to controls, and a strong correlation between IL-22BP and CCL24. We identify monocyte-derived dendritic cells (moDC) as a cellular subtype co-expressing both cytokines and validate our finding using in vitro culture systems. We also show that retinoic acid induces the secretion of both IL-22BP and CCL24 by moDC. Finally, we report on higher IL-22BP levels in active smokers. In conclusion, our work provides new information relevant to therapeutic strategies modulating IL-22 bioactivity in CD, especially in the context of disease location.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélie Fantou
- Nantes Université, CHU Nantes, Inserm, Centre de Recherche Translationnelle en Transplantation et Immunologie, UMR 1064, Nantes, France
- CHU Nantes, Nantes Université, Laboratoire d’Immunologie, CIMNA, Nantes, France
| | - Eric Lagrue
- CHU Nantes, Nantes Université, Service d’Anatomie et Cytologie Pathologiques, Nantes, France
| | - Thomas Laurent
- Nantes Université, CHU Nantes, Inserm, Centre de Recherche Translationnelle en Transplantation et Immunologie, UMR 1064, Nantes, France
| | - Laurence Delbos
- Nantes Université, CHU Nantes, Inserm, Centre de Recherche Translationnelle en Transplantation et Immunologie, UMR 1064, Nantes, France
| | - Stéphanie Blandin
- Nantes Université, CHU Nantes, CNRS, Inserm, BioCore, US16, SFR Bonamy, Nantes, France
| | - Anne Jarry
- Nantes Université, Univ Angers, INSERM, CNRS, Immunology and New Concepts in ImmunoTherapy, INCIT, UMR 1302/EMR6001, Nantes, France
| | - Gaëlle Beriou
- Nantes Université, CHU Nantes, Inserm, Centre de Recherche Translationnelle en Transplantation et Immunologie, UMR 1064, Nantes, France
| | - Cécile Braudeau
- Nantes Université, CHU Nantes, Inserm, Centre de Recherche Translationnelle en Transplantation et Immunologie, UMR 1064, Nantes, France
- CHU Nantes, Nantes Université, Laboratoire d’Immunologie, CIMNA, Nantes, France
| | - Nina Salabert
- Nantes Université, CHU Nantes, Inserm, Centre de Recherche Translationnelle en Transplantation et Immunologie, UMR 1064, Nantes, France
- CHU Nantes, Nantes Université, Laboratoire d’Immunologie, CIMNA, Nantes, France
| | - Eros Marin
- Nantes Université, CHU Nantes, Inserm, Centre de Recherche Translationnelle en Transplantation et Immunologie, UMR 1064, Nantes, France
| | - Aurélie Moreau
- Nantes Université, CHU Nantes, Inserm, Centre de Recherche Translationnelle en Transplantation et Immunologie, UMR 1064, Nantes, France
| | - Juliette Podevin
- CHU Nantes, Institut des Maladies de l’Appareil Digestif, Nantes, France
| | - Arnaud Bourreille
- CHU Nantes, Institut des Maladies de l’Appareil Digestif, Nantes, France
| | - Régis Josien
- Nantes Université, CHU Nantes, Inserm, Centre de Recherche Translationnelle en Transplantation et Immunologie, UMR 1064, Nantes, France
- CHU Nantes, Nantes Université, Laboratoire d’Immunologie, CIMNA, Nantes, France
- *Correspondence: Jérôme C. Martin, ; Régis Josien,
| | - Jérôme C. Martin
- Nantes Université, CHU Nantes, Inserm, Centre de Recherche Translationnelle en Transplantation et Immunologie, UMR 1064, Nantes, France
- CHU Nantes, Nantes Université, Laboratoire d’Immunologie, CIMNA, Nantes, France
- *Correspondence: Jérôme C. Martin, ; Régis Josien,
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3
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Zhang Q, Chen LH, Yang H, Fang YC, Wang SW, Wang M, Yuan QT, Wu W, Zhang YM, Liu ZJ, Nan FJ, Xie X. GPR84 signaling promotes intestinal mucosal inflammation via enhancing NLRP3 inflammasome activation in macrophages. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2022; 43:2042-2054. [PMID: 34912006 PMCID: PMC9343429 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-021-00825-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The putative medium-chain free fatty acid receptor GPR84 is a G protein-coupled receptor primarily expressed in myeloid cells that constitute the innate immune system, including neutrophils, monocytes, and macrophages in the periphery and microglia in the brain. The fact that GPR84 expression in leukocytes is remarkably increased under acute inflammatory stimuli such as lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and TNFα suggests that it may play a role in the development of inflammatory and fibrotic diseases. Here we demonstrate that GPR84 is highly upregulated in inflamed colon tissues of active ulcerative colitis (UC) patients and dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis mice. Infiltrating GPR84+ macrophages are significantly increased in the colonic mucosa of both the UC patients and the mice with colitis. Consistently, GPR84-/- mice are resistant to the development of colitis induced by DSS. GPR84 activation imposes pro-inflammatory properties in colonic macrophages through enhancing NLRP3 inflammasome activation, while the loss of GPR84 prevents the M1 polarization and properties of proinflammatory macrophages. CLH536, a novel GPR84 antagonist discovered by us, suppresses colitis by reducing the polarization and function of pro-inflammatory macrophages. These results define a unique role of GPR84 in innate immune cells and intestinal inflammation, and suggest that GPR84 may serve as a potential drug target for the treatment of UC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Zhang
- grid.9227.e0000000119573309State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, The National Center for Drug Screening, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203 China ,grid.410726.60000 0004 1797 8419School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, 310024 China
| | - Lin-hai Chen
- grid.9227.e0000000119573309State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, The National Center for Drug Screening, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203 China
| | - Hui Yang
- grid.9227.e0000000119573309State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, The National Center for Drug Screening, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203 China
| | - You-chen Fang
- grid.9227.e0000000119573309State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, The National Center for Drug Screening, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203 China
| | - Si-wei Wang
- grid.9227.e0000000119573309State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, The National Center for Drug Screening, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203 China ,grid.410726.60000 0004 1797 8419University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
| | - Min Wang
- grid.9227.e0000000119573309State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, The National Center for Drug Screening, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203 China
| | - Qian-ting Yuan
- grid.9227.e0000000119573309State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, The National Center for Drug Screening, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203 China
| | - Wei Wu
- grid.24516.340000000123704535Department of Gastroenterology, The Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200072 China
| | | | - Zhan-ju Liu
- grid.24516.340000000123704535Department of Gastroenterology, The Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200072 China
| | - Fa-jun Nan
- grid.9227.e0000000119573309State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, The National Center for Drug Screening, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203 China ,grid.410726.60000 0004 1797 8419School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, 310024 China ,Yantai Key Laboratory of Nanomedicine and Advanced Preparations, Yantai Institute of Materia Medica, Yantai, 264000 China
| | - Xin Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, The National Center for Drug Screening, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China. .,School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, 310024, China. .,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
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4
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Wemyss K, Konkel JE. Gingival monocytes: Lessons from other barriers. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2022; 145:106194. [PMID: 35276370 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2022.106194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Unlike other non-lymphoid tissues monocytes comprise a large proportion of mononuclear phagocytes present within the gingiva. Their functions and fate remain poorly understood. The oral mucosa faces challenges common to all barrier surfaces, including constant exposure to antigens and the resident commensal bacteria, but also experiences ongoing mechanical damage from mastication. Gingiva monocytes may therefore possess both myeloid functions observed at other barrier sites, such as hypo-responsiveness to bacterial stimulation, and distinctive functions tailored by their unique environment. In this review, we discuss the establishment and function of monocytes and macrophages at several mucosal tissues, and posit potential functions of monocytes within the gingiva tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly Wemyss
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK; Division of infection, Immunity and Respiratory Medicine, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Joanne E Konkel
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK; Division of infection, Immunity and Respiratory Medicine, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK.
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5
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Camba-Gómez M, Arosa L, Gualillo O, Conde-Aranda J. Chemokines and chemokine receptors in inflammatory bowel disease: Recent findings and future perspectives. Drug Discov Today 2021; 27:1167-1175. [PMID: 34896626 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2021.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Despite the benefits of current therapeutic options for treating inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), there are still patients who are refractory to these therapies. Moreover, the relapses caused by incomplete intestinal mucosa healing are frequent. Therefore, there is a need for novel pharmacological targets that can improve the existing IBD therapeutic armamentarium. Chemokine and chemokine receptors have emerged as appealing options to this end. As well as controlling leukocyte trafficking to inflamed tissues, these proteins regulate many other processes related to the development of intestinal inflammation. In this review, we summarise the most recent preclinical studies, along with the putative application of chemokine-based therapies in patients with IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Camba-Gómez
- Molecular and Cellular Gastroenterology, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Laura Arosa
- Molecular and Cellular Gastroenterology, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Oreste Gualillo
- SERGAS (Servizo Galego de Saude) and IDIS (Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago), The NEIRID Lab (Neuroendocrine Interactions in Rheumatology and Inflammatory Diseases), Research Laboratory 9, Santiago University Clinical Hospital, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Javier Conde-Aranda
- Molecular and Cellular Gastroenterology, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
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6
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Casado-Bedmar M, de-Faria FM, Biskou O, Lindqvist CM, Ranasinghe PD, Bednarska O, Peterson C, Walter SA, Carlson M, Keita ÅV. Elevated F-EDN correlates with mucosal eosinophil degranulation in patients with IBS-A possible association with microbiota? J Leukoc Biol 2021; 111:655-665. [PMID: 34151454 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.4a0521-228r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Eosinophils have been linked to functional dyspepsia; however, less is known about their role in irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). This study tested the hypothesis of alterations in levels of fecal eosinophil-derived neurotoxin (F-EDN) and eosinophil density and degranulation within the colonic mucosa of IBS patients compared with healthy controls (HC). Colonic biopsies were collected from 37 IBS patients and 20 HC and analyzed for eosinophil numbers and local degranulation of eosinophil cationic protein (ECP) by histologic procedures. Fecal samples were collected for F-EDN and microbiota analysis. Differentiated 15HL-60 cells were used in vitro to investigate the direct effect of live bacteria on eosinophil activation measured by a colorimetric assay with o-phenylenediamine (OPD) substrate. We observed a higher number of eosinophils and increased extracellular ECP in the mucosa of IBS patients compared with HC. Moreover, F-EDN levels in IBS samples were elevated compared with HC and positively correlated to extracellular ECP. Metagenomic analysis showed significant correlations between bacterial composition and eosinophil measurements in both HC and IBS patients. In vitro experiments revealed an increased degranulation of 15HL-60 after stimulation with Salmonella typhimurium, Salmonella enterica, and Yersinia enterocolitica. To conclude, we could demonstrate alterations related to eosinophils in IBS, and, for the first time, a positive correlation between F-EDN levels and degranulated eosinophils in the colonic mucosa of IBS patients. Together our results suggest that eosinophils play a role in the pathophysiology of IBS and the mechanisms might be linked to an altered microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maite Casado-Bedmar
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Felipe Meira de-Faria
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Olga Biskou
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | | | - Purnika Damindi Ranasinghe
- Institute of Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Olga Bednarska
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.,Department of Gastroenterology, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Christer Peterson
- Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Chemistry, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden and Diagnostics Development, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Susanna A Walter
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.,Department of Gastroenterology, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Marie Carlson
- Department of Medical Sciences, Gastroenterology Research Group, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Åsa V Keita
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
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7
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Hadrian K, Willenborg S, Bock F, Cursiefen C, Eming SA, Hos D. Macrophage-Mediated Tissue Vascularization: Similarities and Differences Between Cornea and Skin. Front Immunol 2021; 12:667830. [PMID: 33897716 PMCID: PMC8058454 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.667830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are critical mediators of tissue vascularization both in health and disease. In multiple tissues, macrophages have been identified as important regulators of both blood and lymphatic vessel growth, specifically following tissue injury and in pathological inflammatory responses. In development, macrophages have also been implicated in limiting vascular growth. Hence, macrophages provide an important therapeutic target to modulate tissue vascularization in the clinic. However, the molecular mechanisms how macrophages mediate tissue vascularization are still not entirely resolved. Furthermore, mechanisms might also vary among different tissues. Here we review the role of macrophages in tissue vascularization with a focus on their role in blood and lymphatic vessel formation in the barrier tissues cornea and skin. Comparing mechanisms of macrophage-mediated hem- and lymphangiogenesis in the angiogenically privileged cornea and the physiologically vascularized skin provides an opportunity to highlight similarities but also tissue-specific differences, and to understand how macrophage-mediated hem- and lymphangiogenesis can be exploited for the treatment of disease, including corneal wound healing after injury, graft rejection after corneal transplantation or pathological vascularization of the skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina Hadrian
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | | | - Felix Bock
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Claus Cursiefen
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Sabine A Eming
- Department of Dermatology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Developmental Biology Unit, Institute of Zoology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Deniz Hos
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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8
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Viola MF, Boeckxstaens G. Intestinal resident macrophages: Multitaskers of the gut. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2020; 32:e13843. [PMID: 32222060 PMCID: PMC7757264 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.13843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Revised: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intestinal resident macrophages play a crucial role in homeostasis and have been implicated in numerous gastrointestinal diseases. While historically believed to be largely of hematopoietic origin, recent advances in fate-mapping technology have unveiled the existence of long-lived, self-maintaining populations located in specific niches throughout the gut wall. Furthermore, the advent of single-cell technology has enabled an unprecedented characterization of the functional specialization of tissue-resident macrophages throughout the gastrointestinal tract. PURPOSE The purpose of this review was to provide a panorama on intestinal resident macrophages, with particular focus to the recent advances in the field. Here, we discuss the functions and phenotype of intestinal resident macrophages and, where possible, the functional specialization of these cells in response to the niche they occupy. Furthermore, we will discuss their role in gastrointestinal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Francesca Viola
- Department of Chronic Diseases, Metabolism and Ageing (CHROMETA)Laboratory for Neuro Immune InteractionTranslational Research in GastroIntestinal Disorders (TARGID)KU LeuvenLeuvenBelgium
| | - Guy Boeckxstaens
- Department of Chronic Diseases, Metabolism and Ageing (CHROMETA)Laboratory for Neuro Immune InteractionTranslational Research in GastroIntestinal Disorders (TARGID)KU LeuvenLeuvenBelgium
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9
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Katinios G, Casado-Bedmar M, Walter SA, Vicario M, González-Castro AM, Bednarska O, Söderholm JD, Hjortswang H, Keita ÅV. Increased Colonic Epithelial Permeability and Mucosal Eosinophilia in Ulcerative Colitis in Remission Compared With Irritable Bowel Syndrome and Health. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2020; 26:974-984. [PMID: 31944236 PMCID: PMC7301402 DOI: 10.1093/ibd/izz328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Barrier dysfunction is recognized as a pathogenic factor in ulcerative colitis (UC) and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), but it is unclear to what extent the factors related to barrier dysfunction are disease-specific. The aim of this study was to compare these aspects in UC patients in remission, IBS patients, and healthy controls (HCs). METHODS Colonic biopsies were collected from 13 patients with UC in remission, 15 patients with IBS-mixed, and 15 HCs. Ulcerative colitis patients had recently been treated for relapse, and biopsies were taken from earlier inflamed areas. Biopsies were mounted in Ussing chambers for measurements of intestinal paracellular permeability to 51chromium (Cr)-ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA). In addition, biopsies were analyzed for mast cells and eosinophils by histological procedures, and plasma tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α was assessed by ELISA. RESULTS Ussing chamber experiments revealed an increased 51Cr-EDTA permeability in UC and IBS (P < 0.05). The 51Cr-EDTA permeability was higher in UC compared with IBS (P < 0.005). There were increased numbers of mucosal mast cells and eosinophils in UC and IBS and more eosinophils in UC compared with IBS (P < 0.05). Also, increased extracellular granule content was found in UC compared with HCs (P < 0.05). The 51Cr-EDTA permeability correlated significantly with eosinophils in all groups. Plasma TNF-α concentration was higher in UC compared with IBS and HCs (P < 0.0005). CONCLUSIONS Results indicate a more permeable intestinal epithelium in inactive UC and IBS compared with HCs. Ulcerative colitis patients, even during remission, demonstrate a leakier barrier compared with IBS. Both eosinophil numbers and activation state might be involved in the increased barrier function seen in UC patients in remission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgios Katinios
- Department of Gastroenterology, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Maite Casado-Bedmar
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Susanna A Walter
- Department of Gastroenterology, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Maria Vicario
- Laboratory of Translational Mucosal Immunology, Digestive Diseases Research Unit. Vall d’Hebron Institut de Recerca, Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ana M González-Castro
- Laboratory of Translational Mucosal Immunology, Digestive Diseases Research Unit. Vall d’Hebron Institut de Recerca, Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Olga Bednarska
- Department of Gastroenterology, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Johan D Söderholm
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
- Department of Surgery, Linköping, Linköping University,Sweden
| | - Henrik Hjortswang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Åsa V Keita
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
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10
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Caër C, Wick MJ. Human Intestinal Mononuclear Phagocytes in Health and Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Front Immunol 2020; 11:410. [PMID: 32256490 PMCID: PMC7093381 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), including Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, is a complex immune-mediated disease of the gastrointestinal tract that increases morbidity and negatively influences the quality of life. Intestinal mononuclear phagocytes (MNPs) have a crucial role in maintaining epithelial barrier integrity while controlling pathogen invasion by activating an appropriate immune response. However, in genetically predisposed individuals, uncontrolled immune activation to intestinal flora is thought to underlie the chronic mucosal inflammation that can ultimately result in IBD. Thus, MNPs are involved in fine-tuning mucosal immune system responsiveness and have a critical role in maintaining homeostasis or, potentially, the emergence of IBD. MNPs include monocytes, macrophages and dendritic cells, which are functionally diverse but highly complementary. Despite their crucial role in maintaining intestinal homeostasis, specific functions of human MNP subsets are poorly understood, especially during diseases such as IBD. Here we review the current understanding of MNP ontogeny, as well as the recently identified human intestinal MNP subsets, and discuss their role in health and IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Caër
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Mary Jo Wick
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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11
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Singh SP, Chand HS, Banerjee S, Agarwal H, Raizada V, Roy S, Sopori M. Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitor Pyridostigmine Bromide Attenuates Gut Pathology and Bacterial Dysbiosis in a Murine Model of Ulcerative Colitis. Dig Dis Sci 2020; 65:141-149. [PMID: 31643033 PMCID: PMC6943409 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-019-05838-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a Th2 inflammatory bowel disease characterized by increased IL-5 and IL-13 expression, eosinophilic/neutrophilic infiltration, decreased mucus production, impaired epithelial barrier, and bacterial dysbiosis of the colon. Acetylcholine and nicotine stimulate mucus production and suppress Th2 inflammation through nicotinic receptors in lungs but UC is rarely observed in smokers and the mechanism of the protection is unclear. METHODS In order to evaluate whether acetylcholine can ameliorate UC-associated pathologies, we employed a mouse model of dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced UC-like conditions, and a group of mice were treated with Pyridostigmine bromide (PB) to increase acetylcholine availability. The effects on colonic tissue morphology, Th2 inflammatory factors, MUC2 mucin, and gut microbiota were analyzed. RESULTS DSS challenge damaged the murine colonic architecture, reduced the MUC2 mucin and the tight-junction protein ZO-1. The PB treatment significantly attenuated these DSS-induced responses along with the eosinophilic infiltration and the pro-Th2 inflammatory factors. Moreover, PB inhibited the DSS-induced loss of commensal Clostridia and Flavobacteria, and the gain of pathogenic Erysipelotrichia and Fusobacteria. CONCLUSIONS Together, these data suggest that in colons of a murine model, PB promotes MUC2 synthesis, suppresses Th2 inflammation and attenuates bacterial dysbiosis therefore, PB has a therapeutic potential in UC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shashi P Singh
- Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute, 2425 Ridgecrest Dr SE, Albuquerque, NM, 87108, USA
| | - Hitendra S Chand
- Department of Immunology and Nano-Medicine, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL, 33199, USA
| | - Santanu Banerjee
- Department of Surgery and Sylvester Cancer Center, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, 33101, USA
| | - Hemant Agarwal
- University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA
| | - Veena Raizada
- University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA
| | - Sabita Roy
- Department of Surgery and Sylvester Cancer Center, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, 33101, USA
| | - Mohan Sopori
- Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute, 2425 Ridgecrest Dr SE, Albuquerque, NM, 87108, USA.
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12
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CCL11 Differentially Affects Post-Stroke Brain Injury and Neuroregeneration in Mice Depending on Age. Cells 2019; 9:cells9010066. [PMID: 31888056 PMCID: PMC7017112 DOI: 10.3390/cells9010066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Revised: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
CCL11 has recently been shown to differentially affect cell survival under various pathological conditions including stroke. Indeed, CCL11 promotes neuroregeneration in neonatal stroke mice. The impact of CCL11 on the adult ischemic brain, however, remains elusive. We therefore studied the effect of ectopic CCL11 on both adolescent (six-week) and adult (six-month) C57BL6 mice exposed to stroke. Intraperitoneal application of CCL11 significantly aggravated acute brain injury in adult mice but not in adolescent mice. Likewise, post-stroke neurological recovery after four weeks was significantly impaired in adult mice whilst CCL11 was present. On the contrary, CCL11 stimulated gliogenesis and neurogenesis in adolescent mice. Flow cytometry analysis of blood and brain samples revealed a modification of inflammation by CCL11 at subacute stages of the disease. In adolescent mice, CCL11 enhances microglial cell, B and T lymphocyte migration towards the brain, whereas only the number of B lymphocytes is increased in the adult brain. Finally, the CCL11 inhibitor SB297006 significantly reversed the aforementioned effects. Our study, for the first time, demonstrates CCL11 to be a key player in mediating secondary cell injury under stroke conditions. Interfering with this pathway, as shown for SB297006, might thus be an interesting approach for future stroke treatment paradigms.
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13
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Celiac Disease Monocytes Induce a Barrier Defect in Intestinal Epithelial Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20225597. [PMID: 31717494 PMCID: PMC6888450 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20225597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Revised: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Intestinal epithelial barrier function in celiac disease (CeD) patients is altered. However, the mechanism underlying this effect is not fully understood. The aim of the current study was to evaluate the role of monocytes in eliciting the epithelial barrier defect in CeD. For this purpose, human monocytes were isolated from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from active and inactive CeD patients and healthy controls. PBMCs were sorted for expression of CD14 and co-cultured with intestinal epithelial cells (IECs, Caco2BBe). Barrier function, as well as tight junctional alterations, were determined. Monocytes were characterized by profiling of cytokines and surface marker expression. Transepithelial resistance was found to be decreased only in IECs that had been exposed to celiac monocytes. In line with this, tight junctional alterations were found by confocal laser scanning microscopy and Western blotting of ZO-1, occludin, and claudin-5. Analysis of cytokine concentrations in monocyte supernatants revealed higher expression of interleukin-6 and MCP-1 in celiac monocytes. However, surface marker expression, as analyzed by FACS analysis after immunostaining, did not reveal significant alterations in celiac monocytes. In conclusion, CeD peripheral monocytes reveal an intrinsically elevated pro-inflammatory cytokine pattern that is associated with the potential of peripheral monocytes to affect barrier function by altering TJ composition.
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14
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Vessby J, Lampinen M, Åberg M, Rorsman F, Siegbahn A, Wanders A, Carlson M. Tissue factor in ulcerative colitis, with and without concomitant primary sclerosing cholangitis. Ups J Med Sci 2019; 124:238-245. [PMID: 31774347 PMCID: PMC6968534 DOI: 10.1080/03009734.2019.1689209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Ulcerative colitis (UC) in patients with the severe disease primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) constitutes a distinct clinical phenotype (PSC-UC) with a high incidence of colorectal cancer. Today, PSC-UC diagnosis is built on clinical observations only. Tissue factor (TF) has a potential use in UC diagnostics, and also in colorectal cancer prognostication. Here we evaluate TF expression in an inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) cohort, with special focus on differences between UC and PSC-UC patients.Materials and methods: Colonic biopsies from UC (n = 23), PSC (n = 24), and healthy controls (n = 11) were stained for TF by immunohistochemistry. Mononuclear cell contribution to TF expression was verified using flow cytometry.Results: TF was distributed at three distinct colonic locations: in subepithelial pericryptal sheath cells, in mononuclear cells, and in the intestinal stroma. In contrast to UC-where inflammation was accompanied with TF up-regulation-PSC-UC activity remained low during inflammation. Stromal TF positivity was found exclusively in ongoing inflammation.Conclusion: Our study provides additional support for a divergent pathogenesis in PSC-UC, with an inflammatory environment that differs from classical UC. Stromal TF emerges as a new marker of colonic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johan Vessby
- Department of Medical Sciences, Gastroenterology Research Group, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Maria Lampinen
- Department of Medical Sciences, Gastroenterology Research Group, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Mikael Åberg
- Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Chemistry and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Fredrik Rorsman
- Department of Medical Sciences, Gastroenterology Research Group, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Agneta Siegbahn
- Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Chemistry and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Alkwin Wanders
- Department of Medical Biosciences, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Marie Carlson
- Department of Medical Sciences, Gastroenterology Research Group, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- CONTACT Marie Carlson Gastroenterology Research Group, Department of Medical Sciences, University Hospital Akademiska, S-751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
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15
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Loktionov A. Eosinophils in the gastrointestinal tract and their role in the pathogenesis of major colorectal disorders. World J Gastroenterol 2019; 25:3503-3526. [PMID: 31367153 PMCID: PMC6658389 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v25.i27.3503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Revised: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 06/01/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Eosinophils are currently regarded as versatile mobile cells controlling and regulating multiple biological pathways and responses in health and disease. These cells store in their specific granules numerous biologically active substances (cytotoxic cationic proteins, cytokines, growth factors, chemokines, enzymes) ready for rapid release. The human gut is the main destination of eosinophils that are produced and matured in the bone marrow and then transferred to target tissues through the circulation. In health the most important functions of gut-residing eosinophils comprise their participation in the maintenance of the protective mucosal barrier and interactions with other immune cells in providing immunity to microbiota of the gut lumen. Eosinophils are closely involved in the development of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), when their cytotoxic granule proteins cause damage to host tissues. However, their roles in Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis appear to follow different immune response patterns. Eosinophils in IBD are especially important in altering the structure and protective functions of the mucosal barrier and modulating massive neutrophil influx to the lamina propria followed by transepithelial migration to colorectal mucus. IBD-associated inflammatory process involving eosinophils then appears to expand to the mucus overlaying the internal gut surface. The author hypothesises that immune responses within colorectal mucus as well as ETosis exerted by both neutrophils and eosinophils on the both sides of the colonic epithelial barrier act as additional pathogenetic factors in IBD. Literature analysis also shows an association between elevated eosinophil levels and better colorectal cancer (CRC) prognosis, but mechanisms behind this effect remain to be elucidated. In conclusion, the author emphasises the importance of investigating colorectal mucus in IBD and CRC patients as a previously unexplored milieu of disease-related inflammatory responses.
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16
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Cao L, Xu H, Wang G, Liu M, Tian D, Yuan Z. Extracellular vesicles derived from bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells attenuate dextran sodium sulfate-induced ulcerative colitis by promoting M2 macrophage polarization. Int Immunopharmacol 2019; 72:264-274. [PMID: 31005036 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2019.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Revised: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) secreted by bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) have shown repairing effects in tissue damage. However, their efficacy and mechanism in the treatment of ulcerative colitis (UC), a type of chronic inflammatory bowel disease, are unclear. To investigate the effects and possible mechanism of EVs in UC treatment, we established an in vitro model using lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated macrophages and an in vivo dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced mouse model to mimic UC. In vitro, EVs promoted the proliferation and suppressed inflammatory response in LPS-induced macrophages, as demonstrated by the up-regulation of pro-inflammatory factors (TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-12) and down-regulation of the anti-inflammatory factor IL-10. In the in vivo model, EV administration ameliorated the symptoms of UC by reducing weight loss, disease activity index, and colon mucosa damage and severity while increasing colon length. This was additionally accompanied by the increase in IL-10 and TGF-β levels and the decline in VEGF-A, IFN-γ, IL-12, TNF-α, CCL-24, and CCL-17 levels. In terms of the mechanism, EVs promoted M2-like macrophage polarization, characterized by the increase in the M2 marker CD163. Furthermore, the positive effect of EVs on UC repair seemed to be related to the JAK1/STAT1/STAT6 signaling pathway. Collectively, BMSC-derived EVs exerted positive therapeutic effects against DSS-induced UC, which could be due to a negative inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Cao
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No. 1095 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Hanxin Xu
- Department of Stomatology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No. 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan 430022, Hubei, China
| | - Ge Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No. 1095 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Mei Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No. 1095 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Dean Tian
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No. 1095 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Zhenglin Yuan
- Department of Stomatology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No. 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan 430022, Hubei, China.
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17
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Leoncini G, Villanacci V, Marin MG, Crisafulli V, Cadei M, Antonelli E, Leoci C, Bassotti G. Colonic hypereosinophilia in ulcerative colitis may help to predict the failure of steroid therapy. Tech Coloproctol 2018; 22:941-946. [PMID: 30535522 DOI: 10.1007/s10151-018-1896-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although glucocorticosteroids (GS) and mesalazine are effective and widely employed to treat moderate-to-severe ulcerative colitis (UC), information regarding the factors responsible for response to such therapy is still scarce. One of these factors is thought to be an increased number of mucosal eosinophils. The aim of our study was to determine whether the presence of hypereosinophilia in colonic mucosa of UC patients might influence the short-term response to l treatment with GS and mesasalazine. METHODS Clinical, endoscopic, and pathologic data from patients with a recent diagnosis of moderate UC, who had not undergone treatment, were obtained, and the short-term outcome after 1 month of conventional first-line treatment (mesalazine plus GS) was evaluated. RESULTS There were 53 patients with a median age of 37 years (95% CI 30-47).Overall, at the end of treatment period 16 (30%) patients responded, whereas a response was not observed in the other 37 (70%) patients. Interestingly, all patients of this latter group had colonic mucosal hypereosinophilia. No significant differences were found between the two groups concerning sex and age at diagnosis, but hypereosinophilia was inversely correlated with the duration of the disease (p = 0.054), and significantly correlated to the localization of UC (p = 0.0023). In addition, The Mayo score was significantly higher in patients with hypereosinophilia (median 8; 95% CI 8-9;) when compared to patients without hypereosinophilia (median 7; 95% CI 7-7, p < 0.0001) including the Mayo endoscopic subscore (median 3; 95% CI 2-3 vs median 2; 95% CI 2-2, respectively; p = 0.007). CONCLUSIONS The presence of colonic mucosal hypereosinophilia may be useful to predict the short-term outcome to conventional first-line therapy in treatment-naïve UC patients. It remains to be seen whether this might be important in modifying the first-line therapy in this subgroup of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Leoncini
- Pathology Unit, ASST del Garda, Desenzano del Garda (Brescia), Brescia, Italy
| | | | - Maria Grazia Marin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, ASST del Garda, Desenzano del Garda (Brescia), Brescia, Italy
| | | | - Moris Cadei
- Pathology Unit, ASST Spedali Civili, Brescia, Italy
| | | | - Claudio Leoci
- Department of Gastroenterology and Digestive Endoscopy, ASST del Garda, Desenzano del Garda (Brescia), Brescia, Italy
| | - Gabrio Bassotti
- Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Digestive Endoscopy Section, Department of Medicine, University of Perugia Medical School, Perugia, Italy.
- Clinica di Gastroenterologia ed Epatologia, Ospedale S.Maria della Misericordia, Piazzale Menghini, 1, 06156, Perugia, Italy.
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18
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Bain CC, Schridde A. Origin, Differentiation, and Function of Intestinal Macrophages. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2733. [PMID: 30538701 PMCID: PMC6277706 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are increasingly recognized as essential players in the maintenance of intestinal homeostasis and as key sentinels of the intestinal immune system. However, somewhat paradoxically, they are also implicated in chronic pathologies of the gastrointestinal tract, such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and are therefore considered potential targets for novel therapies. In this review, we will discuss recent advances in our understanding of intestinal macrophage heterogeneity, their ontogeny and the potential factors that regulate their origin. We will describe how the local environment of the intestine imprints the phenotypic and functional identity of the macrophage compartment, and how this changes during intestinal inflammation and infection. Finally, we highlight key outstanding questions that should be the focus of future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Calum C Bain
- Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Anika Schridde
- Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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19
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Differential Intestinal Mucosa Transcriptomic Biomarkers for Crohn's Disease and Ulcerative Colitis. J Immunol Res 2018; 2018:9208274. [PMID: 30417021 PMCID: PMC6207860 DOI: 10.1155/2018/9208274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Genetic research has shaped the inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) landscape identifying nearly two hundred risk loci. Nonetheless, the identified variants rendered only a partial success in providing criteria for the differential diagnosis between ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's disease (CD). Transcript levels from affected intestinal mucosa may serve as tentative biomarkers for improving classification and diagnosis of IBD. The aim of our study was to identify gene expression profiles specific for UC and CD, in endoscopically affected and normal intestinal colonic mucosa from IBD patients. We evaluated a panel of 84 genes related to the IBD-inflammatory pathway on 21 UC and 22 CD paired inflamed and not inflamed mucosa and on age-matched normal mucosa from 21 non-IBD controls. Two genes in UC (CCL11 and MMP10) and two in CD (C4BPB and IL1RN) showed an upregulation trend in both noninflamed and inflamed mucosa compared to controls. Our results suggest that the transcript levels of CCL11, MMP10, C4BPB, and IL1RN are candidate biomarkers that could help in clinical practice for the differential diagnosis between UC and CD and could guide new research on future therapeutic targets.
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20
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Lampinen M, Fredricsson A, Vessby J, Martinez JF, Wanders A, Rorsman F, Carlson M. Downregulated eosinophil activity in ulcerative colitis with concomitant primary sclerosing cholangitis. J Leukoc Biol 2018; 104:173-183. [DOI: 10.1002/jlb.3ma0517-175r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Revised: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 03/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Lampinen
- Department of Medical Sciences; Gastroenterology Research Group; University Hospital; Uppsala Sweden
| | - Annika Fredricsson
- Department of Medical Sciences; Gastroenterology Research Group; University Hospital; Uppsala Sweden
| | - Johan Vessby
- Department of Medical Sciences; Gastroenterology Research Group; University Hospital; Uppsala Sweden
| | - Johana Fernandez Martinez
- Department of Medical Sciences; Gastroenterology Research Group; University Hospital; Uppsala Sweden
| | - Alkwin Wanders
- Department of Medical Biosciences; Umeå University; Umeå Sweden
| | - Fredrik Rorsman
- Department of Medical Sciences; Gastroenterology Research Group; University Hospital; Uppsala Sweden
| | - Marie Carlson
- Department of Medical Sciences; Gastroenterology Research Group; University Hospital; Uppsala Sweden
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21
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Diversity and functions of intestinal mononuclear phagocytes. Mucosal Immunol 2017; 10:845-864. [PMID: 28378807 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2017.22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2016] [Revised: 02/16/2017] [Accepted: 02/22/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The intestinal lamina propria (LP) contains a diverse array of mononuclear phagocyte (MNP) subsets, including conventional dendritic cells (cDC), monocytes and tissue-resident macrophages (mφ) that collectively play an essential role in mucosal homeostasis, infection and inflammation. In the current review we discuss the function of intestinal cDC and monocyte-derived MNP, highlighting how these subsets play several non-redundant roles in the regulation of intestinal immune responses. While much remains to be learnt, recent findings also underline how the various populations of MNP adapt to deal with the challenges specific to their environment. Understanding these processes should help target individual subsets for 'fine tuning' immunological responses within the intestine, a process that may be of relevance both for the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and for optimized vaccine design.
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22
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Diny NL, Rose NR, Čiháková D. Eosinophils in Autoimmune Diseases. Front Immunol 2017; 8:484. [PMID: 28496445 PMCID: PMC5406413 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Eosinophils are multifunctional granulocytes that contribute to initiation and modulation of inflammation. Their role in asthma and parasitic infections has long been recognized. Growing evidence now reveals a role for eosinophils in autoimmune diseases. In this review, we summarize the function of eosinophils in inflammatory bowel diseases, neuromyelitis optica, bullous pemphigoid, autoimmune myocarditis, primary biliary cirrhosis, eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis, and other autoimmune diseases. Clinical studies, eosinophil-targeted therapies, and experimental models have contributed to our understanding of the regulation and function of eosinophils in these diseases. By examining the role of eosinophils in autoimmune diseases of different organs, we can identify common pathogenic mechanisms. These include degranulation of cytotoxic granule proteins, induction of antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity, release of proteases degrading extracellular matrix, immune modulation through cytokines, antigen presentation, and prothrombotic functions. The association of eosinophilic diseases with autoimmune diseases is also examined, showing a possible increase in autoimmune diseases in patients with eosinophilic esophagitis, hypereosinophilic syndrome, and non-allergic asthma. Finally, we summarize key future research needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola L Diny
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Noel R Rose
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Daniela Čiháková
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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23
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Moshkovits I, Reichman H, Karo-Atar D, Rozenberg P, Zigmond E, Haberman Y, Ben Baruch-Morgenstern N, Lampinen M, Carlson M, Itan M, Denson LA, Varol C, Munitz A. A key requirement for CD300f in innate immune responses of eosinophils in colitis. Mucosal Immunol 2017; 10:172-183. [PMID: 27118491 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2016.37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2015] [Accepted: 03/16/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Eosinophils are traditionally studied in the context of type 2 immune responses. However, recent studies highlight key innate immune functions for eosinophils especially in colonic inflammation. Surprisingly, molecular pathways regulating innate immune activities of eosinophil are largely unknown. We have recently shown that the CD300f is highly expressed by colonic eosinophils. Nonetheless, the role of CD300f in governing innate immune eosinophil activities is ill-defined. RNA sequencing of 162 pediatric Crohn's disease patients revealed upregulation of multiple Cd300 family members, which correlated with the presence of severe ulcerations and inflammation. Increased expression of CD300 family receptors was also observed in active ulcerative colitis (UC) and in mice following induction of experimental colitis. Specifically, the expression of CD300f was dynamically regulated in monocytes and eosinophils. Dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-treated Cd300f-/- mice exhibit attenuated disease activity and histopathology in comparison with DSS-treated wild type (WT). Decreased disease activity in Cd300f-/- mice was accompanied with reduced inflammatory cell infiltration and nearly abolished production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Monocyte depletion and chimeric bone marrow transfer experiments revealed a cell-specific requirement for CD300f in innate immune activation of eosinophils. Collectively, we uncover a new pathway regulating innate immune activities of eosinophils, a finding with significant implications in eosinophil-associated gastrointestinal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Moshkovits
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - H Reichman
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - D Karo-Atar
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - P Rozenberg
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - E Zigmond
- Research Center for Digestive Tract and Liver Diseases, Sourasky Medical Center and Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Y Haberman
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.,Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel
| | - N Ben Baruch-Morgenstern
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - M Lampinen
- Gastroenterology Research Group, Department of Medical Sciences, University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - M Carlson
- Gastroenterology Research Group, Department of Medical Sciences, University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - M Itan
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - L A Denson
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - C Varol
- Research Center for Digestive Tract and Liver Diseases, Sourasky Medical Center and Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - A Munitz
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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Park JH, Jeong DY, Peyrin-Biroulet L, Eisenhut M, Shin JI. Insight into the role of TSLP in inflammatory bowel diseases. Autoimmun Rev 2016; 16:55-63. [PMID: 27697608 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2016.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Proinflammatory cytokines are thought to modulate pathogeneses of various inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs). Thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP), which has been studied in various allergic diseases such as asthma, atopic dermatitis (AD) and eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE), has been less considered to be involved in IBDs. However, mucosal dendritic cells (DCs) induced by various cytokines including TSLP were reported to cause polarization of T cell toward Th2 response, the differentiation of regulatory T-cell (Treg), and secretion of IgA by B cells. In this review, we discuss the concept that decreased TSLP has the potential to accelerate the development of Th1 response dominant diseases such as the Crohn's disease (CD) while increased TSLP has the potential to lead to a development of Th2 cell dominant diseases such the ulcerative colitis (UC). To examine TSLP's role as a potential determining factor for differentiating UC and CD, we analyzed the effects of other genes regulated by TSLP in regards to the UC and CD pathogeneses using data from online open access resources such as NetPath, GeneMania, and the String database. Our findings indicate that TSLP is a key mediator in the pathogenesis of IBDs and that further studies are needed to evaluate its role.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Laurent Peyrin-Biroulet
- Inserm U954 and Department of Gastroenterology, Nancy University Hospital, Université de Lorraine, France
| | - Michael Eisenhut
- Luton & Dunstable University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Luton, United Kingdom
| | - Jae Il Shin
- Department of Pediatrics, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
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Huber AK, Giles DA, Segal BM, Irani DN. An emerging role for eotaxins in neurodegenerative disease. Clin Immunol 2016; 189:29-33. [PMID: 27664933 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2016.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Revised: 09/07/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Eotaxins are C-C motif chemokines first identified as potent eosinophil chemoattractants. They facilitate eosinophil recruitment to sites of inflammation in response to parasitic infections as well as allergic and autoimmune diseases such as asthma, atopic dermatitis, and inflammatory bowel disease. The eotaxin family currently includes three members: eotaxin-1 (CCL11), eotaxin-2 (CCL24), and eotaxin-3 (CCL26). Despite having only ~30% sequence homology to one another, each was identified based on its ability to bind the chemokine receptor, CCR3. Beyond their role in innate immunity, recent studies have shown that CCL11 and related molecules may directly contribute to degenerative processes in the central nervous system (CNS). CCL11 levels increase in the plasma and cerebrospinal fluid of both mice and humans as part of normal aging. In mice, these increases are associated with declining neurogenesis and impaired cognition and memory. In humans, elevated plasma levels of CCL11 have been observed in Alzheimer's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Huntington's disease, and secondary progressive multiple sclerosis when compared to age-matched, healthy controls. Since CCL11 is capable of crossing the blood-brain barrier of normal mice, it is plausible that eotaxins generated in the periphery may exert physiological and pathological actions in the CNS. Here, we briefly review known functions of eotaxin family members during innate immunity, and then focus on whether and how these molecules might participate in the progression of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda K Huber
- Holtom-Garrett Program in Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - David A Giles
- Holtom-Garrett Program in Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Benjamin M Segal
- Holtom-Garrett Program in Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - David N Irani
- Holtom-Garrett Program in Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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Metronomic cyclophosphamide activation of anti-tumor immunity: tumor model, mouse host, and drug schedule dependence of gene responses and their upstream regulators. BMC Cancer 2016; 16:623. [PMID: 27515027 PMCID: PMC4982114 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-016-2597-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2016] [Accepted: 07/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cyclophosphamide (CPA) can activate immunogenic tumor cell death, which induces immune-based tumor ablation and long-term anti-tumor immunity in a syngeneic C57BL/6 (B6) mouse GL261 glioma model when CPA is given on a 6-day repeating metronomic schedule (CPA/6d). In contrast, we find that two other syngeneic B6 mouse tumors, LLC lung carcinoma and B16F10 melanoma, do not exhibit these drug-induced immune responses despite their intrinsic sensitivity to CPA cytotoxicity. Methods To elucidate underlying mechanisms, we investigated gene expression and molecular pathway changes associated with the disparate immune responsiveness of these tumors to CPA/6d treatment. Results Global transcriptome analysis indicated substantial elevation of basal GL261 immune infiltration and strong CPA/6d activation of GL261 immune stimulatory pathways and their upstream regulators, but without preferential depletion of negative immune regulators compared to LLC and B16F10 tumors. In LLC tumors, where CPA/6d treatment is shown to be anti-angiogenic, CPA/6d suppressed VEGFA target genes and down regulated cell adhesion and leukocyte transendothelial migration genes. In GL261 tumors implanted in adaptive immune-deficient scid mice, where CPA/6d-induced GL261 regression is incomplete and late tumor growth rebound can occur, T cell receptor signaling and certain cytokine-cytokine receptor responses seen in B6 mice were deficient. Extending the CPA treatment interval from 6 to 9 days (CPA/9d) − which results in a strong but transient natural killer cell response followed by early tumor growth rebound − induced fewer cytokines and increased expression of drug metabolism genes. Conclusions These findings elucidate molecular response pathways activated by intermittent metronomic CPA treatment and identify deficiencies that characterize immune-unresponsive tumor models and drug schedules. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12885-016-2597-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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27
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Adar T, Shteingart S, Ben-Ya'acov A, Shitrit ABG, Livovsky DM, Shmorak S, Mahamid M, Melamud B, Vernea F, Goldin E. The Importance of Intestinal Eotaxin-1 in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: New Insights and Possible Therapeutic Implications. Dig Dis Sci 2016; 61:1915-24. [PMID: 26874691 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-016-4047-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Accepted: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Involvement of eotaxin-1 in inflammatory bowel disease has been previously suggested and increased levels of eotaxin-1 have been described in both ulcerative colitis and in Crohn's disease. The association between serum levels of eotaxin-1 and that within the colonic mucosa has not been well defined, as is the potential therapeutic value of targeting eotaxin-1. AIMS To characterize serum and intestinal wall eotaxin-1 levels in various inflammatory bowel disease patients and to explore the effect of targeting eotaxin-1 by specific antibodies in dextran sodium sulfate-induced colitis model. METHODS Eotaxin-1 levels were measured in colonic biopsies and in the sera of 60 ulcerative colitis patients, Crohn's disease patients and healthy controls. We also followed in experimental colitis the effect of targeting eotaxin-1 by a monoclonal antibody. RESULTS Colon eotaxin-1 levels were significantly increased in active but not in quiescent ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease patients compared to healthy controls. Levels of eotaxin-1 in the colon were correlated with eosinophilia only in tissues from active Crohn's disease patients. Our results did not show any statistically significant change in serum eotaxin-1 levels among ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease and healthy controls. Moreover, we demonstrate that in dextran sodium sulfate-induced colitis, targeting of eotaxin-1 with 2 injections of anti eotaxin-1 monoclonal antibody ameliorates disease activity along with decreasing colon weight and improving histologic inflammation. CONCLUSION Eotaxin-1 is increasingly recognized as a major mediator of intestinal inflammation. Our preliminary human and animal results further emphasize the value of targeting eotaxin-1 in inflammatory bowel disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomer Adar
- Digestive Diseases Institute, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Affiliated with the Hebrew University School of Medicine, 12 Bayit St., 91031, Jerusalem, Israel.
| | - Shimon Shteingart
- Digestive Diseases Institute, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Affiliated with the Hebrew University School of Medicine, 12 Bayit St., 91031, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Ami Ben-Ya'acov
- Digestive Diseases Institute, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Affiliated with the Hebrew University School of Medicine, 12 Bayit St., 91031, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Ariella Bar-Gill Shitrit
- Digestive Diseases Institute, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Affiliated with the Hebrew University School of Medicine, 12 Bayit St., 91031, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Dan M Livovsky
- Digestive Diseases Institute, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Affiliated with the Hebrew University School of Medicine, 12 Bayit St., 91031, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Shimrit Shmorak
- Digestive Diseases Institute, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Affiliated with the Hebrew University School of Medicine, 12 Bayit St., 91031, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Mahmud Mahamid
- Digestive Diseases Institute, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Affiliated with the Hebrew University School of Medicine, 12 Bayit St., 91031, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Bernardo Melamud
- Digestive Diseases Institute, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Affiliated with the Hebrew University School of Medicine, 12 Bayit St., 91031, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Fiona Vernea
- Department of Pathology, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Eran Goldin
- Digestive Diseases Institute, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Affiliated with the Hebrew University School of Medicine, 12 Bayit St., 91031, Jerusalem, Israel
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Isidro RA, Appleyard CB. Colonic macrophage polarization in homeostasis, inflammation, and cancer. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2016; 311:G59-73. [PMID: 27229123 PMCID: PMC4967174 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00123.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Accepted: 05/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Our review focuses on the colonic macrophage, a monocyte-derived, tissue-resident macrophage, and the role it plays in health and disease, specifically in inflammatory conditions such as inflammatory bowel disease and cancer of the colon and rectum. We give special emphasis to macrophage polarization, or phenotype, in these different states. We focus on macrophages because they are one of the most numerous leukocytes in the colon, and because they normally contribute to homeostasis through an anti-inflammatory phenotype. However, in conditions such as inflammatory bowel disease, proinflammatory macrophages are increased in the colon and have been linked to disease severity and progression. In colorectal cancer, tumor cells may employ anti-inflammatory macrophages to promote tumor growth and dissemination, whereas proinflammatory macrophages may antagonize tumor growth. Given the key roles that this cell type plays in homeostasis, inflammation, and cancer, the colonic macrophage is an intriguing therapeutic target. As such, potential macrophage-targeting strategies are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raymond A Isidro
- Department of Basic Sciences, Ponce Health Sciences University-Medical School and Ponce Research Institute, 395 Zona Industrial Reparada 2, Ponce, Puerto Rico 00716
| | - Caroline B Appleyard
- Department of Basic Sciences, Ponce Health Sciences University-Medical School and Ponce Research Institute, 395 Zona Industrial Reparada 2, Ponce, Puerto Rico 00716
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29
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De Salvo C, Wang XM, Pastorelli L, Mattioli B, Omenetti S, Buela KA, Chowdhry S, Garg RR, Goodman WA, Rodriguez-Palacios A, Smith DE, Abbott DW, Cominelli F, Bamias G, Xin W, Lee JJ, Vecchi M, Pizarro TT. IL-33 Drives Eosinophil Infiltration and Pathogenic Type 2 Helper T-Cell Immune Responses Leading to Chronic Experimental Ileitis. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2016; 186:885-98. [PMID: 26908008 PMCID: PMC5807926 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2015.11.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2015] [Revised: 11/03/2015] [Accepted: 11/19/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Although a clear association has been established between IL-33 and inflammatory bowel disease, mechanistic studies to date, primarily using acute murine models of colitis, have yielded contradicting results, demonstrating both pathogenic and protective roles. We used a well-characterized, spontaneous model of inflammatory bowel disease [ie, SAMP1/YitFc (SAMP) mice] to investigate the role of IL-33 during chronic intestinal inflammation. Our results showed marked eosinophil infiltration into the gut mucosa with increased levels of eotaxins and type 2 helper T-cell (Th2) cytokines as disease progressed and became more severe, which could be reversed upon either eosinophil depletion or blockade of IL-33 signaling. Exogenous IL-33 administration recapitulated these effects in ilea of uninflamed (parental) control AKR/J mice. Human data supported these findings, showing colocalization and up-regulation of IL-33 and eosinophils in the colonic mucosa of inflammatory bowel disease patients versus noninflamed controls. Finally, colonization of commensal flora by fecal material transplantation into germ-free SAMP and the presence of the gut microbiome induced IL-33, subsequent eosinophil infiltration, and mounting of Th2 immune responses, leading to exacerbation of chronic intestinal inflammation characteristic of SAMP mice. These data demonstrate a pathogenic role for IL-33-mediated eosinophilia and activation of Th2 immunity in chronic intestinal inflammation that is dependent on the gut microbiome. Targeting IL-33 may represent a novel therapeutic approach to treat patients with inflammatory bowel disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo De Salvo
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio; Gastroenterology and Gastrointestinal Endoscopy Unit, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, San Donato Milanese and Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Xiao-Ming Wang
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Luca Pastorelli
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio; Gastroenterology and Gastrointestinal Endoscopy Unit, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, San Donato Milanese and Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Benedetta Mattioli
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Sara Omenetti
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Kristine A Buela
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Saleem Chowdhry
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio; Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Rekha R Garg
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Wendy A Goodman
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio
| | | | - Dirk E Smith
- Inflammation Research, Amgen, Seattle, Washington
| | - Derek W Abbott
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Fabio Cominelli
- Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Giorgos Bamias
- Academic Department of Gastroenterology, Kapodistrian University of Athens and Laikon Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Wei Xin
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - James J Lee
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Scottsdale, Arizona
| | - Maurizio Vecchi
- Gastroenterology and Gastrointestinal Endoscopy Unit, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, San Donato Milanese and Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Theresa T Pizarro
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio; Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio.
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30
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Khorooshi R, Asgari N, Mørch MT, Berg CT, Owens T. Hypersensitivity Responses in the Central Nervous System. Front Immunol 2015; 6:517. [PMID: 26500654 PMCID: PMC4595775 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune-mediated tissue damage or hypersensitivity can be mediated by autospecific IgG antibodies. Pathology results from activation of complement, and antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity, mediated by inflammatory effector leukocytes include macrophages, natural killer cells, and granulocytes. Antibodies and complement have been associated to demyelinating pathology in multiple sclerosis (MS) lesions, where macrophages predominate among infiltrating myeloid cells. Serum-derived autoantibodies with predominant specificity for the astrocyte water channel aquaporin-4 (AQP4) are implicated as inducers of pathology in neuromyelitis optica (NMO), a central nervous system (CNS) demyelinating disease where activated neutrophils infiltrate, unlike in MS. The most widely used model for MS, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, is an autoantigen-immunized disease that can be transferred to naive animals with CD4+ T cells, but not with antibodies. By contrast, NMO-like astrocyte and myelin pathology can be transferred to mice with AQP4–IgG from NMO patients. This is dependent on complement, and does not require T cells. Consistent with clinical observations that interferon-beta is ineffective as a therapy for NMO, NMO-like pathology is significantly reduced in mice lacking the Type I IFN receptor. In MS, there is evidence for intrathecal synthesis of antibodies as well as blood–brain barrier (BBB) breakdown, whereas in NMO, IgG accesses the CNS from blood. Transfer models involve either direct injection of antibody and complement to the CNS, or experimental manipulations to induce BBB breakdown. We here review studies in MS and NMO that elucidate roles for IgG and complement in the induction of BBB breakdown, astrocytopathy, and demyelinating pathology. These studies point to significance of T-independent effector mechanisms in neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Khorooshi
- Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark , Odense , Denmark
| | - Nasrin Asgari
- Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark , Odense , Denmark ; Department of Neurology, Vejle Hospital , Vejle , Denmark
| | - Marlene Thorsen Mørch
- Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark , Odense , Denmark
| | - Carsten Tue Berg
- Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark , Odense , Denmark
| | - Trevor Owens
- Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark , Odense , Denmark
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Abstract
The intestine contains the largest pool of macrophages in the body which are essential for maintaining mucosal homeostasis in the face of the microbiota and the constant need for epithelial renewal but are also important components of protective immunity and are involved in the pathology of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). However, defining the biological roles of intestinal macrophages has been impeded by problems in defining the phenotype and origins of different populations of myeloid cells in the mucosa. Here, we discuss how multiple parameters can be used in combination to discriminate between functionally distinct myeloid cells and discuss the roles of macrophages during homeostasis and how these may change when inflammation ensues. We also discuss the evidence that intestinal macrophages do not fit the current paradigm that tissue-resident macrophages are derived from embryonic precursors that self-renew in situ, but require constant replenishment by blood monocytes. We describe our recent work demonstrating that classical monocytes constantly enter the intestinal mucosa and how the environment dictates their subsequent fate. We believe that understanding the factors that drive intestinal macrophage development in the steady state and how these may change in response to pathogens or inflammation could provide important insights into the treatment of IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Calum C Bain
- Centre for Immunobiology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
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32
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Abstract
The intestine contains the largest pool of macrophages in the body which are essential for maintaining mucosal homeostasis in the face of the microbiota and the constant need for epithelial renewal but are also important components of protective immunity and are involved in the pathology of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). However, defining the biological roles of intestinal macrophages has been impeded by problems in defining the phenotype and origins of different populations of myeloid cells in the mucosa. Here, we discuss how multiple parameters can be used in combination to discriminate between functionally distinct myeloid cells and discuss the roles of macrophages during homeostasis and how these may change when inflammation ensues. We also discuss the evidence that intestinal macrophages do not fit the current paradigm that tissue-resident macrophages are derived from embryonic precursors that self-renew in situ, but require constant replenishment by blood monocytes. We describe our recent work demonstrating that classical monocytes constantly enter the intestinal mucosa and how the environment dictates their subsequent fate. We believe that understanding the factors that drive intestinal macrophage development in the steady state and how these may change in response to pathogens or inflammation could provide important insights into the treatment of IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Calum C Bain
- Centre for Immunobiology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
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Jovanovic K, Siebeck M, Gropp R. The route to pathologies in chronic inflammatory diseases characterized by T helper type 2 immune cells. Clin Exp Immunol 2014; 178:201-11. [PMID: 24981014 DOI: 10.1111/cei.12409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
T helper type 2 (Th2)-characterized inflammatory responses are highly dynamic processes initiated by epithelial cell damage resulting in remodelling of the tissue architecture to prevent further harm caused by a dysfunctional epithelial barrier or migrating parasites. This process is a temporal and spatial response which requires communication between immobile cells such as epithelial, endothelial, fibroblast and muscle cells and the highly mobile cells of the innate and adaptive immunity. It is further characterized by a high cellular plasticity that enables the cells to adapt to a specific inflammatory milieu. Incipiently, this milieu is shaped by cytokines released from epithelial cells, which stimulate Th2, innate lymphoid and invariant natural killer (NK) T cells to secrete Th2 cytokines and to activate dendritic cells which results in the further differentiation of Th2 cells. This milieu promotes wound-healing processes which are beneficial in parasitic infections or toxin exposure but account for increasingly dysfunctional vital organs, such as the lung in the case of asthma and the colon in ulcerative colitis. A better understanding of the dynamics underlying relapses and remissions might lead ultimately to improved therapeutics for chronic inflammatory diseases adapted to individual needs and to different phases of the inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Jovanovic
- Department of General-, Visceral-, Transplantation- and Thoracic Surgery, University Clinics of Munich, Munich, Germany
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34
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Ho TH, Cohen BL, Colombel JF, Mehandru S. Review article: the intersection of mucosal pathophysiology in HIV and inflammatory bowel disease, and its implications for therapy. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2014; 40:1171-86. [PMID: 25267394 DOI: 10.1111/apt.12976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2014] [Revised: 09/04/2014] [Accepted: 09/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The immunopathology of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) and HIV in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract can be viewed as ends of a spectrum with IBD being associated with 'immune excess' and HIV with 'immune paucity' within the GI tract. AIM To review the pathophysiology of IBD and HIV as they intersect in the gut immune system. METHODS A search was conducted in PubMed using defined keywords 'IBD, inflammatory bowel disease, Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, HIV, innate immunity, mucosal layer, macrophage, cytokine, dendritic cells, adaptive immunity, CD4, T cells, Th1, Th2, natural killer T cells (NKT)'. RESULTS Both the mucosal innate defence and adaptive immunity are profoundly affected by IBD and HIV. The pathophysiology of IBD and HIV with regard to mucosal barrier, macrophages, dendritic cells, NK cells, NKT cells and T-cell subsets is distinct yet closely interwoven. There is limited information on the clinical manifestations of patients who have both IBD and HIV. However, recent studies suggest that the clinical course of IBD may be attenuated by concurrent HIV infection - a premise that is reasonably supported by what is known of their pathophysiology. CONCLUSIONS It is apparent that through specific pathophysiological mechanisms, HIV is capable of attenuating inflammation in IBD. In the absence of experimental models, further clinical studies are necessary to better understand patients with concurrent disease and decipher the clinical and mechanistic relationship between HIV and IBD at mucosal surfaces. Such studies are critical to guide therapeutic decisions in the management of patients with IBD infected with HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- T H Ho
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
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35
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Radonjic-Hoesli S, Valent P, Klion AD, Wechsler ME, Simon HU. Novel targeted therapies for eosinophil-associated diseases and allergy. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 2014; 55:633-56. [PMID: 25340931 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-010814-124407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Eosinophil-associated diseases often present with life-threatening manifestations and/or chronic organ damage. Currently available therapeutic options are limited to a few drugs that often have to be prescribed on a lifelong basis to keep eosinophil counts under control. In the past 10 years, treatment options and outcomes in patients with clonal eosinophilic and other eosinophilic disorders have improved substantially. Several new targeted therapies have emerged, addressing different aspects of eosinophil expansion and inflammation. In this review, we discuss available and currently tested agents as well as new strategies and drug targets relevant to both primary and secondary eosinophilic diseases, including allergic disorders.
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36
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Abstract
The intestine represents the largest compartment of the immune system. It is continually exposed to antigens and immunomodulatory agents from the diet and the commensal microbiota, and it is the port of entry for many clinically important pathogens. Intestinal immune processes are also increasingly implicated in controlling disease development elsewhere in the body. In this Review, we detail the anatomical and physiological distinctions that are observed in the small and large intestines, and we suggest how these may account for the diversity in the immune apparatus that is seen throughout the intestine. We describe how the distribution of innate, adaptive and innate-like immune cells varies in different segments of the intestine and discuss the environmental factors that may influence this. Finally, we consider the implications of regional immune specialization for inflammatory disease in the intestine.
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37
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Abstract
Mϕ are involved in gut homeostasis and the pathogenesis of intestinal inflammation. Resident and proinflammatory intestinal Mϕ both derive from Ly6Chi blood monocytes. Local environmental factors guide monocyte differentiation in the gut mucosa. Monocyte differentiation is disrupted by inflammation resulting in the accumulation of proinflammatory cells.
Macrophages are one of the most abundant leucocytes in the intestinal mucosa where they are essential for maintaining homeostasis. However, they are also implicated in the pathogenesis of disorders such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), offering potential targets for novel therapies. Here we discuss the function of intestinal monocytes and macrophages during homeostasis and describe how these populations and their functions change during infection and inflammation. Furthermore, we review the current evidence that the intestinal macrophage pool requires continual renewal from circulating blood monocytes, unlike most other tissue macrophages which appear to derive from primitive precursors that subsequently self-renew.
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Affiliation(s)
- Calum C Bain
- Centre for Immunobiology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Allan McI Mowat
- Centre for Immunobiology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom.
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