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Saika A, Nagatake T, Kishino S, Kitamura N, Honda T, Hosomi K, Tiwari P, Node E, Kawai S, Kondo S, Ishida K, Kabashima K, Ogawa J, Kunisawa J. The omega-3 postbiotic trans-10- cis-15-octadecadienoic acid attenuates contact hypersensitivity in mice through downregulation of vascular endothelial growth factor A. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2024; 14:1355679. [PMID: 38841110 PMCID: PMC11151274 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2024.1355679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Intestinal bacteria metabolize dietary substances to produce bioactive postbiotics, among which some are recognized for their role in promoting host health. We here explored the postbiotic potential of two omega-3 α-linolenic acid-derived metabolites: trans-10-cis-15-octadecadienoic acid (t10,c15-18:2) and cis-9-cis-15-octadecadienoic acid (c9,c15-18:2). Dietary intake of lipids rich in omega-3 α-linolenic acid elevated levels of t10,c15-18:2 and c9,c15-18:2 in the serum and feces of mice, an effect dependent on the presence of intestinal bacteria. Notably, t10,c15-18:2 mitigated skin inflammation in mice that became hypersensitive after exposure to 2,4-dinitrofluorobenzene, an experimental model for allergic contact dermatitis. In particular, t10,c15-18:2-but not c9,c15-18:2-attenuated ear swelling and edema, characteristic symptoms of contact hypersensitivity. The anti-inflammatory effects of t10,c15-18:2 were due to its ability to suppress the release of vascular endothelial growth factor A from keratinocytes, thereby mitigating the enhanced vascular permeability induced by hapten stimulation. Our study identified retinoid X receptor as a functional receptor that mediates the downregulation of skin inflammation upon treatment with t10,c15-18:2. Our results suggest that t10,c15-18:2 holds promise as an omega-3 fatty acid-derived postbiotic with potential therapeutic implications for alleviating the skin edema seen in allergic contact dermatitis-induced inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azusa Saika
- Laboratory of Vaccine Materials and Laboratory of Gut Environmental System, Microbial Research Center for Health and Medicine, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition (NIBIOHN), Ibaraki, Japan
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Takahiro Nagatake
- Laboratory of Vaccine Materials and Laboratory of Gut Environmental System, Microbial Research Center for Health and Medicine, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition (NIBIOHN), Ibaraki, Japan
- Laboratory of Functional Anatomy, Department of Life Sciences, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Shigenobu Kishino
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Nahoko Kitamura
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Honda
- Department of Dermatology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Koji Hosomi
- Laboratory of Vaccine Materials and Laboratory of Gut Environmental System, Microbial Research Center for Health and Medicine, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition (NIBIOHN), Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Prabha Tiwari
- Laboratory of Vaccine Materials and Laboratory of Gut Environmental System, Microbial Research Center for Health and Medicine, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition (NIBIOHN), Ibaraki, Japan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Eri Node
- Laboratory of Vaccine Materials and Laboratory of Gut Environmental System, Microbial Research Center for Health and Medicine, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition (NIBIOHN), Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Soichiro Kawai
- Laboratory of Vaccine Materials and Laboratory of Gut Environmental System, Microbial Research Center for Health and Medicine, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition (NIBIOHN), Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Saki Kondo
- Laboratory of Vaccine Materials and Laboratory of Gut Environmental System, Microbial Research Center for Health and Medicine, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition (NIBIOHN), Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Kei Ishida
- Laboratory of Vaccine Materials and Laboratory of Gut Environmental System, Microbial Research Center for Health and Medicine, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition (NIBIOHN), Ibaraki, Japan
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Kenji Kabashima
- Department of Dermatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Jun Ogawa
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Jun Kunisawa
- Laboratory of Vaccine Materials and Laboratory of Gut Environmental System, Microbial Research Center for Health and Medicine, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition (NIBIOHN), Ibaraki, Japan
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
- International Vaccine Design Center, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Graduate School of Medicine, Graduate School of Dentistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
- Research Organization for Nano and Life Innovation, Waseda University, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan
- Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan
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Yu H, Zou ZX, Wei W, Li Y. Conjugated Linoleic Acid Reduces Lipid Accumulation via Down-regulation Expression of Lipogenic Genes and Up-regulation of Apoptotic Genes in Grass Carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) Adipocyte In Vitro. MARINE BIOTECHNOLOGY (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2024; 26:169-180. [PMID: 38224425 DOI: 10.1007/s10126-024-10286-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/06/2024] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
The relationship between conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) and lipogenesis has been extensively studied in mammals and some cell lines, but it is relatively rare in fish, and the potential mechanism of action of CLA reducing fat mass remains unclear. The established primary culture model for studying lipogenesis in grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) preadipocytes was used in the present study, and the objective was to explore the effects of CLA on intracellular lipid and TG content, fatty acid composition, and mRNA levels of adipogenesis transcription factors, lipase, and apoptosis genes in grass carp adipocytes in vitro. The results showed that CLA reduced the size of adipocyte and lipid droplet and decreased the content of intracellular lipid and TG, which was accompanied by a significant down-regulation of mRNA abundance in transcriptional regulators including peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) γ, CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein (C/EBP) α, sterol regulatory element-binding protein (SREBP) 1c, lipase genes including fatty acid synthase (FAS), acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC), lipoprotein lipase (LPL). Meanwhile, it decreased the content of saturated fatty acids (SFAs) and n - 6 polyunsaturated fatty acid (n-6 PUFA) and increased the content of monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) and n - 3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (n-3 PUFA) in primary grass carp adipocyte. In addition, CLA induced adipocyte apoptosis through downregulated anti-apoptotic gene B-cell CLL/lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) mRNA level and up-regulated pro-apoptotic genes tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), Bcl-2-associated X protein (Bax), Caspase-3, and Caspase-9 mRNA level in a dose-dependent manner. These findings suggest that CLA can act on grass carp adipocytes through various pathways, including decreasing adipocyte size, altering fatty acid composition, inhibiting adipocyte differentiation, promoting adipocyte apoptosis, and ultimately decreasing lipid accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Yu
- College of Life Science, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, 400047, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhao-Xia Zou
- College of Life Science, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, 400047, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Wei
- College of Life Science, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, 400047, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Li
- College of Life Science, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, 400047, People's Republic of China.
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Wu Y, Qiu Y, Wu Y, Deng Q, Yu Y, Yang H, Chen Q, He B, Yan F, Li Y, Chen F. Association between plasma trans fatty acids and chronic periodontitis: Results from a nationally representative cross-sectional survey. J Periodontol 2023; 94:976-985. [PMID: 36919529 DOI: 10.1002/jper.22-0654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Trans fatty acid (TFA) consumption has been reported to harbor proinflammatory characteristics and increasing oxidative stress properties, but there has been little research into its association with periodontitis. This study aimed to explore the potential association between TFAs and periodontitis. METHODS This large population-based study included participants from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2009-2010). Weighted binary and ordinal logistic regressions were used to calculate the odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) to evaluate the relationship between plasma TFAs and periodontitis. RESULTS A total of 1433 eligible participants, 793 (55.3%) participants with periodontitis and 640 (44.7%) without periodontitis were included. Univariate logistic regression revealed significant associations between plasma trans-11-octadecenoic acid, trans-9-octadecenoic acid, the sum of trans-octadecenoic acids, and the sum of TFAs and periodontitis (all P < 0.01). After controlling for the potential confounders, these four types of TFAs remained significantly associated with periodontitis (the ORs and 95% CIs per interquartile range increase were 1.16 (1.01-1.33), 1.20 (1.03-1.39), 1.18 (1.02-1.35), and 1.17 (1.01-1.35), respectively). Notably, these positive associations were more pronounced among overweight/obese populations. Additionally, plasma trans-9-octadecenoic acid levels were found to be associated with periodontitis severity. CONCLUSIONS This study suggests a significant positive association between certain plasma TFAs and chronic periodontitis, especially among overweight/obese populations. These findings provide new insights into periodontitis prevention from a dietary perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuying Wu
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yu Qiu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yuxuan Wu
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Qingrong Deng
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yiming Yu
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Han Yang
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Qiansi Chen
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Baochang He
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Fuhua Yan
- Department of Periodontology, Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yanfen Li
- Department of Periodontology, Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Fa Chen
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
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Ma Y, Zhang J, Yu N, Shi J, Zhang Y, Chen Z, Jia G. Effect of Nanomaterials on Gut Microbiota. TOXICS 2023; 11:384. [PMID: 37112611 PMCID: PMC10144479 DOI: 10.3390/toxics11040384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Nanomaterials are widely employed in everyday life, including food and engineering. Food additives on a nanoscale can enter the body via the digestive tract. The human gut microbiota is a dynamically balanced ecosystem composed of a multitude of microorganisms that play a crucial role in maintaining the proper physiological function of the digestive tract and the body's endocrine coordination. While the antibacterial capabilities of nanomaterials have received much interest in recent years, their impacts on gut microbiota ought to be cautioned about and explored. Nanomaterials exhibit good antibacterial capabilities in vitro. Animal studies have revealed that oral exposure to nanomaterials inhibits probiotic reproduction, stimulates the inflammatory response of the gut immune system, increases opportunistic infections, and changes the composition and structure of the gut microbiota. This article provides an overview of the impacts of nanomaterials, particularly titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs), on the gut microbiota. It advances nanomaterial safety research and offers a scientific foundation for the prevention, control, and treatment of illnesses associated with gut microbiota abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Ma
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Toxicological Research and Risk Assessment for Food Safety, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Jiahe Zhang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Toxicological Research and Risk Assessment for Food Safety, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Nairui Yu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Toxicological Research and Risk Assessment for Food Safety, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Jiaqi Shi
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Toxicological Research and Risk Assessment for Food Safety, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Toxicological Research and Risk Assessment for Food Safety, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Zhangjian Chen
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Toxicological Research and Risk Assessment for Food Safety, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Guang Jia
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Toxicological Research and Risk Assessment for Food Safety, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
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Evaluating the effect of a mixture of two main conjugated linoleic acid isomers on hepatic steatosis in HepG2 cellular model. Mol Biol Rep 2021; 48:1359-1370. [PMID: 33580458 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-021-06203-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Hepatic steatosis is an early form of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), caused by abnormal fat deposition in the hepatocytes. Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) is a group of positional and geometric dienoic isomers of linoleic acid that attract significant attention because of its beneficial effects on chronic diseases such as cancer, obesity, and metabolic syndrome. This study examined the influence of a mixture of two main CLA isomers (CLA-mix) on lipid accumulation and lipid metabolism-related genes using HepG2 cells treated with palmitic acid (PA) as an in vitro model for hepatic steatosis. Methods and Results: HepG2 cells were treated for 24 h: control (BSA), model (BSA + PA), and treated groups (BSA-PA + non-toxic concentrations of CLA-mix). Intracellular lipid deposition, triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC) and gene expression were measured by Oil-Red O staining, colorimetric assay kits and real-time PCR, respectively. CLA-mix at high concentrations had significantly decreased intracellular total lipid and TG deposition compared to the model group. However, none of the CLA-mix concentrations had a significant effect on the intracellular TC level. CLA-mix significantly increased the expression of some genes mainly regulated by PPARα but did not alter the expression of lipogenesis-related genes. Conclusions: These results demonstrate that high concentrations of CLA-mix protect against hepatic steatosis and play a role in regulating fatty acid oxidation and bile excretion through the PPARα pathway. It is suggested that the effect of different ratios of two main CLA isomers on the amount and ratio of bile compounds be investigated in future studies.
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Abstract
The gut microbiota is a central regulator of host metabolism. The composition and function of the gut microbiota is dynamic and affected by diet properties such as the amount and composition of lipids. Hence, dietary lipids may influence host physiology through interaction with the gut microbiota. Lipids affect the gut microbiota both as substrates for bacterial metabolic processes, and by inhibiting bacterial growth by toxic influence. The gut microbiota has been shown to affect lipid metabolism and lipid levels in blood and tissues, both in mice and humans. Furthermore, diseases linked to dyslipidemia, such as non-alcoholic liver disease and atherosclerosis, are associated with changes in gut microbiota profile. The influence of the gut microbiota on host lipid metabolism may be mediated through metabolites produced by the gut microbiota such as short-chain fatty acids, secondary bile acids and trimethylamine and by pro-inflammatory bacterially derived factors such as lipopolysaccharide. Here we will review the association between gut microbiota, dietary lipids and lipid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Schoeler
- The Wallenberg Laboratory, Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, University of Gothenburg, 41345, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Robert Caesar
- The Wallenberg Laboratory, Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, University of Gothenburg, 41345, Gothenburg, Sweden.
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Chai BK, Al-Shagga M, Pan Y, Then SM, Ting KN, Loh HS, Mohankumar SK. Cis-9, Trans-11 Conjugated Linoleic Acid Reduces Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxykinase Expression and Hepatic Glucose Production in HepG2 Cells. Lipids 2019; 54:369-379. [PMID: 31124166 DOI: 10.1002/lipd.12154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Revised: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Dysregulated hepatic gluconeogenesis is a hallmark of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Although existing drugs have been proven to improve gluconeogenesis, achieving this objective with functional food is of interest, especially using conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) found in dairy products. Both cis-9, trans-11 (c9,t11) and trans-10, cis-12 (t10,c12) isomers of CLA were tested in human (HepG2) and rat (H4IIE) hepatocytes for their potential effects on gluconeogenesis. The hepatocytes exposed for 24 h with 20 μM of c9,t11-CLA had attenuated the gluconeogenesis in both HepG2 and H4IIE by 62.5% and 80.1%, respectively. In contrast, t10,c12-CLA had no effect. Of note, in HepG2 cells, the exposure of c9,t11-CLA decreased the transcription of gluconeogenic enzymes, cytosolic phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PCK1) by 87.7%, and glucose-6-phosphatase catalytic subunit (G6PC) by 38.0%, while t10,c12-CLA increased the expression of G6PC, suggesting the isomer-specific effects of CLA on hepatic glucose production. In HepG2, the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) agonist, rosiglitazone, reduced the glucose production by 72.9%. However, co-administration of c9,t11-CLA and rosiglitazone neither exacerbated nor attenuated the efficacy of rosiglitazone to inhibit glucose production; meanwhile, t10,c12-CLA abrogated the efficacy of rosiglitazone. Paradoxically, PPARγ antagonist GW 9662 also led to 70.2% reduction of glucose production and near undetectable PCK1 expression by abrogating CLA actions. Together, while the precise mechanisms by which CLA isomers modulate hepatic gluconeogenesis directly or via PPAR warrant further investigation, our findings establish that c9,t11-CLA suppresses gluconeogenesis by decreasing PEPCK on hepatocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boon Kheng Chai
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus, Jalan Broga, 43500, Semenyih, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Mustafa Al-Shagga
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus, Jalan Broga, 43500, Semenyih, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Yan Pan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus, Jalan Broga, 43500, Semenyih, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Sue-Mian Then
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus, Jalan Broga, 43500, Semenyih, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Kang Nee Ting
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus, Jalan Broga, 43500, Semenyih, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Hwei-San Loh
- School of Biosciences, Faculty of Science, University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus, Jalan Broga, 43500, Semenyih, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Suresh K Mohankumar
- TIFAC CORE in Herbal Drugs, Department of Pharmacognosy, JSS College of Pharmacy (Ooty), JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Rocklands, Udhagamandalam, 643001, Tamil Nadu, India
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Wen G, Fischer J, Most E, Eder K, Ringseis R. Decreased All- trans Retinoic Acid-Induced Expression of Sodium-Iodide Transporter in Mammary Epithelial Cells Caused by Conjugated Linoleic Acid Isomers. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:4493-4504. [PMID: 30938528 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b00673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Expression of sodium-iodide symporter (NIS) is stimulated by sterol-regulatory-element-binding transcription factors (SREBFs) in mammary epithelial MCF-7 cells. Because conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) isomers have been shown to inhibit transcriptional activity of SREBFs in the mammary gland, the hypothesis was tested that CLA isomers inhibit NIS expression induced by all- trans retinoic acid (ATRA) in MCF-7 cells through inhibiting SREBF activity. c9t11-CLA and t10c12-CLA decreased ATRA-induced NIS-mRNA expression from 1.00 (ATRA alone) to 0.80 ± 0.12 (200 μM c9t11-CLA, P < 0.05) and 0.62 ± 0.10 (200 μM t10c12-CLA, P < 0.05), NIS-protein expression from 1.00 (ATRA alone) to 0.77 ± 0.08 (200 μM c9t11-CLA, P < 0.05) and 0.63 ± 0.05 (200 μM t10c12-CLA, P < 0.05), and NIS-promoter activity from 1.00 (ATRA alone) to 0.74 ± 0.13 (200 μM c9t11-CLA, P < 0.05) and 0.76 ± 0.13 (200 μM t10c12-CLA, P < 0.05); however, c9t11-CLA and t10c12-CLA increased the mRNA levels of SREBF isoforms and their target genes. In contrast, the mRNA expression of peroxisome-proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARG) was strongly induced by ATRA alone but decreased by CLA isomers from 1.00 (ATRA alone) to 0.80 ± 0.06 (200 μM c9t11-CLA, P < 0.05) and 0.86 ± 0.06 (200 μM t10c12-CLA, P < 0.05). Overexpression of PPARγ in MCF-7 cells increased basal NIS-promoter activity, and treatment with the PPARγ ligand troglitazone stimulated ATRA-induced NIS-promoter activity. In conclusion, the results suggest that CLA isomers exert their effect on the expression of NIS by decreasing PPARG expression in MCF-7 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaiping Wen
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Nutrition Physiology , Justus-Liebig-University Giessen , Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32 , 35392 Giessen , Germany
| | - Julia Fischer
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Nutrition Physiology , Justus-Liebig-University Giessen , Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32 , 35392 Giessen , Germany
| | - Erika Most
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Nutrition Physiology , Justus-Liebig-University Giessen , Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32 , 35392 Giessen , Germany
| | - Klaus Eder
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Nutrition Physiology , Justus-Liebig-University Giessen , Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32 , 35392 Giessen , Germany
| | - Robert Ringseis
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Nutrition Physiology , Justus-Liebig-University Giessen , Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32 , 35392 Giessen , Germany
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Saika A, Nagatake T, Kunisawa J. Host- and Microbe-Dependent Dietary Lipid Metabolism in the Control of Allergy, Inflammation, and Immunity. Front Nutr 2019; 6:36. [PMID: 31024921 PMCID: PMC6468274 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2019.00036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The intestine is the largest immune organ in the body, provides the first line of defense against pathogens, and prevents excessive immune reactions to harmless or beneficial non-self-materials, such as food and intestinal bacteria. Allergic and inflammatory diseases in the intestine occur as a result of dysregulation of immunological homeostasis mediated by intestinal immunity. Several lines of evidence suggest that gut environmental factors, including nutrition and intestinal bacteria, play important roles in controlling host immune responses and maintaining homeostasis. Among nutritional factors, ω3 and ω6 essential polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) profoundly influence the host immune system. Recent advances in lipidomics technology have led to the identification of lipid mediators derived from ω3- and ω6-PUFAs. In particular, lipid metabolites from ω3-PUFAs (e.g., eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid) have recently been shown to exert anti-allergic and anti-inflammatory responses; these metabolites include resolvins, protectins, and maresins. Furthermore, a new class of anti-allergic and anti-inflammatory lipid metabolites of 17,18-epoxyeicosatetraenoic acid has recently been identified in the control of allergic and inflammatory diseases in the gut and skin. Although these lipid metabolites were found to be endogenously generated in the host, accumulating evidence indicates that intestinal bacteria also participate in lipid metabolism and thus generate bioactive unique lipid mediators. In this review, we discuss the production machinery of lipid metabolites in the host and intestinal bacteria and the roles of these metabolites in the regulation of host immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azusa Saika
- Laboratory of Vaccine Materials, Center for Vaccine and Adjuvant Research, and Laboratory of Gut Environmental System, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Osaka, Japan.,Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takahiro Nagatake
- Laboratory of Vaccine Materials, Center for Vaccine and Adjuvant Research, and Laboratory of Gut Environmental System, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Osaka, Japan
| | - Jun Kunisawa
- Laboratory of Vaccine Materials, Center for Vaccine and Adjuvant Research, and Laboratory of Gut Environmental System, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Osaka, Japan.,Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.,International Research and Development Center for Mucosal Vaccines, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,Graduate School of Medicine, Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.,Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
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Conjugated Linoleic Acid Effects on Cancer, Obesity, and Atherosclerosis: A Review of Pre-Clinical and Human Trials with Current Perspectives. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11020370. [PMID: 30754681 PMCID: PMC6413010 DOI: 10.3390/nu11020370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2018] [Revised: 02/03/2019] [Accepted: 02/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity and its comorbidities, including type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease, are straining our healthcare system, necessitating the development of novel strategies for weight loss. Lifestyle modifications, such as exercise and caloric restriction, have proven effective against obesity in the short term, yet obesity persists because of the high predilection for weight regain. Therefore, alternative approaches to achieve long term sustainable weight loss are urgently needed. Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA), a fatty acid found naturally in ruminant animal food products, has been identified as a potential anti-obesogenic agent, with substantial efficacy in mice, and modest efficacy in obese human populations. Originally described as an anti-carcinogenic fatty acid, in addition to its anti-obesogenic effects, CLA has now been shown to possess anti-atherosclerotic properties. This review summarizes the pre-clinical and human studies conducted using CLA to date, which collectively suggest that CLA has efficacy against cancer, obesity, and atherosclerosis. In addition, the potential mechanisms for the many integrative physiological effects of CLA supplementation will be discussed in detail, including an introduction to the gut microbiota as a potential mediator of CLA effects on obesity and atherosclerosis.
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Shi H, Zhang T, Li C, Wang J, Huang J, Li Z. trans-10,cis-12-Conjugated Linoleic Acid Affects Expression of Lipogenic Genes in Mammary Glands of Lactating Dairy Goats. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2017; 65:9460-9467. [PMID: 29019657 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b02377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The molecular mechanisms on milk fat depression (MFD) in response to trans-10,cis-12-conjugated linoleic acid (t10,c12-CLA) supplementation in ruminants were elucidated in this research with dairy goats. A total of 30 2-year-old Xinong Saanen dairy goats [40 ± 5 days in milk (DIM)] at peak lactation stage were assigned to a 3 × 3 Latin square design (14 day treatment period, followed with 14 day washout). Three CLA treatments included (a) control, fed the basal diet only without CLA supplementation; (b) orally supplemented with 8 g/day of lipid-encapsulated CLA (low dose, CLA-1); and (c) orally supplemented with 16 g/day of lipid-encapsulated CLA (high dose, CLA-2). Expression levels of fatty acid metabolism genes in the mammary tissues were analyzed by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) in three goats on day 1 and the other three goats on day 14 in each group after the discontinuation of CLA treatment in the third experimental period. Dietary supplementation of CLA led to a significant decrease of milk fat compared to the control (p < 0.05). Milk fat concentrations in CLA-1 and CLA-2 groups were 2.74 and 2.42%, respectively, while the milk fat concentration in the control group was 2.99%. Decreases in short- and medium-chain fatty acids (<16 carbons) and increases in unsaturated fatty acids were observed in the CLA-2 group (p < 0.05). The desaturation indexes of C16 and C18 fatty acids were obviously increased (p < 0.01). RT-qPCR results revealed decreases of the mRNA expression levels of SREBF1, PPARG, LPL, CD36, FABP3, ACSL1, FASN, ACACA, DGAT2, TIP47, ADRP, and BTN1A1 genes in mammary glands (p < 0.05) and an increase of the SCD gene because of CLA supplementation (p < 0.05). In conclusion, t10,c12-CLA-induced MFD was possibly the result from the downregulation of genes involved in lipogenesis in goat mammary glands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huaiping Shi
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University , Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, People's Republic of China
| | - Tianying Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University , Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, People's Republic of China
| | - Cong Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University , Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianjue Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University , Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiangtao Huang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University , Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhongyang Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University , Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, People's Republic of China
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Telle-Hansen VH, Christensen JJ, Ulven SM, Holven KB. Does dietary fat affect inflammatory markers in overweight and obese individuals?-a review of randomized controlled trials from 2010 to 2016. GENES AND NUTRITION 2017; 12:26. [PMID: 29043006 PMCID: PMC5628471 DOI: 10.1186/s12263-017-0580-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Background Obesity, a major cause of death and disability, is increasing worldwide. Obesity is characterized by a chronic, low-grade inflammatory state which is suggested to play a critical role in the development of obesity-related diseases like cardiovascular diseases and type 2 diabetes. In fact, in the hours following consumption of a meal, a transient increase in inflammatory markers occurs, a response that is exaggerated in obese subjects. Dietary composition, including content of dietary fatty acids, may affect this inflammatory response both acutely and chronically, and thereby be predictive of progression of disease. The aim of the review was to summarize the literature from 2010 to 2016 regarding the effects of dietary fat intake on levels of inflammatory markers in overweight and obesity in human randomized controlled trials. Methods and results We performed a literature search in MEDLINE, EMBASE, and PubMed databases. The literature search included human randomized controlled trials, both postprandial and long-term interventions, from January 2010 to September 2016. In total, 37 articles were included. Interventions with dairy products, vegetable oils, or nuts showed minor effects on inflammatory markers. The most consistent inflammatory-mediating effects were found in intervention with whole diets, which suggests that many components of the diet reduce inflammation synergistically. Furthermore, interventions with weight reduction and different fatty acids did not clearly show beneficial effects on inflammatory markers. Conclusion Most interventions showed either no or minor effects of dietary fat intake on inflammatory markers in overweight and obese subjects. To progress our understanding on how diet and dietary components affect our health, mechanistic studies are required. Hence, future studies should include whole diets and characterization of obese phenotypes at a molecular level, including omics data and gut microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vibeke H Telle-Hansen
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Oslo and Akershus University College of Applied Sciences, Postbox 4, St. Olavsplass, 0130 Oslo, Norway
| | - Jacob J Christensen
- Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Postbox 1046, Blindern, 0317 Oslo, Norway.,The Lipid Clinic, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, P.P. box 4950, Nydalen, 0424 Oslo, Norway
| | - Stine M Ulven
- Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Postbox 1046, Blindern, 0317 Oslo, Norway
| | - Kirsten B Holven
- Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Postbox 1046, Blindern, 0317 Oslo, Norway.,Norwegian National Advisory Unit on Familial Hypercholesterolemia, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, P.O. box 4950, Nydalen, 0424 Oslo, Norway
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Mazidi M, Gao HK, Shivappa N, Wirth MD, Hebert JR, Kengne AP. The relationship of plasma Trans fatty acids with dietary inflammatory index among US adults. Lipids Health Dis 2017; 16:147. [PMID: 28778198 PMCID: PMC5545014 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-017-0527-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 06/22/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background It has been suggested that trans fatty acids (TFAs) play an important role in cardiovascular diseases. We investigated the association between plasma TFAs and the dietary inflammatory index (DII) ™ in US adults. Methods National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) participants with data on plasma TFAs measured from 1999 to 2010 were included. Energy-adjusted-DII ™ (E-DII ™) expressed per 1000 kcal was calculated from 24-h dietary recalls. All statistical analyses accounted for the survey design and sample weights. Results Of the 5446 eligible participants, 46.8% (n = 2550) were men. The mean age of the population was 47.1 years overall, 47.8 years for men and 46.5 years for women (p = 0.09). After adjustment for C-reactive protein, body-mass-index, smoking, race, age, education, and marital status in linear regressions, trans 9-hexadecenoic acid [β coefficient 0.068 (95% CI: 0.032 to 0.188)], trans 11-octadecenoic acid [β coefficient 0.143 (95% CI: 0.155 to 0.310)], trans 9-octadecenoic acid [β coefficient 0.122 (95% CI: 0.120 to 0.277)], trans 9, and trans 12-octadienoic acid [β coefficient 0.103 (95% CI: 0.090 to 0.247)] were positively associated with the DII (all p < 0.001). Conclusion The association of plasma TFAs with a marker of dietary inflammation suggests an underlying mechanism in the initiation and progression of cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohsen Mazidi
- Key State Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China. .,Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, International College, the University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, 100101, China.
| | - Hong-Kai Gao
- The General Hospital of Chinese People's Armed Police Forces, Beijing, China
| | - Nitin Shivappa
- Cancer Prevention and Control Program, University of South Carolina, 915 Greene Street, Suite 200, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA.,Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of South Carolina, 915 Greene Street, Suite 400, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA.,Connecting Health Innovations, LLC, 1417 Gregg Street, Columbia, SC, 29201, USA
| | - Michael D Wirth
- Cancer Prevention and Control Program, University of South Carolina, 915 Greene Street, Suite 200, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA.,Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of South Carolina, 915 Greene Street, Suite 400, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA.,Connecting Health Innovations, LLC, 1417 Gregg Street, Columbia, SC, 29201, USA
| | - James R Hebert
- Cancer Prevention and Control Program, University of South Carolina, 915 Greene Street, Suite 200, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA.,Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of South Carolina, 915 Greene Street, Suite 400, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA.,Connecting Health Innovations, LLC, 1417 Gregg Street, Columbia, SC, 29201, USA
| | - Andre Pascal Kengne
- Non-Communicable Diseases Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council and University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
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Hokkanen S, Laakso S, Senn CM, Frey AD. The trans-10,cis-12 conjugated linoleic acid increases triacylglycerol hydrolysis in yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J Appl Microbiol 2017; 123:185-193. [PMID: 28276610 DOI: 10.1111/jam.13443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2016] [Revised: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The trans-10,cis-12 conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) is known for its antilipogenic effect but the mechanism is not fully clear. In this study, the potential of yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) metabolism to offer evidence for the mechanism was investigated. METHODS AND RESULTS The inhibitory effect of CLA on lipid accumulation was studied by analysing the transcript abundance of selected genes involved in triacylglycerol synthesis (LRO1, DGA1, ARE1 and ARE2) in the presence of the two bioactive CLA isomers: trans-10,cis-12 and the cis-9,trans-11 CLA. None of the enzymes was reduced in transcription but the expression of ARE2 was induced by trans-10,cis-12 CLA. However, the ARE2 overexpression did not contribute to lipid accumulation. The expression of the Δ9 desaturase gene, OLE1, was reduced by the cis-9,trans-11 but not by the trans-10,cis-12 isomer. In the TGL3/TGL4-knockout strain the triacylglycerol content also remained high in the CLA fed cells. CONCLUSIONS Triacylglycerol hydrolysis rather than synthesis was the most probable reason for the reduced lipid content in yeast induced by CLA. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY This study revealed new aspects of the functionality of CLA in eukaryotic lipid metabolism. Yeast was proven to be an applicable model to study further the mechanism of trans-10,cis-12 CLA functionality on lipid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Hokkanen
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland
| | - S Laakso
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland
| | - C M Senn
- Laves-Arzneimittel GmbH, Schötz, Switzerland
| | - A D Frey
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland
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Kumari S, Yong Meng G, Ebrahimi M. Conjugated linoleic acid as functional food in poultry products: A review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD PROPERTIES 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/10942912.2016.1168835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Suriya Kumari
- Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Persiaran UPM-Serdang, Serdang Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Goh Yong Meng
- Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Persiaran UPM-Serdang, Serdang Selangor, Malaysia
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Persiaran UPM-Serdang, Serdang Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mahdi Ebrahimi
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Persiaran UPM-Serdang, Serdang Selangor, Malaysia
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Yeganeh A, Taylor CG, Tworek L, Poole J, Zahradka P. Trans-10,cis-12 conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) interferes with lipid droplet accumulation during 3T3-L1 preadipocyte differentiation. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2016; 76:39-50. [PMID: 27131602 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2016.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2015] [Revised: 04/14/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we hypothesize that the biologically active isomers of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA), cis-9,trans-11 (c9,t11) and trans-10,cis-12 (t10,c12) CLA, have different effects on early and late stages 3T3-L1 preadipocyte differentiation. Both c9-t11 and t10-c12CLA stimulated early stage pre-adipocyte differentiation (day 2), while t10-c12CLA inhibited late differentiation (day 8) as determined by lipid droplet numbers and both perilipin-1 levels and phosphorylation state. At day 8, the adipokines adiponectin, chemerin and adipsin were all reduced in t10-c12CLA treated cells versus control cells. Immunofluorescence microscopy showed perilipin-1 was present solely on lipid droplets on day 8 in t10-c12 treated 3T3-L1 cells, whereas preilipin-1 was also located in the perinuclear region in control and c9-t11 treated cells. The t10-c12CLA isomer also decreased levels of hormone-sensitive lipase and inhibited lipolysis. These findings indicate that the decrease in lipid droplets caused by t10-c12CLA is the result of an inhibition of lipid droplet production during adipogenesis rather than a stimulation of lipolysis. Additionally, treatment with Gö6976 blocked the effect of t10-c12CLA on perilipin-1 phosphorylation, implicating PKCα in perilipin-1 phosphorylation, and thus a regulator of triglyceride catabolism. These data are supported by evidence that t10-c12CLA activated PKCα. These are the first data to show that CLA isomers can affect lipid droplet dynamics in adipocytes through PKCα.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azadeh Yeganeh
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada; Canadian Centre for Agri-Food Research in Health and Medicine, St. Boniface Hospital Research Centre, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Carla G Taylor
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada; Department of Human Nutritional Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada; Canadian Centre for Agri-Food Research in Health and Medicine, St. Boniface Hospital Research Centre, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Leslee Tworek
- Canadian Centre for Agri-Food Research in Health and Medicine, St. Boniface Hospital Research Centre, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Jenna Poole
- Canadian Centre for Agri-Food Research in Health and Medicine, St. Boniface Hospital Research Centre, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Peter Zahradka
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada; Department of Human Nutritional Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada; Canadian Centre for Agri-Food Research in Health and Medicine, St. Boniface Hospital Research Centre, Winnipeg, Canada.
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Yang SQ, DeGuire JR, Lavery P, Mak IL, Weiler HA, Santosa S. Conjugated linoleic acid mitigates testosterone-related changes in body composition in male guinea pigs. Nutr Res 2016; 36:408-17. [PMID: 27101759 DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2015.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Revised: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 12/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
We hypothesize that conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) may be effective in preventing the changes in total and regional body composition and increases in interleukin (IL) 6 that occur as a result of hypogonadism. Male guinea pigs (n = 40, 70- to 72-week retired breeders) were block randomized by weight into 4 groups: (1) sham surgery (SHAM)/control (CTRL) diet, (2) SHAM/conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) diet (1%), (3) orchidectomy (ORX)/CTRL diet, and (4) ORX/CLA diet. Dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry scans were performed at baseline and week 16 to assess body composition. Serum IL-6 was analyzed using an enzyme-linked immune sorbent assay. Fatty acids (FAs) from visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissue were analyzed using gas chromatography. In ORX/CTRL guinea pigs, percent total body fat increased by 6.1%, and percent lean mass decreased by 6.7% over the 16-week treatment period, whereas no changes were observed for either parameter in ORX/CLA guinea pigs. Guinea pigs fed the CLA diet gained less percent total, upper, and lower body fat than those fed the CTRL diet regardless of surgical treatment. Regional adipose tissue FA composition was reflective of dietary FAs. Serum IL-6 concentrations were not different among groups. In this study, we observed that, in male guinea pigs, hypogonadism resulted in increased fat mass and decreased lean mass. In addition, CLA was effective in reducing gains in body fat and maintaining lean mass in both hypogonadal and intact guinea pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Q Yang
- School of Dietetics and Human Nutrition, McGill University, Montreal, QC H9X 3V9, Canada
| | - Jason R DeGuire
- School of Dietetics and Human Nutrition, McGill University, Montreal, QC H9X 3V9, Canada
| | - Paula Lavery
- School of Dietetics and Human Nutrition, McGill University, Montreal, QC H9X 3V9, Canada
| | - Ivy L Mak
- School of Dietetics and Human Nutrition, McGill University, Montreal, QC H9X 3V9, Canada
| | - Hope A Weiler
- School of Dietetics and Human Nutrition, McGill University, Montreal, QC H9X 3V9, Canada
| | - Sylvia Santosa
- Department of Exercise Science, Concordia University, Montreal, QC H4B 1R6, Canada; Nutrition, Obesity and Metabolism Lab, PERFORM Centre, Concordia University, Montreal, QC H4B 1R6, Canada.
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Osorio JS, Lohakare J, Bionaz M. Biosynthesis of milk fat, protein, and lactose: roles of transcriptional and posttranscriptional regulation. Physiol Genomics 2016; 48:231-56. [DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00016.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The demand for high-quality milk is increasing worldwide. The efficiency of milk synthesis can be improved by taking advantage of the accumulated knowledge of the transcriptional and posttranscriptional regulation of genes coding for proteins involved in the synthesis of fat, protein, and lactose in the mammary gland. Research in this area is relatively new, but data accumulated in the last 10 years provide a relatively clear picture. Milk fat synthesis appears to be regulated, at least in bovines, by an interactive network between SREBP1, PPARγ, and LXRα, with a potential role for other transcription factors, such as Spot14, ChREBP, and Sp1. Milk protein synthesis is highly regulated by insulin, amino acids, and amino acid transporters via transcriptional and posttranscriptional routes, with the insulin-mTOR pathway playing a central role. The transcriptional regulation of lactose synthesis is still poorly understood, but it is clear that glucose transporters play an important role. They can also cooperatively interact with amino acid transporters and the mTOR pathway. Recent data indicate the possibility of nutrigenomic interventions to increase milk fat synthesis by feeding long-chain fatty acids and milk protein synthesis by feeding amino acids. We propose a transcriptional network model to account for all available findings. This model encompasses a complex network of proteins that control milk synthesis with a cross talk between milk fat, protein, and lactose regulation, with mTOR functioning as a central hub.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jayant Lohakare
- Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon; and
- Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, South Korea
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19
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Trans10, cis12 conjugated linoleic acid inhibits 3T3-L1 adipocyte adipogenesis by elevating β-catenin levels. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2016; 1861:363-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2016.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2015] [Revised: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 01/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Yuan G, Chen X, Li D. Modulation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR γ) by conjugated fatty acid in obesity and inflammatory bowel disease. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2015; 63:1883-1895. [PMID: 25634802 DOI: 10.1021/jf505050c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Conjugated fatty acids including conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) and conjugated linolenic acid (CLNA) have drawn significant attention for their variety of biologically beneficial effects. Evidence suggested that CLA and CLNA could play physiological roles by regulating the expression and activity of PPAR γ. This review summarizes the current understanding of evidence of the role of CLA (cis-9,trans-11 CLA and trans-10,cis-12 CLA) and CLNA (punicic acid and α-eleostearic acid) in modulating the expression or activity of PPAR γ that could in turn be employed as complementary treatment for obesity and inflammatory bowel disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaofeng Yuan
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Health Risk Factors for Seafood, Zhejiang Ocean University , Zhoushan 316022, China
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Martins SV, Madeira A, Lopes PA, Pires VMR, Alfaia CM, Prates JAM, Moura T, Soveral G. Adipocyte membrane glycerol permeability is involved in the anti-adipogenic effect of conjugated linoleic acid. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015; 458:356-61. [PMID: 25646690 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.01.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2015] [Accepted: 01/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA), a group of minor fatty acids from ruminant origin, has long been recognized as a body fat lowering agent. Given the trans(t)10,cis(c)12-CLA well documented interference on lipolysis, we hypothesized for adipocytes altered permeation to glycerol when supplemented with this isomer. 3T3-L1 murine differentiated adipocytes were medium supplemented with linoleic acid (LA) and individual or combined c9,t11 and t10,c12-CLA isomers. Adipocytes treated with the t10,c12-CLA isomer and CLA mixture showed reduced triacylglycerols content (p < 0.001), re-enforcing the t10,c12-CLA as the anti-adipogenic CLA isomer. This finding was supported by decreased Δ9-desaturase index and adipocyte differentiation markers for the t10,c12-CLA group (p < 0.001), which suggest reduced lipogenesis and differentiation, respectively. The glycerol permeability was higher in all CLA treated cells compared to control and LA groups (p < 0.05). The increase in glycerol permeability agrees with both reduced triacylglycerols and non-osmotic cellular volume in the t10,c12-CLA and CLA mixture groups. Taken together, our data suggest that the increased adipocyte plasma membrane glycerol fluxes may be part of the anti-adipogenic response to CLA treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana V Martins
- CIISA, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. da Universidade Técnica, Pólo Universitário do Alto da Ajuda, 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Ana Madeira
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal; Dept. Bioquimica e Biologia Humana, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Paula A Lopes
- CIISA, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. da Universidade Técnica, Pólo Universitário do Alto da Ajuda, 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Virgínia M R Pires
- CIISA, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. da Universidade Técnica, Pólo Universitário do Alto da Ajuda, 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Cristina M Alfaia
- CIISA, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. da Universidade Técnica, Pólo Universitário do Alto da Ajuda, 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - José A M Prates
- CIISA, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. da Universidade Técnica, Pólo Universitário do Alto da Ajuda, 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Teresa Moura
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal; Dept. Química, FCT-UNL, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Graça Soveral
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal; Dept. Bioquimica e Biologia Humana, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal.
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Dietary Conjugated Linoleic Acid Supplementation Leads to Downregulation of PPAR Transcription in Broiler Chickens and Reduction of Adipocyte Cellularity. PPAR Res 2014; 2014:137652. [PMID: 25309587 PMCID: PMC4189438 DOI: 10.1155/2014/137652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2014] [Revised: 08/29/2014] [Accepted: 08/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Conjugated linoleic acids (CLA) act as an important ligand for nuclear receptors in adipogenesis and fat deposition in mammals and avian species. This study aimed to determine whether similar effects are plausible on avian abdominal fat adipocyte size, as well as abdominal adipogenic transcriptional level. CLA was supplemented at different levels, namely, (i) basal diet without CLA (5% palm oil) (CON), (ii) basal diet with 2.5% CLA and 2.5% palm oil (LCLA), and (iii) basal diet with 5% CLA (HCLA).The content of cis-9, trans-11 CLA was between 1.69- and 2.3-fold greater (P < 0.05) than that of trans-10, cis-12 CLA in the abdominal fat of the LCLA and HCLA group. The adipogenic capacity of the abdominal fat depot in LCLA and HCLA fed chicken is associated with a decreased proportion of adipose cells and monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA). The transcriptional level of adipocyte protein (aP2) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) was downregulated by 1.08- to 2.5-fold in CLA supplemented diets, respectively. It was speculated that feeding CLA to broiler chickens reduced adipocyte size and downregulated PPARγ and aP2 that control adipocyte cellularity. Elevation of CLA isomers into their adipose tissue provides a potential CLA-rich source for human consumption.
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Ormsbee MJ, Rawal SR, Baur DA, Kinsey AW, Elam ML, Spicer MT, Fischer NT, Madzima TA, Thomas DD. The effects of a multi-ingredient dietary supplement on body composition, adipokines, blood lipids, and metabolic health in overweight and obese men and women: a randomized controlled trial. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2014; 11:37. [PMID: 25093015 PMCID: PMC4120730 DOI: 10.1186/1550-2783-11-37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2014] [Accepted: 07/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The present study investigated the effects of a multi-ingredient dietary supplement (MIDS) containing caffeine, conjugated linoleic acid (CLA), green tea, and branched-chain amino acids (BCAA) taken for 8 weeks on body composition, blood lipid profile, glucose, insulin, adiponectin, leptin, and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) in overweight and obese men and women. Methods Twenty-two participants completed the study (PL, n = 11; 7 women, 4 men; age, 34 ± 3.5 years; height, 169.2 ± 3.3 cm; body mass, 96.9 ± 6.8 kg; BMI, 34.1 ± 1.8 kg/m2; MIDS, n = 11; 9 women, 2 men; age, 36 ± 3.4 years; height, 173.2 ± 2.9 cm; body mass, 91.9 ± 5.6 kg; BMI, 30.0 ± 1.5 kg/m2). Participants were randomly assigned and stratified by body fat percentage to two groups: 1) a soybean oil placebo (PL) or 2) MIDS. Each group consumed two pills with breakfast and two pills with lunch. Body composition and android fat, waist and hip circumferences, blood pressure and heart rate were measured at baseline and after 8 weeks of supplementation. Results There were no significant changes for any of the variables of body composition. Feelings of hunger were significantly higher in MIDS versus PL with no changes observed in satiety or desire to eat. Heart rate and blood pressure were unaltered in MIDS after 8 weeks of supplementation. Furthermore, lipid profile, food intake, mood state variables, fasting blood glucose, and endocrine markers did not significantly change regardless of group. Conclusion MIDS intake does not appear to alter body composition or markers of cardiovascular health versus PL. Moreover, MIDS may actually increase feelings of hunger versus PL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Ormsbee
- Department of Nutrition, Food and Exercise Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA ; University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa ; Institute of Sports Science & Medicine, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Shweta R Rawal
- Department of Nutrition, Food and Exercise Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA
| | - Daniel A Baur
- Department of Nutrition, Food and Exercise Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA
| | - Amber W Kinsey
- Department of Nutrition, Food and Exercise Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA
| | - Marcus L Elam
- Department of Nutrition, Food and Exercise Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA
| | - Maria T Spicer
- Department of Nutrition, Food and Exercise Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA
| | - Nicholas T Fischer
- Department of Nutrition, Food and Exercise Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA
| | - Takudzwa A Madzima
- Department of Nutrition, Food and Exercise Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA
| | - D David Thomas
- Department of Nutrition, Food and Exercise Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA
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Kim J, Park Y, Park Y. trans-10, cis-12 CLA promotes osteoblastogenesis via SMAD mediated mechanism in bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells. J Funct Foods 2014; 8:367-376. [PMID: 25035711 PMCID: PMC4095819 DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2014.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The inverse relationship between osteoblast and adipocyte differentiation in bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells has been linked to overall bone mass. It has previously been reported that conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) inhibits adipogenesis via a peroxisome-proliferator activated receptor-γ (PPARγ) mediated mechanism, while it increases osteoblastogenesis via a PPARγ-independent mechanism in mesenchymal stem cells. This suggests potential implication of CLA on improving bone mass. Thus the purpose of this study was to determine involvement of CLA on regulation of osteoblastogenesis in murine mesenchymal stem cells by focusing on the Mothers against decapentaplegic (MAD)-related family of molecules 8 (SMAD8), one of key regulators of osteoblastogenesis. The trans-10,cis-12 CLA, but not the cis-9,trans-11, significantly increased osteoblastogenesis via SMAD8, and inhibited adipogenesis independent of SMAD8, while inhibiting factors regulating osteoclastogenesis in this model. These suggest that CLA may help improve osteoblastogenesis via a SMAD8 mediated mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonggun Kim
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, 102
Holdsworth Way, Amherst, MA 01003
| | - Yooheon Park
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, 102
Holdsworth Way, Amherst, MA 01003
| | - Yeonhwa Park
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, 102
Holdsworth Way, Amherst, MA 01003
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Rodrigues R, Soares J, Garcia H, Nascimento C, Medeiros M, Bomfim M, Medeiros MC, Queiroga R. Goat milk fat naturally enriched with conjugated linoleic acid increased lipoproteins and reduced triacylglycerol in rats. Molecules 2014; 19:3820-31. [PMID: 24662092 PMCID: PMC6271283 DOI: 10.3390/molecules19033820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2013] [Revised: 03/16/2014] [Accepted: 03/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Goat milk is source of different lipids, including conjugated linoleic acid (CLA). CLA reduces body fat and protect against cardiovascular diseases. In the present study fat from goat milk naturally enriched with CLA was used. Male Wistar rats were divided into three groups that received during a 10 week diet with different lipid sources: soybean oil (CON), coconut oil (CO) and goat milk fat naturally enriched with CLA (GM-CLA). We evaluated the effects of a GM-CLA on biochemistry parameters - high density lipoprotein (HDL), triacylglycerol (TAG), TAG/HDL ratio, total cholesterol and glucose -, body weight and histopathological aspects of the intestine and liver. GM-CLA increased body weight from the second to the fifth week of the experiment compared to CON. Feed intake differed between the CON group and GM-CLA early in the first to third week of the experiments and later between the ninth and tenth week. The CLA-diet group showed increased levels of HDL, reduced levels of TAG and TAG/HDL ratio and no effect on LDL, but enhanced total cholesterol. Serum glucose of the GM-CLA group showed no difference from the control group. Thus, a GM-CLA diet promoted growth in young rats and acted as protector of cardiovascular function, but further studies are still needed to clarify these effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphaela Rodrigues
- Departament of Nutrition, Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, Cuité 58175-000, PB, Brazil
| | - Juliana Soares
- Departament of Nutrition, Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, Cuité 58175-000, PB, Brazil.
| | - Hugo Garcia
- Departament of Morfology, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, João Pessoa 58051-900, PB, Brazil
| | - Claudenice Nascimento
- Escola Técnica de Saúde, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, João Pessoa 58051-900, PB, Brazil
| | - Maria Medeiros
- Departament of Physiology and Pathology, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, João Pessoa 58051-900, PB, Brazil
| | - Marco Bomfim
- Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária, EMBRAPA Caprinos e Ovinos, Sobral 62010-970, CE, Brazil
| | - Maria Carmo Medeiros
- Departament of Nutrition, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife 50670-901, PE, Brazil
| | - Rita Queiroga
- Departament of Nutrition, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, João Pessoa 58051-900, PB, Brazil
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Sadie-Van Gijsen H, Hough FS, Ferris WF. Determinants of bone marrow adiposity: the modulation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ2 activity as a central mechanism. Bone 2013; 56:255-65. [PMID: 23800517 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2013.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2013] [Revised: 06/04/2013] [Accepted: 06/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Although the presence of adipocytes in the bone marrow is a normal physiological phenomenon, the role of these cells in bone homeostasis and during pathological states has not yet been fully delineated. As osteoblasts and adipocytes originate from a common progenitor, with an inverse relationship existing between osteoblastogenesis and adipogenesis, bone marrow adiposity often negatively correlates with osteoblast number and bone mineral density. Bone adiposity can be affected by several physiological and pathophysiological factors, with abnormal, elevated marrow fat resulting in a pathological state. This review focuses on the regulation of bone adiposity by physiological factors, including aging, mechanical loading and growth factor expression, as well as the pathophysiological factors, including diseases such as anorexia nervosa and dyslipidemia, and pharmacological agents such as thiazolidinediones and statins. Although these factors regulate bone marrow adiposity via a plethora of different intracellular signaling pathways, these diverse pathways often converge on the modulation of the expression and/or activity of the pro-adipogenic transcription factor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-γ2, suggesting that any factor that affects PPAR-γ2 may have an impact on the fat content of bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Sadie-Van Gijsen
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Stellenbosch, Francie van Zijl Drive, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa.
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Ohtera A, Miyamae Y, Nakai N, Kawachi A, Kawada K, Han J, Isoda H, Neffati M, Akita T, Maejima K, Masuda S, Kambe T, Mori N, Irie K, Nagao M. Identification of 6-octadecynoic acid from a methanol extract of Marrubium vulgare L. as a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ agonist. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2013; 440:204-9. [PMID: 24025677 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2013.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2013] [Accepted: 09/02/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
6-Octadecynoic acid (6-ODA), a fatty acid with a triple bond, was identified in the methanol extract of Marrubium vulgare L. as an agonist of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ). Fibrogenesis caused by hepatic stellate cells is inhibited by PPARγ whose ligands are clinically used for the treatment of diabetes. Plant extracts of Marrubium vulgare L., were screened for activity to inhibit fibrosis in the hepatic stellate cell line HSC-T6 using Oil Red-O staining, which detects lipids that typically accumulate in quiescent hepatic stellate cells. A methanol extract with activity to stimulate accumulation of lipids was obtained. This extract was found to have PPARγ agonist activity using a luciferase reporter assay. After purification using several chromatographic methods, 6-ODA, a fatty acid with a triple bond, was identified as a candidate of PPARγ agonist. Synthesized 6-ODA and its derivative 9-octadecynoic acid (9-ODA), which both have a triple bond but in different positions, activated PPARγ in a luciferase reporter assay and increased lipid accumulation in 3T3-L1 adipocytes in a PPARγ-dependent manner. There is little information about the biological activity of fatty acids with a triple bond, and to our knowledge, this is the first report that 6-ODA and 9-ODA function as PPARγ agonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Ohtera
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
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Park Y, Kim J, Scrimgeour AG, Condlin ML, Kim D, Park Y. Conjugated linoleic acid and calcium co-supplementation improves bone health in ovariectomised mice. Food Chem 2013; 140:280-8. [PMID: 23578644 PMCID: PMC3625250 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.12.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2012] [Revised: 12/10/2012] [Accepted: 12/14/2012] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Osteoporosis is a significant health concern for the elderly; conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) has been shown to improve overall bone mass when calcium is included as a co-supplement. However, potential effects of CLA and calcium on bone mass during a period of bone loss have not been reported. The purpose of this study was to determine how dietary calcium modulates the effects of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) in preventing bone loss, using an ovariectomised mouse model. CLA supplementation significantly prevented ovariectomy-associated weight and fat mass gain, compared to non-supplemented controls. CLA significantly increased bone markers without major changes in bone mineral composition in the femur compared to respective controls. CLA treatment increased serum parathyroid hormone (PTH) significantly (p=0.0172), while serum 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 concentration was not changed by CLA. Meanwhile, CLA significantly reduced femur tartrate resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) activity, suggesting potential reduction of osteoclastogenesis. The data suggest that CLA, along with dietary calcium, has great potential to be used to prevent bone loss and weight gain associated with menopause.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yooheon Park
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, 102 Holdsworth Way, Amherst, MA 01003
| | - Jonggun Kim
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, 102 Holdsworth Way, Amherst, MA 01003
| | - Angus G. Scrimgeour
- Military Nutrition Division, US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine (USARIEM), Kansas Street, Natick, MA 01760
| | - Michelle L. Condlin
- Military Nutrition Division, US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine (USARIEM), Kansas Street, Natick, MA 01760
| | - Daeyoung Kim
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Massachusetts, 710 North Pleasant Street, Amherst, MA 01003
| | - Yeonhwa Park
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, 102 Holdsworth Way, Amherst, MA 01003
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29
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Kim J, Park Y, Lee SH, Park Y. trans-10,cis-12 conjugated linoleic acid promotes bone formation by inhibiting adipogenesis by peroxisome proliferator activated receptor-γ-dependent mechanisms and by directly enhancing osteoblastogenesis from bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells. J Nutr Biochem 2013; 24:672-9. [PMID: 22832076 PMCID: PMC3482420 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2012.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2011] [Revised: 03/07/2012] [Accepted: 03/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The bone undergoes continuous remodeling of osteoblastic bone formation and osteoclastic bone resorption to maintain proper bone mass. It is also reported that bone marrow adiposity has a reciprocal role in osteoblasts due to their same origin from mesenchymal stem cells. In addition, one of the key mediators of adipogenesis, peroxisome-proliferator activated receptor-γ (PPARγ), plays a significant role in osteoblastogenesis in bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells. One dietary component that is known to have significant impact on adiposity and bone mass is conjugated linoleic acid (CLA). However, the link between controlling adiposity to improving bone mass by CLA has not been studied intensively. Thus, the purpose of this study is to determine the role of CLA on bone marrow adiposity and bone formation using murine mesenchymal stem cells. The results confirmed that the trans-10,cis-12 CLA, but not the cis-9,trans-11 CLA isomer, significantly inhibited adipogenesis and promoted osteoblastogenesis from mesenchymal stem cells. The inhibition of adipogenesis by the trans-10,cis-12 CLA was mediated by PPARγ; however, the trans-10,cis-12 CLA had a direct effect on osteoblastogenesis which was independent to PPARγ in this model. The trans-10,cis-12 CLA also had significant effects on osteoclastogenesis inhibitory factor, which suggests potential influence of CLA on osteoclastogenesis. Overall, the results suggest that the trans-10,cis-12, but not the cis-9,trans-11 CLA isomer, has a positive impact on bone health by both PPARγ mediated and independent mechanisms in mesenchymal stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonggun Kim
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
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Carvalho RF, Uehara SK, Rosa G. Microencapsulated conjugated linoleic acid associated with hypocaloric diet reduces body fat in sedentary women with metabolic syndrome. Vasc Health Risk Manag 2012; 8:661-7. [PMID: 23271912 PMCID: PMC3526145 DOI: 10.2147/vhrm.s37385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Animal studies have suggested beneficial effects of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) in reducing body fat mass and improvement in the serum lipid profile and glycemia. However, these effects are controversial in humans. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of microencapsulated CLA supplementation on body composition, body mass index, waist circumference, and blood pressure in sedentary women with metabolic syndrome. METHODS This study was a placebo-controlled and randomized clinical trial. Fourteen women diagnosed with metabolic syndrome received light strawberry jam enriched or not with microencapsulated CLA (3 g/day) as a mixture of 38.57% cis-9, trans-11, and 39.76% trans-10, cis-12 CLA isomers associated with a hypocaloric diet for 90 days. The subjects were monitored to assess variables associated with the metabolic syndrome, in addition to assessing adherence with the intervention. RESULTS There were no significant effects of microencapsulated CLA on the lipid profile or blood pressure. Mean plasma insulin concentrations were significantly lower in women supplemented with microencapsulated CLA (Δ T₉₀ - T₀ = -12.87 ± 4.26 μU/mL, P = 0.02). Microencapsulated CLA supplementation did not alter the waist circumference, but there was a reduction in body fat mass detected after 30 days (Δ = -2.68% ± 0.82%, P = 0.02), which was maintained until the 90-day intervention period (Δ = -3.32% ± 1.41%, P = 0.02) in the microencapsulated CLA group. The placebo group showed this effect only after 90 days (Δ = -1.97% ± 0.60%, P = 0.02), but had a reduced waist circumference (Δ T₉₀ - T₀ = -4.25 ± 1.31 cm, P = 0.03). CONCLUSION Supplementation with mixed-isomer microencapsulated CLA may have a favorable effect on glycemic control and body fat mass loss at an earlier time in sedentary women with metabolic syndrome, although there were no effects on lipid profile and blood pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sofia K Uehara
- Nutrition and Dietetic Department, Josué de Castro Institute of Nutrition, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Glorimar Rosa
- Medicine Department, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Nutrition and Dietetic Department, Josué de Castro Institute of Nutrition, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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10E12Z CLA alters adipocyte differentiation and adipocyte cytokine expression and induces macrophage proliferation. J Nutr Biochem 2012; 23:510-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2011.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2010] [Revised: 02/16/2011] [Accepted: 02/17/2011] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Al-Bader T, Byrne A, Gillbro J, Mitarotonda A, Metois A, Vial F, Rawlings AV, Laloeuf A. Effect of cosmetic ingredients as anticellulite agents: synergistic action of actives with in vitro and in vivo efficacy. J Cosmet Dermatol 2012; 11:17-26. [PMID: 22360330 DOI: 10.1111/j.1473-2165.2011.00594.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The pathophysiology of cellulite involves changes in the subcutaneous adipose layer and the extracellular matrix (ECM) that supports it together with overlying dermal layer. Cellular mechanisms governing cellulite are not fully understood. However, it is accepted that changes include enhanced lipogenesis, decreased lipolysis, and increased lipid storage within the adipocytes as well as changes in the dermal architecture. AIM In our studies the ability of cosmetic agents Furcellaria lumbricalis, Fucus vesiculosus, retinoid, conjugated linoleic acid (CLA), and a glaucine mixture to stimulate in vitro 1) lipolysis in human adipocytes and 2) production of pro-collagen I by fibroblasts was investigated in vitro. The ability of these ingredients to improve cellulite condition in vivo was also determined. PATIENTS/METHODS Mature adipocytes and 'aged' fibroblasts were used for in vitro studies. The assessment of cellulite in vivo was performed by dermatological grading and ultrasound measurements. RESULTS Mature adipocytes treated with combined actives resulted in a significant synergistic increase in free glycerol release. On "aged" fibroblasts, combined treatment of F. vesiculosus and F. lumbricalis stimulated pro-collagen I production. CLA increased pro-collagen I production, but the glaucine mixture had no effect. The clinical study demonstrated a significant improvement in cellulite grading by a dermatologist after 8 and 12 weeks vs. vehicle, and ultrasound imaging showed a significant decrease in fat thickness compared with placebo after 12 weeks. CONCLUSIONS Our studies revealed a potent cocktail of ingredients that when combined together can act in vitro to markedly improve lipolysis mechanisms and by way of stimulating pro-collagen I can also have an effect on the surrounding extracellular matrix. The in vitro actions of the ingredients were translated in vivo, where a clinical improvement of cellulite condition was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Al-Bader
- Oriflame Cosmetics AB, Oriflame Skin Research Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
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Conjugated fatty acids increase energy expenditure in part by increasing voluntary movement in mice. Food Chem 2012; 133:400-9. [PMID: 25683412 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.01.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2011] [Revised: 10/21/2011] [Accepted: 01/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) and conjugated nonadecadienoic acid (CNA) have been previously shown to effectively reduce body fat. However, it is not clear if these effects persist with extended feeding, including potential mechanisms of increased energy expenditure. Thus the current investigation was conducted to determine the influence of dietary conjugated fatty acids on non-exercise form of voluntary movement and lipid and glucose metabolisms for 4-12 week feeding of male mice. CLA and CNA significantly reduced body weight and fat mass by increasing energy expenditure, in part by increasing voluntary movement. CLA and CNA significantly reduced serum leptin and tumour necrosis factor-α, while modulating the mRNA levels of genes associated with lipid and glucose metabolisms. The current results of increased physical activity along with modulation of lipid and glucose metabolisms by conjugated fatty acids will help contribute to future applications of these toward controlling obesity.
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Kim JH, Gilliard D, Good DJ, Park Y. Preventive effects of conjugated linoleic acid on obesity by improved physical activity in nescient basic helix-loop-helix 2 knockout mice during growth period. Food Funct 2012; 3:1280-5. [DOI: 10.1039/c2fo30103b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Fernandes SAT, Natali AJ, Laterza MC, Teodoro BG, Franco FSC, Peluzio MDCG. Ácido linoléico conjugado: efeitos no perfil lipídico e na composição corporal de camundongos exercitados. MOTRIZ: REVISTA DE EDUCACAO FISICA 2011. [DOI: 10.1590/s1980-65742011000400013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Objetivo: Avaliar os efeitos do CLA associado à dieta hiperlipídica sobre o perfil lipídico e composição corporal de camundongos knockout para o gene da ApoE exercitados. Métodos: 32 camundongos foram divididos e submetidos à dieta normo e hiperlipídica suplementadas ou não com 1% de CLA. Todos realizaram exercício físico em esteira, durante 12 semanas. Utilizou-se o teste de Kruskal-Wallis ao nível de significância de 5%. Resultados: Os animais que ingeriram dieta hiperlipídica com CLA aumentaram o colesterol total e o LDL, comparado com os alimentados com dieta normolipídica associada ou não ao CLA. Observou-se aumento no ganho de peso dos camundongos que ingeriram dieta hiperlipídica com CLA, comparado com os normolipídicos suplementados com CLA. Conclusões: O CLA na concentração de 1% não alterou nenhum dos parâmetros analisados, independente da dieta, e não foi protetor contra os efeitos da dieta hiperlipídica.
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Cruz-Garcia L, Sánchez-Gurmaches J, Gutiérrez J, Navarro I. Regulation of LXR by fatty acids, insulin, growth hormone and tumor necrosis factor-α in rainbow trout myocytes. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2011; 160:125-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2011.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2011] [Revised: 05/15/2011] [Accepted: 05/17/2011] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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Effects of conjugated linoleic acid on cleavage of amyloid precursor protein via PPARγ. Neurol Sci 2011; 32:1095-101. [PMID: 21800078 DOI: 10.1007/s10072-011-0711-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2011] [Accepted: 07/13/2011] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) plays important roles in physiological conditions. The aim of present study was to explore the effects of CLA on the cleavage of amyloid precursor protein (APP) and the potential mechanism involved. The effects of CLA on intracellular APP, BACE1 (β-site APP Cleaving Enzyme1, BACE1), a disintegrin and metalloprotease (ADAM10) and extracellular sAPPα (soluble) were analyzed by RT-PCR, Western blot and ELISA in SH-SY5Y cells. Our study indicated that CLA significantly decreased the expression of BACE1 and increased the extracellular secretion of sAPPα, but not affected the levels of APP and ADAM10. The study also revealed that the nuclear receptor peroxisome proliferators activated receptor γ (PPARγ) played an important role in the CLA-induced intracellular BACE1 decrease, as well as the extracellular sAPPα increase through knockdown of PPARγ transcription using siRNA. We hypothesize that CLA acts as an agonist or ligand, which binds with PPARγ and leads to the increase in APP cleavage via α-secretase-mediated pathway and the decrease in the deposition of Aβ.
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Obsen T, Faergeman NJ, Chung S, Martinez K, Gobern S, Loreau O, Wabitsch M, Mandrup S, McIntosh M. Trans-10, cis-12 conjugated linoleic acid decreases de novo lipid synthesis in human adipocytes. J Nutr Biochem 2011; 23:580-90. [PMID: 21775116 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2011.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2010] [Revised: 02/16/2011] [Accepted: 02/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) reduces adiposity in vivo. However, mechanisms mediating these changes are unclear. Therefore, we treated cultures of human adipocytes with trans-10, cis-12 (10,12) CLA, cis-9, trans-11 (9,11) CLA or other trans fatty acids (FA), and measured indices of lipid metabolism. The lipid-lowering effects of 10,12 CLA were unique, as other trans FA did not reduce TG content to the same extent. Using low levels of [(14)C]-CLA isomers, it was shown that both isomers were readily incorporated into acylglycerols and phospholipids, albeit at lower levels than [(14)C]-oleic or [(14)C]-linoleic acids. When using [(14)C]-acetic acid and [(14)C]-pyruvic acid as substrates, 30 μM 10,12 CLA, but not 9,11 CLA, decreased de novo synthesis of triglyceride, free FA, diacylglycerol, cholesterol esters, cardiolipin, phospholipids and ceramides within 3-24 h. Treatment with 30 μM 10,12 CLA, but not 9,11 CLA, decreased total cellular lipids within 3 days and the ratio of monounsaturated FA (MUFA) to saturated FA, and increased C18:0 acyl-CoA levels within 24 h. Consistent with these data, stearoyl-CoA desaturase (SCD)-1 mRNA and protein levels were down-regulated by 10,12 CLA within 7-12 h, respectively. The mRNA levels of liver X receptor (LXR)α and sterol regulatory element binding protein (SREBP)-1c, transcription factors that regulate SCD-1, were decreased by 10,12 CLA within 5 h. These data suggest that the isomer-specific decrease in de novo lipid synthesis by 10,12 CLA is due, in part, to the rapid repression of lipogenic transcription factors that regulate MUFA synthesis, suggesting an anti-obesity mechanism unique to this trans FA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Obsen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
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Joseph SV, Jacques H, Plourde M, Mitchell PL, McLeod RS, Jones PJH. Conjugated linoleic acid supplementation for 8 weeks does not affect body composition, lipid profile, or safety biomarkers in overweight, hyperlipidemic men. J Nutr 2011; 141:1286-91. [PMID: 21593349 DOI: 10.3945/jn.110.135087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The usefulness of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) as a nutraceutical remains ambiguous. Our objective was, therefore, to investigate the effect of CLA on body composition, blood lipids, and safety biomarkers in overweight, hyperlipidemic men. A double-blinded, 3-phase crossover trial was conducted in overweight (BMI ≥ 25 kg/m(2)), borderline hypercholesterolemic [LDL-cholesterol (C) ≥ 2.5 mmol/L] men aged 18-60 y. During three 8-wk phases, each separated by a 4-wk washout period, 27 participants consumed under supervision in random order 3.5 g/d of safflower oil (control), a 50:50 mixture of trans 10, cis 12 and cis 9, trans 11 (c9, t11) CLA:Clarinol G-80, and c9, t11 isomer:c9, t11 CLA. At baseline and endpoint of each phase, body weight, body fat mass, and lean body mass were measured by DXA. Blood lipid profiles and safety biomarkers, including insulin sensitivity, blood concentrations of adiponectin, and inflammatory (high sensitive-C-reactive protein, TNFα, and IL-6) and oxidative (oxidized-LDL) molecules, were measured. The effect of CLA consumption on fatty acid oxidation was also assessed. Compared with the control treatment, the CLA treatments did not affect changes in body weight, body composition, or blood lipids. In addition, CLA did not affect the β-oxidation rate of fatty acids or induce significant alterations in the safety markers tested. In conclusion, although no detrimental effects were caused by supplementation, these results do not confirm a role for CLA in either body weight or blood lipid regulation in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shama V Joseph
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, and Institute of Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods, Laval University, Quebec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
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Choi HJ, Kim ES. Conjugated Linoleic Acid Negatively Regulates TR4 Activity in 3T3-L1 Adipocytes. Korean J Food Sci Anim Resour 2011. [DOI: 10.5851/kosfa.2011.31.3.381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Ing SW, Belury MA. Impact of conjugated linoleic acid on bone physiology: proposed mechanism involving inhibition of adipogenesis. Nutr Rev 2011; 69:123-31. [PMID: 21348876 PMCID: PMC3814018 DOI: 10.1111/j.1753-4887.2011.00376.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) supplementation decreases adipose mass and increases bone mass in mice. Recent clinical studies demonstrate a beneficial effect of CLA on reducing weight and adipose mass in humans. This article reviews possible biological mechanisms of action of CLA on bone metabolism, focusing on modulation of nuclear receptor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma activity to steer mesenchymal stem cell differentiation toward an adipose and away from an osteoblast lineage. Clinical studies of the effects of CLA on bone mass and clinical implications of the effects of CLA on bone health in humans are summarized and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven W Ing
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, & Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio 43210-1296, USA.
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Zhai JJ, Liu ZL, Li JM, Chen JP, Jiang L, Wang DM, Yuan J, Shen JG, Yang DP, Chen JQ. Different mechanisms of cis-9,trans-11- and trans-10,cis-12- conjugated linoleic acid affecting lipid metabolism in 3T3-L1 cells. J Nutr Biochem 2010; 21:1099-105. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2009.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2008] [Revised: 02/28/2009] [Accepted: 09/21/2009] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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43
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Belda BJ, Lee Y, Vanden Heuvel JP. Conjugated linoleic acids and inflammation: isomer- and tissue-specific responses. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.2217/clp.10.54] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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44
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Scientific Opinion on the safety of “conjugated linoleic acid (CLA)-rich oil” (Tonalin® TG 80) as a Novel Food ingredient. EFSA J 2010. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2010.1600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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45
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Scientific Opinion on the safety of “conjugated linoleic acid (CLA)-rich oil” (Clarinol®) as a Novel Food ingredient. EFSA J 2010. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2010.1601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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46
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Jiang ZY, Zhong WJ, Zheng CT, Lin YC, Yang L, Jiang SQ. Conjugated linoleic acid differentially regulates fat deposition in backfat and longissimus muscle of finishing pigs1. J Anim Sci 2010; 88:1694-705. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2008-1551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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47
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Kennedy A, Martinez K, Chung S, LaPoint K, Hopkins R, Schmidt SF, Andersen K, Mandrup S, McIntosh M. Inflammation and insulin resistance induced by trans-10, cis-12 conjugated linoleic acid depend on intracellular calcium levels in primary cultures of human adipocytes. J Lipid Res 2010; 51:1906-17. [PMID: 20154361 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m005447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
We previously demonstrated that trans-10, cis-12 (10,12) conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) induced inflammation and insulin resistance in primary human adipocytes by activating nuclear factor kappaB (NFkappaB) and extracellular signal-related kinase (ERK) signaling. In this study, we demonstrated that the initial increase in intracellular calcium ([Ca2+]i) mediated by 10,12 CLA was attenuated by TMB-8, an inhibitor of calcium release from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), by BAPTA, an intracellular calcium chelator, and by D609, a phospholipase C (PLC) inhibitor. Moreover, BAPTA, TMB-8, and D609 attenuated 10,12 CLA-mediated production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), activation of ERK1/2 and cJun-NH2-terminal kinase (JNK), and induction of inflammatory genes. 10,12 CLA-mediated binding of NFkappaB to the promoters of interleukin (IL)-8 and cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 and induction of calcium-calmodulin kinase II (CaMKII) beta were attenuated by TMB-8. KN-62, a CaMKII inhibitor, also suppressed 10,12 CLA-mediated ROS production and ERK1/2 and JNK activation. Additionally, KN-62 attenuated 10,12 CLA induction of inflammatory and integrated stress response genes, increase in prostaglandin F2alpha, and suppression of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma protein levels and insulin-stimulated glucose uptake. These data suggest that 10,12 CLA increases inflammation and insulin resistance in human adipocytes, in part by increasing [Ca2+]i levels, particularly calcium from the ER.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arion Kennedy
- Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC, USA
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Kennedy A, Martinez K, Schmidt S, Mandrup S, LaPoint K, McIntosh M. Antiobesity mechanisms of action of conjugated linoleic acid. J Nutr Biochem 2009; 21:171-9. [PMID: 19954947 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2009.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2009] [Revised: 08/06/2009] [Accepted: 08/19/2009] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA), a family of fatty acids found in beef, dairy foods and dietary supplements, reduces adiposity in several animal models of obesity and some human studies. However, the isomer-specific antiobesity mechanisms of action of CLA are unclear, and its use in humans is controversial. This review will summarize in vivo and in vitro findings from the literature regarding potential mechanisms by which CLA reduces adiposity, including its impact on (a) energy metabolism, (b) adipogenesis, (c) inflammation, (d) lipid metabolism and (e) apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arion Kennedy
- Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina Greensboro, PO Box 26170, Greensboro, NC 27402-6170, USA
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Regulation of osteoblast and adipocyte differentiation from human mesenchymal stem cells by conjugated linoleic acid. J Nutr Biochem 2009; 20:956-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2008.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2008] [Revised: 08/28/2008] [Accepted: 08/29/2008] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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50
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Jiang S, Wang Z, Riethoven JJ, Xia Y, Miner J, Fromm M. Conjugated linoleic acid activates AMP-activated protein kinase and reduces adiposity more effectively when used with metformin in mice. J Nutr 2009; 139:2244-51. [PMID: 19828681 DOI: 10.3945/jn.109.112417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Trans-10, cis-12 (t10c12) conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) reduces lipid levels in adipocytes, but the mechanisms involved are still emerging. The hypotheses of this study were that t10c12 CLA treatment activated AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and that the effectiveness of a low dose of t10c12 CLA would be increased when combined with an AMPK activator. We demonstrated t10c12 CLA, directly or indirectly, activated AMPK and increased the amount of phosphorylated acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Compound C, a potent inhibitor of AMPK, attenuated the phosphorylation of ACC, integrated stress response (ISR), inflammatory response, reduction in key lipogenic transcription factors, and triglyceride (TG) reduction that otherwise occurred in t10c12 CLA-treated adipocytes. Treatment of adipocytes or mice with a low dose of t10c12 CLA in conjunction with the AMPK activator metformin resulted in more TG loss than treatment with the individual chemicals. Additionally, although an inflammatory response was required for robust TG reduction, the combination of t10c12 CLA with AMPK activators had a similar TG loss with a reduced inflammatory response. A microarray analysis of the transcriptional response to either t10c12 CLA, metformin, or the combination, indicated the responses were very similar, with a correlation coefficient of 0.91 or better for genes in the ISR or lipid-related pathways. Altogether, these results support our hypotheses that t10c12 CLA activates AMPK, directly or indirectly, and that metformin increases the effectiveness of t10c12 CLA in reducing TG amounts in adipocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Jiang
- Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68502, USA
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