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Wen J, Zhuang R, He C, Giri M, Guo S. High density lipoprotein-cholesterol is inversely associated with blood eosinophil counts among asthmatic adults in the USA: NHANES 2011-2018. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1166406. [PMID: 37168867 PMCID: PMC10166227 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1166406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Background A growing number of research strongly suggest that metabolic syndrome and dyslipidemia contribute to the establishment of a pro-inflammatory state in asthma, according to accumulating data. However, the majority of recent research has focused on the association between lipids and asthma in children and adolescents, with contradictory findings. Consequently, we analyzed the relationship between serum lipid and blood eosinophil counts using data from the NHANES in the USA. Methods After screening the individuals from the 2011 to 2018 NHANES survey, a total of 2,544 out of 39156 participants were eligible for our study. The potential association was discussed using the linear regression model, XGBoost algorithm model, generalized additive model, and two-piecewise linear regression model. In addition, we ran stratified analysis to identify specific demographics. Results After adjusting for covariates, the result indicated that blood eosinophil counts decreased by 45.68 (-68.56, -22.79)/uL for each additional unit of HDL-C (mmol/L). But serum LDL-C, total cholesterol or triglyceride was not correlated with blood eosinophil counts. Furthermore, we used machine learning of the XGBoost model to determine LDL-C, age, BMI, triglyceride, and HDL-C were the five most critical variables in the blood eosinophil counts. The generalized additive model and two-piecewise linear regression model were used to further identify linear relationship between the serum HDL-C and blood eosinophil counts. Conclusions Our study elucidated a negative and linear correlation between serum HDL-C and blood eosinophil counts among American asthmatic adults, suggesting that serum HDL-C levels might be associated with the immunological condition of asthmatic adults. There was no correlation between serum LDL-C, total cholesterol, or triglyceride levels and blood eosinophil counts.
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2
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Barker G, Leeuwenburgh C, Brusko T, Moldawer L, Reddy ST, Guirgis FW. Lipid and Lipoprotein Dysregulation in Sepsis: Clinical and Mechanistic Insights into Chronic Critical Illness. J Clin Med 2021; 10:1693. [PMID: 33920038 PMCID: PMC8071007 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10081693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In addition to their well-characterized roles in metabolism, lipids and lipoproteins have pleiotropic effects on the innate immune system. These undergo clinically relevant alterations during sepsis and acute inflammatory responses. High-density lipoprotein (HDL) plays an important role in regulating the immune response by clearing bacterial toxins, supporting corticosteroid release, decreasing platelet aggregation, inhibiting endothelial cell apoptosis, reducing the monocyte inflammatory response, and inhibiting expression of endothelial cell adhesion molecules. It undergoes quantitative as well as qualitative changes which can be measured using the HDL inflammatory index (HII). Pro-inflammatory, or dysfunctional HDL (dysHDL) lacks the ability to perform these functions, and we have also found it to independently predict adverse outcomes and organ failure in sepsis. Another important class of lipids known as specialized pro-resolving mediators (SPMs) positively affect the escalation and resolution of inflammation in a temporal fashion. These undergo phenotypic changes in sepsis and differ significantly between survivors and non-survivors. Certain subsets of sepsis survivors go on to have perilous post-hospitalization courses where this inflammation continues in a low grade fashion. This is associated with immunosuppression in a syndrome of persistent inflammation, immunosuppression, and catabolism syndrome (PICS). The continuous release of tissue damage-related patterns and viral reactivation secondary to immunosuppression feed this chronic cycle of inflammation. Animal data indicate that dysregulation of endogenous lipids and SPMs play important roles in this process. Lipids and their associated pathways have been the target of many clinical trials in recent years which have not shown mortality benefit. These results are limited by patient heterogeneity and poor animal models. Considerations of sepsis phenotypes and novel biomarkers in future trials are important factors to be considered in future research. Further characterization of lipid dysregulation and chronic inflammation during sepsis will aid mortality risk stratification, detection of sepsis, and inform individualized pharmacologic therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grant Barker
- Department of Emergency Medicine, College of Medicine-Jacksonville, University of Florida, 655 West 8th Street, Jacksonville, FL 32209, USA;
| | - Christiaan Leeuwenburgh
- Department of Aging and Geriatric Research, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32603, USA;
| | - Todd Brusko
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida Diabetes Institute, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA;
| | - Lyle Moldawer
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32608, USA;
| | - Srinivasa T. Reddy
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA;
| | - Faheem W. Guirgis
- Department of Emergency Medicine, College of Medicine-Jacksonville, University of Florida, 655 West 8th Street, Jacksonville, FL 32209, USA;
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3
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Schaltenberg N, John C, Heine M, Haumann F, Rinninger F, Scheja L, Heeren J, Worthmann A. Endothelial Lipase Is Involved in Cold-Induced High-Density Lipoprotein Turnover and Reverse Cholesterol Transport in Mice. Front Cardiovasc Med 2021; 8:628235. [PMID: 33748195 PMCID: PMC7973023 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.628235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The physiologic activation of thermogenic brown and white adipose tissues (BAT/WAT) by cold exposure triggers heat production by adaptive thermogenesis, a process known to ameliorate hyperlipidemia and protect from atherosclerosis. Mechanistically, it has been shown that thermogenic activation increases lipoprotein lipase (LPL)-dependent hydrolysis of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins (TRL) and accelerates the generation of cholesterol-enriched remnants and high-density lipoprotein (HDL), which promotes cholesterol flux from the periphery to the liver. HDL is also subjected to hydrolysis by endothelial lipase (EL) (encoded by LIPG). Genome-wide association studies have identified various variants of EL that are associated with altered HDL cholesterol levels. However, a potential role of EL in BAT-mediated HDL metabolism has not been investigated so far. In the present study, we show that in mice, cold-stimulated activation of thermogenic adipocytes induced expression of Lipg in BAT and inguinal WAT but that loss of Lipg did not affect gene expression of thermogenic markers. Furthermore, in both wild type (WT) and Lipg-deficient mice, activation of thermogenesis resulted in a decline of HDL cholesterol levels. However, cold-induced remodeling of the HDL lipid composition was different between WT and Lipg-deficient mice. Notably, radioactive tracer studies with double-labeled HDL indicated that cold-induced hepatic HDL cholesterol clearance was lower in Lipg-deficient mice. Moreover, this reduced clearance was associated with impaired macrophage-to-feces cholesterol transport. Overall, these data indicate that EL is a determinant of HDL lipid composition, cholesterol flux, and HDL turnover in conditions of high thermogenic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Schaltenberg
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.,Department of General Visceral and Thoracic Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Clara John
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Markus Heine
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Friederike Haumann
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Franz Rinninger
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Medical Center Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ludger Scheja
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Joerg Heeren
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Anna Worthmann
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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4
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Morris G, Puri BK, Bortolasci CC, Carvalho A, Berk M, Walder K, Moreira EG, Maes M. The role of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, apolipoprotein A and paraoxonase-1 in the pathophysiology of neuroprogressive disorders. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2021; 125:244-263. [PMID: 33657433 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.02.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Lowered high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol has been reported in major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder, first episode of psychosis, and schizophrenia. HDL, its major apolipoprotein component, ApoA1, and the antioxidant enzyme paraoxonase (PON)1 (which is normally bound to ApoA1) all have anti-atherogenic, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulatory roles, which are discussed in this paper. The paper details the pathways mediating the anti-inflammatory effects of HDL, ApoA1 and PON1 and describes the mechanisms leading to compromised HDL and PON1 levels and function in an environment of chronic inflammation. The molecular mechanisms by which changes in HDL, ApoA1 and PON1 might contribute to the pathophysiology of the neuroprogressive disorders are explained. Moreover, the anti-inflammatory actions of ApoM-mediated sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) signalling are reviewed as well as the deleterious effects of chronic inflammation and oxidative stress on ApoM/S1P signalling. Finally, therapeutic interventions specifically aimed at improving the levels and function of HDL and PON1 while reducing levels of inflammation and oxidative stress are considered. These include the so-called Mediterranean diet, extra virgin olive oil, polyphenols, flavonoids, isoflavones, pomegranate juice, melatonin and the Mediterranean diet combined with the ketogenic diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerwyn Morris
- Deakin University, IMPACT - The Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, School of Medicine, Barwon Health, Geelong, Australia
| | | | - Chiara C Bortolasci
- Deakin University, IMPACT - The Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, School of Medicine, Barwon Health, Geelong, Australia; Deakin University, CMMR Strategic Research Centre, School of Medicine, Geelong, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Andre Carvalho
- Deakin University, IMPACT - The Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, School of Medicine, Barwon Health, Geelong, Australia; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Michael Berk
- Deakin University, IMPACT - The Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, School of Medicine, Barwon Health, Geelong, Australia; Orygen, The National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health, The Department of Psychiatry and The Florey Institute for Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ken Walder
- Deakin University, IMPACT - The Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, School of Medicine, Barwon Health, Geelong, Australia; Deakin University, CMMR Strategic Research Centre, School of Medicine, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Estefania G Moreira
- Post-Graduation Program in Health Sciences, State University of Londrina, Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Michael Maes
- Deakin University, IMPACT - The Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, School of Medicine, Barwon Health, Geelong, Australia; Department of Psychiatry, King Chulalongkorn University Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand; Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of Plovdiv, Plovdiv, Bulgaria
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5
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Nagao M, Miyashita K, Mori K, Irino Y, Toh R, Hara T, Hirata KI, Shinohara M, Nakajima K, Ishida T. Serum concentration of full-length- and carboxy-terminal fragments of endothelial lipase predicts future cardiovascular risks in patients with coronary artery disease. J Clin Lipidol 2019; 13:839-846. [PMID: 31473149 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacl.2019.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Revised: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/21/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Endothelial lipase (EL), a regulator of plasma high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), is secreted as a 68-kDa mature glycoprotein, and then cleaved by proprotein convertases. However, the clinical significance of the circulating EL fragments remains unclear. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to analyze the impact of serum EL fragments on HDL-C levels and major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE). METHODS Using novel monoclonal antibodies (RC3A6) against carboxy-terminal EL protein, we have established a new enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) system, which can detect both full-length EL protein (full EL) and carboxy-terminal truncated fragments (total EL) in serum. The previous sandwich ELISA detected only full EL. The full and total EL mass were measured in 556 patients with coronary artery disease. Among them, 272 patients who underwent coronary intervention were monitored for 2 years for MACE. RESULTS There was a significant correlation between serum full and total EL mass (R = 0.45, P < .0001). However, the total EL mass showed a stronger inverse correlation with serum HDL-cholesterol concentration than the full EL mass (R = -0.17 vs -0.02). Kaplan-Meier analysis documented an association of serum total EL mass and MACE (log-rank P = .037). When an optimal cutoff value was set at 96.23 ng/mL, total EL mass was an independent prognostic factor for MACE in the Cox proportional hazard model (HR; 1.75, 95% CI; 1.10-2.79, P = .018). CONCLUSION Serum total EL mass could be a predictor for MACE in patients with coronary artery disease. This novel ELISA will be useful for further clarifying the impact of EL on HDL metabolism and atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manabu Nagao
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | | | - Kenta Mori
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Irino
- Division of Evidence-based Laboratory Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Ryuji Toh
- Division of Evidence-based Laboratory Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Tetsuya Hara
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichi Hirata
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan; Division of Evidence-based Laboratory Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Masakazu Shinohara
- Division of Epidemiology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Katsuyuki Nakajima
- Laboratory of Clinical Nutrition and Medicine, Kagawa Nutrition University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tatsuro Ishida
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan.
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6
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Schilcher I, Ledinski G, Radulović S, Hallström S, Eichmann T, Madl T, Zhang F, Leitinger G, Kolb-Lenz D, Darnhofer B, Birner-Gruenberger R, Wadsack C, Kratky D, Marsche G, Frank S, Cvirn G. Endothelial lipase increases antioxidative capacity of high-density lipoprotein. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2019; 1864:1363-1374. [PMID: 31220617 PMCID: PMC6699986 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2019.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Revised: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Endothelial lipase (EL) is a strong determinant of structural and functional properties of high-density lipoprotein (HDL). We examined whether the antioxidative capacity of HDL is affected by EL. EL-modified HDL (EL-HDL) and control EV-HDL were generated by incubation of HDL with EL- overexpressing or control HepG2 cells. As determined by native gradient gel electrophoresis, electron microscopy, and small-angle X-ray scattering EL-HDL is smaller than EV-HDL. Mass spectrometry revealed an enrichment of EL-HDL with lipolytic products and depletion of phospholipids and triacylglycerol. Kinetics of conjugated diene formation and HPLC-based malondialdehyde quantification revealed that EL-HDL exhibited a significantly higher resistance to copper ion-induced oxidation and a significantly higher capacity to protect low-density lipoprotein (LDL) from copper ion-induced oxidation when compared to EV-HDL. Depletion of the lipolytic products from EL-HDL abolished the capacity of EL-HDL to protect LDL from copper ion-induced oxidation, which could be partially restored by lysophosphatidylcholine enrichment. Proteomics of HDL incubated with oxidized LDL revealed significantly higher levels of methionine 136 sulfoxide in EL-HDL compared to EV-HDL. Chloramine T (oxidizes methionines and modifies free thiols), diminished the difference between EL-HDL and EV-HDL regarding the capacity to protect LDL from oxidation. In absence of LDL small EV-HDL and EL-HDL exhibited higher resistance to copper ion-induced oxidation when compared to respective large particles. In conclusion, the augmented antioxidative capacity of EL-HDL is primarily determined by the enrichment of HDL with EL-generated lipolytic products and to a lesser extent by the decreased HDL particle size and the increased activity of chloramine T-sensitive mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Schilcher
- Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, Neue Stiftingtalstraße 6/6, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Gerhard Ledinski
- Otto Loewi Research Center, Division of Physiological Chemistry, Medical University of Graz, Neue Stiftingtalstraße 6/3, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Snježana Radulović
- Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, Neue Stiftingtalstraße 6/6, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Seth Hallström
- Otto Loewi Research Center, Division of Physiological Chemistry, Medical University of Graz, Neue Stiftingtalstraße 6/3, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Thomas Eichmann
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 31, 8010 Graz, Austria; Center for Explorative Lipidomics, BioTechMed-Graz, Heinrichstrasse 31, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Tobias Madl
- Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, Neue Stiftingtalstraße 6/6, 8010 Graz, Austria; BioTechMed-Graz, Mozartgasse 12/II, 8010 Graz, Austria; Omics Center Graz, BioTechMed-Graz, Stiftingtalstrasse 24, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Fangrong Zhang
- Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, Neue Stiftingtalstraße 6/6, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Gerd Leitinger
- Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Department of Cell Biology, Histology and Embryology. Center for Medical Research, Medical University of Graz, Neue Stiftingtalstraße 6/3, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Dagmar Kolb-Lenz
- Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Department of Cell Biology, Histology and Embryology. Center for Medical Research, Medical University of Graz, Neue Stiftingtalstraße 6/3, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Barbara Darnhofer
- Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, Neue Stiftingtalstraße 6/6, 8010 Graz, Austria; BioTechMed-Graz, Mozartgasse 12/II, 8010 Graz, Austria; Omics Center Graz, BioTechMed-Graz, Stiftingtalstrasse 24, 8010 Graz, Austria; Austrian Center of Industrial Biotechnology, Petersgasse 14, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Ruth Birner-Gruenberger
- Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, Neue Stiftingtalstraße 6/6, 8010 Graz, Austria; BioTechMed-Graz, Mozartgasse 12/II, 8010 Graz, Austria; Omics Center Graz, BioTechMed-Graz, Stiftingtalstrasse 24, 8010 Graz, Austria; Austrian Center of Industrial Biotechnology, Petersgasse 14, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Christian Wadsack
- BioTechMed-Graz, Mozartgasse 12/II, 8010 Graz, Austria; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 14, 8036 Graz, Austria
| | - Dagmar Kratky
- Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, Neue Stiftingtalstraße 6/6, 8010 Graz, Austria; BioTechMed-Graz, Mozartgasse 12/II, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Gunther Marsche
- BioTechMed-Graz, Mozartgasse 12/II, 8010 Graz, Austria; Otto Loewi Research Center, Division of Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, Universitätsplatz 4, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Saša Frank
- Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, Neue Stiftingtalstraße 6/6, 8010 Graz, Austria; BioTechMed-Graz, Mozartgasse 12/II, 8010 Graz, Austria.
| | - Gerhard Cvirn
- Otto Loewi Research Center, Division of Physiological Chemistry, Medical University of Graz, Neue Stiftingtalstraße 6/3, 8010 Graz, Austria
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Nagao M, Nakajima H, Toh R, Hirata KI, Ishida T. Cardioprotective Effects of High-Density Lipoprotein Beyond its Anti-Atherogenic Action. J Atheroscler Thromb 2018; 25:985-993. [PMID: 30146614 PMCID: PMC6193192 DOI: 10.5551/jat.rv17025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
High-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) has been identified as a powerful independent negative predictor of cardiovascular disease. The beneficial effect of HDL is largely attributable to its key role in reverse cholesterol transport, whereby excess cholesterol in the peripheral tissues is transported to the liver, reducing the atherosclerotic burden. However, mounting evidence indicates that HDL also has pleiotropic properties, such as anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative, and vasodilatory properties, which may contribute in reducing the incidence of heart failure. Actually, previous data from clinical and experimental studies have suggested that HDL exerts cardioprotective effects irrespective of the presence/absence of coronary artery disease. This review summarizes the currently available evidence regarding beneficial effects of HDL on the heart beyond its anti-atherogenic property. Understanding the mechanisms of cardiac protection by HDL will provide new insight into the underlying mechanism and therapeutic strategy for heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manabu Nagao
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Hideto Nakajima
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Ryuji Toh
- Division of Evidence-Based Laboratory Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Ken-Ichi Hirata
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Tatsuro Ishida
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine
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8
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9
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Yu JE, Han SY, Wolfson B, Zhou Q. The role of endothelial lipase in lipid metabolism, inflammation, and cancer. Histol Histopathol 2017; 33:1-10. [PMID: 28540715 DOI: 10.14670/hh-11-905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Endothelial lipase (LIPG) plays a critical role in lipoprotein metabolism, cytokine expression, and the lipid composition of cells. Thus far, the extensive investigations of LIPG have focused on its mechanisms and involvement in metabolic syndromes such as atherosclerosis. However, recent developments have found that LIPG plays a role in cancer. This review summarizes the field of LIPG study. We focus on the role of LIPG in lipid metabolism and the inflammatory response, and highlight the recent insights in its involvement in tumor progression. Finally, we discuss potential therapeutic strategies for targeting LIPG in cancer, and the therapeutic potential of LIPG as a drug target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justine E Yu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Greenebaum Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
| | - Shu-Yan Han
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Greenebaum Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA.,Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Department of Integration of Chinese and Western Medicine, Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Benjamin Wolfson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Greenebaum Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
| | - Qun Zhou
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Greenebaum Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA.
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10
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Monguchi T, Hara T, Hasokawa M, Nakajima H, Mori K, Toh R, Irino Y, Ishida T, Hirata KI, Shinohara M. Excessive intake of trans fatty acid accelerates atherosclerosis through promoting inflammation and oxidative stress in a mouse model of hyperlipidemia. J Cardiol 2017; 70:121-127. [PMID: 28254384 DOI: 10.1016/j.jjcc.2016.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Revised: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 12/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epidemiological studies have demonstrated that trans fatty acids (TFAs) are a risk for coronary artery disease. However, the precise mechanism underlying the proatherogenic effect of TFA has not been completely elucidated. To obtain better understanding of the impact of TFA on vascular diseases, this study investigated the effect of TFA on oxidative stress using a mouse model of atherosclerosis. METHODS Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor knockout mice were fed with diet containing 0.5% cholesterol (control), 0.5% cholesterol+5% elaidic acids (Trans group), and 0.5% cholesterol+5% oleic acids (Cis group) for 8 weeks. Atherosclerotic lesion and oxidative stress in aortic wall were evaluated. In vitro experiments using smooth muscle cells were performed to corroborate in vivo findings. RESULTS The atherosclerotic lesion area was significantly larger in Trans group than that in control or Cis group. Lipoprotein fractionation was similar among groups, while plasma oxidized LDL level and superoxide production in the vessel wall were markedly increased in Trans group. Elaidic acids were accumulated in a variety of tissues including liver and adipose tissue, which was associated with the high level of inflammatory cytokines in these tissues and plasma. Aortic wall from Trans group showed augmented expression of reactive oxygen species and NAPDH oxidase (p22phox) in smooth muscle cells. In vitro experiments confirmed that elaidic acids upregulated expression of NADPH oxidase and inflammatory cytokines in cultured smooth muscle cells. CONCLUSION Excessive intake of TFA contributes to the progression of atherosclerosis by evoking inflammation and oxidative stress in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoko Monguchi
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Hara
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan.
| | - Minoru Hasokawa
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Hideto Nakajima
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Kenta Mori
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Ryuji Toh
- Division of Evidence-based Laboratory Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Irino
- Division of Evidence-based Laboratory Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Tatsuro Ishida
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichi Hirata
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Masakazu Shinohara
- Division of Epidemiology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan; The Integrated Center for Mass Spectrometry, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan.
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11
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Tanaka N, Ishida T, Nagao M, Mori T, Monguchi T, Sasaki M, Mori K, Kondo K, Nakajima H, Honjo T, Irino Y, Toh R, Shinohara M, Hirata KI. Administration of high dose eicosapentaenoic acid enhances anti-inflammatory properties of high-density lipoprotein in Japanese patients with dyslipidemia. Atherosclerosis 2014; 237:577-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2014.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2014] [Revised: 09/22/2014] [Accepted: 10/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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12
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Wang GE, Li YF, Wu YP, Tsoi B, Zhang SJ, Cao LF, Kurihara H, He RR. Phloridzin improves lipoprotein lipase activity in stress-loaded mice via AMPK phosphorylation. Int J Food Sci Nutr 2014; 65:874-80. [PMID: 24932810 DOI: 10.3109/09637486.2014.925429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Long-term stress exposure can lead to disturbed homeostasis and cause many life-style diseases. Phloridzin possesses various bioactivities, but the understanding of the effects of phloridzin on stress-related lipid metabolism disorder is limited. Our results demonstrate that phloridzin improved plasma lipoprotein lipase (LPL) activity and triglyceride metabolism in restrained mice. A decrease of angiopoietin-like protein 4 (ANGPTL4) mRNA expression and an increase of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) phosphorylation were observed after phloridzin treatment. After inhibiting AMPK phosphorylation, the effects of phloridzin on the amelioration of plasma LPL activity and suppression of ANGPTL4 expression were blocked. In addition, cardiac AMPK phosphorylation, plasma LPL activity and ANGPTL4 expression were also affected by phloridzin, even if the glucocorticoid receptor was blocked. Taken together, the down-regulation of ANGPTL4 expression by phloridzin was probably via a direct activation of AMPK pathway. This discovery can provide a biochemical and nutritional basis for the use of phloridzin-containing food and beverage in daily life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo-En Wang
- Anti-Stress and Health Research Center, Pharmacy College, Jinan University , Guangzhou , China and
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13
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Sun L, Ishida T, Miyashita K, Kinoshita N, Mori K, Yasuda T, Toh R, Nakajima K, Imamura S, Hirata KI. Plasma activity of endothelial lipase impacts high-density lipoprotein metabolism and coronary risk factors in humans. J Atheroscler Thromb 2013; 21:313-21. [PMID: 24369272 DOI: 10.5551/jat.20131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM Endothelial lipase (EL) is a determinant of plasma levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C). However, little is known about the impact of EL activity on plasma lipid profile. We aimed to establish a new method to evaluate EL-specific phospholipase activity in humans. METHODS Plasma samples were obtained from 115 patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) and 154 patients without CAD. Plasma EL protein was immunoprecipitated using an anti-EL monoclonal antibody after plasma non-specific immunoglobulins were removed by incubation with ProteinA. The phospholipase activity of the immunoprecipitated samples was measured using a fluorogenic phospholipase substrate, Bis-BODIPY FL C11-PC. RESULTS The EL-specific phospholipase assay revealed that plasma EL activity was inversely correlated with HDL-C levels (R = -0.3088, p<0.0001). In addition, the EL activity was associated with cigarette smoking. Furthermore, EL activity in CAD patients was significantly higher than that in nonCAD patients. Concomitantly, the HDL-C level in CAD patients were significantly lower than that in non-CAD patients. CONCLUSION We have established a method for human plasma EL-specific phospholipase activity by combination of EL immunoprecipitation and a fluorogenic phospholipid substrate. Plasma EL activity was associated with not only plasma HDL-C levels but also the risks for CAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Sun
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine
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14
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Elshourbagy NA, Meyers HV, Abdel-Meguid SS. Cholesterol: the good, the bad, and the ugly - therapeutic targets for the treatment of dyslipidemia. Med Princ Pract 2013; 23:99-111. [PMID: 24334831 PMCID: PMC5586853 DOI: 10.1159/000356856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2013] [Accepted: 10/27/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Maintaining cholesterol and triglyceride (TG) levels within healthy limits is critical for decreasing the risk of heart disease. Dyslipidemia refers to the abnormal levels of lipids in the blood, including low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), also known as good cholesterol, high low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), also known as bad cholesterol, and/or high TG levels that contribute to the development and progression of atherosclerosis. In this article we reviewed some of the current therapeutic targets for the treatment of dyslipidemia, with a primary focus on endothelial lipase and lecithin cholesterol acyl transferase for raising HDL-C, and the proprotein convertase subtilisin-like kexin type 9 (PCSK9), microsomal triglyceride transfer protein, and the messenger RNA of apolipoprotein B for lowering LDL-C. In addition, we reviewed the role of apolipoprotein AI (apoAI) in raising HDL-C, where we discuss three apoAI-based drugs under development. These are its mutated dimer (apoAI-Milano), a complex with phospholipids, and a mimetic peptide. Atherosclerosis, mainly because of dyslipidemia, is a leading cause of cardiovascular disease. Regarding the title of this article, the 'good' refers to HDL-C, the 'bad' refers to LDL-C, and the 'ugly' refers to atherosclerosis.
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Robert J, Lehner M, Frank S, Perisa D, von Eckardstein A, Rohrer L. Interleukin 6 stimulates endothelial binding and transport of high-density lipoprotein through induction of endothelial lipase. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2013; 33:2699-706. [PMID: 24115033 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.113.301363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In the reverse cholesterol transport pathway, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) passes the endothelial cell barrier by mechanisms involving the scavenger receptor class B type I and the ATP-binding cassette G1. However, little is known on how inflammation influences this transendothelial transport. APPROACH AND RESULTS On stimulation with interleukin-6, cultivated primary endothelial cells showed increased binding and transport of (125)I-HDL without changing the expression of scavenger receptor class B type I and ATP-binding cassette G1. Therefore, we analyzed the involvement of endothelial lipase (EL), a known HDL-binding protein expressed by endothelial cells. Here, we show an increased EL expression after interleukin-6 stimulation. Moreover, using pharmacological inhibitors or RNA interference against EL, we demonstrated its participation in HDL binding and transport through the endothelium. Furthermore, adenovirus-mediated transfection of endothelial cells with either catalytically active or nonactive EL revealed that EL facilitates the endothelial binding and transport by both bridging and lipolysis of HDL. EL was also found responsible for the reduction of HDL particle size occurring during the specific transport through a monolayer of endothelial cells. Finally, pharmacological inhibition of EL reversed the inducing effect of interleukin-6 on HDL binding and transport. CONCLUSIONS Interleukin-6 stimulates the translocation of HDL through the endothelium, the first step in reverse cholesterol transport pathway, by enhancing EL expression. In addition, we demonstrated the role of EL in the transendothelial transport of HDL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérôme Robert
- From the Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (J.R., M.L., D.P., A.v.E., L.R.); Zurich Center of Integrated Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (J.R., D.P., A.v.E., L.R.); and Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Center of Molecular Medicine, Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria (S.F.)
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Essalmani R, Susan-Resiga D, Chamberland A, Asselin MC, Canuel M, Constam D, Creemers JW, Day R, Gauthier D, Prat A, Seidah NG. Furin is the primary in vivo convertase of angiopoietin-like 3 and endothelial lipase in hepatocytes. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:26410-8. [PMID: 23918928 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.501304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The proprotein convertases (PCs) furin, PC5/6, and PACE4 exhibit unique and/or complementary functions. Their knock-out (KO) in mice resulted in strong and specific phenotypes demonstrating that, in vivo, these PCs are unique and essential during development. However, they also exhibit redundant functions. Liver angiopoietin-like 3 (ANGPTL3) inhibits lipolysis by binding to lipoprotein lipases. It is found in the plasma as full length and truncated forms. The latter is more active and generated by cleavage at a furin-like site. Endothelial lipase (EL) binds heparin sulfate proteoglycans on cell surfaces and catalyzes the hydrolysis of HDL phospholipids. EL activity is regulated by two endogenous inhibitors, ANGPTL3 and ANGPTL4, and by PCs that inactivate EL through cleavage releasing the N-terminal catalytic and C-terminal lipid-binding domains. Herein, because furin and PC5/6 complete KOs are lethal, we used mice lacking furin or PC5/6 specifically in hepatocytes (hKO) or mice completely lacking PACE4. In primary hepatocytes, ANGPTL3 was processed into a shorter form of ANGPTL3 intracellularly by furin only, and extracellularly mainly by PACE4. In vivo, the absence of furin in hepatocytes reduced by ∼50% the circulating levels of cleaved ANGPTL3, while the lack of PACE4 had only a minor effect. Analysis of the EL processing in primary hepatocytes and in vivo revealed that it is mostly cleaved by furin. However, the lack of furin or PC5/6 in hepatocytes and complete PACE4 KO did not appreciably modify plasma HDL levels or EL activity. Thus, inhibition of furin in liver would not be expected to modify the plasma lipid profiles.
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Tatematsu S, Francis SA, Natarajan P, Rader DJ, Saghatelian A, Brown JD, Michel T, Plutzky J. Endothelial lipase is a critical determinant of high-density lipoprotein-stimulated sphingosine 1-phosphate-dependent signaling in vascular endothelium. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2013; 33:1788-94. [PMID: 23723371 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.113.301300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In addition to an extensively characterized role of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) in reverse cholesterol transport, bioactive lipids bound to HDL can also exert diverse vascular effects. Despite this, integration of HDL action in the vasculature with pathways that metabolize HDL and release bioactive lipids has been much less explored. The effects of HDL on endothelial cells are mediated in part by HDL-associated sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P), which binds to S1P1 receptors and promotes activation of endothelial NO synthase (eNOS) and the kinase Akt. In these studies, we characterized the role of endothelial lipase (EL) in the control of endothelial signaling and biology, including those mediated by HDL-associated S1P. APPROACH AND RESULTS HDL-induced angiogenesis in aortic rings from EL-deficient (EL(-/-)) mice was markedly decreased compared with wild-type controls. In cultured endothelial cells, small interfering RNA-mediated knockdown of EL abrogated HDL-promoted endothelial cell migration and tube formation. Small interfering RNA-mediated EL knockdown also attenuated HDL-induced phosphorylation of eNOS(1179) and Akt(473). S1P stimulation restored HDL-induced endothelial migration and Akt/eNOS phosphorylation that had been blocked by small interfering RNA-mediated EL knockdown. HDL-induced endothelial cell migration and Akt/eNOS phosphorylation were completely inhibited by the S1P1 antagonist W146 but not by the S1P3 antagonist CAY10444. CONCLUSIONS EL is a critical determinant of the effects of HDL on S1P-mediated vascular responses and acts on HDL to promote activation of S1P1, leading to Akt/eNOS phosphorylation and subsequent endothelial migration and angiogenesis. The role of EL in HDL-associated S1P effects provides new insights into EL action, the responses seen through EL and HDL interaction, and S1P signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoru Tatematsu
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Hepatic lipase- and endothelial lipase-deficiency in mice promotes macrophage-to-feces RCT and HDL antioxidant properties. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2013; 1831:691-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2013.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2012] [Revised: 12/30/2012] [Accepted: 01/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Razzaghi H, Tempczyk-Russell A, Haubold K, Santorico SA, Shokati T, Christians U, Churchill MEA. Genetic and structure-function studies of missense mutations in human endothelial lipase. PLoS One 2013; 8:e55716. [PMID: 23536757 PMCID: PMC3607615 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0055716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2012] [Accepted: 12/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Endothelial lipase (EL) plays a pivotal role in HDL metabolism. We sought to characterize EL and its interaction with HDL as well as its natural variants genetically, functionally and structurally. We screened our biethnic population sample (n = 802) for selected missense mutations (n = 5) and identified T111I as the only common variant. Multiple linear regression analyses in Hispanic subjects revealed an unexpected association between T111I and elevated LDL-C (p-value = 0.012) and total cholesterol (p-value = 0.004). We examined lipase activity of selected missense mutants (n = 10) and found different impacts on EL function, ranging from normal to complete loss of activity. EL-HDL lipidomic analyses indicated that EL has a defined remodeling of HDL without exhaustion of the substrate and a distinct and preference for several fatty acids that are lipid mediators and known for their potent pro- and anti-inflammatory properties. Structural studies using homology modeling revealed a novel α/β motif in the C-domain, unique to EL. The EL dimer was found to have the flexibility to expand and to bind various sizes of HDL particles. The likely impact of the all known missense mutations (n = 18) on the structure of EL was examined using molecular modeling and the impact they may have on EL lipase activity using a novel structure-function slope based on their structural free energy differences. The results of this multidisciplinary approach delineated the impact of EL and its variants on HDL. Moreover, the results suggested EL to have the capacity to modulate vascular health through its role in fatty acid-based signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamid Razzaghi
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America.
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Nakajima H, Ishida T, Satomi-Kobayashi S, Mori K, Hara T, Sasaki N, Yasuda T, Toh R, Tanaka H, Kawai H, Hirata KI. Endothelial lipase modulates pressure overload-induced heart failure through alternative pathway for fatty acid uptake. Hypertension 2013; 61:1002-7. [PMID: 23460280 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.111.201608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Lipoprotein lipase has been considered as the only enzyme capable of generating lipid-derived fatty acids for cardiac energy. Endothelial lipase is another member of the triglyceride lipase family and hydrolyzes high-density lipoproteins. Although endothelial lipase is expressed in the heart, its function remains unclear. We assessed the role of endothelial lipase in the genesis of heart failure. Pressure overload-induced cardiac hypertrophy was generated in endothelial lipase(-/-) and wild-type mice by ascending aortic banding. Endothelial lipase expression in cardiac tissues was markedly elevated in the early phase of cardiac hypertrophy in wild-type mice, whereas lipoprotein lipase expression was significantly reduced. Endothelial lipase(-/-) mice showed more severe systolic dysfunction with left-ventricular dilatation compared with wild-type mice in response to pressure overload. The expression of mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation-related genes, such as carnitine palmitoyltransferase-1 and medium-chain acyl coenzyme A dehydrogenase, was significantly lower in the heart of endothelial lipase(-/-) mice than in wild-type mice. Also, endothelial lipase(-/-) mice had lower myocardial adenosine triphosphate levels than wild-type mice after aortic banding. In cultured cardiomyocytes, endothelial lipase was upregulated by inflammatory stimuli, whereas lipoprotein lipase was downregulated. Endothelial lipase-overexpression in cardiomyocytes resulted in an upregulation of fatty acid oxidation-related enzymes and intracellular adenosine triphosphate accumulation in the presence of high-density lipoprotein. Endothelial lipase may act as an alternative candidate to provide fatty acids to the heart and regulate cardiac function. This effect seemed relevant particularly in the diseased heart, where lipoprotein lipase action is downregulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideto Nakajima
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
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21
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Miyamoto-Sasaki M, Yasuda T, Monguchi T, Nakajima H, Mori K, Toh R, Ishida T, Hirata KI. Pitavastatin Increases HDL Particles Functionally Preserved with Cholesterol Efflux Capacity and Antioxidative Actions in Dyslipidemic Patients. J Atheroscler Thromb 2013; 20:708-16. [DOI: 10.5551/jat.17210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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Ishida T, Miyashita K, Shimizu M, Kinoshita N, Mori K, Sun L, Yasuda T, Imamura S, Nakajima K, Stanhope KL, Havel PJ, Hirata KI. ELISA system for human endothelial lipase. Clin Chem 2012; 58:1656-64. [PMID: 23071361 DOI: 10.1373/clinchem.2012.187914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Endothelial lipase (EL) regulates the metabolism of HDL cholesterol (HDL-C). However, the role of EL in regulating plasma HDL-C concentrations and EL's potential involvement in atherosclerosis in humans has not been fully investigated due to the lack of reliable assays for EL mass. We developed an ELISA system for serum EL mass. METHODS Human recombinant EL proteins, purified from cultured media of human EL-transfected Chinese hamster ovary cells, were used as antigen and calibrator. Two specific monoclonal antibodies were generated in mice against recombinant EL protein for a sandwich ELISA. We measured EL mass in human serum using EL recombinant protein as a calibration standard. RESULTS The EL antibodies did not cross-react with lipoprotein lipase and hepatic triglyceride lipase. The detection limit of the ELISA was 20 pg/mL, which is approximately 10 times lower than that of previous ELISA systems. Recovery of spiked EL in serum was 90%-105%. Assay linearity was intact with a >4-fold dilution of serum. Intra- and interassay CVs were <5%. The serum EL mass in 645 human subjects was [mean (SE)] 344.4 (7.7) pg/mL (range 55.2-1387.7 pg/mL). Interestingly, serum EL mass was increased in patients with diagnosed cardiovascular disease and inversely correlated with serum HDL-C concentrations. There was no difference in EL mass between pre- and postheparin plasma samples. CONCLUSIONS This ELISA should be useful for clarifying the impact of EL on HDL metabolism and EL's potential role in atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuro Ishida
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan.
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23
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Sun L, Ishida T, Okada T, Yasuda T, Hara T, Toh R, Shinohara M, Yamashita T, Rikitake Y, Hirata KI. Expression of endothelial lipase correlates with the size of neointima in a murine model of vascular remodeling. J Atheroscler Thromb 2012; 19:1110-27. [PMID: 22972429 DOI: 10.5551/jat.13110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM Endothelial lipase (EL) regulates plasma high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) levels by promoting HDL catabolism. However, it remains unknown whether the inhibition of EL has beneficial effects on the genesis of vascular diseases. Here, we investigated the role of EL on vascular remodeling in mice. METHODS Vascular remodeling was developed by ligation of the left common carotid artery and neointimal lesions were histologically compared between EL-knockout (ELKO), EL-transgenic (ELTg), and wild-type (WT) mice. HDL was isolated from these mice, and effects of the HDL on cell growth and Erk activation were evaluated in vitro using cultured vascular smooth muscle cells. RESULTS Plasma HDL-C levels were 62% higher in ELKO and 13% lower in ELTg than in WT mice, after the carotid ligation. The size of neointimal lesion was significantly larger in ELTg and smaller in ELKO than in WT mice. Vascular expression of adhesion molecules was lower in ELKO and higher in ELTg compared with WT mice. Moreover, oxidative stress was attenuated in ELKO mice. HDL isolated from ELKO, ELTg, and WT mice inhibited expression of intercellular adhesion molecule-1, angiotensin II-induced activation of Erk, and growth of cultured vascular smooth muscle cells, whereas EL expression itself did not affect cell migration or growth. CONCLUSION EL expression modulates vascular remodeling as well as plasma HDL-C levels. EL inactivation may increase HDL particles that can inhibit smooth muscle cell growth and migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Sun
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
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Cai G, He G, Qi C. The association between endothelial lipase -384A/C gene polymorphism and acute coronary syndrome in a Chinese population. Mol Biol Rep 2012; 39:9879-84. [PMID: 22723003 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-012-1854-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2012] [Accepted: 06/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Endothelial lipase (EL) is a novel member of the triglyceride (TG) lipase family. A growing body of evidence has indicated that EL gene polymorphism might contribute to the process of cardiovascular diseases. This study was aimed to reveal the potential relationship between EL -384A/C gene polymorphism and acute coronary syndrome (ACS) in a Chinese Han population. The subjects were composed of 320 ACS patients and 315 age- and gender- matched controls. We detected the EL -384A/C genotypes and allele frequencies by using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis. There was significant difference in AA genotype and AC+CC genotype between ACS and control groups (P = 0.014). The A allele frequency was significantly higher in ACS group than in control group (87.8 vs 83.8 %, P = 0.041). The relationship between the variant and ACS remained significant after adjusting for current smoker, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, total cholesterol and TG (OR = 0.682, 95 % CI = 0.472-0.986). The levels of HDL and ApoA-I were significantly higher in AC+CC genotype than in AA genotype (HDL: 1.20 ± 0.35 vs 1.11 ± 0.29 mmol/L, P = 0.001; ApoA-I: 1.14 ± 0.25 vs 1.08 ± 0.21 g/L, P = 0.009). We found that the EL -384A/C gene polymorphism might be associated with ACS in Chinese Han population, suggesting that the variant might be involved in the pathogenesis of ACS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaojun Cai
- Department of Cardiology, Wujin Hospital, Affiliated to Jiangsu University, Changzhou, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China.
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Azzam KM, Fessler MB. Crosstalk between reverse cholesterol transport and innate immunity. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2012; 23:169-78. [PMID: 22406271 PMCID: PMC3338129 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2012.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2011] [Revised: 01/30/2012] [Accepted: 02/01/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Although lipid metabolism and host defense are widely considered to be very divergent disciplines, compelling evidence suggests that host cell handling of self- and microbe-derived (e.g. lipopolysaccharide, LPS) lipids may have common evolutionary roots, and that they indeed may be inseparable processes. The innate immune response and the homeostatic network controlling cellular sterol levels are now known to regulate each other reciprocally, with important implications for several common diseases, including atherosclerosis. In the present review we discuss recent discoveries that provide new insight into the bidirectional crosstalk between reverse cholesterol transport and innate immunity, and highlight the broader implications of these findings for the development of therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen M Azzam
- Laboratory of Respiratory Biology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
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Yasuda T, Johnston TP, Shinohara M, Inoue M, Ishida T. The effect of poloxamer 407 on the functional properties of HDL in mice. J Pharm Pharmacol 2012; 64:677-87. [DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-7158.2011.01444.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Objectives
There is an inverse relationship between high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and heart disease. HDL possesses not only both antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, but also anti-thrombotic and endothelial function-promoting qualities. However, it is not only the serum concentration of HDL that is important, but also the ‘functional’ quality of the HDL. The objective was to determine the functional status of HDL in a well-established mouse model of dyslipidaemia and atherosclerosis induced by the administration of a block copolymer (poloxamer 407; P-407).
Methods
C57BL/6 mice were administered a single intraperitoneal dose of P-407 (0.5 g/kg) and blood was collected at 24 h post-dosing. HDL was isolated from controls (control HDL) and P-407-treated (P-407 HDL) mice and used to test its anti-inflammatory properties in vitro. Additionally, antioxidant enzymes associated with HDL, namely, platelet activating factor-acetylhydrolase (PAF-AH) and paraoxonase (PON), were evaluated for any potential reduction in their biological activity.
Key findings
A single injection of P-407 in C57BL/6 mice resulted in a marked decrease in the levels of HDL-cholesterol and phospholipids. HDL particle size significantly increased, primarily due to remodelling of HDL with triglyceride. It was demonstrated that (i) long-chain saturated fatty acids were higher and the n-3/n-6 fatty acid ratio was significantly lower for P-407 HDL compared with control HDL, and (ii) P-407 HDL lost its capacity to inhibit tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α)-induced vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) expression compared with control HDL. Additionally, P-407 HDL was not able to neutralize lipopolysaccharide and inhibit subsequent TNF-α production compared with control HDL. The biological activity of platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase (PAF-AH) and paraoxonase (PON) decreased in direct proportion to the circulating levels of both HDL-cholesterol and apolipoprotein (apoA-1).
Conclusions
Combination of previously reported findings in P-407-treated mice, such as (i) production of both oxidized LDL and malondialdehyde, and (ii) profound elevations in the soluble forms of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), VCAM-1, and E-selectin, with the present results, would strongly suggest that HDL in P-407-treated mice is rendered dysfunctional. Thus, these findings help to explain why P-407-treated mice begin to form aortic atherosclerotic lesions about one month after initiating P-407 treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoyuki Yasuda
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Japan
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Zhang J, Yu Y, Nakamura K, Koike T, Waqar AB, Zhang X, Liu E, Nishijima K, Kitajima S, Shiomi M, Qi Z, Yu J, Graham MJ, Crooke RM, Ishida T, Hirata KI, Hurt-Camejo E, Chen YE, Fan J. Endothelial lipase mediates HDL levels in normal and hyperlipidemic rabbits. J Atheroscler Thromb 2012; 19:213-26. [PMID: 22240910 DOI: 10.5551/jat.11148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM Existing evidence suggests that endothelial lipase (EL) plays an important role in high-densitylipoprotein (HDL) metabolism. Because rabbits are a useful animal model for the study of human lipid metabolism and atherosclerosis, we characterized rabbit EL (rEL) expression and investigated its relationship with plasma HDL levels in normal and hyperlipidemic rabbits. METHODS We cloned the rEL cDNA and analyzed the EL tissue expression using Northern blotting, real-time RT-PCR, Western blotting, and in situ hybridization. We evaluated the effects of rEL antisense on plasma HDL levels. RESULTS We found that rEL mRNA was highly expressed in cholesterol synthesis-related organs, including the liver, testis, and adrenal along with its expression in the lung, kidney, bone marrow, and small intestine. Interestingly, Watanabe heritable hyperlipidemic (WHHL) rabbits, a model of human familial hypercholesterolemia, had lower plasma levels of HDLs than normal rabbits. The plasma HDL levels in WHHL rabbits were inversely associated with high levels of plasma rEL proteins and hepatic expression of rEL mRNA. Injection of rEL-specific antisense oligonucleotides into rabbits resulted in the elevation of plasma large HDLs. Furthermore, we demonstrated that rEL mRNA was expressed by both endothelial cells and macrophages in the lesions of aortic atherosclerosis of WHHL rabbits. CONCLUSIONS rEL is expressed in multiple tissues and may have many physiological and pathophysiological functions, such as in the regulation of cholesterol metabolism and atherosclerosis. Our results suggest that EL is an important regulator of plasma HDL levels in rabbits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jifeng Zhang
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, University of Yamanashi, Chuo-City, Japan
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Our purpose is to review recent findings highlighting the metabolic and functional diversity of HDL subspecies. RECENT FINDINGS HDL heterogeneity - both structural and functional - is the main focus of this review. Recent work indicates that the metabolism and functionality of HDL particles differ greatly among HDL subspecies. With the introduction of new and improved methodology (e.g., proteomics), new aspects of the structural complexity and functionality of HDL have been revealed. It has been confirmed that HDL functions - including, but not limited to decreasing inflammation, apoptosis, macrophage adhesion to the endothelium and insulin resistance - are due to HDL's ability to remove cholesterol from cells (reverse cholesterol transport). A new level of HDL complexity has recently been revealed by investigating the lipid composition of HDL with gas chromatography, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. There are about 100 different HDL-associated proteins; however, there are many more lipid species potentially associated with HDL particles. SUMMARY The most important recent findings disclose that HDL is more complex than previously thought. HDL subclasses differ in physical-chemical properties, protein and lipid composition, metabolism, physiological functions and pathophysiological significance. The staggering complexity of HDL demands significantly more investigation before we can truly begin to understand HDL metabolism and function in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bela F Asztalos
- Lipid Metabolism Laboratory, Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
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31
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth R Feingold
- Metabolism Section, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94121, USA.
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