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Valencia-Echeverry J, Cuartas-Arias JM, Vélez JI, Arcos-Burgos M, López-Jaramillo C, Palacio-Ortiz JD. Executive function deficit in bipolar offspring: A neurocognitive endophenotype? J Affect Disord 2022; 297:246-249. [PMID: 34706280 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2021.10.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent studies in bipolar offspring (BO) showed that a low cognitive performance, especially executive function deficit, could be an early marker of bipolar disorder (BD). Nevertheless, these findings have not been replicated (specifically attentional control, flexibility, and working memory). In addition, most studies have focused on children and adolescents, but few studies analyze the executive function performance in BO adults. OBJECTIVE Our goal was to compare the neurocognitive performance of BO with control parent-offspring (CO) in a sample that included various age groups. METHOD We conducted a cohort study, including subjects between six to 30 years old. We evaluated 129 BO and 113 CO subjects using validated psychiatric diagnostic interviews and an extensive neuropsychological battery. RESULTS Compared to the CO group, the BO group presented a lower performance in several executive functioning domains, mainly in tasks of attentional control, flexibility, and working memory. All age groups exhibited these findings. CONCLUSIONS BO group presents executive function deficits, regardless of the age group: children, adolescents, and adults. This neurocognitive deficit should be accountable as a neurocognitive endophenotype candidate in BD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Valencia-Echeverry
- Grupo de Investigación en Psiquiatría (GIPSI), Departamento de Psiquiatría, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Calle 70 No 52-21, Medellín, Antioquia, Colombia
| | - Jorge Mauricio Cuartas-Arias
- Grupo de Investigación en Psiquiatría (GIPSI), Departamento de Psiquiatría, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Calle 70 No 52-21, Medellín, Antioquia, Colombia
| | | | - Mauricio Arcos-Burgos
- Grupo de Investigación en Psiquiatría (GIPSI), Departamento de Psiquiatría, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Calle 70 No 52-21, Medellín, Antioquia, Colombia
| | - Carlos López-Jaramillo
- Grupo de Investigación en Psiquiatría (GIPSI), Departamento de Psiquiatría, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Calle 70 No 52-21, Medellín, Antioquia, Colombia
| | - Juan David Palacio-Ortiz
- Grupo de Investigación en Psiquiatría (GIPSI), Departamento de Psiquiatría, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Calle 70 No 52-21, Medellín, Antioquia, Colombia.
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Look duration at the face as a developmental endophenotype: elucidating pathways to autism and ADHD. Dev Psychopathol 2020; 32:1303-1322. [DOI: 10.1017/s0954579420000930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
AbstractIdentifying developmental endophenotypes on the pathway between genetics and behavior is critical to uncovering the mechanisms underlying neurodevelopmental conditions. In this proof-of-principle study, we explored whether early disruptions in visual attention are a unique or shared candidate endophenotype of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). We calculated the duration of the longest look (i.e., peak look) to faces in an array-based eye-tracking task for 335 14-month-old infants with and without first-degree relatives with ASD and/or ADHD. We leveraged parent-report and genotype data available for a proportion of these infants to evaluate the relation of looking behavior to familial (n = 285) and genetic liability (using polygenic scores, n = 185) as well as ASD and ADHD-relevant temperament traits at 2 years of age (shyness and inhibitory control, respectively, n = 272) and ASD and ADHD clinical traits at 6 years of age (n = 94).Results showed that longer peak looks at the face were associated with elevated polygenic scores for ADHD (β = 0.078, p = .023), but not ASD (β = 0.002, p = .944), and with elevated ADHD traits in mid-childhood (F(1,88) = 6.401, p = .013, $\eta _p^2$=0.068; ASD: F (1,88) = 3.218, p = .076), but not in toddlerhood (ps > 0.2). This pattern of results did not emerge when considering mean peak look duration across face and nonface stimuli. Thus, alterations in attention to faces during spontaneous visual exploration may be more consistent with a developmental endophenotype of ADHD than ASD. Our work shows that dissecting paths to neurodevelopmental conditions requires longitudinal data incorporating polygenic contribution, early neurocognitive function, and clinical phenotypic variation.
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Beauchaine TP, Hinshaw SP. RDoC and Psychopathology among Youth: Misplaced Assumptions and an Agenda for Future Research. JOURNAL OF CLINICAL CHILD AND ADOLESCENT PSYCHOLOGY : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL FOR THE SOCIETY OF CLINICAL CHILD AND ADOLESCENT PSYCHOLOGY, AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION, DIVISION 53 2020; 49:322-340. [PMID: 32525746 PMCID: PMC7495028 DOI: 10.1080/15374416.2020.1750022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Now over 10 years old, the Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) has gained impressive traction in the adult psychopathology literature, but enthusiasm among child and adolescent psychopathologists lags somewhat behind. We consider possible reasons why RDoC has not been embraced fully in the child and adolescent literatures. We emphasize common, interrelated, and sometimes outdated assumptions that impede scientific progress that RDoC could facilitate. Traditionally, child and adolescent psychopathologists have used behavioral syndromes as gold standards against which biological markers are validated, even though behavioral syndromes are often measured with less precision; sought to identify large main effects of single biological functions on single behavioral syndromes, thereby ignoring (even if implicitly) the overwhelming etiological complexity of psychopathology; expected 1:1 correspondencies between biological functions and behaviors, despite evidence that core biological systems subserving behavior are functionally interdependent (i.e., modulate one another); and failed to consider neurobiological mechanisms of homotypic and heterotypic comorbidity and continuity. Using examples from our work, we show how a developmental, RDoC-informed approach to externalizing behavior enriches our understanding of psychopathology. We also provide an agenda for future research, which includes calls to (1) adopt neural-systems-first approaches over disorder-first approaches when studying psychopathology, (2) eschew biological reductionism by integrating environmental risk mediators into our etiopathophysiological models, (3) integrate neural vulnerabilities into the empirical latent structure of psychopathology, and (4) replace null hypothesis significance testing with computational approaches that accommodate etiological complexity by evaluating functional dependencies among RDoC constructs, including positive valence systems (approach), negative valence systems (avoidance), and arousal/regulatory systems (self-regulation).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stephen P Hinshaw
- University of California Berkeley
- University of California San Francisco
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Beauchaine TP, Constantino JN. Redefining the endophenotype concept to accommodate transdiagnostic vulnerabilities and etiological complexity. Biomark Med 2017; 11:769-780. [PMID: 28891303 PMCID: PMC5771461 DOI: 10.2217/bmm-2017-0002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In psychopathology research, endophenotypes are a subset of biomarkers that indicate genetic vulnerability independent of clinical state. To date, an explicit expectation is that endophenotypes be specific to single disorders. We evaluate this expectation considering recent advances in psychiatric genetics, recognition that transdiagnostic vulnerability traits are often more useful than clinical diagnoses in psychiatric genetics, and appreciation for etiological complexity across genetic, neural, hormonal and environmental levels of analysis. We suggest that the disorder-specificity requirement of endophenotypes be relaxed, that neural functions are preferable to behaviors as starting points in searches for endophenotypes, and that future research should focus on interactive effects of multiple endophenotypes on complex psychiatric disorders, some of which are ‘phenocopies’ with distinct etiologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodore P Beauchaine
- Department of Psychology, The Ohio State University, 225 Psychology Building, 1835 Neil Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - John N Constantino
- Departments of Psychiatry & Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
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Snowling MJ, Melby-Lervåg M. Oral language deficits in familial dyslexia: A meta-analysis and review. Psychol Bull 2016; 142:498-545. [PMID: 26727308 PMCID: PMC4824243 DOI: 10.1037/bul0000037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
This article reviews 95 publications (based on 21 independent samples) that have examined children at family risk of reading disorders. We report that children at family risk of dyslexia experience delayed language development as infants and toddlers. In the preschool period, they have significant difficulties in phonological processes as well as with broader language skills and in acquiring the foundations of decoding skill (letter knowledge, phonological awareness and rapid automatized naming [RAN]). Findings are mixed with regard to auditory and visual perception: they do not appear subject to slow motor development, but lack of control for comorbidities confounds interpretation. Longitudinal studies of outcomes show that children at family risk who go on to fulfil criteria for dyslexia have more severe impairments in preschool language than those who are defined as normal readers, but the latter group do less well than controls. Similarly at school age, family risk of dyslexia is associated with significantly poor phonological awareness and literacy skills. Although there is no strong evidence that children at family risk are brought up in an environment that differs significantly from that of controls, their parents tend to have lower educational levels and read less frequently to themselves. Together, the findings suggest that a phonological processing deficit can be conceptualized as an endophenotype of dyslexia that increases the continuous risk of reading difficulties; in turn its impact may be moderated by protective factors. (PsycINFO Database Record
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Wittchen HU, Härtling S, Hoyer J. Psychotherapy and Mental Health as a Psychological Science Discipline. VERHALTENSTHERAPIE 2015. [DOI: 10.1159/000430772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Park S, Gooding DC. WORKING MEMORY IMPAIRMENT AS AN ENDOPHENOTYPIC MARKER OF A SCHIZOPHRENIA DIATHESIS. SCHIZOPHRENIA RESEARCH-COGNITION 2014; 1:127-136. [PMID: 25414816 PMCID: PMC4234058 DOI: 10.1016/j.scog.2014.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
This chapter focuses on the viability of working memory impairment as an endophenotypic marker of a schizophrenia diathesis. It begins with an introduction of the construct of working memory. It follows with a review of the operational criteria for defining an endophenotype. Research findings regarding the working memory performance of schizophrenia and schizophrenia-spectrum patients, first-degree relatives of schizophrenia patients and healthy controls, are reviewed in terms of the criteria for being considered an endophenotypic marker. Special attention is paid to specific components of the working memory deficit (namely, encoding, maintenance, and manipulation), in terms of which aspects are likely to be the best candidates for endophenotypes. We consider the extant literature regarding working memory performance in bipolar disorder and major depression in order to address the issue of relative specificity to schizophrenia. Despite some unresolved issues, it appears that working memory impairment is a very promising candidate for an endophenotypic marker of a schizophrenia diathesis but not for mood disorders. Throughout this chapter, we identify future directions for research in this exciting and dynamic area of research and evaluate the contribution of working memory research to our understanding of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sohee Park
- Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, Vanderbilt University, 111, 21st Avenue South, Nashville, TN 37240, USA
- Corresponding authors.
| | - Diane C. Gooding
- Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1202 West Johnson Street, Madison, WI 53706, USA
- Corresponding authors.
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Emmelkamp PM, David D, Beckers T, Muris P, Cuijpers P, Lutz W, Andersson G, Araya R, Banos Rivera RM, Barkham M, Berking M, Berger T, Botella C, Carlbring P, Colom F, Essau C, Hermans D, Hofmann SG, Knappe S, Ollendick TH, Raes F, Rief W, Riper H, Van Der Oord S, Vervliet B. Advancing psychotherapy and evidence-based psychological interventions. Int J Methods Psychiatr Res 2014; 23 Suppl 1:58-91. [PMID: 24375536 PMCID: PMC6878277 DOI: 10.1002/mpr.1411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Psychological models of mental disorders guide research into psychological and environmental factors that elicit and maintain mental disorders as well as interventions to reduce them. This paper addresses four areas. (1) Psychological models of mental disorders have become increasingly transdiagnostic, focusing on core cognitive endophenotypes of psychopathology from an integrative cognitive psychology perspective rather than offering explanations for unitary mental disorders. It is argued that psychological interventions for mental disorders will increasingly target specific cognitive dysfunctions rather than symptom-based mental disorders as a result. (2) Psychotherapy research still lacks a comprehensive conceptual framework that brings together the wide variety of findings, models and perspectives. Analysing the state-of-the-art in psychotherapy treatment research, "component analyses" aiming at an optimal identification of core ingredients and the mechanisms of change is highlighted as the core need towards improved efficacy and effectiveness of psychotherapy, and improved translation to routine care. (3) In order to provide more effective psychological interventions to children and adolescents, there is a need to develop new and/or improved psychotherapeutic interventions on the basis of developmental psychopathology research taking into account knowledge of mediators and moderators. Developmental neuroscience research might be instrumental to uncover associated aberrant brain processes in children and adolescents with mental health problems and to better examine mechanisms of their correction by means of psychotherapy and psychological interventions. (4) Psychotherapy research needs to broaden in terms of adoption of large-scale public health strategies and treatments that can be applied to more patients in a simpler and cost-effective way. Increased research on efficacy and moderators of Internet-based treatments and e-mental health tools (e.g. to support "real time" clinical decision-making to prevent treatment failure or relapse) might be one promising way forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul M.G. Emmelkamp
- Department of Clinical PsychologyUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- King Abdulaziz UniversityJeddahSaudi Arabia
| | - Daniel David
- Department of Clinical Psychology and PsychotherapyBabes‐Bolyai UniversityCluj‐NapocaRomania
- Mount Sinai School of Medicine, Department of Oncological SciencesNew YorkUSA
| | - Tom Beckers
- KU Leuven, LeuvenBelgium and University of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Peter Muris
- Maastricht UniversityMaastrichtThe Netherlands
| | - Pim Cuijpers
- Department of Clinical PsychologyVU University AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- EMGO Institute for Health and Care ResearchVU University and VU University Medical CentreAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Leuphana UniversityLüneburgGermany
| | - Wolfgang Lutz
- Department of PsychologyUniversity of TrierTrierGermany
| | - Gerhard Andersson
- Department of Behavioural Sciences and Learning, Swedish Institute for Disability ResearchLinköping UniversityLinköpingSweden
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Psychiatry SectionKarolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
| | - Ricardo Araya
- Academic Unit of Psychiatry, School of Social and Community MedicineUniversity of BristolBristolUK
| | | | - Michael Barkham
- Centre for Psychological Services Research, Department of PsychologyUniversity of SheffieldSheffieldUK
| | - Matthias Berking
- Leuphana UniversityLüneburgGermany
- Institute of Clinical Psychology and PsychotherapyUniversity of Marburg, Marburg and Philipps‐University MarburgMarburgGermany
| | - Thomas Berger
- Department of Clinical Psychology and PsychotherapyUniversity of BernBernSwitzerland
| | | | - Per Carlbring
- Department of PsychologyStockholm UniversityStockholmSweden
| | - Francesc Colom
- Psychoeducation and Psychological Treatments Area, Barcelona Bipolar Disorders Unit, IDIBAPS‐CIBERSAMInstitute of Neurosciences, Hospital ClinicBarcelonaSpain
| | | | | | | | - Susanne Knappe
- Institute of Clinical Psychology and PsychotherapyTechnische Universität DresdenDresdenGermany
| | | | | | - Winfried Rief
- Institute of Clinical Psychology and PsychotherapyUniversity of Marburg, Marburg and Philipps‐University MarburgMarburgGermany
| | - Heleen Riper
- Department of Clinical PsychologyVU University AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- EMGO Institute for Health and Care ResearchVU University and VU University Medical CentreAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Department of PsychiatryVU University Medical CentreAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Saskia Van Der Oord
- KU Leuven, LeuvenBelgium and University of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
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Nash HM, Hulme C, Gooch D, Snowling MJ. Preschool language profiles of children at family risk of dyslexia: continuities with specific language impairment. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2013; 54:958-68. [PMID: 23772651 PMCID: PMC4523580 DOI: 10.1111/jcpp.12091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Children at family risk of dyslexia have been reported to show phonological deficits as well as broader language delays in the preschool years. METHOD The preschool language skills of 112 children at family risk of dyslexia (FR) at ages 3½ and 4½ were compared with those of children with SLI and typically developing (TD) controls. RESULTS Children at FR showed two different profiles: one third of the group resembled the children with SLI and scored poorly across multiple domains of language including phonology. As a group, the remaining children had difficulties on tasks tapping phonological skills at T1 and T2. At the individual level, we confirmed that some FR children had both phonological and broader oral language difficulties (compared with TD controls), some had only phonological difficulties and some appeared to be developing typically. CONCLUSIONS We have highlighted the early overlap between family risk of dyslexia and SLI. A family history of dyslexia carries an increased risk for SLI and the two disorders both show an increased incidence of phonological deficits which appear to a proximal risk factor for developing a reading impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah M Nash
- Division of Psychology and Language Sciences, University College London, London, UK.
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Gliga T, Senju A, Pettinato M, Charman T, Johnson MH. Spontaneous belief attribution in younger siblings of children on the autism spectrum. Dev Psychol 2013; 50:903-913. [PMID: 23978296 PMCID: PMC3942014 DOI: 10.1037/a0034146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The recent development in the measurements of spontaneous mental state understanding, employing eye-movements instead of verbal responses, has opened new opportunities for understanding the developmental origin of "mind-reading" impairments frequently described in autism spectrum disorders (ASDs). Our main aim was to characterize the relationship between mental state understanding and the broader autism phenotype, early in childhood. An eye-tracker was used to capture anticipatory looking as a measure of false beliefs attribution in 3-year-old children with a family history of autism (at-risk participants, n = 47) and controls (control participants, n = 39). Unlike controls, the at-risk group, independent of their clinical outcome (ASD, broader autism phenotype or typically developing), performed at chance. Performance was not related to children's verbal or general IQ, nor was it explained by children "missing out" on crucial information, as shown by an analysis of visual scanning during the task. We conclude that difficulties with using mental state understanding for action prediction may be an endophenotype of autism spectrum disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teodora Gliga
- Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, Birkbeck, University of London
| | - Atsushi Senju
- Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, Birkbeck, University of London
| | - Michèle Pettinato
- Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, Birkbeck, University of London
| | | | - Mark H Johnson
- Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, Birkbeck, University of London
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Elsabbagh M. The emerging autistic brain: processes of risk and resilience. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.2217/npy.12.29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Differences in resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging functional network connectivity between schizophrenia and psychotic bipolar probands and their unaffected first-degree relatives. Biol Psychiatry 2012; 71:881-9. [PMID: 22401986 PMCID: PMC3968680 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2012.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2011] [Revised: 01/31/2012] [Accepted: 01/31/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Schizophrenia and bipolar disorder share overlapping symptoms and genetic etiology. Functional brain dysconnectivity is seen in both disorders. METHODS We compared 70 schizophrenia and 64 psychotic bipolar probands, their respective unaffected first-degree relatives (n = 70, and n = 52), and 118 healthy subjects, all group age-, gender-, and ethnicity-matched. We used functional network connectivity analysis to measure differential connectivity among 16 functional magnetic resonance imaging resting state networks. First, we examined connectivity differences between probands and control subjects. Next, we probed these dysfunctional connections in relatives for potential endophenotypes. Network connectivity was then correlated with Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) scores to reveal clinical relationships. RESULTS Three different network pairs were differentially connected in probands (false-discovery rate corrected q < .05) involving five individual resting-state networks: (A) fronto/occipital, (B) anterior default mode/prefrontal, (C) meso/paralimbic, (D) fronto-temporal/paralimbic, and (E) sensory-motor. One abnormal pair was unique to schizophrenia, (C-E), one unique to bipolar, (C-D), and one (A-B) was shared. Two of these three combinations (A-B, C-E) were also abnormal in bipolar relatives but none was normal in schizophrenia relatives (nonsignificant trend for C-E). The paralimbic circuit (C-D), which uniquely distinguished bipolar probands, contained multiple mood-relevant regions. Network relationship C-D correlated significantly with PANSS negative scores in bipolar probands, and A-B with PANSS positive and general scores in schizophrenia. CONCLUSIONS Schizophrenia and psychotic bipolar probands share several abnormal resting state network connections, but there are also unique neural network underpinnings between disorders. We identified specific connections that might also be candidate psychosis endophenotypes.
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Snowling MJ, Hulme C. Annual research review: the nature and classification of reading disorders--a commentary on proposals for DSM-5. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2012; 53:593-607. [PMID: 22141434 PMCID: PMC3492851 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7610.2011.02495.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
This article reviews our understanding of reading disorders in children and relates it to current proposals for their classification in DSM-5. There are two different, commonly occurring, forms of reading disorder in children which arise from different underlying language difficulties. Dyslexia (as defined in DSM-5), or decoding difficulty, refers to children who have difficulty in mastering the relationships between the spelling patterns of words and their pronunciations. These children typically read aloud inaccurately and slowly, and experience additional problems with spelling. Dyslexia appears to arise principally from a weakness in phonological (speech sound) skills, and there is good evidence that it can be ameliorated by systematic phonic teaching combined with phonological awareness training. The other major form of reading difficulty is reading comprehension impairment. These children read aloud accurately and fluently, but have difficulty understanding what they have read. Reading comprehension impairment appears to arise from weaknesses in a range of oral language skills including poor vocabulary knowledge, weak grammatical skills and difficulties in oral language comprehension. We suggest that the omission of reading comprehension impairment from DSM-5 is a serious one that should be remedied. Both dyslexia and reading comprehension impairment are dimensional in nature, and show strong continuities with other disorders of language. We argue that recognizing the continuities between reading and language disorders has important implications for assessment and treatment, and we note that the high rates of comorbidity between reading disorders and other seemingly disparate disorders (including ADHD and motor disorders) raises important challenges for understanding these disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Charles Hulme
- Division of Psychology and Language Sciences, University CollegeLondon, UK
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Iacono WG, Malone SM. Developmental Endophenotypes: Indexing Genetic Risk for Substance Abuse with the P300 Brain Event-Related Potential. CHILD DEVELOPMENT PERSPECTIVES 2011; 5:239-247. [PMID: 22247735 DOI: 10.1111/j.1750-8606.2011.00205.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Although substance use disorders are heritable, their complexity has made identifying genes underlying their development challenging. Endophenotypes, biologically informed quantitative measures that index genetic risk for a disorder, are being recognized for their potential to assist the search for disorder relevant genes. After outlining criteria for an endophenotype that includes developmental considerations, we review how the brain P300 response serves as an index of genetic risk for substance abuse and related externalizing disorders. The P300 response is highly heritable and associated broadly with characteristics of externalizing disorder, including childhood disruptive disorders, antisociality, and precocious expression of deviant behavior. This association appears to be mediated by shared genetic influences. Prospective studies confirm that reduced P300 amplitude present in youth prior to significant exposure to addictive substances is associated with the subsequent development of substance use disorders. Despite pronounced change in mean level over the course of development, P300 amplitude shows strong rank order stability with repeated assessment through young adulthood. In addition, P300 developmental trajectories based on multiple assessments show very high heritability and may be especially informative as measures of genetic risk. Collectively, these findings provide strong support that P300 amplitude and its change through development reflect genetic vulnerability to substance abuse and related externalizing psychopathology.
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Rommelse NNJ, Peters CTR, Oosterling IJ, Visser JC, Bons D, van Steijn DJ, Draaisma J, van der Gaag RJ, Buitelaar JK. A pilot study of abnormal growth in autism spectrum disorders and other childhood psychiatric disorders. J Autism Dev Disord 2011; 41:44-54. [PMID: 20428954 PMCID: PMC3005115 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-010-1026-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The aims of the current study were to examine whether early growth abnormalities are (a) comparable in autism spectrum disorders (ASD) and other childhood psychiatric disorders, and (b) specific to the brain or generalized to the whole body. Head circumference, height, and weight were measured during the first 19 months of life in 129 children with ASD and 59 children with non-ASD psychiatric disorders. Both groups showed comparable abnormal patterns of growth compared to population norms, especially regarding height and head circumference in relation to height. Thus abnormal growth appears to be related to psychiatric disorders in general and is mainly expressed as an accelerated growth of height not matched by an increase in weight or head circumference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanda N J Rommelse
- Karakter, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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Guénolé F, Godbout R, Nicolas A, Franco P, Claustrat B, Baleyte JM. Melatonin for disordered sleep in individuals with autism spectrum disorders: systematic review and discussion. Sleep Med Rev 2011; 15:379-87. [PMID: 21393033 DOI: 10.1016/j.smrv.2011.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2010] [Revised: 02/05/2011] [Accepted: 02/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Sleep disturbance is common in autism spectrum disorders (ASD) and melatonin is widely prescribed in such cases despite a lack of guidelines. The aim of this paper is to provide a systematic review of efficacy and safety of exogenous melatonin for treating disordered sleep in individuals with ASD. We performed a Pubmed(®) documentary search enlarged by a manual review of references, which finally supplied 12 citations (4 case reports, 3 retrospective studies, 2 open-label clinical trials, and 3 placebo-controlled trials). As a whole, we found that the literature supports the existence of a beneficial effect of melatonin on sleep in individuals with ASD, with only few and minor side effects. However, considering the small number of studies and their methodological limits, these conclusions cannot yet be regarded as evidence-based. Randomized controlled trials and long-term follow-up data are still lacking to better assess efficacy and safety of exogenous melatonin for disordered sleep in individuals with ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Guénolé
- CHU de Caen, Service de Psychiatrie de l'enfant et de l'adolescent, Avenue Clemenceau, Caen F-14000, France.
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Gooch D, Snowling M, Hulme C. Time perception, phonological skills and executive function in children with dyslexia and/or ADHD symptoms. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2011; 52:195-203. [PMID: 20860755 PMCID: PMC3412207 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7610.2010.02312.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/12/2010] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Deficits in time perception (the ability to judge the duration of time intervals) have been found in children with both attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and dyslexia. This paper investigates time perception, phonological skills and executive functions in children with dyslexia and/or ADHD symptoms (AS). METHOD Children with dyslexia-only (n = 17), AS-only (n = 17), comorbid dyslexia+AS (n = 25), and typically developing controls (n = 42), matched for age and non-verbal ability, were assessed on measures of phonological skills, executive function and time perception (duration discrimination and time reproduction). RESULTS Children with dyslexia were impaired on measures of phonological skill and duration discrimination compared to children without dyslexia (though problems on duration discrimination appeared to be attributable to mild symptoms of inattention in this group). In contrast, children with AS exhibited impairments on measures of both time perception and executive function compared to children without AS. Children with dyslexia+AS showed an additive combination of the deficits associated with dyslexia-only and AS-only. CONCLUSIONS Dyslexia and AS appear to be associated with distinct patterns of cognitive deficit, which are present in combination in children with dyslexia+AS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debbie Gooch
- Department of Psychology, University of York, Heslington, York, UK.
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19
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Elsabbagh M, Holmboe K, Gliga T, Mercure E, Hudry K, Charman T, Baron-Cohen S, Bolton P, Johnson MH. Social and attention factors during infancy and the later emergence of autism characteristics. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2011; 189:195-207. [PMID: 21489390 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-53884-0.00025-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
Characteristic features of autism include atypical social perception and social-communication skills, and atypical visual attention, alongside rigid and repetitive thinking and behavior. Debate has focused on whether the later emergence of atypical social skills is a consequence of attention problems early in life, or, conversely, whether early social deficits have knock-on consequences for the later development of attention skills. We investigated this question based on evidence from infants at familial risk for a later diagnosis of autism by virtue of being younger siblings of children with a diagnosis. Around 9months, at-risk siblings differed as a group from controls, both in measures of social perception and inhibitory control. We present preliminary data from an ongoing longitudinal research program, suggesting clear associations between some of these infant measures and autism-related characteristics at 3years. We discuss the findings in terms of the emergent nature of autism as a result of complex developmental interactions among brain networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayada Elsabbagh
- Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, Birkbeck, University of London, London, UK.
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20
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Dowd AM, Rinehart NJ, McGinley J. Motor function in children with autism: Why is this relevant to psychologists? CLIN PSYCHOL-UK 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/13284207.2010.525532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ariane M. Dowd
- Centre for Developmental Psychiatry and Psychology, Monash University , Notting Hill, Australia
| | - Nicole J. Rinehart
- Centre for Developmental Psychiatry and Psychology, Monash University , Notting Hill, Australia
| | - Jennifer McGinley
- Orthopaedics and Gait Analysis, Murdoch Children's Research Institute , Parkville, Australia
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21
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Abstract
Studying the genetics of mood disorders has never been more exciting. We have moved rapidly from establishing the genetic basis of depression to asking questions about how genes are expressed. This has been made possible by the capacity to collect and sequence DNA for large samples cheaply. But "multidisciplinary" approaches investigating interrelationships between risk factors have also been increasingly adopted, encouraging collaborations between those studying genes and those studying the brain, cognition, and/or the social environment. In this review, we first describe findings from quantitative and molecular studies investigating the genetic basis of depression. Second, we present overviews of three hot topics of genetic research: gene-environment interplay, which considers how genetic factors shape exposure and responses toward the social environment; endophenotypic research, which identifies neurophysiological and psychological mediators of genetic risk; and epigenetics, which explain how early environments can foster changes in gene expression, altering subsequent emotional development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Y F Lau
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, 0X1 4AU, United Kingdom.
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22
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Animal models of virus-induced neurobehavioral sequelae: recent advances, methodological issues, and future prospects. Interdiscip Perspect Infect Dis 2010; 2010:380456. [PMID: 20490350 PMCID: PMC2872755 DOI: 10.1155/2010/380456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2009] [Revised: 11/14/2009] [Accepted: 03/09/2010] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Converging lines of clinical and epidemiological evidence suggest that viral infections in early developmental stages may be a causal factor in neuropsychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and autism-spectrum disorders. This etiological link, however, remains controversial in view of the lack of consistent and reproducible associations between viruses and mental illness. Animal models of virus-induced neurobehavioral disturbances afford powerful tools to test etiological hypotheses and explore pathophysiological mechanisms. Prenatal or neonatal inoculations of neurotropic agents (such as herpes-, influenza-, and retroviruses) in rodents result in a broad spectrum of long-term alterations reminiscent of psychiatric abnormalities. Nevertheless, the complexity of these sequelae often poses methodological and interpretational challenges and thwarts their characterization. The recent conceptual advancements in psychiatric nosology and behavioral science may help determine new heuristic criteria to enhance the translational value of these models. A particularly critical issue is the identification of intermediate phenotypes, defined as quantifiable factors representing single neurochemical, neuropsychological, or neuroanatomical aspects of a diagnostic category. In this paper, we examine how the employment of these novel concepts may lead to new methodological refinements in the study of virus-induced neurobehavioral sequelae through animal models.
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Ivleva EI, Morris DW, Moates AF, Suppes T, Thaker GK, Tamminga CA. Genetics and intermediate phenotypes of the schizophrenia--bipolar disorder boundary. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2010; 34:897-921. [PMID: 19954751 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2009.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2009] [Revised: 11/20/2009] [Accepted: 11/23/2009] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Categorization of psychotic illnesses into schizophrenic and affective psychoses remains an ongoing controversy. Although Kraepelinian subtyping of psychosis was historically beneficial, modern genetic and neurophysiological studies do not support dichotomous conceptualization of psychosis. Evidence suggests that schizophrenia and bipolar disorder rather present a clinical continuum with partially overlapping symptom dimensions, neurophysiology, genetics and treatment responses. Recent large scale genetic studies have produced inconsistent findings and exposed an urgent need for re-thinking phenomenology-based approach in psychiatric research. Epidemiological, linkage and molecular genetic studies, as well as studies in intermediate phenotypes (neurocognitive, neurophysiological and anatomical imaging) in schizophrenia and bipolar disorders are reviewed in order to support a dimensional conceptualization of psychosis. Overlapping and unique genetic and intermediate phenotypic signatures of the two psychoses are comprehensively recapitulated. Alternative strategies which may be implicated into genetic research are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena I Ivleva
- Department of Psychiatry, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75235, USA.
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24
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Elsabbagh M, Johnson MH. Getting answers from babies about autism. Trends Cogn Sci 2010; 14:81-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tics.2009.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2009] [Revised: 12/11/2009] [Accepted: 12/15/2009] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Singh SM, Basu D. The P300 event-related potential and its possible role as an endophenotype for studying substance use disorders: a review. Addict Biol 2009; 14:298-309. [PMID: 18811679 DOI: 10.1111/j.1369-1600.2008.00124.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The concept of endophenotypes has gained popularity in recent years. This is because of the potential that endophenotypes provide of measuring objective trait markers that are simpler to access and assess than complex behavioral disease phenotypes themselves. The simplicity, ease of measurement and the putative links to the etiology of the disease in the study of an endophenotype has the potential promise of unraveling the genetic basis of the disease in question. Of the various proposed endophenotypes, the P300 component of the event-related potential has been used in studies on alcoholism, schizophrenia and externalizing disorders. The current state of knowledge regarding the concept of endophenotypes, P300 and the validity of P300 as an endophenotype with special reference to substance use disorders is discussed in this review. The implications of the above are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shubh M Singh
- Department of Psychiatry, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India
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Abstract
International research to understand infant patterns of development in autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) has recently focused on a research paradigm involving prospective longitudinal studies of infant siblings of children with autism. Such designs use a comparison group of infant siblings without any familial risks (the low-risk group) to gather longitudinal information about developmental skills across the first 3 years of life, followed by clinical diagnosis of ASD at 36 months. This review focuses on five topics: presence of ASD in the infant sibling groups, patterns and characteristics of motor development, patterns and characteristics of social and emotional development, patterns and characteristics of intentional communication, both verbal and nonverbal, and patterns that mark the onset of behaviors pathognomonic for ASD. Symptoms in all these areas typically begin to be detected during the age period of 12-24 months in infants who will develop autism. Onset of the symptoms occurs at varying ages and in varying patterns, but the pattern of frank loss of skills and marked regression reported from previous retrospective studies in 20-30% of children is seldom reported in these infant sibling prospective studies. Two surprises involve the very early onset of repetitive and unusual sensory behaviors, and the lack of predictive symptoms at the age of 6 months. Contrary to current views that autism is a disorder that profoundly affects social development from the earliest months of life, the data from these studies presents a picture of autism as a disorder involving symptoms across multiple domains with a gradual onset that changes both ongoing developmental rate and established behavioral patterns across the first 2-3 years of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sally J Rogers
- MIND Institute, University of California Davis, Sacramento, USA.
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27
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Doyle AE, Ferreira MAR, Sklar PB, Lasky-Su J, Petty C, Fusillo SJ, Seidman LJ, Willcutt EG, Smoller JW, Purcell S, Biederman J, Faraone SV. Multivariate genomewide linkage scan of neurocognitive traits and ADHD symptoms: suggestive linkage to 3q13. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2008; 147B:1399-411. [PMID: 18973233 PMCID: PMC4002289 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.30868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Family and twin studies suggest that a range of neurocognitive traits index the inherited liability to ADHD; however, the utility of such measures as endophenotypes in molecular genetic studies remains largely untested. The current article examined whether the inclusion of neurocognitive measures in a genomewide linkage analysis of ADHD could aid in identifying QTL linked to the behavioral symptoms of the condition. Data were from an affected sibling pair linkage study of DSM-IV ADHD conducted at Massachusetts General Hospital. The sample included 1,212 individuals from 271 families. ADHD symptoms were assessed with the K-SADS-E. The neurocognitive battery included Wechsler Intelligence Scales subtests, the Stroop, the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST), the Rey-Osterreith Complex Figure, a working memory CPT, the CVLT and WRAT-III subscales. Evidence for linkage was assessed using a simulation-based method that combines information from univariate analyses into the equivalent of a multivariate test. After correction for multiple trait testing, a region on chromosome 3q13 showed suggestive linkage to all neurocognitive traits examined and inattention symptoms of ADHD. The second highest peak occurred on 22q12 but showed linkage to a single subscale of the WCST. In univariate analysis, this region retained criteria for suggestive linkage to this measure after correction for multiple trait testing. Our primary findings raise the possibility that one or more genes on 3q13 influence neurocognitive functions and behavioral symptoms of inattention. Overall, these data support the utility of neurocognitive traits as ADHD endophenotypes, but also highlight their limited genetic overlap with the disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alysa E Doyle
- Pediatric Psychopharmacology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
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Somatosensory functioning and experienced pain in ADHD-families: a pilot study. Eur J Paediatr Neurol 2008; 12:461-9. [PMID: 18262449 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpn.2007.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2007] [Revised: 11/09/2007] [Accepted: 11/25/2007] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND An issue somewhat overlooked in children with Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is somatosensory functioning. Some studies show a deficit in the processing of tactile and kinesthetic stimuli, but more research is needed to confirm these findings. A related topic, namely the subjective experience of pain, has not been investigated. Also unknown is the somatosensory functioning and experienced pain of non-affected siblings of children with ADHD, which may shed light on the familiality of possible alterations in somatosensory functioning and experienced pain. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate these aspects in children with ADHD and their non-affected siblings, and to investigate how these aspects were related to each other. METHOD Somatosensory functioning (tactile perception and kinesthesia) and subjective intensity and emotionality of pain experiences were examined in 50 children with ADHD, their 38 non-affected siblings and 35 normal controls. RESULTS Both children with ADHD and their non-affected siblings showed deficits in tactile perception, though kinesthesia appeared unimpaired. Non-affected siblings reported a significant lower intensity and emotionality of past experienced pain than controls. The 'objective' tests of somatosensory functioning did not relate to the subjective sensation of pain. CONCLUSIONS Alterations in tactile perception may relate to a familial susceptibility for ADHD. Clinicians should be aware of possible under reportage of experienced pain in siblings of children with ADHD. The intensity and emotionality of pain appears difficult to objectify with somatosensory test.
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Mouridsen SE, Rich B, Isager T. Body mass index in male and female children with pervasive developmental disorders. Pediatr Int 2008; 50:569-71. [PMID: 19143984 DOI: 10.1111/j.1442-200x.2008.02618.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of the present study was to evaluate body mass index (BMI) of children with a pervasive developmental disorder (PDD) attending two university clinics during the 1960-84 period. METHODS BMI derived from medical records of 83 consecutively admitted children with atypical autism and 115 children with Asperger syndrome were compared with the corresponding BMI percentiles in an age- and sex-matched reference population. RESULTS The BMI distribution of the boys, but not the girls, in both diagnostic categories was significantly lower than those of the age-matched reference populations. Approximately 15% of the boys had a BMI below the fifth percentile. CONCLUSIONS The present findings are comparable to the results of other studies. Particular attention is given to low BMI as a potential endophenotype in boys with PDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svend E Mouridsen
- Cand Psych, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Bispebjerg University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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30
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Cortical Serotonin Type-2 Receptor Density in Parents of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders. J Autism Dev Disord 2008; 39:97-104. [DOI: 10.1007/s10803-008-0604-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2008] [Accepted: 06/04/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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31
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Prasad KM, Keshavan MS. Structural cerebral variations as useful endophenotypes in schizophrenia: do they help construct "extended endophenotypes"? Schizophr Bull 2008; 34:774-90. [PMID: 18408230 PMCID: PMC2632444 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbn017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Endophenotypes represent intermediate phenotypes on the putative causal pathway from the genotype to the phenotype. They offer a potentially valuable strategy to examine the molecular etiopathology of complex behavioral phenotypes such as schizophrenia. Neurocognitive and neurophysiological impairments that suggest functional impairments associated with schizophrenia have been proposed as endophenotypes. However, few studies have examined the structural variations in the brain that might underlie the functional impairments as useful endophenotypes for schizophrenia. Over the past three decades, there has been an impressive body of literature supporting brain structural alterations in schizophrenia. We critically reviewed the extant literature on the neuroanatomical variations in schizophrenia in this paper to evaluate their candidacy as endophenotypes and how useful they are in furthering the understanding of etiology and pathophysiology of schizophrenia. Brain morphometric measures meet many of the criteria set by different investigators, such as being robustly associated with schizophrenia, heritable, quantifiable, and present in unaffected family members more frequently than in the general population. We conclude that the brain morphometric alterations appear largely to meet the criteria for endophenotypes in psychotic disorders. Some caveats for the utility of endophenotypes are discussed. A proposal to combine more than one endophenotype ("extended endophenotype") is suggested. Further work is needed to examine how specific genes and their interactions with the environment may produce alterations in brain structure and function that accompany psychotic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konasale M. Prasad
- Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
| | - Matcheri S. Keshavan
- Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201
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Rommelse NNJ, Altink ME, Oosterlaan J, Beem L, Buschgens CJM, Buitelaar J, Sergeant JA. Speed, variability, and timing of motor output in ADHD: which measures are useful for endophenotypic research? Behav Genet 2008; 38:121-32. [PMID: 18071893 PMCID: PMC2257997 DOI: 10.1007/s10519-007-9186-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2006] [Accepted: 11/27/2007] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) shares a genetic basis with motor coordination problems and probably motor timing problems. In line with this, comparable problems in motor timing should be observed in first degree relatives and might, therefore, form a suitable endophenotypic candidate. This hypothesis was investigated in 238 ADHD-families (545 children) and 147 control-families (271 children). A motor timing task was administered, in which children had to produce a 1,000 ms interval. In addition to this task, two basic motor tasks were administered to examine speed and variability of motor output, when no timing component was required. Results indicated that variability in motor timing is a useful endophenotypic candidate: It was clearly associated with ADHD, it was also present in non-affected siblings, and it correlated within families. Accuracy (under- versus over-production) in motor timing appeared less useful: Even though accuracy was associated with ADHD (probands and affected siblings had a tendency to under-produce the 1,000 ms interval compared to controls), non-affected siblings did not differ from controls and sibling correlations were only marginally significant. Slow and variable motor output without timing component also appears present in ADHD, but not in non-affected siblings, suggesting these deficits not to be related to a familial vulnerability for ADHD. Deficits in motor timing could not be explained by deficits already present in basic motor output without a timing component. This suggests abnormalities in motor timing were predominantly related to deficient motor timing processes and not to general deficient motor functioning. The finding that deficits in motor timing run in ADHD-families suggests this to be a fruitful domain for further exploration in relation to the genetic underpinnings of ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanda N J Rommelse
- Department of Clinical Neuropsychology, VU University Amsterdam, Van der Boechorststraat 1, Amsterdam 1081 BT, The Netherlands.
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Lau JYF, Pine DS. Elucidating risk mechanisms of gene-environment interactions on pediatric anxiety: integrating findings from neuroscience. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2008; 258:97-106. [PMID: 18343966 DOI: 10.1007/s00406-007-0788-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Recent findings of gene-environment interaction on child and adolescent anxiety generate interest in mechanisms through which genetic risks are expressed. Current findings from neuroscience suggest avenues for exploring putative mechanisms. Specifically recent documentations of abnormality in brain function among anxious adolescents may reflect the end-result of gene expression. In turn these inherited predispositions may increase the likelihood of psychopathology in the presence of stress. The aim of the current article is to consider putative mechanisms reflecting genetic sensitivity to the environment (G x E). Thus we review data implicating biased processing of threat information and anomalies in brain circuitry in the expression of pediatric anxiety. These data suggest that links across development among genes, brain, psychological processes, and behavior are far from established. Accordingly, the article proposes strategies for examining these links. Exploring these relationships during development is crucial, given that these early life processes may potentially shape longer-term patterns of emotional behavior, and therefore life-long trajectories of anxiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Y F Lau
- Mood and Anxiety Program, National Institute of Mental Health, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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Rommelse NN, Altink ME, Martin NC, Buschgens CJ, Faraone SV, Buitelaar JK, Sergeant JA, Oosterlaan J. Relationship between endophenotype and phenotype in ADHD. Behav Brain Funct 2008; 4:4. [PMID: 18234079 PMCID: PMC2267799 DOI: 10.1186/1744-9081-4-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2007] [Accepted: 01/30/2008] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background It has been hypothesized that genetic and environmental factors relate to psychiatric disorders through the effect of intermediating, vulnerability traits called endophenotypes. The study had a threefold aim: to examine the predictive validity of an endophenotypic construct for the ADHD diagnosis, to test whether the magnitude of group differences at the endophenotypic and phenotypic level is comparable, and to investigate whether four factors (gender, age, IQ, rater bias) have an effect (moderation or mediation) on the relation between endophenotype and phenotype. Methods Ten neurocognitive tasks were administered to 143 children with ADHD, 68 non-affected siblings, and 120 control children (first-borns) and 132 children with ADHD, 78 non-affected siblings, and 113 controls (second-borns) (5 – 19 years). The task measures have been investigated previously for their endophenotypic viability and were combined to one component which was labeled 'the endophenotypic construct': one measure representative of endophenotypic functioning across several domains of functioning. Results The endophenotypic construct classified children with moderate accuracy (about 50% for each of the three groups). Non-affected children differed as much from controls at the endophenotypic as at the phenotypic level, but affected children displayed a more severe phenotype than endophenotype. Although a potentially moderating effect (age) and several mediating effects (gender, age, IQ) were found affecting the relation between endophenotypic construct and phenotype, none of the effects studied could account for the finding that affected children had a more severe phenotype than endophenotype. Conclusion Endophenotypic functioning is moderately predictive of the ADHD diagnosis, though findings suggest substantial overlap exists between endophenotypic functioning in the groups of affected children, non-affected siblings, and controls. Results suggest other factors may be crucial and aggravate the ADHD symptoms in affected children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanda Nj Rommelse
- Department of Clinical Neuropsychology, VU University Amsterdam, Van der Boechorststraat 1, 1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Abstract
Two studies investigating the cognitive phenotype of dyslexia are described. Study 1 compared three groups of English and Italian children on speed of processing tasks: (a) children with dyslexia, (b) generally delayed poor readers and (c) CA-controls. In tests of simple and choice reaction time and two visual scanning tasks, children with dyslexia performed like controls and significantly faster than generally delayed poor readers. A second prospective longitudinal investigation of children at family risk of dyslexia showed that problems of literacy development were less circumscribed, with affected children showing phonological deficits in the context of more general oral language difficulties. An important finding was that the risk of dyslexia was continuous in this sample; among at-risk children with normal literacy development, mild impairments of phonological skills were apparent early in development, and subtle difficulties with reading fluency and spelling emerged in early adolescence. A case series extended these findings to show that phonological deficits alone are insufficient to explain literacy difficulties, and it is children with multiple deficits (including language problems) that are more likely to succumb to reading failure.
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Iarocci G, Yager J, Elfers T. What gene–environment interactions can tell us about social competence in typical and atypical populations. Brain Cogn 2007; 65:112-27. [PMID: 17628271 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2007.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2005] [Revised: 01/03/2007] [Accepted: 01/03/2007] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Social competence is a complex human behaviour that is likely to involve a system of genes that interacts with a myriad of environmental risk and protective factors. The search for its genetic and environmental origins and influences is equally complex and will require a multidimensional conceptualization and multiple methods and levels of analysis. Behavioural genetic research can begin to address the fundamental yet complex question of how children develop social competence by uncovering the various influences on social development and disentangling variance due to multiple genes, environments and experiences. In this paper, we review the current status of research on sociability, face recognition, emotion recognition, and theory of mind (TOM)--well defined and measured constructs that are likely to be useful indices for detecting genetic and environmental influences on social competence. We also propose specific milestones as indices of further progress in the field: the development of an operational definition of the construct of social competence, the identification of social endophenotypes-psychological processes that are validly and reliably measured components of social competence, and improving specificity and homogeneity with regard to social endophenotypes within a population of study by employing 'extreme social phenotypes'. These efforts will lead to a better understanding of the specific contributions to the normal variation of social competence in the general population as well as to atypical social development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace Iarocci
- Department of Psychology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada.
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Polderman TJC, Posthuma D, De Sonneville LMJ, Stins JF, Verhulst FC, Boomsma DI. Genetic analyses of the stability of executive functioning during childhood. Biol Psychol 2007; 76:11-20. [PMID: 17597285 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2007.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2007] [Revised: 05/07/2007] [Accepted: 05/09/2007] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Executive functioning is an umbrella term for several related cognitive functions like selective- and sustained attention, working memory, and inhibition. Little is known about the stability of executive functioning during childhood. In this study the longitudinal stability of executive functioning was examined in young twins. The twin design enables to investigate genetic and environmental contributions to (the stability of) executive functioning. Computerized reaction time tasks on working memory, selective- and sustained attention were collected in twins at age 5 years (N=474 children) and at age 12 (N=346 children). The longitudinal correlations of processing speed on all tasks were substantial ( approximately 0.38). For slope (i.e., the delay caused by higher memory load) and fluctuation in tempo the longitudinal correlations were 0.08 and 0.26, respectively. The results hinted at genetic factors being an important mediator of stability of executive functioning over time. Also, genetic variation was the most important explanation for individual differences in executive functioning at both ages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tinca J C Polderman
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, Van der Boechorststraat 1, 1081 BT, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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39
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Keshavan MS, Prasad KM, Pearlson G. Are brain structural abnormalities useful as endophenotypes in schizophrenia? Int Rev Psychiatry 2007; 19:397-406. [PMID: 17671872 DOI: 10.1080/09540260701486233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Endophenotypes, which represent intermediate phenotypes on the causal pathway from the genotype to the phenotype, can help unravel the molecular etiopathology of complex psychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia. Several candidate endophenotypic markers have been proposed in schizophrenia, including neurocognitive and neurophysiological impairments. Over the past three decades, there has been an impressive body of literature in support of brain structural alterations in schizophrenia, but few studies have critically examined whether these abnormalities can be considered useful endophenotypic markers. We critically reviewed the extant literature on the neuroanatomy of schizophrenia in this paper to evaluate their candidacy as endophenotypes. Structural brain changes are robustly associated with schizophrenia, are state independent and may cut across the diagnostic boundaries of major psychotic illnesses. Brain morphometric measures are heritable, co-segregate with the broadly defined neurocognitive and behavioural phenotypes within the first degree relatives of schizophrenia patients and are present in unaffected family members more frequently than in the general population. Taken together, brain morphometric alterations appear largely to meet the criteria for endophenotypes in psychotic disorders. Further work is needed to examine how specific genes and their interactions with the environment may produce alterations in brain structure and function that accompany psychotic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matcheri S Keshavan
- Department of Psychiatry, Wayne State University School of Medicine, 4201 St. Antoine Boulevard, Detroit, MA 48201, USA.
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40
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Anderson GM, Jacobs-Stannard A, Chawarska K, Volkmar FR, Kliman HJ. Placental trophoblast inclusions in autism spectrum disorder. Biol Psychiatry 2007; 61:487-91. [PMID: 16806106 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2006.03.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2005] [Revised: 03/21/2006] [Accepted: 03/21/2006] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Microscopic examination of placental tissue may provide a route to assessing risk and understanding underlying biology of autism. METHODS Occurrence of a distinctive microscopic placental morphological abnormality, the trophoblast inclusion, was assessed using archived placental tissue. The rate of occurrence of trophoblast inclusion-positive slides observed for 13 individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) was compared to the rate in an anonymous consecutive birth cohort. RESULTS The occurrence of inclusion positive slides was significantly greater in the ASD group compared to the control group (6/27 slides, 22.2% vs. 12/154, 7.8%; Fisher Exact Test, two-tailed p = .033; relative risk 2.85). The proportion of positive cases was also greater in the ASD group (5/13 cases, 38.5% vs. 8/61, 13.1%; Fisher Exact, two-tailed p = .044; relative risk 2.93). Behavioral severity scores did not differ across groups of inclusion positive (N = 4) and negative (N = 8) ASD individuals. CONCLUSIONS Although probably not functionally detrimental or causative, the greater occurrence of placental trophoblast inclusions observed in ASD individuals may reflect altered early developmental processes. Further research is required to replicate the basic finding, to understand the basis for the trophoblastic abnormality, and to determine the utility of the measure in early detection of ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- George M Anderson
- The Yale Child Study Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.
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41
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Jacob C, Lesch KP. The Wuerzburg Research Initiative on Adult Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (WURIN-AADHD): multi-layered evaluation of long-term course. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2006; 256 Suppl 1:i12-20. [PMID: 16977545 DOI: 10.1007/s00406-006-1002-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Although the neurobiological basis of the clinical entity of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is evident, data from studies on pathomechanism-phenotype correlations are inconsistent. There are several obvious limitations of the DSM-IV diagnostic criteria to describe an adequate phenotype of adult ADHD. A dimensional model of neurobiologically based endophenotypes is therefore more likely to be compatible with the genetic model of quantitative trait loci. The primary goal of the Wuerzburg Research Initiative on Adult Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (WURIN-AADHD) is to test the validity of two endophenotypes, deficit in response inhibition and impairment of working memory, using various psychometric and neurobiological strategies of investigation in adult patients with ADHD. An additional objective is the investigation of the long-term course of adult ADHD. The conclusive description of valid endophenotypes of ADHD is an ongoing process that may result in a comprehensive neurobiological model for ADHD or its symptom dimensions integrating genetic, neural, cognitive, and behavioral mechanisms. This model will eventually facilitate description of complete causal connections occurring across the lifespan from early development to adulthood and is also likely to accelerate development of more specific and efficient therapeutic strategies in adult ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Jacob
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Wuerzburg, Fuechsleinstrasse 15, 97080, Wuerzburg, Germany
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42
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van der Staay FJ. Animal models of behavioral dysfunctions: Basic concepts and classifications, and an evaluation strategy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 52:131-59. [PMID: 16529820 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresrev.2006.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2005] [Revised: 01/17/2006] [Accepted: 01/17/2006] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
In behavioral neurosciences, such as neurobiology and biopsychology, animal models make it possible to investigate brain-behavior relations, with the aim of gaining insight into normal and abnormal human behavior and its underlying neuronal and neuroendocrinological processes. Different types of animal models of behavioral dysfunctions are reviewed in this article. In order to determine the precise criteria that an animal model should fulfill, experts from different fields must define the desired characteristics of that model at the neuropathologic and behavioral level. The list of characteristics depends on the purpose of the model. The phenotype-abnormal behavior or behavioral dysfunctions-has to be translated into testable measures in animal experiments. It is essential to standardize rearing, housing, and testing conditions, and to evaluate the reliability, validity (primarily predictive and construct validity), and biological or clinical relevance of putative animal models of human behavioral dysfunctions. This evaluation, guided by a systematic strategy, is central to the development of a model. The necessity of animal models and the responsible use of animals in research are discussed briefly.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Josef van der Staay
- Wageningen University and Research Center, Animal Sciences Group, PO Box 65, 8200 AB Lelystad, The Netherlands.
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43
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Whistler T, Taylor R, Craddock RC, Broderick G, Klimas N, Unger ER. Gene expression correlates of unexplained fatigue. Pharmacogenomics 2006; 7:395-405. [PMID: 16610950 DOI: 10.2217/14622416.7.3.395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Quantitative trait analysis (QTA) can be used to test whether the expression of a particular gene significantly correlates with some ordinal variable. To limit the number of false discoveries in the gene list, a multivariate permutation test can also be performed. The purpose of this study is to identify peripheral blood gene expression correlates of fatigue using quantitative trait analysis on gene expression data from 20,000 genes and fatigue traits measured using the multidimensional fatigue inventory (MFI). A total of 839 genes were statistically associated with fatigue measures. These mapped to biological pathways such as oxidative phosphorylation, gluconeogenesis, lipid metabolism, and several signal transduction pathways. However, more than 50% are not functionally annotated or associated with identified pathways. There is some overlap with genes implicated in other studies using differential gene expression. However, QTA allows detection of alterations that may not reach statistical significance in class comparison analyses, but which could contribute to disease pathophysiology. This study supports the use of phenotypic measures of chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) and QTA as important for additional studies of this complex illness. Gene expression correlates of other phenotypic measures in the CFS Computational Challenge (C3) data set could be useful. Future studies of CFS should include as many precise measures of disease phenotype as is practical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toni Whistler
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Viral Exanthems and Herpesvirus Branch, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA.
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44
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Bearden CE, Freimer NB. Endophenotypes for psychiatric disorders: ready for primetime? Trends Genet 2006; 22:306-13. [PMID: 16697071 DOI: 10.1016/j.tig.2006.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2005] [Revised: 03/06/2006] [Accepted: 04/07/2006] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
It is increasingly accepted that the imprecision of categorical psychiatric diagnoses can be a limiting factor in understanding the genetic basis of human behavioral abnormalities. Genetic investigation of endophenotypes--more precisely defined quantitative traits hypothesized to underlie disease syndromes--offers great promise as an alternative or complement to studies of categorical disease phenotypes. However, there is not yet standardization of the methods by which candidate endophenotypes should be chosen and applied. Fruitful endophenotype studies depend on the selection of heritable, quantitative traits that can be objectively and reliably measured. In this article, we propose guidelines for such investigations for psychiatric disorders, using endophenotypes previously proposed for bipolar disorder as particular examples. Gene expression studies and non-human primate models are recent developments in which an endophenotype approach might prove particularly valuable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carrie E Bearden
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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45
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Buitelaar JK. ADHD: strategies to unravel its genetic architecture. JOURNAL OF NEURAL TRANSMISSION. SUPPLEMENTUM 2006:1-17. [PMID: 16355600 DOI: 10.1007/3-211-31222-6_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common and impairing neuropsychiatric disorder with onset at preschool age and strong persistence over time. Its validity as a psychiatric disorder has been established according to Robins and Guze criteria. Genetic factors predominate in the etiology of ADHD. This paper summarizes the current status of genetic research into ADHD, and describes eight factors that complicate research into genetically complex disorders as ADHD. These factors are that multiple genes of small main effects are involved rather than main genes, the relevant phenotype is unknown, presence of clinical heterogeneity, presence of genetic heterogeneity, gene-environment correlation, gene-environment interaction, importance of endophenotypes, and importance of developmental factors. The further unraveling of the genetic architecture of ADHD will depend to a large extent on how well these complicating factors are handled or even used.
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Affiliation(s)
- J K Buitelaar
- Department of Psychiatry (333), Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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46
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Gornick MC, Addington AM, Sporn A, Gogtay N, Greenstein D, Lenane M, Gochman P, Ordonez A, Balkissoon R, Vakkalanka R, Weinberger DR, Rapoport JL, Straub RE. Dysbindin (DTNBP1, 6p22.3) is Associated with Childhood-Onset Psychosis and Endophenotypes Measured by the Premorbid Adjustment Scale (PAS). J Autism Dev Disord 2005; 35:831-8. [PMID: 16283082 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-005-0028-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Straub et al. (2002) recently identified the 6p22.3 gene dysbindin (DTNBP1) through positional cloning as a schizophrenia susceptibility gene. We studied a rare cohort of 102 children with onset of psychosis before age 13. Standardized ratings of early development, medication response, neuropsychological and cognitive performance, premorbid dysfunction and clinical follow-up were obtained. Fourteen SNPs were genotyped in the gene DTNBP1. Family-based pairwise and haplotype transmission disequilibrium test (TDT) analysis with the clinical phenotype, and quantitative transmission disequilibrium test (QTDT) explored endophenotype relationships. One SNP was associated with diagnosis (TDT p=.01). The QTDT analyses showed several significant relationships. Four adjacent SNPs were associated (p values=.0009-.003) with poor premorbid functioning. These findings support the hypothesis that this and other schizophrenia susceptibility genes contribute to early neurodevelopmental impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Gornick
- Child Psychiatry Branch, IRP, National Institute of Mental Health, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892-1600, USA
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Doyle AE, Wilens TE, Kwon A, Seidman LJ, Faraone SV, Fried R, Swezey A, Snyder L, Biederman J. Neuropsychological functioning in youth with bipolar disorder. Biol Psychiatry 2005; 58:540-8. [PMID: 16199011 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2005.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2004] [Revised: 07/18/2005] [Accepted: 07/18/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Little is known about the neuropsychological status of youth with bipolar disorder (BPD) or whether cognitive deficits in this population are accounted for by comorbidity with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). We compared neuropsychological and academic functioning of youth with and without DSM-IV BPD, controlling for effects of comorbid ADHD. METHODS Fifty-seven youth with BPD and 46 healthy control subjects were assessed on a battery of clinical neuropsychological measures including subtests from the Wechsler Intelligence Scales for Children and Adults (Third Editions), the Stroop, the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test, the Rey-Osterreith Complex Figure, an auditory working memory Continuous Performance Test, a measure of verbal learning, and the Wide Range Achievement Test-Third Edition. RESULTS Bipolar disorder was associated with impairments on subtests reflecting sustained attention, working memory, and processing speed after controlling for ADHD. Additionally, decrements of moderate effect sizes were found for measures of interference control, abstract problem solving, and verbal learning but did not meet criteria for statistical significance. CONCLUSIONS After controlling for ADHD, youth with BPD show neuropsychological deficits similar to impairments found in adults with the disorder. Further studies are needed to understand the clinical implications of these impairments as well as their role in the underlying risk for pediatric BPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alysa E Doyle
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
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Doyle AE, Faraone SV, Seidman LJ, Willcutt EG, Nigg JT, Waldman ID, Pennington BF, Peart J, Biederman J. Are endophenotypes based on measures of executive functions useful for molecular genetic studies of ADHD? J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2005; 46:774-803. [PMID: 15972070 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7610.2005.01476.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Behavioral genetic studies provide strong evidence that attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) has a substantial genetic component. Yet, due to the complexity of the ADHD phenotype, questions remain as to the specific genes that contribute to this condition as well as the pathways from genes to behavior. Endophenotypes, or phenotypes that are more closely linked to the neurobiological substrate of a disorder, offer the potential to address these two issues simultaneously (Freedman, Adler, & Leonard, 1999). Thus far, potential endophenotypes for ADHD have not been systematically studied. METHOD The current paper reviews evidence supporting the use of deficits on neurocognitive measures of executive functions for this purpose. RESULTS Such deficits are a correlate of ADHD and show preliminary evidence of heritability and association with relevant candidate genes. Nonetheless, studies that have assessed the familial and genetic overlap of neurocognitive impairments with ADHD have yielded inconsistent results. CONCLUSIONS In order for executive function deficits to be used as an endophenotype for ADHD, we recommend greater attention to the neurocognitive heterogeneity of this disorder and to the precision of measurement of the neuropsychological tests employed. We also discuss empirical strategies that may be necessary to allow such research to progress prior to full resolution of the pathophysiological basis of ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alysa E Doyle
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
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49
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Fangerau H, Ohlraun S, Granath RO, Nöthen MM, Rietschel M, Schulze TG. Computer-assisted phenotype characterization for genetic research in psychiatry. Hum Hered 2005; 58:122-30. [PMID: 15812168 DOI: 10.1159/000083538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2004] [Accepted: 08/27/2004] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Psychiatric disorders differ from other complex phenotypes in their lack of objectively assessable biological markers that contribute to the establishment of a research diagnosis for genetic studies. To nevertheless allow for the delineation of genetically meaningful diagnostic entities for psychiatric genetic research, comprehensive phenotype characterization procedures are required. It is widely agreed that these should include the standardized assessment of life-time clinical symptomatology, sociodemographic, and environmental factors. Data should be based on several sources, i.e. diagnostic interviews with probands and their relatives as well as a thorough review of medical records, and final assignment of diagnosis should follow robust algorithms (i.e. best-estimate procedures, consensus diagnosis). Here, we outline a practical implementation of such a phenotype characterization strategy, including patient recruitment, study enrolment procedures, comprehensive diagnostic assessment, and data management. We argue that successful psychiatric phenotype characterization requires flexible tools. For this purpose, we have developed a computer-assisted phenotype characterization inventory, built around the backbone of a relational database. It allows for the straightforward assessment of symptoms, automated error checks and diagnostic assignment, easily manageable data storage and handling, and flexible data transfer between various research centers even across language barriers, while at the same time keeping up with the highest standards for the protection of sensitive patient data.
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50
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Doyle AE, Willcutt EG, Seidman LJ, Biederman J, Chouinard VA, Silva J, Faraone SV. Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder endophenotypes. Biol Psychiatry 2005; 57:1324-35. [PMID: 15950005 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2005.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2004] [Revised: 03/09/2005] [Accepted: 03/09/2005] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a highly heritable disorder with a multifactorial pattern of inheritance. For complex conditions such as this, biologically based phenotypes that lie in the pathway from genes to behavior may provide a more powerful target for molecular genetic studies than the disorder as a whole. Although their use in ADHD is relatively new, such "endophenotypes" have aided the clarification of the etiology and pathophysiology of several other conditions in medicine and psychiatry. In this article, we review existing data on potential endophenotypes for ADHD, emphasizing neuropsychological deficits because assessment tools are cost effective and relatively easy to implement. Neuropsychological impairments, as well as measures from neuroimaging and electrophysiological paradigms, show correlations with ADHD and evidence of heritability, but the familial or genetic overlap between these constructs and ADHD remains unclear. We conclude that these endophenotypes will not be a quick fix for the field but offer potential if careful consideration is given to issues of heterogeneity, measurement and statistical power.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alysa E Doyle
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
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