1
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Filan C, Charles S, Casteleiro Costa P, Niu W, Cheng B, Wen Z, Lu H, Robles FE. Non-invasive label-free imaging analysis pipeline for in situ characterization of 3D brain organoids. Sci Rep 2024; 14:22331. [PMID: 39333572 PMCID: PMC11436713 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-72038-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 09/03/2024] [Indexed: 09/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Brain organoids provide a unique opportunity to model organ development in a system similar to human organogenesis in vivo. Brain organoids thus hold great promise for drug screening and disease modeling. Conventional approaches to organoid characterization predominantly rely on molecular analysis methods, which are expensive, time-consuming, labor-intensive, and involve the destruction of the valuable three-dimensional (3D) architecture of the organoids. This reliance on end-point assays makes it challenging to assess cellular and subcellular events occurring during organoid development in their 3D context. As a result, the long developmental processes are not monitored nor assessed. The ability to perform non-invasive assays is critical for longitudinally assessing features of organoid development during culture. In this paper, we demonstrate a label-free high-content imaging approach for observing changes in organoid morphology and structural changes occurring at the cellular and subcellular level. Enabled by microfluidic-based culture of 3D cell systems and a novel 3D quantitative phase imaging method, we demonstrate the ability to perform non-destructive high-resolution quantitative image analysis of the organoid. The highlighted results demonstrated in this paper provide a new approach to performing live, non-destructive monitoring of organoid systems during culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Filan
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30318, USA
| | - Seleipiri Charles
- Georgia Institute of Technology, Interdisciplinary Program in Bioengineering, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Paloma Casteleiro Costa
- Georgia Institute of Technology, School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Weibo Niu
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, 30322, USA
| | - Brian Cheng
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30318, USA
| | - Zhexing Wen
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, 30322, USA
- Departments of Cell Biology and Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, 30322, USA
| | - Hang Lu
- Georgia Institute of Technology, Interdisciplinary Program in Bioengineering, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
- Georgia Institute of Technology, School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Atlanta, Georgia, 30332, USA
| | - Francisco E Robles
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30318, USA.
- Georgia Institute of Technology, Interdisciplinary Program in Bioengineering, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA.
- Georgia Institute of Technology, School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA.
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30318, USA.
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Stafeev I, Agareva M, Michurina S, Tomilova A, Shestakova E, Zubkova E, Sineokaya M, Ratner E, Menshikov M, Parfyonova Y, Shestakova M. Semaglutide 6-months therapy of type 2 diabetes mellitus restores adipose progenitors potential to develop metabolically active adipocytes. Eur J Pharmacol 2024; 970:176476. [PMID: 38493915 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2024.176476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nowadays type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) leads to population mortality growth. Today glucagon-like peptide type 1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RA) are one of the most promising glucose-lowered drugs with anorexigenic and cardioprotective effects. The present study aims to determine the effects of GLP-1 RA semaglutide 6-month therapy on T2DM patient metabolic parameters and adipose progenitor cell health. METHODS T2DM patients (N = 8) underwent clinical characterization and subcutaneous fat biopsy at start point and after semaglutide 6-month therapy. Adipose-derived stem cells (ADSC) were isolated by enzymatic method. Cell proliferation analysis was performed by MTT and immunocytochemistry. White and beige adipogenesis was analyzed by BODIPY493/503 staining and confocal microscopy. Adipocyte's metabolic properties were estimated by 3H- and 14C-based metabolic assays. Thermogenesis analysis was performed by ERthermAC staining and confocal microscopy. Protein markers were assessed by Western blotting. RESULTS Semaglutide 6-month therapy demonstrated significant anorexigenic and glucose-lowering effects. However, insulin sensitivity (HOMA-IR and M-index) was unchanged after therapy. Semaglutide 6-month therapy increased ADSC proliferation and white and beige adipogenesis. Moreover, lipid droplets fragmentation was observed in beige adipocytes. Both white and beige adipocytes after semaglutide therapy demonstrated 2-3 fold growth of glucose uptake without changes in insulin sensitivity. Newly formed white adipocytes demonstrated glucose utilization for active ATP synthesis, whereas beige adipocytes for canonical thermogenesis. CONCLUSIONS Our study has revealed that semaglutide 6-month therapy has not only systemic anorexigenic effects, but can markedly improve adipose tissue health. We have demonstrated critical restoration of ADSC renewal functions, which potentially can be involved in semaglutide based weight loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Stafeev
- National Medical Research Centre of Cardiology Named After Academician E.I.Chazov, 121552, Moscow, Russia.
| | - M Agareva
- National Medical Research Centre of Cardiology Named After Academician E.I.Chazov, 121552, Moscow, Russia; Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991, Moscow, Russia
| | - S Michurina
- National Medical Research Centre of Cardiology Named After Academician E.I.Chazov, 121552, Moscow, Russia; Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991, Moscow, Russia
| | - A Tomilova
- Endocrinology Research Centre, 117292, Moscow, Russia
| | - E Shestakova
- Endocrinology Research Centre, 117292, Moscow, Russia
| | - E Zubkova
- National Medical Research Centre of Cardiology Named After Academician E.I.Chazov, 121552, Moscow, Russia
| | - M Sineokaya
- Endocrinology Research Centre, 117292, Moscow, Russia
| | - E Ratner
- National Medical Research Centre of Cardiology Named After Academician E.I.Chazov, 121552, Moscow, Russia
| | - M Menshikov
- National Medical Research Centre of Cardiology Named After Academician E.I.Chazov, 121552, Moscow, Russia
| | - Ye Parfyonova
- National Medical Research Centre of Cardiology Named After Academician E.I.Chazov, 121552, Moscow, Russia; Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991, Moscow, Russia
| | - M Shestakova
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991, Moscow, Russia; Endocrinology Research Centre, 117292, Moscow, Russia
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Charital S, Shunmugam S, Dass S, Alazzi AM, Arnold CS, Katris NJ, Duley S, Quansah NA, Pierrel F, Govin J, Yamaryo-Botté Y, Botté CY. The acyl-CoA synthetase TgACS1 allows neutral lipid metabolism and extracellular motility in Toxoplasma gondii through relocation via its peroxisomal targeting sequence (PTS) under low nutrient conditions. mBio 2024; 15:e0042724. [PMID: 38501871 PMCID: PMC11005404 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00427-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Apicomplexa parasites cause major diseases such as toxoplasmosis and malaria that have major health and economic burdens. These unicellular pathogens are obligate intracellular parasites that heavily depend on lipid metabolism for the survival within their hosts. Their lipid synthesis relies on an essential combination of fatty acids (FAs) obtained from both de novo synthesis and scavenging from the host. The constant flux of scavenged FA needs to be channeled toward parasite lipid storage, and these FA storages are timely mobilized during parasite division. In eukaryotes, the utilization of FA relies on their obligate metabolic activation mediated by acyl-co-enzyme A (CoA) synthases (ACSs), which catalyze the thioesterification of FA to a CoA. Besides the essential functions of FA for parasite survival, the presence and roles of ACS are yet to be determined in Apicomplexa. Here, we identified TgACS1 as a Toxoplasma gondii cytosolic ACS that is involved in FA mobilization in the parasite specifically during low host nutrient conditions, especially in extracellular stages where it adopts a different localization. Heterologous complementation of yeast ACS mutants confirmed TgACS1 as being an Acyl-CoA synthetase of the bubble gum family that is most likely involved in β-oxidation processes. We further demonstrate that TgACS1 is critical for gliding motility of extracellular parasite facing low nutrient conditions, by relocating to peroxisomal-like area.IMPORTANCEToxoplasma gondii, causing human toxoplasmosis, is an Apicomplexa parasite and model within this phylum that hosts major infectious agents, such as Plasmodium spp., responsible for malaria. The diseases caused by apicomplexans are responsible for major social and economic burdens affecting hundreds of millions of people, like toxoplasmosis chronically present in about one-third of the world's population. Lack of efficient vaccines, rapid emergence of resistance to existing treatments, and toxic side effects of current treatments all argue for the urgent need to develop new therapeutic tools to combat these diseases. Understanding the key metabolic pathways sustaining host-intracellular parasite interactions is pivotal to develop new efficient ways to kill these parasites. Current consensus supports parasite lipid synthesis and trafficking as pertinent target for novel treatments. Many processes of this essential lipid metabolism in the parasite are not fully understood. The capacity for the parasites to sense and metabolically adapt to the host physiological conditions has only recently been unraveled. Our results clearly indicate the role of acyl-co-enzyme A (CoA) synthetases for the essential metabolic activation of fatty acid (FA) used to maintain parasite propagation and survival. The significance of our research is (i) the identification of seven of these enzymes that localize at different cellular areas in T. gondii parasites; (ii) using lipidomic approaches, we show that TgACS1 mobilizes FA under low host nutrient content; (iii) yeast complementation showed that acyl-CoA synthase 1 (ACS1) is an ACS that is likely involved in peroxisomal β-oxidation; (iv) the importance of the peroxisomal targeting sequence for correct localization of TgACS1 to a peroxisomal-like compartment in extracellular parasites; and lastly, (v) that TgACS1 has a crucial role in energy production and extracellular parasite motility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Charital
- Apicolipid Team, Institute for Advanced Biosciences, CNRS UMR5309, INSERM U1209, Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Serena Shunmugam
- Apicolipid Team, Institute for Advanced Biosciences, CNRS UMR5309, INSERM U1209, Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Sheena Dass
- Apicolipid Team, Institute for Advanced Biosciences, CNRS UMR5309, INSERM U1209, Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Anna Maria Alazzi
- Team Govin, Institute for Advanced Biosciences, CNRS UMR5309, INSERM U1209, Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Christophe-Sébastien Arnold
- Apicolipid Team, Institute for Advanced Biosciences, CNRS UMR5309, INSERM U1209, Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Nicholas J. Katris
- Apicolipid Team, Institute for Advanced Biosciences, CNRS UMR5309, INSERM U1209, Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Samuel Duley
- Apicolipid Team, Institute for Advanced Biosciences, CNRS UMR5309, INSERM U1209, Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Nyamekye A. Quansah
- Apicolipid Team, Institute for Advanced Biosciences, CNRS UMR5309, INSERM U1209, Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Fabien Pierrel
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, TIMC-IMAG, Grenoble, France
| | - Jérôme Govin
- Team Govin, Institute for Advanced Biosciences, CNRS UMR5309, INSERM U1209, Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Yoshiki Yamaryo-Botté
- Apicolipid Team, Institute for Advanced Biosciences, CNRS UMR5309, INSERM U1209, Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Cyrille Y. Botté
- Apicolipid Team, Institute for Advanced Biosciences, CNRS UMR5309, INSERM U1209, Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
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Filan C, Charles S, Casteleiro Costa P, Niu W, Cheng BF, Wen Z, Lu H, Robles FE. Non-Invasive Label-free Analysis Pipeline for In Situ Characterization of Differentiation in 3D Brain Organoid Models. RESEARCH SQUARE 2024:rs.3.rs-4049577. [PMID: 38645145 PMCID: PMC11030508 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4049577/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/23/2024]
Abstract
Brain organoids provide a unique opportunity to model organ development in a system similar to human organogenesis in vivo. Brain organoids thus hold great promise for drug screening and disease modeling. Conventional approaches to organoid characterization predominantly rely on molecular analysis methods, which are expensive, time-consuming, labor-intensive, and involve the destruction of the valuable 3D architecture of the organoids. This reliance on end-point assays makes it challenging to assess cellular and subcellular events occurring during organoid development in their 3D context. As a result, the long developmental processes are not monitored nor assessed. The ability to perform non-invasive assays is critical for longitudinally assessing features of organoid development during culture. In this paper, we demonstrate a label-free high-content imaging approach for observing changes in organoid morphology and structural changes occurring at the cellular and subcellular level. Enabled by microfluidic-based culture of 3D cell systems and a novel 3D quantitative phase imaging method, we demonstrate the ability to perform non-destructive high-resolution imaging of the organoid. The highlighted results demonstrated in this paper provide a new approach to performing live, non-destructive monitoring of organoid systems during culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Filan
- Georgia Institute of Technology, George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Atlanta, GA, 30318, USA
| | - Seleipiri Charles
- Georgia Institute of Technology, Interdisciplinary Program in Bioengineering, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Paloma Casteleiro Costa
- Georgia Institute of Technology, School of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Weibo Niu
- Emory University School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
| | - Brian F. Cheng
- Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Atlanta, GA, 30318, USA
| | - Zhexing Wen
- Emory University School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
- Emory University School of Medicine, Departments of Cell Biology and Neurology, Atlanta, Georgia, 30322, USA
| | - Hang Lu
- Georgia Institute of Technology, Interdisciplinary Program in Bioengineering, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
- Georgia Institute of Technology, School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, USA
| | - Francisco E. Robles
- Georgia Institute of Technology, George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Atlanta, GA, 30318, USA
- Georgia Institute of Technology, Interdisciplinary Program in Bioengineering, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
- Georgia Institute of Technology, School of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
- Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Atlanta, GA, 30318, USA
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5
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Álvarez-Guerra I, Block E, Broeskamp F, Gabrijelčič S, Infant T, de Ory A, Habernig L, Andréasson C, Levine TP, Höög JL, Büttner S. LDO proteins and Vac8 form a vacuole-lipid droplet contact site to enable starvation-induced lipophagy in yeast. Dev Cell 2024; 59:759-775.e5. [PMID: 38354739 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2024.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Revised: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
Lipid droplets (LDs) are fat storage organelles critical for energy and lipid metabolism. Upon nutrient exhaustion, cells consume LDs via gradual lipolysis or via lipophagy, the en bloc uptake of LDs into the vacuole. Here, we show that LDs dock to the vacuolar membrane via a contact site that is required for lipophagy in yeast. The LD-localized LDO proteins carry an intrinsically disordered region that directly binds vacuolar Vac8 to form vCLIP, the vacuolar-LD contact site. Nutrient limitation drives vCLIP formation, and its inactivation blocks lipophagy, resulting in impaired caloric restriction-induced longevity. We establish a functional link between lipophagy and microautophagy of the nucleus, both requiring Vac8 to form respective contact sites upon metabolic stress. In sum, we identify the tethering machinery of vCLIP and find that Vac8 provides a platform for multiple and competing contact sites associated with autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Álvarez-Guerra
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Emma Block
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Filomena Broeskamp
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, 40530 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Sonja Gabrijelčič
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Terence Infant
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ana de Ory
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lukas Habernig
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Claes Andréasson
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tim P Levine
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, Bath Street, London EC1V 9EL, UK
| | - Johanna L Höög
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, 40530 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Sabrina Büttner
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden.
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6
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Michurina S, Agareva M, Zubkova E, Menshikov M, Stafeev I, Parfyonova Y. IL-4 activates the futile triacylglyceride cycle for glucose utilization in white adipocytes. Biochem J 2024; 481:329-344. [PMID: 38323641 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20230486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
The development of cardiometabolic complications during obesity is strongly associated with chronic latent inflammation in hypertrophied adipose tissue (AT). IL-4 is an anti-inflammatory cytokine, playing a protective role against insulin resistance, glucose intolerance and weight gain. The positive effects of IL-4 are associated not only with the activation of anti-inflammatory immune cells in AT, but also with the modulation of adipocyte metabolism. IL-4 is known to activate lipolysis and glucose uptake in adipocytes, but the precise regulatory mechanisms and physiological significance of these processes remain unclear. In this study, we detail IL-4 effects on glucose and triacylglycerides (TAGs) metabolism and propose mechanisms of IL-4 metabolic action in adipocytes. We have shown that IL-4 activates glucose oxidation, lipid droplet (LD) fragmentation, lipolysis and thermogenesis in mature 3T3-L1 adipocytes. We found that lipolysis was not accompanied by fatty acids (FAs) release from adipocytes, suggesting FA re-esterification. Moreover, glucose oxidation and thermogenesis stimulation depended on adipocyte triglyceride lipase (ATGL) activity, but not the uncoupling protein (UCP1) expression. Based on these data, IL-4 may activate the futile TAG-FA cycle in adipocytes, which enhances the oxidative activity of cells and heat production. Thus, the positive effect of IL-4 on systemic metabolism can be the result of the activation of non-canonical thermogenic mechanism in AT, increasing TAG turnover and utilization of excessive glucose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svetlana Michurina
- Department of Angiogenesis, National Medical Research Centre for Cardiology named after academician E.I.Chazov, 121552, Moscow, Russia
| | - Margarita Agareva
- Department of Angiogenesis, National Medical Research Centre for Cardiology named after academician E.I.Chazov, 121552, Moscow, Russia
- Faculty of Basic Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991, Moscow, Russia
| | - Ekaterina Zubkova
- Department of Angiogenesis, National Medical Research Centre for Cardiology named after academician E.I.Chazov, 121552, Moscow, Russia
| | - Mikhail Menshikov
- Department of Angiogenesis, National Medical Research Centre for Cardiology named after academician E.I.Chazov, 121552, Moscow, Russia
| | - Iurii Stafeev
- Department of Angiogenesis, National Medical Research Centre for Cardiology named after academician E.I.Chazov, 121552, Moscow, Russia
| | - Yelena Parfyonova
- Department of Angiogenesis, National Medical Research Centre for Cardiology named after academician E.I.Chazov, 121552, Moscow, Russia
- Faculty of Basic Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991, Moscow, Russia
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7
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Oh JJ, Jin Ko Y, Jun Kim Y, Kwon H, Lee C. Automated quantification of lipid contents of Lipomyces starkeyi using deep-learning-based image segmentation. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2024; 393:130015. [PMID: 37979884 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2023.130015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/20/2023]
Abstract
Intracellular lipid droplets (LDs), subcellular organelles playing a role in long-term carbon storage, have immense potential in biofuel and dietary lipid production. Monitoring the state of LDs in living cells is of utmost importance for quick biomass harvest and screening promising isolates. Here, a deep-learning-based segmentation model was developed for automatic detection and segmentation of LDs using the model yeast species Lipomyces starkeyi, leading to fast and accurate quantification of lipid contents in liquid cultures. The trained model detected the yeast's cell and LDs in light microscopic images with an accuracy of 98% and 92%, respectively. Lipid content prediction using pixel numbers counted in segmented LDs showed high similarity to lipid quantification results obtained with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. This automated quantification can highly reduce cost and time in real-time monitoring of lipid production, thereby providing an efficient tool in bio-fermentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong-Joo Oh
- Division of Environmental Science & Ecological Engineering, College of Life Sciences & Biotechnology, Korea University, 145, Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea; Institute of Life Science and Natural Resources, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Jin Ko
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Applied Life Science (SARI), Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Jun Kim
- Interdisciplinary Biological Sciences Program, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Hyeokhyeon Kwon
- PlayIdeaLab, 61, Yonsei-ro 2na-gil, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Changmin Lee
- Research Institute of Future City and Society, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea.
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8
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Park C, Lim JM, Hong SC, Cho M. Monitoring the synthesis of neutral lipids in lipid droplets of living human cancer cells using two-color infrared photothermal microscopy. Chem Sci 2024; 15:1237-1247. [PMID: 38274065 PMCID: PMC10806728 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc04705a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
There has been growing interest in the functions of lipid droplets (LDs) due to recent discoveries regarding their diverse roles. These functions encompass lipid metabolism, regulation of lipotoxicity, and signaling pathways that extend beyond their traditional role in energy storage. Consequently, there is a need to examine the molecular dynamics of LDs at the subcellular level. Two-color infrared photothermal microscopy (2C-IPM) has proven to be a valuable tool for elucidating the molecular dynamics occurring in LDs with sub-micrometer spatial resolution and molecular specificity. In this study, we employed the 2C-IPM to investigate the molecular dynamics of LDs in both fixed and living human cancer cells (U2OS cells) using the isotope labeling method. We investigated the synthesis of neutral lipids occurring in individual LDs over time after exposing the cells to excess saturated fatty acids while simultaneously comparing inherent lipid contents in LDs. We anticipate that these research findings will reveal new opportunities for studying lesser-known biological processes within LDs and other subcellular organelles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chanjong Park
- Center for Molecular Spectroscopy and Dynamics, Institute for Basic Science Seoul 02841 Korea
- Department of Chemistry, Korea University Seoul 02841 Korea
| | - Jong Min Lim
- Center for Molecular Spectroscopy and Dynamics, Institute for Basic Science Seoul 02841 Korea
| | - Seok-Cheol Hong
- Center for Molecular Spectroscopy and Dynamics, Institute for Basic Science Seoul 02841 Korea
- Department of Physics, Korea University Seoul 02841 Korea
| | - Minhaeng Cho
- Center for Molecular Spectroscopy and Dynamics, Institute for Basic Science Seoul 02841 Korea
- Department of Chemistry, Korea University Seoul 02841 Korea
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9
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Mari M, Voutyraki C, Zacharioudaki E, Delidakis C, Filippidis G. Lipid content evaluation of Drosophila tumour associated haemocytes through Third Harmonic Generation measurements. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2023; 16:e202300171. [PMID: 37643223 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.202300171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Non-linear microscopy is a powerful imaging tool to examine structural properties and subcellular processes of various biological samples. The competence of Third Harmonic Generation (THG) includes the label free imaging with diffraction-limited resolution and three-dimensional visualization with negligible phototoxicity effects. In this study, THG records and quantifies the lipid content of Drosophila haemocytes, upon encountering normal or tumorigenic neural cells, in correlation with their shape or their state. We show that the lipid accumulations of adult haemocytes are similar before and after encountering normal cells. In contrast, adult haemocytes prior to their interaction with cancer cells have a low lipid index, which increases while they are actively engaged in phagocytosis only to decrease again when haemocytes become exhausted. This dynamic change in the lipid accrual of haemocytes upon encountering tumour cells could potentially be a useful tool to assess the phagocytic capacity or activation state of tumour-associated haemocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meropi Mari
- Institute of Electronic Structure and Laser, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Chrysanthi Voutyraki
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Eva Zacharioudaki
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Christos Delidakis
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - George Filippidis
- Institute of Electronic Structure and Laser, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
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10
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Greenwood BL, Luo Z, Ahmed T, Huang D, Stuart DT. Saccharomyces cerevisiae Δ9-desaturase Ole1 forms a supercomplex with Slc1 and Dga1. J Biol Chem 2023:104882. [PMID: 37269945 PMCID: PMC10302205 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.104882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2022] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Biosynthesis of the various lipid species that compose cellular membranes and lipid droplets depends on the activity of multiple enzymes functioning in coordinated pathways. The flux of intermediates through lipid biosynthetic pathways is regulated to respond to nutritional and environmental demands placed on the cell necessitating that there be extensive flexibility in pathway activity and organization. This flexibility can in part be achieved through the organization of biosynthetic enzymes into metabolon supercomplexes. However, the composition and organization of such supercomplexes remains unclear. Here, we identified protein-protein interactions between acyltransferases Sct1, Gpt2, Slc1, Dga1 and the Δ9 acyl-CoA desaturase Ole1 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. We further determined that a subset of these acyltransferases interact with each other without Ole1 acting as a scaffold. We show that truncated versions of Dga1 lacking the carboxyl-terminal 20 amino acid residues are non-functional and unable to bind Ole1. Furthermore, charged-to-alanine scanning mutagenesis revealed that a cluster of charged residues near the carboxyl-terminus were required for the interaction with Ole1. Mutation of these charged residues disrupted the interaction between Dga1 and Ole1, but allowed Dga1 to retain catalytic activity and to induce lipid droplet formation. These data support the formation of a complex of acyltransferases involved in lipid biosynthesis that interacts with Ole1, the sole acyl-CoA desaturase in S. cerevisiae, that can channel unsaturated acyl-chains toward phospholipid or triacylglycerol synthesis. This desaturasome complex may provide the architecture that allows for the necessary flux of de novo synthesized unsaturated acyl-CoA to phospholipid or triacylglycerol synthesis as demanded by cellular requirements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brianna L Greenwood
- Department of Biochemistry, 561 Medical Sciences Building, University of Alberta, Edmonton AB, T6G 2R3, Canada
| | - Zijun Luo
- Department of Biochemistry, 561 Medical Sciences Building, University of Alberta, Edmonton AB, T6G 2R3, Canada
| | - Tareq Ahmed
- Department of Biochemistry, 561 Medical Sciences Building, University of Alberta, Edmonton AB, T6G 2R3, Canada
| | - Daniel Huang
- Department of Biochemistry, 561 Medical Sciences Building, University of Alberta, Edmonton AB, T6G 2R3, Canada
| | - David T Stuart
- Department of Biochemistry, 561 Medical Sciences Building, University of Alberta, Edmonton AB, T6G 2R3, Canada.
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11
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Stafeev I, Michurina S, Agareva M, Zubkova E, Sklyanik I, Shestakova E, Gavrilova A, Sineokaya M, Ratner E, Menshikov M, Parfyonova Y, Shestakova M. Visceral mesenchymal stem cells from type 2 diabetes donors activate triglycerides synthesis in healthy adipocytes via metabolites exchange and cytokines secretion. Int J Obes (Lond) 2023:10.1038/s41366-023-01317-1. [PMID: 37100877 DOI: 10.1038/s41366-023-01317-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In recent years, there has been an increase in the prevalence of obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Development of visceral instead of subcutaneous adipose tissue is pathogenic and increases the risk of metabolic abnormalities. We hypothesize that visceral adipocytes and stromal cells are able to deteriorate other fat depots metabolism via secretory mechanisms. METHODS We study the regulatory role of visceral adipose-derived stem cells (vADSC) from donors with obesity and T2DM or normal glucose tolerance (NGT) on healthy subcutaneous ADSC (sADSC) in the Transwell system. Lipid droplets formation during adipogenesis was assessed by confocal microscopy. Cell metabolism was evaluated by 14C-glucose incorporation analysis and western blotting. vADSC secretome was assessed by Milliplex assay. RESULTS We showed that both NGT and T2DM vADSC had mesenchymal phenotype, but expression of CD29 was enhanced, whereas expressions of CD90, CD140b and IGF1R were suppressed in both NGT and T2DM vADSC. Co-differentiation with T2DM vADSC increased lipid droplet size and stimulated accumulation of fatty acids in adipocytes from healthy sADSC. In mature adipocytes T2DM vADSC stimulated triglyceride formation, whereas NGT vADSC activated oxidative metabolism. Secretome of NGT vADSC was pro-inflammatory and pro-angiogenic in comparison with T2DM vADSC. CONCLUSIONS The present study has demonstrated the critical role of secretory interactions between visceral and subcutaneous fat depots both in the level of progenitor and mature cells. Mechanisms of these interactions are related to direct exchange of metabolites and cytokines secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iurii Stafeev
- National Medical Research Centre of Cardiology named after academician E.I.Chazov, 121552, Moscow, Russia.
| | - Svetlana Michurina
- National Medical Research Centre of Cardiology named after academician E.I.Chazov, 121552, Moscow, Russia
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991, Moscow, Russia
| | - Margarita Agareva
- National Medical Research Centre of Cardiology named after academician E.I.Chazov, 121552, Moscow, Russia
- Institute of Fine Chemical Technologies named after M.V. Lomonosov, 119571, Moscow, Russia
| | - Ekaterina Zubkova
- National Medical Research Centre of Cardiology named after academician E.I.Chazov, 121552, Moscow, Russia
| | - Igor Sklyanik
- Endocrinology Research Centre, 117292, Moscow, Russia
| | | | | | | | - Elizaveta Ratner
- National Medical Research Centre of Cardiology named after academician E.I.Chazov, 121552, Moscow, Russia
| | - Mikhail Menshikov
- National Medical Research Centre of Cardiology named after academician E.I.Chazov, 121552, Moscow, Russia
| | - Yelena Parfyonova
- National Medical Research Centre of Cardiology named after academician E.I.Chazov, 121552, Moscow, Russia
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991, Moscow, Russia
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12
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Michurina S, Stafeev I, Boldyreva M, Truong VA, Ratner E, Menshikov M, Hu YC, Parfyonova Y. Transplantation of Adipose-Tissue-Engineered Constructs with CRISPR-Mediated UCP1 Activation. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24043844. [PMID: 36835254 PMCID: PMC9959691 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 02/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Thermogenic adipocytes have potential utility for the development of approaches to treat type 2 diabetes and obesity-associated diseases. Although several reports have proved the positive effect of beige and brown adipocyte transplantation in obese mice, translation to human cell therapy needs improvement. Here, we describe the application of CRISPR activation (CRISPRa) technology for generating safe and efficient adipose-tissue-engineered constructs with enhanced mitochondrial uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) expression. We designed the CRISPRa system for the activation of UCP1 gene expression. CRISPRa-UCP1 was delivered into mature adipocytes by a baculovirus vector. Modified adipocytes were transplanted in C57BL/6 mice, followed by analysis of grafts, inflammation and systemic glucose metabolism. Staining of grafts on day 8 after transplantation shows them to contain UCP1-positive adipocytes. Following transplantation, adipocytes remain in grafts and exhibit expression of PGC1α transcription factor and hormone sensitive lipase (HSL). Transplantation of CRISPRa-UCP1-modified adipocytes does not influence glucose metabolism or inflammation in recipient mice. We show the utility and safety of baculovirus vectors for CRISPRa-based thermogenic gene activation. Our findings suggest a means of improving existing cell therapy approaches using baculovirus vectors and CRISPRa for modification and transplantation of non-immunogenic adipocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svetlana Michurina
- National Medical Research Centre of Cardiology Named after Academician E. I. Chazov, 121552 Moscow, Russia
- Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
- Correspondence: (S.M.); (I.S.)
| | - Iurii Stafeev
- National Medical Research Centre of Cardiology Named after Academician E. I. Chazov, 121552 Moscow, Russia
- Correspondence: (S.M.); (I.S.)
| | - Maria Boldyreva
- National Medical Research Centre of Cardiology Named after Academician E. I. Chazov, 121552 Moscow, Russia
- Cell and Molecular Biology Unit, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, National Research University Higher School of Economics, 101000 Moscow, Russia
| | - Vu Anh Truong
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 300044, Taiwan
| | - Elizaveta Ratner
- National Medical Research Centre of Cardiology Named after Academician E. I. Chazov, 121552 Moscow, Russia
| | - Mikhail Menshikov
- National Medical Research Centre of Cardiology Named after Academician E. I. Chazov, 121552 Moscow, Russia
| | - Yu-Chen Hu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 300044, Taiwan
- Frontier Research Center on Fundamental and Applied Sciences of Matters, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 300044, Taiwan
| | - Yelena Parfyonova
- National Medical Research Centre of Cardiology Named after Academician E. I. Chazov, 121552 Moscow, Russia
- Faculty of Basic Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
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13
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Pajić T, Todorović NV, Živić M, Nikolić SN, Rabasović MD, Clayton AHA, Krmpot AJ. Label-free third harmonic generation imaging and quantification of lipid droplets in live filamentous fungi. Sci Rep 2022; 12:18760. [PMID: 36335164 PMCID: PMC9637149 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-23502-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
We report the utilization of Third-Harmonic Generation microscopy for label-free live cell imaging of lipid droplets in the hypha of filamentous fungus Phycomyces blakesleeanus. THG microscopy images showed bright spherical features dispersed throughout the hypha cytoplasm in control conditions and a transient increase in the number of bright features after complete nitrogen starvation. Colocalization analysis of THG and lipid-counterstained images disclosed that the cytoplasmic particles were lipid droplets. Particle Size Analysis and Image Correlation Spectroscopy were used to quantify the number density and size of lipid droplets. The two analysis methods both revealed an increase from 16 × 10-3 to 23 × 10-3 lipid droplets/µm2 after nitrogen starvation and a decrease in the average size of the droplets (range: 0.5-0.8 µm diameter). In conclusion, THG imaging, followed by PSA and ICS, can be reliably used for filamentous fungi for the in vivo quantification of lipid droplets without the need for labeling and/or fixation. In addition, it has been demonstrated that ICS is suitable for THG microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanja Pajić
- grid.7149.b0000 0001 2166 9385Faculty of Biology, Institute of Physiology and Biochemistry, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 16, Belgrade, 11158 Serbia
| | - Nataša V. Todorović
- grid.7149.b0000 0001 2166 9385Institute for Biological Research “Siniša Stanković”, University of Belgrade, National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, Bulevar Despota Stefana 142, Belgrade, 11000 Serbia
| | - Miroslav Živić
- grid.7149.b0000 0001 2166 9385Faculty of Biology, Institute of Physiology and Biochemistry, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 16, Belgrade, 11158 Serbia
| | - Stanko N. Nikolić
- grid.7149.b0000 0001 2166 9385Institute of Physics Belgrade, University of Belgrade, National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, Pregrevica 118, Belgrade, 11080 Serbia
| | - Mihailo D. Rabasović
- grid.7149.b0000 0001 2166 9385Institute of Physics Belgrade, University of Belgrade, National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, Pregrevica 118, Belgrade, 11080 Serbia
| | - Andrew H. A. Clayton
- grid.1027.40000 0004 0409 2862Department of Physics and Astronomy, Optical Sciences Centre, School of Science, Computing and Engineering Technologies, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, VIC 3122 Australia
| | - Aleksandar J. Krmpot
- grid.7149.b0000 0001 2166 9385Institute of Physics Belgrade, University of Belgrade, National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, Pregrevica 118, Belgrade, 11080 Serbia
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14
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Kislev N, Eidelheit S, Perlmutter S, Benayahu D. How to follow lipid droplets dynamics during adipocyte metabolism. J Cell Physiol 2022; 237:4157-4168. [PMID: 35986713 PMCID: PMC9804707 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.30857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Lipid droplets (LDs) are important cellular organelles due to their ability to accumulate and store lipids. LD dynamics are associated with various cellular and metabolic processes. Accurate monitoring of LD's size and shape is of prime importance as it indicates the metabolic status of the cells. Unintrusive continuous quantification techniques have a clear advantage in analyzing LDs as they measure and monitor the cells' metabolic function and droplets over time. Here, we present a novel machine-learning-based method for LDs analysis by segmentation of phase-contrast images of differentiated adipocytes (in vitro) and adipose tissue (in vivo). We developed a new workflow based on the ImageJ waikato environment for knowledge analysis segmentation plugin, which provides an accurate, label-free, live single-cell, and organelle quantification of LD-related parameters. By applying the new method on differentiating 3T3-L1 cells, the size of LDs was analyzed over time in differentiated adipocytes and their correlation with other morphological parameters. Moreover, we analyzed the LDs dynamics during catabolic changes such as lipolysis and lipophagy and demonstrated its ability to identify different cellular subpopulations based on their structural, numerical, and spatial variability. This analysis was also implemented on unstained ex vivo adipose tissues to measure adipocyte size, an important readout of the tissue's metabolism. The presented approach can be applied in different LD-related metabolic conditions to provide a better understanding of LD biogenesis and function in vivo and in vitro while serving as a new platform that enables rapid and accurate screening of data sets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadav Kislev
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Sackler School of MedicineTel Aviv UniversityTel AvivIsrael
| | - Shira Eidelheit
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Sackler School of MedicineTel Aviv UniversityTel AvivIsrael
| | - Shaked Perlmutter
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Sackler School of MedicineTel Aviv UniversityTel AvivIsrael
| | - Dafna Benayahu
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Sackler School of MedicineTel Aviv UniversityTel AvivIsrael
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15
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Sander WJ, Kemp G, Hugo A, Pohl CH, O’Neill HG. Rotavirus-Mediated Prostaglandin E2 Production in MA104 Cells Promotes Virus Attachment and Internalisation, Resulting in an Increased Viral Load. Front Physiol 2022; 13:805565. [PMID: 35153833 PMCID: PMC8831913 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.805565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Rotaviruses are one of the leading causes of severe dehydrating diarrhoea in infants and children under the age of five. Despite the introduction of vaccines, disease burden remains high in sub-Saharan Africa, with no known anti-viral treatments available. During early infection rotavirus attaches to several cellular receptors and enters the cells by either clathrin-dependent or -independent endocytosis. Prostaglandin E2, an abundant eicosanoid, is produced from arachidonic acid during rotavirus infection and inhibition of prostaglandin E2 formation have a deleterious effect on rotavirus infection. In this study, MA104 cells were supplemented with γ-linolenic acid (GLA), a precursor of arachidonic acid. Infection of supplemented cells with rotavirus SA11 led to a depletion in the relative percentages of GLA and arachidonic acid which coincided with an increased production of prostaglandin E2 as monitored by ELISA. Confocal microscopy demonstrated that prostaglandin E2 co-localises with the viroplasm-forming proteins, NSP5 and NSP2. Due to the known association of viroplasms with lipid droplets and the fact that lipid droplets are sites for prostaglandin E2 production, our results indicate a possible role for viroplasms in the production of rotavirus-induced prostaglandin E2. Replication kinetics showed that inhibitors, targeting the biosynthesis of prostaglandin E2, had negative effects on rotavirus yield, especially during the early stages of infection. Using flow cytometry and prostaglandin E2 addback experiments, we show that prostaglandin E2 enhances the attachment and internalisation of rotavirus in MA104 cells indicating a possible role for prostaglandin E2 during clathrin-mediated rotavirus entry. The production of prostaglandin E2 during rotavirus infection could serve as a possible target for anti-viral treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Willem J. Sander
- Department of Microbiology and Biochemistry, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
| | - Gabré Kemp
- Department of Microbiology and Biochemistry, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
| | - Arnold Hugo
- Department of Animal Science, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
| | - Carolina H. Pohl
- Department of Microbiology and Biochemistry, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
| | - Hester G. O’Neill
- Department of Microbiology and Biochemistry, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
- *Correspondence: Hester G. O’Neill,
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16
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Morales A, Greenberg M, Nardi F, Gil V, Hayward SW, Crawford SE, Franco OE. Loss of ephrin B2 receptor (EPHB2) sets lipid rheostat by regulating proteins DGAT1 and ATGL inducing lipid droplet storage in prostate cancer cells. J Transl Med 2021; 101:921-934. [PMID: 33824421 PMCID: PMC8217088 DOI: 10.1038/s41374-021-00583-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 02/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipid droplet (LD) accumulation in cancer results from aberrant metabolic reprograming due to increased lipid uptake, diminished lipolysis and/or de novo lipid synthesis. Initially implicated in storage and lipid trafficking in adipocytes, LDs are more recently recognized to fuel key functions associated with carcinogenesis and progression of several cancers, including prostate cancer (PCa). However, the mechanisms controlling LD accumulation in cancer are largely unknown. EPHB2, a tyrosine kinase (TKR) ephrin receptor has been proposed to have tumor suppressor functions in PCa, although the mechanisms responsible for these effects are unclear. Given that dysregulation in TRK signaling can result in glutaminolysis we postulated that EPHB2 might have potential effects on lipid metabolism. Knockdown strategies for EPHB2 were performed in prostate cancer cells to analyze the impact on the net lipid balance, proliferation, triacylglycerol-regulating proteins, effect on LD biogenesis, and intracellular localization of LDs. We found that EPHB2 protein expression in a panel of human-derived prostate cancer cell lines was inversely associated with in vivo cell aggressiveness. EPHB2 silencing increased the proliferation of prostate cancer cells and concurrently induced de novo LD accumulation in both cytoplasmic and nuclear compartments as well as a "shift" on LD size distribution in newly formed lipid-rich organelles. Lipid challenge using oleic acid exacerbated the effects on the LD phenotype. Loss of EPHB2 directly regulated key proteins involved in maintaining lipid homeostasis including, increasing lipogenic DGAT1, DGAT2 and PLIN2 and decreasing lipolytic ATGL and PEDF. A DGAT1-specific inhibitor abrogated LD accumulation and proliferative effects induced by EPHB2 loss. In conclusion, we highlight a new anti-tumor function of EPHB2 in lipid metabolism through regulation of DGAT1 and ATGL in prostate cancer. Blockade of DGAT1 in EPHB2-deficient tumors appears to be effective in restoring the lipid balance and reducing tumor growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Morales
- Department of Surgery, Urology Division, Department of Cancer Biology, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Affiliate of the University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Max Greenberg
- Department of Surgery, Urology Division, Department of Cancer Biology, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Affiliate of the University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Francesca Nardi
- Department of Surgery, Urology Division, Department of Cancer Biology, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Affiliate of the University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Victoria Gil
- Department of Surgery, Urology Division, Department of Cancer Biology, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Affiliate of the University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Simon W Hayward
- Department of Surgery, Urology Division, Department of Cancer Biology, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Affiliate of the University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Susan E Crawford
- Department of Surgery, Urology Division, Department of Cancer Biology, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Affiliate of the University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Omar E Franco
- Department of Surgery, Urology Division, Department of Cancer Biology, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Affiliate of the University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine, Evanston, IL, USA.
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17
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Amen T, Kaganovich D. Small Molecule Screen Reveals Joint Regulation of Stress Granule Formation and Lipid Droplet Biogenesis. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 8:606111. [PMID: 33972926 PMCID: PMC8105174 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.606111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolic regulation is a necessary component of all stress response pathways, because all different mechanisms of stress-adaptation place high-energy demands on the cell. Mechanisms that integrate diverse stress response pathways with their metabolic components are therefore of great interest, but few are known. We show that stress granule (SG) formation, a common adaptive response to a variety of stresses, is reciprocally regulated by the pathways inducing lipid droplet accumulation. Inability to upregulate lipid droplets reduces stress granule formation. Stress granule formation in turn drives lipid droplet clustering and fatty acid accumulation. Our findings reveal a novel connection between stress response pathways and new modifiers of stress granule formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Triana Amen
- Department of Experimental Neurodegeneration, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Daniel Kaganovich
- Department of Experimental Neurodegeneration, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.,1Base Pharmaceuticals, Boston, MA, United States
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18
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Sarkar R, Sharma KB, Kumari A, Asthana S, Kalia M. Japanese encephalitis virus capsid protein interacts with non-lipidated MAP1LC3 on replication membranes and lipid droplets. J Gen Virol 2021; 102. [DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 (MAP1LC3) is a protein with a well-defined function in autophagy, but still incompletely understood roles in several other autophagy-independent processess. Studies have shown MAP1LC3 is a host-dependency factor for the replication of several viruses. Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), a neurotropic flavivirus, replicates on ER-derived membranes that are marked by autophagosome-negative non-lipidated MAP1LC3 (LC3-I). Depletion of LC3 exerts a profound inhibition on virus replication and egress. Here, we further characterize the role of LC3 in JEV replication, and through immunofluorescence and immunoprecipitation show that LC3-I interacts with the virus capsid protein in infected cells. This association was observed on capsid localized to both the replication complex and lipid droplets (LDs). JEV infection decreased the number of LDs per cell indicating a link between lipid metabolism and virus replication. This capsid-LC3 interaction was independent of the autophagy adaptor protein p62/Sequestosome 1 (SQSTM1). Further, no association of capsid was seen with the Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor-associated protein family, suggesting that this interaction was specific for LC3. High-resolution protein-protein docking studies identified a putative LC3-interacting region in capsid, 56FTAL59,
and other key residues that could mediate a direct interaction between the two proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riya Sarkar
- Translational Health Science & Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Kiran Bala Sharma
- Regional Centre for Biotechnology, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, Haryana, India
- Translational Health Science & Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Anita Kumari
- Translational Health Science & Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Shailendra Asthana
- Translational Health Science & Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Manjula Kalia
- Translational Health Science & Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, Haryana, India
- Regional Centre for Biotechnology, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, Haryana, India
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19
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Hafiane A, Pisaturo A, Ronca A, Incerti M, Kiss RS, Favari E. Probucol treatment is associated with an ABCA1-independent mechanism of cholesterol efflux to lipid poor apolipoproteins from foam cell macrophages. BBA ADVANCES 2021; 1:100003. [PMID: 37082009 PMCID: PMC10074979 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadva.2021.100003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Probucol is a cholesterol-lowering agent whose ability to prevent atherosclerosis is currently under study. Herein, we investigate the putative mechanism of probucol by observation of changes in cellular cholesterol efflux and lipid droplet morphology in macrophages. Results The inhibitory activity of probucol was assessed in non-foam or foam cell macrophages expressing ABCA1 generated by treatment with fetal calf serum (FCS) alone or in combination with acetylated LDL, respectively. Probucol inhibited cholesterol efflux to apolipoprotein A-I (apoA-I) by 31.5±0.1% in THP-1 non-foam cells and by 18.5±0.2% in foam cells. In probucol-treated non-foam THP-1 cells, nascent high density lipoprotein (nHDL) particles with a diameter < 7 nm were generated, while in probucol-treated THP-1 foam cells nHDL particles of > 7 nm in diameter containing cholesterol were produced. Foam cells also displayed a significant accumulation of free cholesterol at the plasma membrane, as measured by percent cholestenone formed. Intracellularly, there was a significant decrease in lipid droplet number and an increase in size in probucol-treated THP-1 foam cells when compared to non-treated cells. Conclusions We report for the first time that probucol is unable to completely inhibit cholesterol efflux in foam cells to the same extent as in non-foam cells. Indeed, functional nHDL is released from foam cells in the presence of probucol. This difference in inhibitory effect could potentially be explained by changes in the plasma membrane pool as well as intracellular cholesterol storage independently of ABCA1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anouar Hafiane
- Research Institute, McGill University Health Center, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Corresponding author at: Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre. 1001 boul Decarie, Montreal, Québec H3A 1A1, Canada.
| | | | | | | | - Robert S. Kiss
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Center, Montreal, Canada and Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Elda Favari
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Italy
- Corresponding author at: Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze, 27/A, 43124 Parma, Italy.
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20
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Al-Thihli K, Afting C, Al-Hashmi N, Mohammed M, Sliwinski S, Al Shibli N, Al-Said K, Al-Kasbi G, Al-Kharusi K, Merle U, Füllekrug J, Al-Maawali A. Deficiency of acyl-CoA synthetase 5 is associated with a severe and treatable failure to thrive of neonatal onset. Clin Genet 2020; 99:376-383. [PMID: 33191500 DOI: 10.1111/cge.13883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Failure to thrive (FTT) causes significant morbidity, often without clear etiologies. Six individuals of a large consanguineous family presented in the neonatal period with recurrent vomiting and diarrhea, leading to severe FTT. Standard diagnostic work up did not ascertain an etiology. Autozygosity mapping and whole exome sequencing identified homozygosity for a novel genetic variant of the long chain fatty acyl-CoA synthetase 5 (ACSL5) shared among the affected individuals (NM_203379.1:c.1358C>A:p.(Thr453Lys)). Autosomal recessive genotype-phenotype segregation was confirmed by Sanger sequencing. Functional in vitro analysis of the ACSL5 variant by immunofluorescence, western blotting and enzyme assay suggested that Thr453Lys is a loss-of-function mutation without any remaining activity. ACSL5 belongs to an essential enzyme family required for lipid metabolism and is known to contribute the major activity in the mouse intestine. Based on the function of ACSL5 in intestinal long chain fatty acid metabolism and the gastroenterological symptoms, affected individuals were treated with total parenteral nutrition or medium-chain triglyceride-based formula restricted in long-chain triglycerides. The patients responded well and follow up suggests that treatment is only required during early life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalid Al-Thihli
- Department of Genetics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman.,Genetic and Developmental Medicine Clinic, Sultan Qaboos University Hospital, Muscat, Oman
| | - Cassian Afting
- Department of Internal Medicine IV, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Nadia Al-Hashmi
- Department of Pediatrics and National Genetic Center, Royal Hospital, Ministry of Health, Muscat, Oman
| | - Mohammed Mohammed
- Department of Pediatrics and National Genetic Center, Royal Hospital, Ministry of Health, Muscat, Oman
| | - Svenja Sliwinski
- Department of Internal Medicine IV, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Naema Al Shibli
- Department of Child Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman
| | - Khoula Al-Said
- Department of Pediatrics and National Genetic Center, Royal Hospital, Ministry of Health, Muscat, Oman
| | - Ghalia Al-Kasbi
- Department of Genetics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman
| | - Khalsa Al-Kharusi
- Genetic and Developmental Medicine Clinic, Sultan Qaboos University Hospital, Muscat, Oman
| | - Uta Merle
- Department of Internal Medicine IV, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Joachim Füllekrug
- Department of Internal Medicine IV, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Almundher Al-Maawali
- Department of Genetics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman.,Genetic and Developmental Medicine Clinic, Sultan Qaboos University Hospital, Muscat, Oman
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Adomshick V, Pu Y, Veiga-Lopez A. Automated lipid droplet quantification system for phenotypic analysis of adipocytes using CellProfiler. Toxicol Mech Methods 2020; 30:378-387. [PMID: 32208812 DOI: 10.1080/15376516.2020.1747124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Adipogenic differentiation is the process by which preadipocytes become mature adipocytes, cells that store energy and regulate metabolic homeostasis. During differentiation, neutral lipids that accumulate in adipocytes can be detected using stains and used as an index of cell differentiation. However, imaging tools for evaluating intracellular lipid droplets remain at their infancy. Nutrition, stress, or chemical exposure can dysregulate adipogenic differentiation and lipid metabolism. Therefore, the aims of this study were to develop an accurate, standardized approach to quantify lipid droplet size of mature adipocytes and a clustering approach to analyze the total lipid content per adipocyte. For the lipid droplet analysis, we used two approaches, the free online computer software of reference, ImageJ, and another free online computer software, CellProfiler. For ImageJ, we used an already developed macro designed to identify particles and quantify their area, and for CellProfiler, we developed a new analysis pipeline. Our results show that CellProfiler is able to accurately identify a greater number of lipid droplets compared to ImageJ. A clustering analysis is also possible using CellProfiler which allows for the quantification of total lipid content per individual adipocyte to provide insight into single-cell responsiveness to adipogenic stimuli. CellProfiler streamlines the lipid droplet phenotypic analysis of adipocytes compared to more traditional analysis methods. In conclusion, this novel image analysis tool can provide a more precise evaluation of lipid droplet and adipogenesis dysregulation, a critical need in the understanding of metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Adomshick
- Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Yong Pu
- Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
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