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Li S, Xie X, Zeng X, Wang S, Lan J. Serum apolipoprotein B to apolipoprotein A-I ratio predicts mortality in patients with heart failure. ESC Heart Fail 2024; 11:99-111. [PMID: 37822135 PMCID: PMC10804159 DOI: 10.1002/ehf2.14547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2023] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS Apolipoproteins have been reported to be involved in many cardiovascular diseases. The aim of our study was to investigate the prognostic value of apolipoprotein B (ApoB) to apolipoprotein A-I (ApoA-I) ratio (ApoB/ApoA-I) in patients with heart failure (HF). METHODS AND RESULTS We randomly assigned 2400 HF patients into the training cohort (n = 1400) and the validation cohort (n = 1000). Using a receiver operating characteristic curve, we identified the optimal cut-off value of the ApoB/ApoA-I in the training cohort as 0.69, which was further validated in the validation cohort. A propensity score matching (PSM) analysis was conducted to eliminate the imbalance in the baseline characteristics of the high and low ApoB/ApoA-I group. A total of 2242 HF patients were generated in the PSM cohort. We also validated our results with an independent cohort (n = 838). Univariate and multivariate analyses were conducted to explore the independent prognostic value of ApoB/ApoA-I in the training cohort (n = 1400), the validation cohort (n = 1000), the PSM cohort (n = 2242), and the independent cohort (n = 838). Patients with high ApoB/ApoA-I ratio had significantly poorer prognosis compared with those with low ApoB/ApoA-I ratio in the training cohort, the validation cohort, the PSM cohort, and the independent cohort (P < 0.05). Multivariate analysis indicated that the ApoB/ApoA-I was an independent prognostic factor for HF in the training cohort [hazard ratio (HR) = 1.637, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.201-2.231, P = 0.002], the validation cohort (HR = 1.54, 95% CI = 1.051-2.257, P = 0.027), the PSM cohort (HR = 1.645, 95% CI = 1.273-2.125, P < 0.001), and the independent cohort (HR = 1.987, 95% CI = 1.251-3.155, P = 0.004). CONCLUSIONS Serum ApoB/ApoA-I ratio is an independent predictor for the prognosis of HF patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiyang Li
- Division of CardiologyPanzhihua Central HospitalPanzhihuaChina
- Panzhihua Central Hospital affiliated to Dali UniversityYunnanChina
| | - Xiaoshuang Xie
- Division of CardiologyPanzhihua Central HospitalPanzhihuaChina
| | - Xiaobin Zeng
- Division of CardiologyPanzhihua Central HospitalPanzhihuaChina
| | - Shihai Wang
- Division of CardiologyPanzhihua Central HospitalPanzhihuaChina
| | - Jianjun Lan
- Division of CardiologyPanzhihua Central HospitalPanzhihuaChina
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2
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Mineo C, Shaul PW. New Player in an Old Field? Ecto-F 1-ATPase in Antidiabetic Actions of HDL in Pancreatic β-Cells. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2024; 44:419-422. [PMID: 38095108 PMCID: PMC10842905 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.123.320426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Chieko Mineo
- Center for Pulmonary and Vascular Biology, Dept. of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
- Dept. of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Philip W. Shaul
- Center for Pulmonary and Vascular Biology, Dept. of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
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3
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Graham A. Modulation of the Cellular microRNA Landscape: Contribution to the Protective Effects of High-Density Lipoproteins (HDL). BIOLOGY 2023; 12:1232. [PMID: 37759631 PMCID: PMC10526091 DOI: 10.3390/biology12091232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
High-density lipoproteins (HDL) play an established role in protecting against cellular dysfunction in a variety of different disease contexts; however, harnessing this therapeutic potential has proved challenging due to the heterogeneous and relative instability of this lipoprotein and its variable cargo molecules. The purpose of this study is to examine the contribution of microRNA (miRNA; miR) sequences, either delivered directly or modulated endogenously, to these protective functions. This narrative review introduces the complex cargo carried by HDL, the protective functions associated with this lipoprotein, and the factors governing biogenesis, export and the uptake of microRNA. The possible mechanisms by which HDL can modulate the cellular miRNA landscape are considered, and the impact of key sequences modified by HDL is explored in diseases such as inflammation and immunity, wound healing, angiogenesis, dyslipidaemia, atherosclerosis and coronary heart disease, potentially offering new routes for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annette Graham
- Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, School of Health and Life Sciences, Glasgow Caledonian University, Cowcaddens Road, Glasgow G4 0BA, UK
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4
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Huang M, Zheng J, Chen L, You S, Huang H. Advances in the study of the pathogenesis of obesity: Based on apolipoproteins. Clin Chim Acta 2023; 545:117359. [PMID: 37086940 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2023.117359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Revised: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/24/2023]
Abstract
Obesity is a state presented by excessive accumulation and abnormal distribution of body fat, with metabolic disorders being one of its distinguishing features. Obesity is associated with dyslipidemia, apolipoproteins are important structural components of plasma lipoproteins, which influence lipid metabolism in the body by participating in lipoprotein metabolism and are closely related to the progression of obesity. Apolipoproteins influence the progression of obesity from lipid metabolism, energy expenditure and inflammatory response. In this review, we discuss the alterations of apolipoproteins in obesity, understand the potential mechanisms by which apolipoproteins affect obesity, as well as provide new targets for the treatment of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingjing Huang
- The Second Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, Fujian Province China; Department of Endocrinology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, Fujian Province, China
| | - Jingyi Zheng
- The Second Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, Fujian Province China; Department of Endocrinology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, Fujian Province, China
| | - Lijun Chen
- Department of Endocrinology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, Fujian Province, China
| | - Sufang You
- The Second Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, Fujian Province China; Department of Endocrinology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, Fujian Province, China
| | - Huibin Huang
- Department of Endocrinology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, Fujian Province, China.
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5
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Mandwie M, Karunia J, Niaz A, Keay KA, Musumeci G, Rennie C, McGrath K, Al-Badri G, Castorina A. Metformin Treatment Attenuates Brain Inflammation and Rescues PACAP/VIP Neuropeptide Alterations in Mice Fed a High-Fat Diet. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222413660. [PMID: 34948457 PMCID: PMC8706124 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222413660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
High-fat diet (HFD)-induced comorbid cognitive and behavioural impairments are thought to be the result of persistent low-grade neuroinflammation. Metformin, a first-line medication for the treatment of type-2 diabetes, seems to ameliorate these comorbidities, but the underlying mechanism(s) are not clear. Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide (PACAP) and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) are neuroprotective peptides endowed with anti-inflammatory properties. Alterations to the PACAP/VIP system could be pivotal during the development of HFD-induced neuroinflammation. To unveil the pathogenic mechanisms underlying HFD-induced neuroinflammation and assess metformin’s therapeutic activities, (1) we determined if HFD-induced proinflammatory activity was present in vulnerable brain regions associated with the development of comorbid behaviors, (2) investigated if the PACAP/VIP system is altered by HFD, and (3) assessed if metformin rescues such diet-induced neurochemical alterations. C57BL/6J male mice were divided into two groups to receive either standard chow (SC) or HFD for 16 weeks. A further HFD group received metformin (HFD + M) (300 mg/kg BW daily for 5 weeks) via oral gavage. Body weight, fasting glucose, and insulin levels were measured. After 16 weeks, the proinflammatory profile, glial activation markers, and changes within the PI3K/AKT intracellular pathway and the PACAP/VIP system were evaluated by real-time qPCR and/or Western blot in the hypothalamus, hippocampus, prefrontal cortex, and amygdala. Our data showed that HFD causes widespread low-grade neuroinflammation and gliosis, with regional-specific differences across brain regions. HFD also diminished phospho-AKT(Ser473) expression and caused significant disruptions to the PACAP/VIP system. Treatment with metformin attenuated these neuroinflammatory signatures and reversed PI3K/AKT and PACAP/VIP alterations caused by HFD. Altogether, our findings demonstrate that metformin treatment rescues HFD-induced neuroinflammation in vulnerable brain regions, most likely by a mechanism involving the reinstatement of PACAP/VIP system homeostasis. Data also suggests that the PI3K/AKT pathway, at least in part, mediates some of metformin’s beneficial effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mawj Mandwie
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience (LCMN), School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia; (M.M.); (J.K.); (A.N.); (G.A.-B.)
| | - Jocelyn Karunia
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience (LCMN), School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia; (M.M.); (J.K.); (A.N.); (G.A.-B.)
| | - Aram Niaz
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience (LCMN), School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia; (M.M.); (J.K.); (A.N.); (G.A.-B.)
| | - Kevin A. Keay
- Laboratory of Neural Structure and Function, School of Medical Science (Neuroscience), University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia;
| | - Giuseppe Musumeci
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Anatomy, Histology and Movement Sciences Section, School of Medicine, University of Catania, 95125 Catania, Italy;
| | - Claire Rennie
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia; (C.R.); (K.M.)
| | - Kristine McGrath
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia; (C.R.); (K.M.)
| | - Ghaith Al-Badri
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience (LCMN), School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia; (M.M.); (J.K.); (A.N.); (G.A.-B.)
| | - Alessandro Castorina
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience (LCMN), School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia; (M.M.); (J.K.); (A.N.); (G.A.-B.)
- Laboratory of Neural Structure and Function, School of Medical Science (Neuroscience), University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia;
- Correspondence:
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6
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Yu K, Huang K, Tang Z, Huang X, Sun L, Pang L, Mo C. Metabolism and antioxidation regulation of total flavanones from Sedum sarmentosum Bunge against high-fat diet-induced fatty liver disease in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2021; 47:1149-1164. [PMID: 34142329 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-021-00964-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Diet-induced fatty liver is a considerable threaten to fish aquaculture due to the popularity of the high-fat diet (HFD) feeding. Our study aims to investigate the effects of flavanones from Sedum sarmentosum Bunge (FSSB) on the liver function to identify a potential treatment for HFD-induced fatty liver disease. Physiological and pathological indicators were tested in the liver of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) and results showed parameters including lipid metabolites, redox parameters, and inflammatory factors could be adequately restored to normal level by addition of 150 mg/kg FSSB to HFD. Proteomics analysis was performed in liver tissues from tilapia with normal diet (ND), HFD, and HFD+FSSB. Totally, 51 upregulated proteins and 77 downregulated proteins were identified in HFD groups and 67 proteins of them were restored after treated with FSSB. Bioinformatics analysis showed that differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) in HFD+FSSB150 group compared with HFD group are mainly enriched in acety-CoA metabolic process, adenosine-triphosphate (ATP) biosynthetic process, lipid metabolic process, and phospholipid metabolic process. The dysregulated proteins were involved in peroxidosome proliferators-activated receptor (PPAR) signaling pathway, fat digestion and absorption, and immune system. The quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) assay further revealed that the expression of GST, PPARα, PPARγ, and multiple-inflammatory cytokines could be also reversed in HFD group under the treatment of 150 mg/kg FSSB. Our findings demonstrated FSSB is efficient for the treatment of fatty liver disease through regulation of lipid metabolism and antioxidation in Nile tilapia, providing a new treatment of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in fish aquaculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Yu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, No. 100 East Daxue Road, Nanning, 530004, China
| | - Kai Huang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, No. 100 East Daxue Road, Nanning, 530004, China.
| | - Zhanyang Tang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, No. 100 East Daxue Road, Nanning, 530004, China.
- Guangxi Academy of Fishery Science, Nanning, 530021, China.
| | - Xiuyun Huang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, No. 100 East Daxue Road, Nanning, 530004, China
| | - Linlin Sun
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, No. 100 East Daxue Road, Nanning, 530004, China
| | - Linxing Pang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, No. 100 East Daxue Road, Nanning, 530004, China
| | - Cuiqin Mo
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, No. 100 East Daxue Road, Nanning, 530004, China
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7
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Di Bartolo BA, Cartland SP, Genner S, Manuneedhi Cholan P, Vellozzi M, Rye KA, Kavurma MM. HDL Improves Cholesterol and Glucose Homeostasis and Reduces Atherosclerosis in Diabetes-Associated Atherosclerosis. J Diabetes Res 2021; 2021:6668506. [PMID: 34095317 PMCID: PMC8163542 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6668506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Apolipoprotein A-I (ApoA-I), the main component of high-density lipoprotein (HDL), not only promotes reverse cholesterol transport (RCT) in atherosclerosis but also increases insulin secretion in pancreatic β-cells, suggesting that interventions which raise HDL levels may be beneficial in diabetes-associated cardiovascular disease (CVD). Previously, we showed that TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) deletion in Apolipoprotein Eknockout (Apoe-/- ) mice results in diabetes-accelerated atherosclerosis in response to a "Western" diet. Here, we sought to identify whether reconstituted HDL (rHDL) could improve features of diabetes-associated CVD in Trail-/-Apoe-/- mice. METHODS AND RESULTS Trail-/-Apoe-/- and Apoe-/- mice on a "Western" diet for 12 weeks received 3 weekly infusions of either PBS (vehicle) or rHDL (containing ApoA-I (20 mg/kg) and 1-palmitoyl-2-linoleoyl phosphatidylcholine). Administration of rHDL reduced total plasma cholesterol, triglyceride, and glucose levels in Trail-/-Apoe-/- but not in Apoe-/- mice, with no change in weight gain observed. rHDL treatment also improved glucose clearance in response to insulin and glucose tolerance tests. Immunohistological analysis of pancreata revealed increased insulin expression/production and a reduction in macrophage infiltration in mice with TRAIL deletion. Furthermore, atherosclerotic plaque size in Trail-/-Apoe-/- mice was significantly reduced associating with increased expression of the M2 macrophage marker CD206, suggesting HDL's involvement in the polarization of macrophages. rHDL also increased vascular mRNA expression of RCT transporters, ABCA1 and ABCG1, in Trail-/-Apoe-/- but not in Apoe-/- mice. Conclusions. rHDL improves features of diabetes-associated atherosclerosis in mice. These findings support the therapeutic potential of rHDL in the treatment of atherosclerosis and associated diabetic complications. More studies are warranted to understand rHDL's mechanism of action.
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MESH Headings
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter 1/genetics
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter 1/metabolism
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily G, Member 1/genetics
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily G, Member 1/metabolism
- Animals
- Anticholesteremic Agents/administration & dosage
- Apolipoprotein A-I/administration & dosage
- Atherosclerosis/blood
- Atherosclerosis/drug therapy
- Atherosclerosis/genetics
- Biomarkers/blood
- Blood Glucose/drug effects
- Blood Glucose/metabolism
- Cholesterol/blood
- Diabetes Mellitus/blood
- Diabetes Mellitus/drug therapy
- Diet, Western
- Disease Models, Animal
- Dyslipidemias/blood
- Dyslipidemias/drug therapy
- Dyslipidemias/genetics
- Homeostasis
- Humans
- Hypoglycemic Agents/administration & dosage
- Lipoproteins, HDL/administration & dosage
- Macrophages/drug effects
- Macrophages/metabolism
- Male
- Mice, Knockout, ApoE
- Phosphatidylcholines/administration & dosage
- Plaque, Atherosclerotic
- TNF-Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand/genetics
- TNF-Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand/metabolism
- Mice
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Affiliation(s)
- Belinda A. Di Bartolo
- The University of Sydney, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney, Australia
- Heart Research Institute, Sydney, Australia
- The University of New South Wales, Faculty of Medicine, Sydney, Australia
| | - Siân P. Cartland
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney, Australia
- Heart Research Institute, Sydney, Australia
- The University of New South Wales, Faculty of Medicine, Sydney, Australia
| | | | | | | | - Kerry-Anne Rye
- The University of New South Wales, Faculty of Medicine, Sydney, Australia
| | - Mary M. Kavurma
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney, Australia
- Heart Research Institute, Sydney, Australia
- The University of New South Wales, Faculty of Medicine, Sydney, Australia
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8
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Hosomi R, Nishimoto A, Kobayashi T, Ikeda Y, Mitsui M, Shimono T, Kanda S, Nishiyama T, Yoshida M, Fukunaga K. Dietary Alaska pollock protein alters insulin sensitivity and gut microbiota composition in rats. J Food Sci 2020; 85:3628-3637. [PMID: 32885439 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.15413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Fish protein is not only nutritional but also promotes health by improving insulin sensitivity and hypercholesterolemia. Few studies have examined the relationship between gut microbiota and the enhanced insulin sensitivity due to the intake of Alaska pollock protein (APP). Hence, we assessed the glycolytic enzyme inhibitory activity of APP in in vitro study and the alteration of blood glucose level in insulin tolerance test (ITT) and glucose tolerance test (GTT) and gut microbiota following APP intake in the in vivo study. In initial experiments, the glycolytic enzyme (α-amylase, α-glucosidase, and sucrase) inhibitory activities of APP and its digest were not drastically altered compared with that of casein and its digests. In further experiments, rats fed an AIN-93G diet containing 20% (w/w) casein or APP for 8 weeks, and the composition of fecal microbiota analyzed by 16S rRNA amplicon sequence analysis. In addition, at 6 and 7 weeks of administration of experimental diet, insulin and glucose tolerance tests were evaluated, respectively. Compared with dietary casein, dietary APP has blood glucose-lowering activity as evident in the ITT and GTT. Moreover, APP group altered the structure of fecal microbiota, and area under the curves of the ITT and GTT and the relative abundance of Blautia, which is associated with glucose metabolism, tended to be positively correlated (P = 0.08 and 0.10, respectively). This study illustrates a novel finding that APP intake could alter the composition of gut microbiota and improve insulin sensitivity. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Studies in animals and humans have shown that Alaska pollock protein (APP) intake improves insulin sensitivity, allowing the body to utilize blood glucose more effectively, thereby keeping blood sugar levels under control. Microorganisms residing in the human gut are associated with glucose metabolism. This study shows that the relative APP intake alters the composition of these gut microorganisms, more than casein intake and therefore might prevent hyperglycemia and type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryota Hosomi
- Faculty of Chemistry, Materials, and Bioengineering, Kansai University, 3-3-35, Yamate-cho, Suita, Osaka, 564-8680, Japan
| | - Ayano Nishimoto
- Faculty of Chemistry, Materials, and Bioengineering, Kansai University, 3-3-35, Yamate-cho, Suita, Osaka, 564-8680, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Kobayashi
- Faculty of Human Sciences, Kobe Shoin Women's University, 1-2-1, Shinoharaobanoyama-cho, Nada, Kobe, Hyogo, 657-0015, Japan
| | - Yuki Ikeda
- Faculty of Chemistry, Materials, and Bioengineering, Kansai University, 3-3-35, Yamate-cho, Suita, Osaka, 564-8680, Japan
| | - Megumi Mitsui
- Faculty of Chemistry, Materials, and Bioengineering, Kansai University, 3-3-35, Yamate-cho, Suita, Osaka, 564-8680, Japan
| | - Takaki Shimono
- Department of Hygiene and Public Health, Kansai Medical University, 2-5-1, Shin-machi, Hirakata, Osaka, 573-1010, Japan
| | - Seiji Kanda
- Department of Hygiene and Public Health, Kansai Medical University, 2-5-1, Shin-machi, Hirakata, Osaka, 573-1010, Japan
| | - Toshimasa Nishiyama
- Department of Hygiene and Public Health, Kansai Medical University, 2-5-1, Shin-machi, Hirakata, Osaka, 573-1010, Japan
| | - Munehiro Yoshida
- Faculty of Chemistry, Materials, and Bioengineering, Kansai University, 3-3-35, Yamate-cho, Suita, Osaka, 564-8680, Japan
| | - Kenji Fukunaga
- Faculty of Chemistry, Materials, and Bioengineering, Kansai University, 3-3-35, Yamate-cho, Suita, Osaka, 564-8680, Japan
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9
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Kurabayashi A, Iwashita W, Tanaka C, Naganuma S, Furihata M, Inoue K, Kakinuma Y. Murine remote ischemic preconditioning suppresses diabetic ketoacidosis by enhancing glycolysis and entry into tricarboxylic acid cycle in the liver. Life Sci 2020; 253:117748. [PMID: 32387415 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.117748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2020] [Revised: 04/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Hindlimb ischemia-reperfusion (IR) was previously demonstrated by our group to decrease blood sugar levels by suppressing hepatic gluconeogenesis and enhancing glucose uptake using activation of the parasympathetic nervous system. While IR attenuated hyperglycemia in diabetic mice, it was unclear whether IR regulated energy metabolism in the liver. We investigated the mechanisms by which IR regulates energy metabolism in the liver from type1 diabetic mice. MAIN METHODS Streptozotocin-induced diabetic male C57BL/6J mice were used to determine the effect of IR on the factors involved in energy metabolism in the liver (i.e., activation levels of AMP-activated protein kinase, aconitase and pyruvate dehydrogenase; adenosine triphosphate and fumarate concentrations; sirtuin (Sirt) 1 expression). These various signaling pathways and key enzyme activities were examined using western blot analysis and a biochemical technique including a colorimetric assay. KEY FINDINGS Under feeding conditions (free access to normal murine chow and water), blood glucose levels and serum ketone body levels were significantly suppressed by IR, whereas phospho-AMP-activated protein kinase and its activity, pyruvate dehydrogenase, aconitase activity, and Sirt 1expression were upregulated. In contrast, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator-1, which accelerated fatty acid use, was suppressed by IR. SIGNIFICANCE These results indicated that in the IR-treated diabetic liver, energy production was promoted through acceleration of the tricarboxylic acid cycle linked with increased glucose preference rather than fatty acid under feeding conditions. Therefore, IR may be beneficial against diabetic hyperglycemia, but also ketoacidosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Waka Iwashita
- Departments of Pathology, Kochi Medical School, Kochi 783-8505, Japan
| | - Chiharu Tanaka
- Departments of Pathology, Kochi Medical School, Kochi 783-8505, Japan
| | - Seiji Naganuma
- Departments of Pathology, Kochi Medical School, Kochi 783-8505, Japan
| | - Mutsuo Furihata
- Departments of Pathology, Kochi Medical School, Kochi 783-8505, Japan
| | - Keiji Inoue
- Departments of Urology, Kochi Medical School, Kochi 783-8505, Japan
| | - Yoshihiko Kakinuma
- Department of Bioregulatory Science (Physiology), Nippon Medical School Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo 113-8602, Japan.
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10
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Fritzen AM, Domingo-Espín J, Lundsgaard AM, Kleinert M, Israelsen I, Carl CS, Nicolaisen TS, Kjøbsted R, Jeppesen JF, Wojtaszewski JFP, Lagerstedt JO, Kiens B. ApoA-1 improves glucose tolerance by increasing glucose uptake into heart and skeletal muscle independently of AMPKα 2. Mol Metab 2020; 35:100949. [PMID: 32244181 PMCID: PMC7082546 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2020.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Revised: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Acute administration of the main protein component of high-density lipoprotein, apolipoprotein A-I (ApoA-1), improves glucose uptake in skeletal muscle. The molecular mechanisms mediating this are not known, but in muscle cell cultures, ApoA-1 failed to increase glucose uptake when infected with a dominant-negative AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) virus. We therefore investigated whether AMPK is necessary for ApoA-1-stimulated glucose uptake in intact heart and skeletal muscle in vivo. METHODS The effect of injection with recombinant human ApoA-1 (rApoA-1) on glucose tolerance, glucose-stimulated insulin secretion, and glucose uptake into skeletal and heart muscle with and without block of insulin secretion by injection of epinephrine (0.1 mg/kg) and propranolol (5 mg/kg), were investigated in 8 weeks high-fat diet-fed (60E%) wild-type and AMPKα2 kinase-dead mice in the overnight-fasted state. In addition, the effect of rApoA-1 on glucose uptake in isolated skeletal muscle ex vivo was studied. RESULTS rApoA-1 lowered plasma glucose concentration by 1.7 mmol/l within 3 h (6.1 vs 4.4 mmol/l; p < 0.001). Three hours after rApoA-1 injection, glucose tolerance during a 40-min glucose tolerance test (GTT) was improved compared to control (area under the curve (AUC) reduced by 45%, p < 0.001). This was accompanied by an increased glucose clearance into skeletal (+110%; p < 0.001) and heart muscle (+100%; p < 0.001) and an increase in glucose-stimulated insulin secretion 20 min after glucose injection (+180%; p < 0.001). When insulin secretion was blocked during a GTT, rApoA-1 still enhanced glucose tolerance (AUC lowered by 20% compared to control; p < 0.001) and increased glucose clearance into skeletal (+50%; p < 0.05) and heart muscle (+270%; p < 0.001). These improvements occurred to a similar extent in both wild-type and AMPKα2 kinase-dead mice and thus independently of AMPKα2 activity in skeletal- and heart muscle. Interestingly, rApoA-1 failed to increase glucose uptake in isolated skeletal muscles ex vivo. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, ApoA-1 stimulates in vivo glucose disposal into skeletal and heart muscle independently of AMPKα2. The observation that ApoA-1 fails to increase glucose uptake in isolated muscle ex vivo suggests that additional systemic effects are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Mæchel Fritzen
- Section of Molecular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise, and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Joan Domingo-Espín
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, S-221 84, Lund, Sweden
| | - Anne-Marie Lundsgaard
- Section of Molecular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise, and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Maximilian Kleinert
- Section of Molecular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise, and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Diabetes Center at Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Germany
| | - Ida Israelsen
- Section of Molecular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise, and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Christian S Carl
- Section of Molecular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise, and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Trine S Nicolaisen
- Section of Molecular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise, and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Rasmus Kjøbsted
- Section of Molecular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise, and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Jørgen F P Wojtaszewski
- Section of Molecular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise, and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jens O Lagerstedt
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, S-221 84, Lund, Sweden; Lund Institute of Advanced X-ray and Neutron Science (LINXS), Lund, Sweden.
| | - Bente Kiens
- Section of Molecular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise, and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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11
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Sari G, Meester EJ, van der Zee LC, Wouters K, van Lennep JR, Peppelenbosch M, Boonstra A, Van der Heiden K, Mulder MMT, Vanwolleghem T. A mouse model of humanized liver shows a human-like lipid profile, but does not form atherosclerotic plaque after western type diet. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2020; 524:510-515. [PMID: 32014257 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.01.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Mouse models are a crucial and often used tool to provide insight into the underlying mechanisms of human atherosclerosis. However, mice profoundly differ from humans in lipoprotein synthesis and metabolism, key factors in atherosclerotic plaque formation. Mouse models often require genetic and dietary modifications to mimic human pathophysiology, shifting from a high-density lipoprotein to an low-density lipoprotein dominant lipoprotein profile. We examined the suitability of mice with a humanized liver as a model for lipoprotein studies and studies on plaque formation, given the central role of hepatocytes in lipoprotein synthesis and metabolism. Our results show a progressive humanization of the mouse liver and a humanized lipoprotein profile. However, no atherosclerotic plaque formation was observed in the studied time frame, despite presence of functional macrophages and application of a high cholesterol western-type diet. The humanized-liver mouse model therefore might require further modifications to induce atherosclerosis, yet seems a valuable model for in vivo studies on lipoprotein metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gulce Sari
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Eric J Meester
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Thoraxcenter, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Leonie C van der Zee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Kristiaan Wouters
- Department of Internal Medicine, CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, MUMC+, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Jeanine R van Lennep
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Maikel Peppelenbosch
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Andre Boonstra
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Kim Van der Heiden
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Thoraxcenter, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Monique M T Mulder
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Thomas Vanwolleghem
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Laboratory of Experimental Medicine and Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp and Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium.
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12
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Apolipoprotein-AI mimetic peptides D-4F and L-5F decrease hepatic inflammation and increase insulin sensitivity in C57BL/6 mice. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0226931. [PMID: 31914125 PMCID: PMC6948736 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0226931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Apolipoprotein-AI (apo-AI) is the major apolipoprotein found in high density lipoprotein particles (HDLs). We previously demonstrated that apo-AI injected directly into high-fat diet fed mice improved insulin sensitivity associated with decreased hepatic inflammation. While our data provides compelling proof of concept, apoA-I mimetic peptides are more clinically feasible. The aim of this study was to test whether apo-AI mimetic peptide (D-4F and L-5F) treatment will emulate the effects of full-length apo-AI to improve insulin sensitivity. METHODS Male C57BL/6 mice were fed a high-fat diet for 16 weeks before receiving D4F mimetic peptide administered via drinking water or L5F mimetic peptide administered by intraperitoneal injection bi-weekly for a total of five weeks. Glucose tolerance and insulin tolerance tests were conducted to assess the effects of the peptides on insulin resistance. Effects of the peptides on inflammation, gluconeogenic enzymes and lipid synthesis were assessed by real-time PCR of key markers involved in the respective pathways. RESULTS Treatment with apo-AI mimetic peptides D-4F and L-5F showed: (i) improved blood glucose clearance (D-4F 1.40-fold AUC decrease compared to HFD, P<0.05; L-4F 1.17-fold AUC decrease compared to HFD, ns) in the glucose tolerance test; (ii) improved insulin tolerance (D-4F 1.63-fold AUC decrease compared to HFD, P<0.05; L-5F 1.39-fold AUC compared to HFD, P<0.05) in the insulin tolerance test. The metabolic test results were associated with (i) decreased hepatic inflammation of SAA1, IL-1β IFN-γ and TNFα (2.61-5.97-fold decrease compared to HFD, P<0.05) for both mimetics; (ii) suppression of hepatic mRNA expression of gluconeogenesis-associated genes (PEPCK and G6Pase; 1.66-3.01-fold decrease compared to HFD, P<0.001) for both mimetics; (iii) lipogenic-associated genes, (SREBP1c and ChREBP; 2.15-3.31-fold decrease compared to HFD, P<0.001) for both mimetics and; (iv) reduced hepatic macrophage infiltration (F4/80 and CD68; 1.77-2.15-fold compared to HFD, P<0.001) for both mimetics. CONCLUSION Apo-AI mimetic peptides treatment led to improved glucose homeostasis. This effect is associated with reduced expression of inflammatory markers in the liver and reduced infiltration of macrophages, suggesting an overall suppression of hepatic inflammation. We also showed altered expression of genes associated with gluconeogenesis and lipid synthesis, suggesting that glucose and lipid synthesis is suppressed. These findings suggest that apoA-I mimetic peptides could be a new therapeutic option to reduce hepatic inflammation that contributes to the development of overnutrition-induced insulin resistance.
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13
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Yao S, Zhang J, Zhan Y, Shi Y, Yu Y, Zheng L, Xu N, Luo G. Insulin Resistance in Apolipoprotein M Knockout Mice is Mediated by the Protein Kinase Akt Signaling Pathway. Endocr Metab Immune Disord Drug Targets 2020; 20:771-780. [PMID: 31702495 PMCID: PMC7360917 DOI: 10.2174/1871530319666191023125820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Revised: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous clinical studies have suggested that apolipoprotein M (apoM) is involved in glucose metabolism and plays a causative role in insulin sensitivity. OBJECTIVE The potential mechanism of apoM on modulating glucose homeostasis is explored and differentially expressed genes are analyzed by employing ApoM deficient (ApoM-/- ) and wild type (WT) mice. METHODS The metabolism of glucose in the hepatic tissues of high-fat diet ApoM-/- and WT mice was measured by a glycomics approach. Bioinformatic analysis was applied for analyzing the levels of differentially expressed mRNAs in the liver tissues of these mice. The insulin sensitivity of ApoM-/- and WT mice was compared using the insulin tolerance test and the phosphorylation levels of protein kinase Akt (AKT) and insulin stimulation in different tissues were examined by Western blot. RESULTS The majority of the hepatic glucose metabolites exhibited lower concentration levels in the ApoM-/- mice compared with those of the WT mice. Gene Ontology (GO) classification and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analysis indicated that ApoM deficiency affected the genes associated with the metabolism of glucose. The insulin tolerance test suggested that insulin sensitivity was impaired in ApoM-/- mice. The phosphorylation levels of AKT in muscle and adipose tissues of ApoM-/- mice were significantly diminished in response to insulin stimulation compared with those noted in WT mice. CONCLUSION ApoM deficiency led to the disorders of glucose metabolism and altered genes related to glucose metabolism in mice liver. In vivo data indicated that apoM might augment insulin sensitivity by AKT-dependent mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Ning Xu
- Address correspondence to these two authors at the Comprehensive Laboratory, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 213003, Changzhou, China; Tel: +86-0519-68870619; E-mail: , and the Section of Clinical Chemistry & Pharmacology, Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Lunds University, S-22185 Lund, Sweden; E-mail:
| | - Guanghua Luo
- Address correspondence to these two authors at the Comprehensive Laboratory, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 213003, Changzhou, China; Tel: +86-0519-68870619; E-mail: , and the Section of Clinical Chemistry & Pharmacology, Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Lunds University, S-22185 Lund, Sweden; E-mail:
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14
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Manandhar B, Cochran BJ, Rye KA. Role of High-Density Lipoproteins in Cholesterol Homeostasis and Glycemic Control. J Am Heart Assoc 2019; 9:e013531. [PMID: 31888429 PMCID: PMC6988162 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.119.013531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bikash Manandhar
- Lipid Research Group School of Medical Sciences Faculty of Medicine University of New South Wales Sydney New South Wales Australia
| | - Blake J Cochran
- Lipid Research Group School of Medical Sciences Faculty of Medicine University of New South Wales Sydney New South Wales Australia
| | - Kerry-Anne Rye
- Lipid Research Group School of Medical Sciences Faculty of Medicine University of New South Wales Sydney New South Wales Australia
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15
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Méndez-Lara KA, Farré N, Santos D, Rivas-Urbina A, Metso J, Sánchez-Quesada JL, Llorente-Cortes V, Errico TL, Lerma E, Jauhiainen M, Martín-Campos JM, Alonso N, Escolà-Gil JC, Blanco-Vaca F, Julve J. Human ApoA-I Overexpression Enhances Macrophage-Specific Reverse Cholesterol Transport but Fails to Prevent Inherited Diabesity in Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E655. [PMID: 30717414 PMCID: PMC6387412 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20030655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Revised: 01/26/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Human apolipoprotein A-I (hApoA-I) overexpression improves high-density lipoprotein (HDL) function and the metabolic complications of obesity. We used a mouse model of diabesity, the db/db mouse, to examine the effects of hApoA-I on the two main functional properties of HDL, i.e., macrophage-specific reverse cholesterol transport (m-RCT) in vivo and the antioxidant potential, as well as the phenotypic features of obesity. HApoA-I transgenic (hA-I) mice were bred with nonobese control (db/+) mice to generate hApoA-I-overexpressing db/+ offspring, which were subsequently bred to obtain hA-I-db/db mice. Overexpression of hApoA-I significantly increased weight gain and the incidence of fatty liver in db/db mice. Weight gain was mainly explained by the increased caloric intake of hA-I-db/db mice (>1.2-fold). Overexpression of hApoA-I also produced a mixed type of dyslipidemia in db/db mice. Despite these deleterious effects, the overexpression of hApoA-I partially restored m-RCT in db/db mice to levels similar to nonobese control mice. Moreover, HDL from hA-I-db/db mice also enhanced the protection against low-density lipoprotein (LDL) oxidation compared with HDL from db/db mice. In conclusion, overexpression of hApoA-I in db/db mice enhanced two main anti-atherogenic HDL properties while exacerbating weight gain and the fatty liver phenotype. These adverse metabolic side-effects were also observed in obese mice subjected to long-term HDL-based therapies in independent studies and might raise concerns regarding the use of hApoA-I-mediated therapy in obese humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Alejandra Méndez-Lara
- Institut de Recerca de l'Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau i Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau, IIB-Sant Pau, 08025 Barcelona, Spain.
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Núria Farré
- Institut de Recerca de l'Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau i Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau, IIB-Sant Pau, 08025 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - David Santos
- CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas, CIBERDEM, 28029 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Andrea Rivas-Urbina
- Institut de Recerca de l'Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau i Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau, IIB-Sant Pau, 08025 Barcelona, Spain.
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Jari Metso
- Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical Research, Biomedicum 2U and National Institute for Health and Welfare, Genomics and Biomarkers Unit, FIN-00290 Helsinki, Finland.
| | - José Luis Sánchez-Quesada
- Institut de Recerca de l'Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau i Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau, IIB-Sant Pau, 08025 Barcelona, Spain.
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Barcelona, Spain.
- CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas, CIBERDEM, 28029 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Vicenta Llorente-Cortes
- CSIC-ICCC-IIB-Sant Pau i CSIC-Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona (IIBB), 08025 Barcelona, Spain.
- CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, CIBERCV, 28029 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Teresa L Errico
- Institut de Recerca de l'Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau i Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau, IIB-Sant Pau, 08025 Barcelona, Spain.
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Barcelona, Spain.
- CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas, CIBERDEM, 28029 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Enrique Lerma
- Servei de Bioquímica, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau i Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de l'Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, IIB-Sant Pau, 08041 Barcelona, Spain.
- Departament de Patologia, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, 08041 Barcelona, Spain.
- Departament de Ciències Morfològiques, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain.
| | - Matti Jauhiainen
- Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical Research, Biomedicum 2U and National Institute for Health and Welfare, Genomics and Biomarkers Unit, FIN-00290 Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Jesús M Martín-Campos
- Institut de Recerca de l'Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau i Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau, IIB-Sant Pau, 08025 Barcelona, Spain.
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Barcelona, Spain.
- CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas, CIBERDEM, 28029 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Núria Alonso
- CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas, CIBERDEM, 28029 Madrid, Spain.
- Servei d'Endocrinologia, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, 08916 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Joan Carles Escolà-Gil
- Institut de Recerca de l'Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau i Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau, IIB-Sant Pau, 08025 Barcelona, Spain.
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Barcelona, Spain.
- CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas, CIBERDEM, 28029 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Francisco Blanco-Vaca
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Barcelona, Spain.
- CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas, CIBERDEM, 28029 Madrid, Spain.
- Servei de Bioquímica, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau i Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de l'Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, IIB-Sant Pau, 08041 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Josep Julve
- Institut de Recerca de l'Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau i Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau, IIB-Sant Pau, 08025 Barcelona, Spain.
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Barcelona, Spain.
- CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas, CIBERDEM, 28029 Madrid, Spain.
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16
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Chen H, Ng JPM, Bishop DP, Milthorpe BK, Valenzuela SM. Gold nanoparticles as cell regulators: beneficial effects of gold nanoparticles on the metabolic profile of mice with pre-existing obesity. J Nanobiotechnology 2018; 16:88. [PMID: 30390669 PMCID: PMC6215354 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-018-0414-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background We have previously shown that intraperitoneal injection of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs, 20–30 nm) into mice, decreases high-fat diet (HFD) induced weight gain and glucose intolerance, via suppression of inflammatory responses in both fat and liver tissues. This study investigates whether AuNPs provide similar benefit to mice with pre-existing obesity. Male C57BL/6 mice were fed a HFD for 15 weeks. AuNPs (OB-EAu 0.0785 μg/g/day, OB-LAu 0.785 μg/g/day, OB-HAu7.85 μg/g/day, ip) were administered to subgroups of HFD-fed mice over the last 5 weeks. Control group was fed standard chow and administered vehicle injection. Results Only the OB-LAu group demonstrated significant weight loss (12%), while all AuNP treated groups showed improved glycaemic control and reduced blood lipid levels. In the fat tissue, mRNA expression of pro-inflammatory markers were unchanged following AuNP treatment, while glucose and lipid metabolic markers were improved in OB-LAu and OB-HAu mice. In the liver, AuNP treatment downregulated inflammatory markers and improved lipid metabolic markers, with marked effects in OB-EAu and OB-LAu groups. Conclusions AuNP treatment can improve glucose and fat metabolism in mice with long-term obesity, however weight loss was only observed in a single specific dose regime. AuNP therapy is a promising new technology for managing metabolic disorders in the obese. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12951-018-0414-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,Centre for Health Technologies, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Jane P M Ng
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - David P Bishop
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Bruce K Milthorpe
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,Centre for Health Technologies, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Stella M Valenzuela
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, Australia. .,Centre for Health Technologies, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, Australia.
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17
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Sun C, Chen Z, Wang H, Ding K. Tetrahydropalmatine Prevents High-Fat Diet-Induced Hyperlipidemia in Golden Hamsters (Mesocricetus Auratus). Med Sci Monit 2018; 24:6564-6572. [PMID: 30226834 PMCID: PMC6157085 DOI: 10.12659/msm.910578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Hyperlipidemia is a major cause of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Tetrahydropalmatine (THP) can exhibit hepatoprotective, anti-arrhythmic, and anti-inflammatory activities. The mechanism of THP on the hyperlipidemia remains unknown; therefore, the present study explored the role of THP in hyperlipidemia. Material/Methods We established an animal model of hyperlipidemia by high-fat diet (HFD) feeding. Blood samples were obtained for determination of serum cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c), pro-inflammatory cytokines, and CYP7A1 expression. Histology was performed and inflammation was detected in the liver using hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), respectively. The mRNA and protein levels of TLR4 and TRAF-6 were determined by quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) and Western blot, respectively. Results THP suppressed hepatic lipid accumulation and reduced serum levels of TC, TG, LDL-c, and HDL-c in HFD-fed golden hamsters. THP increased cholesterol 7 α-hydroxylase (CYP7A1) expression and prevented inflammation by the limited reduction in interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) expressions in serum and liver. THP slightly increased the ratio of the body/liver weight. THP inhibited the mRNA and protein levels of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and TNF-receptor associated factor-6 (TRAF-6). Conclusions These results suggest that THP attenuates hyperlipidemia by multiple effects, including hepatoprotective and anti-inflammatory effects. Moreover, THP also suppressed the expressions of TLR4 and TRAF-6 in golden hamsters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caihua Sun
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China (mainland)
| | - Zhiyun Chen
- The Second Central Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China (mainland)
| | - Hui Wang
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China (mainland)
| | - Ke Ding
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China (mainland)
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Kurabayashi A, Tanaka C, Matsumoto W, Naganuma S, Furihata M, Inoue K, Kakinuma Y. Murine remote preconditioning increases glucose uptake and suppresses gluconeogenesis in hepatocytes via a brain-liver neurocircuit, leading to counteracting glucose intolerance. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2018. [PMID: 29526685 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabres.2018.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Our previous study revealed that cyclic hindlimb ischaemia-reperfusion (IR) activates cardiac acetylcholine (ACh) synthesis through the cholinergic nervous system and cell-derived ACh accelerates glucose uptake. However, the mechanisms regulating glucose metabolism in vivo remain unknown. We investigated the effects and mechanisms of IR in mice under pathophysiological conditions. METHODS Using IR-subjected male C57BL/6J mice, the effects of IR on blood sugar (BS), glucose uptake, central parasympathetic nervous system (PNS) activity, hepatic gluconeogenic enzyme expression and those of ACh on hepatocellular glucose uptake were assessed. RESULTS IR decreased BS levels by 20% and increased c-fos immunoreactivity in the center of the PNS (the solitary tract and the dorsal motor vagal nucleus). IR specifically downregulated hepatic gluconeogenic enzyme expression and activities (glucose-6-phosphatase and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase) and accelerated hepatic glucose uptake. Transection of a hepatic vagus nerve branch decreased this uptake and reversed BS decrease. Suppressed gluconeogenic enzyme expression was reversed by intra-cerebroventricular administration of a choline acetyltransferase inhibitor. Moreover, IR significantly attenuated hyperglycaemia in murine model of type I and II diabetes mellitus. CONCLUSIONS IR provides another insight into a therapeutic modality for diabetes mellitus due to regulating gluconeogenesis and glucose-uptake and advocates an adjunctive mode rectifying disturbed glucose metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chiharu Tanaka
- Department of Pathology, Kochi Medical School, Kochi 783-8505, Japan
| | - Waka Matsumoto
- Department of Pathology, Kochi Medical School, Kochi 783-8505, Japan
| | - Seiji Naganuma
- Department of Pathology, Kochi Medical School, Kochi 783-8505, Japan
| | - Mutsuo Furihata
- Department of Pathology, Kochi Medical School, Kochi 783-8505, Japan
| | - Keiji Inoue
- Department of Urology, Kochi Medical School, Kochi 783-8505, Japan
| | - Yoshihiko Kakinuma
- Department of Physiology, Nippon Medical School Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo 113-8602, Japan.
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Gold nanoparticles improve metabolic profile of mice fed a high-fat diet. J Nanobiotechnology 2018; 16:11. [PMID: 29409496 PMCID: PMC5800098 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-018-0338-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 01/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Obesity is a high risk for multiple metabolic disorders due to excessive influx of energy, glucose and lipid, often from a western based diet. Low-grade inflammation plays a key role in the progression of such metabolic disorders. The anti-inflammatory property of gold compounds has been used in treating rheumatoid arthritis in the clinic. Previously we found that pure gold nanoparticles (AuNPs, 21 nm) also possess anti-inflammatory effects on the retroperitoneal fat tissue following intraperitoneal injection, by downregulating tumor necrosis factor (TNF) α. However, whether such an effect can change the risk of metabolic disorders in the obese has not been well studied. The study employed C57BL/6 mice fed a pellet high fat diet (HFD, 43% as fat) that were treated daily with AuNPs [low (HFD-LAu) or high (HFD-HAu) dose] via intraperitoneal injection for 9 weeks. In the in vitro study, RAW264.7 macrophages and 3T3-L1 adipocytes were cultured with low and high concentrations of AuNPs alone or together. Results The HFD-fed mice showed a significant increase in fat mass, glucose intolerance, dyslipidemia, and liver steatosis. The HFD-LAu group showed an 8% reduction in body weight, ameliorated hyperlipidemia, and normal glucose tolerance; while the HFD-HAu group had a 5% reduction in body weight with significant improvement in their glucose intolerance and hyperlipidemia. The underlying mechanism may be attributed to a reduction in adipose and hepatic local proinflammatory cytokine production, e.g. TNFα. In vitro studies of co-cultured murine RAW264.7 macrophage and 3T3-L1 adipocytes supported this proposed mechanism. Conclusion AuNPs demonstrate a promising profile for potential management of obesity related glucose and lipid disorders and are useful as a research tool for the study of biological mechanisms. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12951-018-0338-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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20
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Dong S, Qi M, Wang Y, Chen L, Weaver JC, Krilis SA, Giannakopoulos B. β2GPI exerts an anti-obesity effect in female mice by inhibiting lipogenesis and promoting lipolysis. Oncotarget 2017; 8:92652-92666. [PMID: 29190946 PMCID: PMC5696212 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.21536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In humans, males compared to females have increased visceral adipose tissue which contributes to their increased risk of early death. Mice display analogous sexual diamorphism whereby females are protected from weight gain when fed a high fat diet compared to males. A role has recently been reported for β2-glycoprotein I, an abundant plasma protein, in healthy leanness in humans. In this study we investigated the role of β2-glycoprotein I in fat metabolism in male and female mice fed a normal chow or high fat diet. We have made a number of novel insights into factors contributing to sexual diamorphism in obesity. Female wild type mice are protected from obesity when fed a high fat diet due to down regulation of lipogenesis in the visceral adipose tissues. This down regulation is due to β2-glycoprotein I as female mice deficient in this protein have increased levels of lipogenesis enzymes in their visceral adipose tissues with an accompanying increase in weight compared to female wild type controls. Understanding female specific regulators of obesity may lead to sex specific anti-obesity therapies to address this major health problem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shangwen Dong
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Immunology and Sexual Health and Department of Medicine, St George Hospital, University of New South Wales, New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.,Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Miao Qi
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Immunology and Sexual Health and Department of Medicine, St George Hospital, University of New South Wales, New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Immunology and Sexual Health and Department of Medicine, St George Hospital, University of New South Wales, New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.,Laboratory of Hormones and Development (Ministry of Health), Metabolic Hospital and Tianjin Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Liming Chen
- Laboratory of Hormones and Development (Ministry of Health), Metabolic Hospital and Tianjin Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - James Crofton Weaver
- Department of Cardiology, St George Hospital, New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Steven Antony Krilis
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Immunology and Sexual Health and Department of Medicine, St George Hospital, University of New South Wales, New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Bill Giannakopoulos
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Immunology and Sexual Health and Department of Medicine, St George Hospital, University of New South Wales, New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.,Department of Rheumatology, St George Hospital, New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
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Ou R, Liu J, Lv M, Wang J, Wang J, Zhu L, Zhao L, Xu Y. Neutrophil depletion improves diet-induced non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in mice. Endocrine 2017; 57:72-82. [PMID: 28508193 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-017-1323-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 12/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease is highly associated with morbidity and mortality in population. Although studies have already demonstrated that the immune response plays a pivotal role in the development of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, the comprehensive regulation is unclear. Therefore, present study was carried out to investigate the non-alcoholic fatty liver disease development under neutrophil depletion. METHODS To achieve the aim of the study, C57BL/6 J mice were fed with high fat diet for 6 weeks before treated with neutrophil deplete antibody 1A8 or isotype control (200 μg/ mouse every week) for another 4 weeks. RESULTS Treated with 1A8 antibody, obese mice exhibited better whole body metabolic parameters, including reduction of body weight gain and fasting blood glucose levels. Neutrophil depletion also effectively reduced hepatic structural disorders, dysfunction and lipid accumulation. Lipid β-oxidative markers, phosphorylated-AMP-activated protein kinase α and phosphorylated-acetyl-CoA carboxylase levels were increased in 1A8 antibody-treated obese mouse group. The mitochondrial number and function were also reversed after 1A8 antibody treatment, including increased mitochondrial number, reduced lipid oxidative damage and enhanced mitochondrial activity. Furthermore, the expression of inflammatory cytokines, tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-6, and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 were obviously reduced after neutrophil depletion, accompanied with decreased F4/80 mRNA level and macrophage percentage in liver. The decreased NF-κB signaling activity was also involved in the beneficial effect of neutrophil depletion. CONCLUSION Taken together, neutrophil depletion could attenuate metabolic syndromes and hepatic dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongying Ou
- Laboratory for Advanced Interdisciplinary Research, Institutes of Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jia Liu
- Laboratory for Advanced Interdisciplinary Research, Institutes of Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- Department of Dermatovenereology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Mingfen Lv
- Laboratory for Advanced Interdisciplinary Research, Institutes of Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- Department of Dermatovenereology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jingying Wang
- Laboratory for Advanced Interdisciplinary Research, Institutes of Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- Department of Dermatovenereology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jinmeng Wang
- Laboratory for Advanced Interdisciplinary Research, Institutes of Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- Department of Dermatovenereology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Li Zhu
- Laboratory for Advanced Interdisciplinary Research, Institutes of Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- Department of Dermatovenereology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Liang Zhao
- Laboratory for Advanced Interdisciplinary Research, Institutes of Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.
- Division of PET/CT, Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.
| | - Yunsheng Xu
- Laboratory for Advanced Interdisciplinary Research, Institutes of Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.
- Department of Dermatovenereology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.
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Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, vascular inflammation and insulin resistance are exacerbated by TRAIL deletion in mice. Sci Rep 2017; 7:1898. [PMID: 28507343 PMCID: PMC5432513 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-01721-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) incorporates steatosis, non-alcoholic steato-hepatitis (NASH) and liver cirrhosis, associating with diabetes and cardiovascular disease (CVD). TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) is protective of CVD. We aimed to determine whether TRAIL protects against insulin resistance, NAFLD and vascular injury. Twelve-week high fat diet (HFD)-fed Trail−/− mice had increased plasma cholesterol, insulin and glucose compared to wildtype. Insulin tolerance was impaired with TRAIL-deletion, with reduced p-Akt, GLUT4 expression and glucose uptake in skeletal muscle. Hepatic triglyceride content, inflammation and fibrosis were increased with TRAIL-deletion, with elevated expression of genes regulating lipogenesis and gluconeogenesis. Moreover, Trail−/− mice exhibited reduced aortic vasorelaxation, impaired insulin signaling, and >20-fold increased mRNA expression for IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α. In vitro, palmitate treatment of hepatocytes increased lipid accumulation, inflammation and fibrosis, with TRAIL mRNA significantly reduced. TRAIL administration inhibited palmitate-induced hepatocyte lipid uptake. Finally, patients with NASH had significantly reduced plasma TRAIL compared to control, simple steatosis or obese individuals. These findings suggest that TRAIL protects against insulin resistance, NAFLD and vascular inflammation. Increasing TRAIL levels may be an attractive therapeutic strategy, to reduce features of diabetes, as well as liver and vascular injury, so commonly observed in individuals with NAFLD.
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Feng X, Gao X, Yao Z, Xu Y. Low apoA-I is associated with insulin resistance in patients with impaired glucose tolerance: a cross-sectional study. Lipids Health Dis 2017; 16:69. [PMID: 28372564 PMCID: PMC5379622 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-017-0446-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2016] [Accepted: 03/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Low apolipoprotein A-I (apoA-I) is an independent risk factor for atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases. Insulin resistance predicts the progression of abnormal glucose metabolism, which is the main cause of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. In this study, we assessed the potential association between apoA-I levels and insulin resistance in patients with impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) and the possible link between apoA-I and IGT. Methods This study evaluated a cross-sectional study of 108 participants with impaired glucose tolerance (IGT group) and 84 controls (control group). ApoA-I and clinical characteristics were measured, and a homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) was calculated. Results The IGT group exhibited significantly lower apoA-I and higher HOMA-IR levels than the control group (apoA-I: 1.37 ± 0.36 vs 1.57 ± 0.39 g/L; HOMA-IR: 4.21 ± 1.56 vs 2.15 ± 0.99; P < 0.001 for both). ApoA-I was negatively correlated with HOMA-IR in both the IGT and control groups (IGT group: r = −0.269, P = 0.005; control group: r = −0.262, P = 0.016). Multiple stepwise regression analysis showed that low apoA-I levels (β = −1.470, P = 0.002) were independently correlated with high HOMA-IR levels in the IGT group. Moreover, logistic regression analysis identified that low apoA-I was an independent influencing factor for IGT (β = −1.170, OR = 0.310, P = 0.007). Conclusions ApoA-I is inversely associated with insulin resistance in patients with impaired glucose tolerance, and low apoA-I is an independent risk factor for impaired glucose tolerance. These results indicate that apoA-I plays an important role in regulating insulin sensitivity and glucose metabolism in patients with IGT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomeng Feng
- Department of Endocrinology, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100020, People's Republic of China
| | - Xia Gao
- Department of Endocrinology, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100020, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi Yao
- Department of Endocrinology, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100020, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan Xu
- Department of Endocrinology, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100020, People's Republic of China.
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24
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Lee DY, Kim JH, Park SE, Park CY, Oh KW, Park SW, Rhee EJ, Lee WY. Effects of Low-density Lipoprotein Cholesterol on Coronary Artery Calcification Progression According to High-density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Levels. Arch Med Res 2017; 48:284-291. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arcmed.2017.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2016] [Accepted: 05/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Low levels of ApoA1 improve risk prediction of type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Clin Lipidol 2017; 11:362-368. [PMID: 28502492 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacl.2017.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2016] [Revised: 12/29/2016] [Accepted: 01/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) has reported to be a major public health crisis in China. OBJECTIVE We examined the incidence of new T2DM over 4 years for association of clinical factors and lipids with development of T2DM in a community-based population. METHODS We included 923 Chinese subjects who participated in community-organized health checkout in both 2009 and 2013. Health history was collected; physical examination was performed; biochemistry, lipids, and glucose were measured. Of 923, 819 were confirmed without T2DM in 2009 and included in the analysis. Unadjusted and adjusted logistic regression models were used to estimate the effects of clinical factors and biomarkers on the risk of new T2DM. RESULTS Of 819 subjects without T2DM in 2009, 65 were identified as T2DM in 2013, 8% over 4 years. These 65 subjects, compared with those 754 without new T2DM, were older, more likely to be male and smokers. They had higher body mass index (BMI), fasting glucose, blood pressure and triglycerides, and lower levels of high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol and apolipoprotein A1 (ApoA1). Multivariate logistic regression identified larger BMI (odds ratio [OR] = 1.7; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.22-2.39, P = .002), higher fasting glucose levels (OR = 4.2, 95% CI, 2.90-6.19, P < .001), and low levels of ApoA1 (OR = 0.51, 95% CI 0.33-0.76, P = .002) were independently associated with new T2DM. Furthermore, receiver operating characteristics curves for multivariate models for new T2DM showed that area under the curve improved from 0.87 to 0.89 when adding ApoA1 to the Framingham Diabetes Risk Scoring Model and from 0.85 to 0.89 when adding ApoA1 to a 4-variable (age, BMI, glucose, and triglycerides) Chinese model. CONCLUSIONS There is a high incidence of new T2DM at 8% over 4 years among Chinese. Larger BMI, higher glucose levels, and lower levels of ApoA1 are significantly and independently associated with new T2DM. Lower ApoA1 improves the risk prediction of new type 2 diabetes when it was added to the existing risk models.
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26
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Cochran BJ, Ryder WJ, Parmar A, Tang S, Reilhac A, Arthur A, Charil A, Hamze H, Barter PJ, Kritharides L, Meikle SR, Gregoire MC, Rye KA. In vivo PET imaging with [(18)F]FDG to explain improved glucose uptake in an apolipoprotein A-I treated mouse model of diabetes. Diabetologia 2016; 59:1977-84. [PMID: 27193916 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-016-3993-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2016] [Accepted: 04/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Type 2 diabetes is characterised by decreased HDL levels, as well as the level of apolipoprotein A-I (apoA-I), the main apolipoprotein of HDLs. Pharmacological elevation of HDL and apoA-I levels is associated with improved glycaemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes. This is partly due to improved glucose uptake in skeletal muscle. METHODS This study used kinetic modelling to investigate the impact of increasing plasma apoA-I levels on the metabolism of glucose in the db/db mouse model. RESULTS Treatment of db/db mice with apoA-I for 2 h significantly improved both glucose tolerance (AUC 2574 ± 70 mmol/l × min vs 2927 ± 137 mmol/l × min, for apoA-I and PBS, respectively; p < 0.05) and insulin sensitivity (AUC 388.8 ± 23.8 mmol/l × min vs 194.1 ± 19.6 mmol/l × min, for apoA-I and PBS, respectively; p < 0.001). ApoA-I treatment also increased glucose uptake by skeletal muscle in both an insulin-dependent and insulin-independent manner as evidenced by increased uptake of fludeoxyglucose ([(18)F]FDG) from plasma into gastrocnemius muscle in apoA-I treated mice, both in the absence and presence of insulin. Kinetic modelling revealed an enhanced rate of insulin-mediated glucose phosphorylation (k 3) in apoA-I treated mice (3.5 ± 1.1 × 10(-2) min(-1) vs 2.3 ± 0.7 × 10(-2) min(-1), for apoA-I and PBS, respectively; p < 0.05) and an increased influx constant (3.7 ± 0.6 × 10(-3) ml min(-1) g(-1) vs 2.0 ± 0.3 × 10(-3) ml min(-1) g(-1), for apoA-I and PBS, respectively; p < 0.05). Treatment of L6 rat skeletal muscle cells with apoA-I for 2 h indicated that increased hexokinase activity mediated the increased rate of glucose phosphorylation. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION These findings indicate that apoA-I improves glucose disposal in db/db mice by improving insulin sensitivity and enhancing glucose phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blake J Cochran
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Australia, Sydney, 2052, NSW, Australia.
| | - William J Ryder
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Brain and Mind Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Shudi Tang
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Australia, Sydney, 2052, NSW, Australia
| | - Anthonin Reilhac
- Brain and Mind Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- ANSTO LifeSciences, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Arnaud Charil
- Brain and Mind Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- ANSTO LifeSciences, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Philip J Barter
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Australia, Sydney, 2052, NSW, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Leonard Kritharides
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Department of Cardiology, Concord Repatriation General Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Steven R Meikle
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Brain and Mind Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Kerry-Anne Rye
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Australia, Sydney, 2052, NSW, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The review summarizes information pertaining to the preclinical development of new apolipoprotein (apo) E mimetic peptides that stimulate cellular cholesterol efflux. RECENT FINDINGS Small α-helical peptides based on the C-terminal domain of apoE have been developed for therapeutic applications. These peptides stimulate cellular cholesterol efflux via the ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1) with high potency, like native apolipoproteins on a molar basis. This potent activity has been related to the unique ability of these peptides to maintain α-helix structure upon dilution. Recent structure-activity studies improving the safety features of these mimetic peptides have greatly improved their potential for clinical use. These studies have identified structural features of the class A α-helix motif that induce muscle toxicity and hypertriglyceridemia, which may have implications for the design of other HDL mimetic peptides. SUMMARY ABCA1 is an integral membrane protein that plays a central role in biology. Its principal function is to mediate the efflux of cholesterol and phospholipid from cells to extracellular apo, preventing a build-up of excess cholesterol in membranes. This process generates HDL particles that perform a variety of functions to protect against disease. A number of these functions can be viewed as directly or indirectly supporting ABCA1 activity, thus constituting a positive feedback system to optimize cellular lipid efflux responses and disease prevention. Consequently, therapeutic approaches that mimic the activities of apos may prove highly effective to combat disease. One such approach involves the use of peptides. The broad biological relevance of ABCA1 suggests these apo mimetic peptides may be useful for the treatment of a number of diseases, such as atherosclerosis, diabetes, and Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- John K Bielicki
- Donner Laboratory, Life Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
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Inhibitory Effect of a French Maritime Pine Bark Extract-Based Nutritional Supplement on TNF-α-Induced Inflammation and Oxidative Stress in Human Coronary Artery Endothelial Cells. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2015; 2015:260530. [PMID: 26664450 PMCID: PMC4664804 DOI: 10.1155/2015/260530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2015] [Revised: 10/19/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress and inflammation, leading to endothelial dysfunction, contribute to the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. The popularity of natural product supplements has increased in recent years, especially those with purported anti-inflammatory and/or antioxidant effects. The efficacy and mechanism of many of these products are not yet well understood. In this study, we tested the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of a supplement, HIPER Health Supplement (HIPER), on cytokine-induced inflammation and oxidative stress in human coronary artery endothelial cells (HCAECs). HIPER is a mixture of French maritime pine bark extract (PBE), honey, aloe vera, and papaya extract. Treatment for 24 hours with HIPER reduced TNF-α-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation that was associated with decreased NADPH oxidase 4 and increased superoxide dismutase-1 expression. HIPER inhibited TNF-α induced monocyte adhesion to HCAECs that was in keeping with decreased expression of vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 and intercellular cell adhesion molecule-1 and decreased nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) activation. Further investigation of mechanism showed HIPER reduced TNF-α induced IκBα and p38 and MEK1/2 MAP kinases phosphorylation. Our findings show that HIPER has potent inhibitory effects on HCAECs inflammatory and oxidative stress responses that may protect against endothelial dysfunction that underlies early atherosclerotic lesion formation.
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Siebel AL, Heywood SE, Kingwell BA. HDL and glucose metabolism: current evidence and therapeutic potential. Front Pharmacol 2015; 6:258. [PMID: 26582989 PMCID: PMC4628107 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2015.00258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
High-density lipoprotein (HDL) and its principal apolipoprotein A-I (ApoA-I) have now been convincingly shown to influence glucose metabolism through multiple mechanisms. The key clinically relevant observations are that both acute HDL elevation via short-term reconstituted HDL (rHDL) infusion and chronically raising HDL via a cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) inhibitor reduce blood glucose in individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). HDL may mediate effects on glucose metabolism through actions in multiple organs (e.g., pancreas, skeletal muscle, heart, adipose, liver, brain) by three distinct mechanisms: (i) Insulin secretion from pancreatic beta cells, (ii) Insulin-independent glucose uptake, (iii) Insulin sensitivity. The molecular mechanisms appear to involve both direct HDL signaling actions as well as effects secondary to lipid removal from cells. The implications of glucoregulatory mechanisms linked to HDL extend from glycemic control to potential anti-ischemic actions via increased tissue glucose uptake and utilization. Such effects not only have implications for the prevention and management of diabetes, but also for ischemic vascular diseases including angina pectoris, intermittent claudication, cerebral ischemia and even some forms of dementia. This review will discuss the growing evidence for a role of HDL in glucose metabolism and outline related potential for HDL therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew L Siebel
- Metabolic and Vascular Physiology Laboratory, Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute , Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Sarah Elizabeth Heywood
- Metabolic and Vascular Physiology Laboratory, Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute , Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Bronwyn A Kingwell
- Metabolic and Vascular Physiology Laboratory, Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute , Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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Chyu KY, Shah PK. HDL/ApoA-1 infusion and ApoA-1 gene therapy in atherosclerosis. Front Pharmacol 2015; 6:187. [PMID: 26388776 PMCID: PMC4555973 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2015.00187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2015] [Accepted: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The HDL hypothesis stating that simply raising HDL cholesterol (HDL-C) may produce cardiovascular benefits has been questioned recently based on several randomized clinical trials using CETP inhibitors or niacin to raise HDL-C levels. However, extensive pre-clinical data support the vascular protective effects of administration of exogenous ApoA-1 containing preβ-HDL like particles. Several small proof-of-concept clinical trials using such HDL/ApoA-1 infusion therapy have shown encouraging results but definitive proof of efficacy must await large scale clinical trials. In addition to HDL infusion therapy an alternative way to exploit beneficial cardiovascular effects of HDL/ApoA-1 is to use gene transfer. Preclinical studies have shown evidence of benefit using this approach; however clinical validation is yet lacking. This review summarizes our current knowledge of the aforementioned strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuang-Yuh Chyu
- Division of Cardiology, Oppenheimer Atherosclerosis Research Center, Cedars-Sinai Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Prediman K Shah
- Division of Cardiology, Oppenheimer Atherosclerosis Research Center, Cedars-Sinai Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Li J, Zhang X, Huang H. Protective effect of linalool against lipopolysaccharide/d-galactosamine-induced liver injury in mice. Int Immunopharmacol 2014; 23:523-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2014.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2014] [Revised: 09/19/2014] [Accepted: 10/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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de Haan W, Karasinska JM, Ruddle P, Hayden MR. Hepatic ABCA1 expression improves β-cell function and glucose tolerance. Diabetes 2014; 63:4076-82. [PMID: 25028523 DOI: 10.2337/db14-0548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Low HDL is a risk factor for the development of type 2 diabetes. Hepatic ABCA1 is the rate-limiting protein in HDL biogenesis, and mice lacking hepatic ABCA1 (ABCA1(-l/-l)) have very low plasma HDL concentrations. To investigate the role of hepatic ABCA1 in glucose tolerance and β-cell function, we used ABCA1(-l/-l) mice, which showed impaired glucose tolerance without changes in insulin sensitivity. Insulin secretion was reduced following glucose gavage. Ex vivo, glucose stimulated insulin secretion from β-cells from wild-type (WT) and ABCA1(-l/-l) mice was similar. Insulin secretion was, however, reduced upon addition of ABCA1(-l/-l) serum to the medium compared with WT serum, whereas islets lacking β-cell ABCA1 were not affected differently by ABCA1(-l/-l) or WT serum. After high-fat feeding, WT and ABCA1(-l/-l) mice showed no difference in glucose tolerance or insulin secretion, and serum from ABCA1(-l/-l) and WT mice fed a high-fat diet did not affect insulin secretion differently. We conclude that hepatic ABCA1 improves glucose tolerance by improving β-cell function through both HDL production and interaction with β-cell ABCA1. The beneficial effect of hepatic ABCA1 is decreased under metabolic stress. Increasing hepatic ABCA1 may represent a novel therapeutic strategy for improving glucose homeostasis in diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Willeke de Haan
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Joanna M Karasinska
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Piers Ruddle
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Michael R Hayden
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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Biochanin A Inhibits Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Inflammatory Cytokines and Mediators Production in BV2 Microglia. Neurochem Res 2014; 40:165-71. [DOI: 10.1007/s11064-014-1480-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2014] [Revised: 11/09/2014] [Accepted: 11/15/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Fu Y, Tian Y, Wei Z, Liu H, Song X, Liu W, Zhang W, Wang W, Cao Y, Zhang N. Liver X receptor agonist prevents LPS-induced mastitis in mice. Int Immunopharmacol 2014; 22:379-83. [PMID: 25066757 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2014.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2014] [Revised: 07/09/2014] [Accepted: 07/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Liver X receptor-α (LXR-α) which belongs to the nuclear receptor superfamily, is a ligand-activated transcription factor. Best known for its ability to regulate lipid metabolism and transport, LXRs have recently also been implicated in regulation of inflammatory response. The aim of this study was to investigate the preventive effects of synthetic LXR-α agonist T0901317 on LPS-induced mastitis in mice. The mouse model of mastitis was induced by injection of LPS through the duct of mammary gland. T0901317 was injected 1h before and 12h after induction of LPS intraperitoneally. The results showed that T0901317 significantly attenuated the infiltration of neutrophilic granulocytes, and the activation of myeloperoxidase (MPO); down-regulated the level of pro-inflammatory mediators including TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, COX-2 and PEG2; inhibited the phosphorylation of IκB-α and NF-κB p65, caused by LPS. Moreover, we report for the first time that LXR-α activation impaired LPS-induced mastitis. Taken together, these data indicated that T0901317 had protective effect on mastitis and the anti-inflammatory mechanism of T0901317 on LPS induced mastitis in mice may be due to its ability to inhibit NF-κB signaling pathway. LXR-α activation can be used as a therapeutic approach to treat mastitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunhe Fu
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province 130062, PR China
| | - Yuan Tian
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province 130062, PR China
| | - Zhengkai Wei
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province 130062, PR China
| | - Hui Liu
- Daqing Honggang District Animal Health Supervision, Daqing, Heilongjiang Province 163000, PR China
| | - Xiaojing Song
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province 130062, PR China
| | - Wenbo Liu
- Daqing Honggang District Animal Health Supervision, Daqing, Heilongjiang Province 163000, PR China
| | - Wenlong Zhang
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province 130062, PR China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province 130062, PR China
| | - Yongguo Cao
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province 130062, PR China
| | - Naisheng Zhang
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province 130062, PR China.
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