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Torequl Islam M, Shimul Bhuia M, Paulo Martins de Lima J, Paulo Araujo Maia F, Beatriz Herminia Ducati A, Douglas Melo Coutinho H. Phytanic acid, an inconclusive phytol metabolite: A review. Curr Res Toxicol 2023; 5:100120. [PMID: 37744206 PMCID: PMC10515296 DOI: 10.1016/j.crtox.2023.100120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Phytanic acid (PA: 3,7,11,15-tetramethylhexadecanoic acid) is an important biometabolite of the chlorophyll-derived diterpenoid phytol. Its biological sources (occurrence) and ADME (absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination) profile are well-discussed in the literature. Cumulative literature suggests that PA has beneficial as well as harmful biological roles in humans and other animals. This study aimed to sketch a brief summary of PA's beneficial and harmful pharmacological effects in test systems on the basis of existing literature reports. Literature findings propose that PA has anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory, antidiabetic, anti-obesity, anticancer, and oocyte maturation effects. Although a high plasma PA-level mediated SLS remains controversial, it is evident to link it with Refsum's disease and other peroxisomal enzyme deficiency diseases in humans, including RCDP and LD; ZHDA and Alzheimer's disease; progressive ataxia and dysarthria; and an increased risk of some lymphomas such as LBL, FL, and NHL. PA exerts toxic effects on different kinds of cells, including neuronal, cardiac, and renal cells, through diverse pathways such as oxidative stress, mitochondrial disturbance, apoptosis, disruption of Na+/K+-ATPase activity, Ca2+ homeostasis, alteration of AChE and MAO activities, etc. PA is considered a cardiac biomarker in humans. In conclusion, PA may be one of the most important biometabolites in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Torequl Islam
- Department of Pharmacy, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Science and Technology University, Gopalganj 8100, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Shimul Bhuia
- Department of Pharmacy, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Science and Technology University, Gopalganj 8100, Bangladesh
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Mice with a deficiency in Peroxisomal Membrane Protein 4 (PXMP4) display mild changes in hepatic lipid metabolism. Sci Rep 2022; 12:2512. [PMID: 35169201 PMCID: PMC8847483 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-06479-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Peroxisomes play an important role in the metabolism of a variety of biomolecules, including lipids and bile acids. Peroxisomal Membrane Protein 4 (PXMP4) is a ubiquitously expressed peroxisomal membrane protein that is transcriptionally regulated by peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα), but its function is still unknown. To investigate the physiological function of PXMP4, we generated a Pxmp4 knockout (Pxmp4-/-) mouse model using CRISPR/Cas9-mediated gene editing. Peroxisome function was studied under standard chow-fed conditions and after stimulation of peroxisomal activity using the PPARα ligand fenofibrate or by using phytol, a metabolite of chlorophyll that undergoes peroxisomal oxidation. Pxmp4-/- mice were viable, fertile, and displayed no changes in peroxisome numbers or morphology under standard conditions. Also, no differences were observed in the plasma levels of products from major peroxisomal pathways, including very long-chain fatty acids (VLCFAs), bile acids (BAs), and BA intermediates di- and trihydroxycholestanoic acid. Although elevated levels of the phytol metabolites phytanic and pristanic acid in Pxmp4-/- mice pointed towards an impairment in peroxisomal α-oxidation capacity, treatment of Pxmp4-/- mice with a phytol-enriched diet did not further increase phytanic/pristanic acid levels. Finally, lipidomic analysis revealed that loss of Pxmp4 decreased hepatic levels of the alkyldiacylglycerol class of neutral ether lipids, particularly those containing polyunsaturated fatty acids. Together, our data show that while PXMP4 is not critical for overall peroxisome function under the conditions tested, it may have a role in the metabolism of (ether)lipids.
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Ghodsi R, Nosrati R. Effects of Minor Compounds of Edible Oils on Human Health. CURRENT NUTRITION & FOOD SCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.2174/1573401316666200203121034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background:
Oils and fats are the densest sources of food energy among food groups.
Vegetable oils are constituted predominantly of triglycerides. Due to the importance of edible oils in
nutrition, food industry and human health, great attention has been paid to them in recent years.
Some minor bioactive constituents in oils include phospholipids, tocols, sterols, carotenoid, chlorophyll,
phenols, phylokynon and terpenes.
Objective:
The aim of the present study was to examine beneficial effects of minor compounds in edible oils on human health.
Results: Minor compounds of edible oils that we use daily can produce remarkable results in the prevention and treatment of various diseases like diabetes, inflammation, hypertension, cancer, allergy and central nervous system disorders due to their antimicrobial, anti-cancer, anti-viral, anti-oxidative, anti-inflammation, anti-mutagenic, hypolipidemic, and hypoglycemic properties, among others.
Conclusion:
The results of this study showed that the presence of beneficial minor compounds in oils could have significant impact on the prevention and treatment of various diseases. Therefore, the type of consumed oil can play an important role in human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramin Ghodsi
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Rahmat Nosrati
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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Branched-Chain Fatty Acids as Mediators of the Activation of Hepatic Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Alpha by a Fungal Lipid Extract. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10091259. [PMID: 32878262 PMCID: PMC7565516 DOI: 10.3390/biom10091259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The study aimed to test the hypothesis that monomethyl branched-chain fatty acids (BCFAs) and a lipid extract of Conidiobolus heterosporus (CHLE), rich in monomethyl BCFAs, are able to activate the nuclear transcription factor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARalpha). Rat Fao cells were incubated with the monomethyl BCFAs 12-methyltridecanoic acid (MTriA), 12-methyltetradecanoic acid (MTA), isopalmitic acid (IPA) and 14-methylhexadecanoic acid (MHD), and the direct activation of PPARalpha was evaluated by reporter gene assay using a PPARalpha responsive reporter gene. Furthermore, Fao cells were incubated with different concentrations of the CHLE and PPARalpha activation was also evaluated by using the reporter gene assay, and by determining the mRNA concentrations of selected PPARalpha target genes by real-time RT-PCR. The reporter gene assay revealed that IPA and the CHLE, but not MTriA, MHD and MTA, activate the PPARalpha responsive reporter gene. CHLE dose-dependently increased mRNA concentrations of the PPARalpha target genes acyl-CoA oxidase (ACOX1), cytochrome P450 4A1 (CYP4A1), carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1A (CPT1A) and solute carrier family 22 (organic cation/carnitine transporter), member 5 (SLC22A5). In conclusion, the monomethyl BCFA IPA is a potent PPARalpha activator. CHLE activates PPARalpha-dependent gene expression in Fao cells, an effect that is possibly mediated by IPA.
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You MM, Liu YC, Chen YF, Pan YM, Miao ZN, Shi YZ, Si JJ, Chen ML, Hu FL. Royal jelly attenuates nonalcoholic fatty liver disease by inhibiting oxidative stress and regulating the expression of circadian genes in ovariectomized rats. J Food Biochem 2020; 44:e13138. [PMID: 31894585 DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.13138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Revised: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has a high incidence in postmenopausal women and is accompanied by insulin resistance, obesity, and dyslipidemia. Royal jelly (RJ), a natural substance derived from hive, possesses numerous health-beneficial properties. Here, we evaluated the effects of RJ (150, 300, and 450 mg kg-1 day-1 , 8 weeks) on NAFLD in ovariectomized (OVX) rats. Based on the results, RJ ameliorated the degree of anxiety, improved serum lipid profile, and attenuated the hepatic steatosis and liver injury in OVX rats. Furthermore, the protective effects of RJ could be attributed to its antioxidant properties, which enhance the levels of hepatic antioxidant enzymes. The qRT-PCR results also suggest that RJ improves the disturbances of circadian genes by downregulating their expression, including that of Per1 and Per 2, in the liver of OVX rats. Altogether, our findings suggest that RJ may be a promising agent for the treatment of NAFLD. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Postmenopausal women are at an increased risk of NAFLD. Currently, there are no licensed therapies for NAFLD. Although hormone replacement therapy (HRT) is reported to inhibit the development of NAFLD, it causes unexpected adverse effects. As HRT is controversial, the use of natural supplements to counteract the detrimental effects of menopause has recently attracted more attention. RJ is a natural product secreted from the hypopharyngeal and mandibular glands of worker bees. The present study illustrates the protective effect of the natural product, RJ, and its underlying mechanisms on NAFLD. This is the first study to assess the effect of RJ on NAFLD under estrogen deficiency. Such findings contribute to the further utilization of RJ, which might serve as a promising therapeutic option and natural food for the treatment of NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Meng You
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yi-Chen Liu
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yi-Fan Chen
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yong-Ming Pan
- Experimental Animal Research Center, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhuo-Ning Miao
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yi-Zhen Shi
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Juan-Juan Si
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Min-Li Chen
- Experimental Animal Research Center, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Fu-Liang Hu
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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Api AM, Belsito D, Botelho D, Bruze M, Burton GA, Buschmann J, Dagli ML, Date M, Dekant W, Deodhar C, Francis M, Fryer AD, Jones L, Joshi K, La Cava S, Lapczynski A, Liebler DC, O'Brien D, Patel A, Penning TM, Ritacco G, Romine J, Sadekar N, Salvito D, Schultz TW, Sipes IG, Sullivan G, Thakkar Y, Tokura Y, Tsang S. RIFM fragrance ingredient safety assessment, trans-2-Hexenol, CAS Registry Number 928-95-0. Food Chem Toxicol 2018; 118 Suppl 1:S49-S58. [PMID: 29932994 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2018.06.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/17/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A M Api
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - D Belsito
- Member RIFM Expert Panel, Columbia University Medical Center, Department of Dermatology, 161 Fort Washington Ave., New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - D Botelho
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - M Bruze
- Member RIFM Expert Panel, Malmo University Hospital, Department of Occupational & Environmental Dermatology, Sodra Forstadsgatan 101, Entrance 47, Malmo, SE-20502, Sweden
| | - G A Burton
- Member RIFM Expert Panel, School of Natural Resources & Environment, University of Michigan, Dana Building G110, 440 Church St., Ann Arbor, MI, 58109, USA
| | - J Buschmann
- Member RIFM Expert Panel, Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, Nikolai-Fuchs-Strasse 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - M L Dagli
- Member RIFM Expert Panel, University of Sao Paulo, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Department of Pathology, Av. Prof. dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87, Sao Paulo, CEP, 05508-900, Brazil
| | - M Date
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - W Dekant
- Member RIFM Expert Panel, University of Wuerzburg, Department of Toxicology, Versbacher Str. 9, 97078, Würzburg, Germany
| | - C Deodhar
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - M Francis
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - A D Fryer
- Member RIFM Expert Panel, Oregon Health Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd., Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - L Jones
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - K Joshi
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - S La Cava
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - A Lapczynski
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - D C Liebler
- Member RIFM Expert Panel, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, Center in Molecular Toxicology, 638 Robinson Research Building, 2200 Pierce Avenue, Nashville, TN, 37232-0146, USA
| | - D O'Brien
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - A Patel
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - T M Penning
- Member RIFM Expert Panel, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Center of Excellence in Environmental Toxicology, 1316 Biomedical Research Building (BRB) II/III, 421 Curie Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA, 19104-3083, USA
| | - G Ritacco
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - J Romine
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - N Sadekar
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - D Salvito
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - T W Schultz
- Member RIFM Expert Panel, The University of Tennessee, College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Comparative Medicine, 2407 River Dr., Knoxville, TN, 37996- 4500, USA
| | - I G Sipes
- Member RIFM Expert Panel, Department of Pharmacology, University of Arizona, College of Medicine, 1501 North Campbell Avenue, P.O. Box 245050, Tucson, AZ, 85724-5050, USA
| | - G Sullivan
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA.
| | - Y Thakkar
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - Y Tokura
- Member RIFM Expert Panel, The Journal of Dermatological Science (JDS), Editor-in-Chief, Professor and Chairman, Department of Dermatology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Higashi-ku, Hamamatsu, 431-3192, Japan
| | - S Tsang
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
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Hu J, Luo H, Jiang Y, Chen P. Dietary capsaicin and antibiotics act synergistically to reduce non-alcoholic fatty liver disease induced by high fat diet in mice. Oncotarget 2018; 8:38161-38175. [PMID: 28445156 PMCID: PMC5503523 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.16975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2016] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease is increasing rapidly worldwide. However, effective strategies for combating high-fat diet (HFD) induced obesity, fatty liver and metabolic disorder are still limited, and outcomes remain poor. In the present study, we evaluated the combined actions of dietary capsaicin and antibiotics on HFD-induced physiological abnormalities in mice. C57BL/6 male mice were fed with HFD (60% calories from fat) for 17 weeks, and the resultant pathophysiological effects were examined. Antibiotic treatment markedly attenuated gut inflammation and leakiness induced by HFD, whereas capsaicin showed limited effects on the gut. However, dietary capsaicin significantly increased PPAR-α expression in adipose tissue, while antibiotics had no such effect. Animals treated with a combination of capsaicin and antibiotics had the smallest body weight gain and fat pad index, as well as the lowest hepatic fat accumulation. Combination treatment also maximally improved insulin responsiveness, as indicated by insulin tolerance tests. These results suggest the co-treatment of capsaicin and antibiotics, a novel combination strategy, would play synergistically to attenuate the HFD-induced obesity, fatty liver and metabolic disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjuan Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Department of Pathophysiology, Southern Medical University, GuangZhou, China
| | - Haihua Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Department of Pathophysiology, Southern Medical University, GuangZhou, China
| | - Yong Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Department of Pathophysiology, Southern Medical University, GuangZhou, China
| | - Peng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Department of Pathophysiology, Southern Medical University, GuangZhou, China
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Sugihara T, Tanaka S, Braga-Tanaka I, Murano H, Nakamura-Murano M, Komura JI. Screening of biomarkers for liver adenoma in low-dose-rate γ-ray-irradiated mice. Int J Radiat Biol 2018; 94:315-326. [PMID: 29424599 DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2018.1439193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Chronic low-dose-rate (20 mGy/day) γ-irradiation increases the incidence of hepatocellular adenomas (HCA) in female B6C3F1 mice. The purpose of this study is to identify potential serum biomarkers for these HCAs by a new approach. MATERIAL AND METHODS Microarray analysis were performed to compare the gene expression profiles of HCAs from mice exposed to low-dose-rate γ-rays with those of normal livers from non-irradiated mice. From the differentially expressed genes, those for possibly secretory proteins were selected. Then, the levels of the proteins in sera were analysed by ELISA. RESULTS Microarray analysis identified 4181 genes differentially expressed in HCAs (>2.0-fold). From these genes, those for α-fetoprotein (Afp), α-1B-glycoprotein (A1bg) and serine peptidase inhibitor Kazal type-3 (Spink3) were selected as the genes for candidate proteins. ELISA revealed that the levels of Afp and A1bg proteins in sera significantly increased and decreased, respectively, in low-dose-rate irradiated mice with HCAs and also same tendency was observed in human patients with hepatocellular carcinomas. CONCLUSION These results indicate that A1bg could be a new serum biomarker for liver tumor. This new approach of using microarray to select genes for secretory proteins is useful for prediction of novel tumor markers in sera.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Sugihara
- a Department of Radiobiology , Institute for Environmental Sciences , Rokkasho Kamikita , Aomori , Japan
| | - Satoshi Tanaka
- a Department of Radiobiology , Institute for Environmental Sciences , Rokkasho Kamikita , Aomori , Japan
| | - Ignacia Braga-Tanaka
- a Department of Radiobiology , Institute for Environmental Sciences , Rokkasho Kamikita , Aomori , Japan
| | - Hayato Murano
- b Tohoku Environmental Sciences Services Corporation , Rokkasho Kamikita , Aomori , Japan
| | - Masako Nakamura-Murano
- b Tohoku Environmental Sciences Services Corporation , Rokkasho Kamikita , Aomori , Japan
| | - Jun-Ichiro Komura
- a Department of Radiobiology , Institute for Environmental Sciences , Rokkasho Kamikita , Aomori , Japan
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9
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An JY, Jheng HF, Nagai H, Sanada K, Takahashi H, Iwase M, Watanabe N, Kim YI, Teraminami A, Takahashi N, Nakata R, Inoue H, Seno S, Mastuda H, Kawada T, Goto T. A Phytol-Enriched Diet Activates PPAR-α in the Liver and Brown Adipose Tissue to Ameliorate Obesity-Induced Metabolic Abnormalities. Mol Nutr Food Res 2018; 62:e1700688. [DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201700688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2017] [Revised: 12/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Yeong An
- Laboratory of Molecular Function of Food; Division of Food Science and Biotechnology; Graduate School of Agriculture; Kyoto University; Uji Japan
| | - Huei-Fen Jheng
- Laboratory of Molecular Function of Food; Division of Food Science and Biotechnology; Graduate School of Agriculture; Kyoto University; Uji Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Nagai
- Laboratory of Molecular Function of Food; Division of Food Science and Biotechnology; Graduate School of Agriculture; Kyoto University; Uji Japan
- Gifu Prefectural Research Institute for Health and Environmental Science; Kakamigahara Japan
| | - Kohei Sanada
- Laboratory of Molecular Function of Food; Division of Food Science and Biotechnology; Graduate School of Agriculture; Kyoto University; Uji Japan
| | - Haruya Takahashi
- Laboratory of Molecular Function of Food; Division of Food Science and Biotechnology; Graduate School of Agriculture; Kyoto University; Uji Japan
| | - Mari Iwase
- Laboratory of Molecular Function of Food; Division of Food Science and Biotechnology; Graduate School of Agriculture; Kyoto University; Uji Japan
| | - Natsumi Watanabe
- Laboratory of Molecular Function of Food; Division of Food Science and Biotechnology; Graduate School of Agriculture; Kyoto University; Uji Japan
| | - Young-Il Kim
- Laboratory of Molecular Function of Food; Division of Food Science and Biotechnology; Graduate School of Agriculture; Kyoto University; Uji Japan
| | - Aki Teraminami
- Laboratory of Molecular Function of Food; Division of Food Science and Biotechnology; Graduate School of Agriculture; Kyoto University; Uji Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Takahashi
- Laboratory of Molecular Function of Food; Division of Food Science and Biotechnology; Graduate School of Agriculture; Kyoto University; Uji Japan
- Research Unit for Physiological Chemistry; The Center for the Promotion of Interdisciplinary Education and Research; Kyoto University; Uji Japan
| | - Rieko Nakata
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition; Nara Women's University; Nara Japan
| | - Hiroyasu Inoue
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition; Nara Women's University; Nara Japan
| | - Shigeto Seno
- Graduate School of Information Science and Technology; Osaka University; Osaka Japan
| | - Hideo Mastuda
- Graduate School of Information Science and Technology; Osaka University; Osaka Japan
| | - Teruo Kawada
- Laboratory of Molecular Function of Food; Division of Food Science and Biotechnology; Graduate School of Agriculture; Kyoto University; Uji Japan
- Research Unit for Physiological Chemistry; The Center for the Promotion of Interdisciplinary Education and Research; Kyoto University; Uji Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Goto
- Laboratory of Molecular Function of Food; Division of Food Science and Biotechnology; Graduate School of Agriculture; Kyoto University; Uji Japan
- Research Unit for Physiological Chemistry; The Center for the Promotion of Interdisciplinary Education and Research; Kyoto University; Uji Japan
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10
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Zhang F, Ai W, Hu X, Meng Y, Yuan C, Su H, Wang L, Zhu X, Gao P, Shu G, Jiang Q, Wang S. Phytol stimulates the browning of white adipocytes through the activation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) α in mice fed high-fat diet. Food Funct 2018; 9:2043-2050. [DOI: 10.1039/c7fo01817g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
In vivo and in vitro studies show that phytol stimulates the browning of mice iWAT and formation of brown-like adipocytes in the differentiated 3T3-L1 through the activation of the AMPKα signaling pathway.
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11
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Chen GC, Chen WH, Tseng KT, Chao PM. The anti-adiposity effect of bitter melon seed oil is solely attributed to its fatty acid components. Lipids Health Dis 2017; 16:186. [PMID: 28962621 PMCID: PMC5622538 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-017-0578-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Accepted: 09/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Obesity is the leading chronic disease affecting people of all ages. The objective of this study was to optimize composition of a bitter melon seed oil (BMSO) product to maximize its anti-adiposity effect. Methods Bleaching oil, saponifiables and non-saponifiables were prepared from BMSO, with α-eleostearic acid (α-ESA) content in BMSO maintained in bleaching oil and saponifiables. C57BL/6 J mice were allocated into five groups (n = 10/group) to receive diet C [30% soybean oil (SBO)], BM [25% SBO + 5% BMSO], BMS, BMNS or BMD. For the three latter diets, saponifiables (hydrolyzed fatty acids from BMSO), non-saponifiables (excluding fatty acids from BMSO) or bleaching oil (excluding pigments from BMSO), respectively, were added in amount equivalent to their content in 5% BMSO and SBO was added to bring total fat to 30%. After 14 wk., indices associated with adiposity and safety, as well as lipid metabolic signaling in white adipose tissue (WAT), were measured. Results The body fat percentage of mice in group BM, BMS, BMNS, and BMD were 90 ± 26, 76 ± 21, 115 ± 30 and 95 ± 17% of that in group C. Based on body fat percentage and plasma leptin concentrations, an anti-adiposity effect was evident in groups BM, BMS and BMD (greatest effect in BMS). Histologically, inguinal fat had smaller adipocytes in groups BM, BMS and BMD (P < 0.05), but not in group BMNS, relative to group C. There were no differences among groups in blood pressure or heart rate. Moreover, Sirt1 mRNA levels in inguinal fat were significantly greater in groups BM, BMS and BMD than group C. Conclusion We concluded that the anti-adiposity function of BMSO was solely attributed to the fatty acid fraction, with the free fatty acid form having the greatest effect. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12944-017-0578-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gou-Chun Chen
- Department of Nutrition, China Medical University, Taichung, 404, Taiwan
| | | | | | - Pei-Min Chao
- Department of Nutrition, China Medical University, Taichung, 404, Taiwan.
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12
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Ottas A, Fishman D, Okas TL, Kingo K, Soomets U. The metabolic analysis of psoriasis identifies the associated metabolites while providing computational models for the monitoring of the disease. Arch Dermatol Res 2017; 309:519-528. [PMID: 28695330 PMCID: PMC5577063 DOI: 10.1007/s00403-017-1760-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2016] [Revised: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The majority of studies on psoriasis have focused on explaining the genetic background and its associations with the immune system’s response. The aim of this study was to identify the low-molecular weight compounds contributing to the metabolomic profile of psoriasis and to provide computational models that help with the classification and monitoring of the severity of the disease. We compared the results from targeted and untargeted analyses of patients’ serums with plaque psoriasis to controls. The main differences were found in the concentrations of acylcarnitines, phosphatidylcholines, amino acids, urea, phytol, and 1,11-undecanedicarboxylic acid. The data from the targeted analysis were used to build classification models for psoriasis. The results from this study provide an overview of the metabolomic serum profile of psoriasis along with promising statistical models for the monitoring of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aigar Ottas
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Ravila 14b, 50411, Tartu, Estonia.
- Centre of Excellence for Genomics and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia.
| | - Dmytro Fishman
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Institute of Computer Science, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- Quretec OÜ, Tartu, Estonia
| | | | - Külli Kingo
- Department of Dermatology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- Clinic of Dermatology, Tartu University Hospital, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Ursel Soomets
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Ravila 14b, 50411, Tartu, Estonia
- Centre of Excellence for Genomics and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
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13
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Mezzar S, De Schryver E, Asselberghs S, Meyhi E, Morvay PL, Baes M, Van Veldhoven PP. Phytol-induced pathology in 2-hydroxyacyl-CoA lyase (HACL1) deficient mice. Evidence for a second non-HACL1-related lyase. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2017. [PMID: 28629946 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2017.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
2-Hydroxyacyl-CoA lyase (HACL1) is a key enzyme of the peroxisomal α-oxidation of phytanic acid. To better understand its role in health and disease, a mouse model lacking HACL1 was investigated. Under normal conditions, these mice did not display a particular phenotype. However, upon dietary administration of phytol, phytanic acid accumulated in tissues, mainly in liver and serum of KO mice. As a consequence of phytanic acid (or a metabolite) toxicity, KO mice displayed a significant weight loss, absence of abdominal white adipose tissue, enlarged and mottled liver and reduced hepatic glycogen and triglycerides. In addition, hepatic PPARα was activated. The central nervous system of the phytol-treated mice was apparently not affected. In addition, 2OH-FA did not accumulate in the central nervous system of HACL1 deficient mice, likely due to the presence in the endoplasmic reticulum of an alternate HACL1-unrelated lyase. The latter may serve as a backup system in certain tissues and account for the formation of pristanic acid in the phytol-fed KO mice. As the degradation of pristanic acid is also impaired, both phytanoyl- and pristanoyl-CoA levels are increased in liver, and the ω-oxidized metabolites are excreted in urine. In conclusion, HACL1 deficiency is not associated with a severe phenotype, but in combination with phytanic acid intake, the normal situation in man, it might present with phytanic acid elevation and resemble a Refsum like disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena Mezzar
- LIPIT, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Belgium
| | - Evelyn De Schryver
- LIPIT, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Belgium
| | - Stanny Asselberghs
- LIPIT, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Belgium
| | - Els Meyhi
- LIPIT, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Belgium
| | - Petruta L Morvay
- LIPIT, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Belgium
| | - Myriam Baes
- Laboratory for Cell Metabolism, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, Belgium
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Wang J, Hu X, Ai W, Zhang F, Yang K, Wang L, Zhu X, Gao P, Shu G, Jiang Q, Wang S. Phytol increases adipocyte number and glucose tolerance through activation of PI3K/Akt signaling pathway in mice fed high-fat and high-fructose diet. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2017; 489:432-438. [PMID: 28571740 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.05.160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2017] [Accepted: 05/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
It has been shown that adipose tissue hyperplasia (increased adipocyte number or adipogenesis) has beneficial effects on metabolic health. The aim of the present study was to determine whether phytol could modulate hyperplasia/adipogenesis and glucose homeostasis, and to explore the underlying mechanisms in mice fed high-fat and high fructose diet (HFFD). Our results demonstrated that phytol administration decreased body weight gain and inguinal subcutaneous white adipose tissue (iWAT) weight. However, phytol significantly increased the adipocyte number in iWAT, with the smaller average adipocyte diameter. Meanwhile, OGTT result showed that phytol improved glucose tolerance. In accord, phytol administration markedly increased expression of marker genes associated with adipogenesis (PPARγ and C/EBPα) and glucose uptake (AS160 and GLUT4) and activated PI3K/Akt signaling pathway in mice iWAT. In agreement with the in vivo findings, the in vitro results indicated that 100 μM phytol significantly enhanced 3T3-L1 adipogenesis and glucose uptake, and activated PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. However, phytol-induced enhancement of 3T3-L1 adipognesis and glucose uptake, activation of PI3K/Akt signaling pathway, elevation of marker genes involved in adipogensis and glucose uptake, as well as translocation of GLUT4 from cytoplasm to membrane were abolished by Wortmannin, a specific PI3K/Akt inhibitor. Taken together, phytol increased adipocyte number in iWAT and improved glucose tolerance in mice fed HFFD, which was coincident with the enhanced adipogenesis and glucose uptake in 3T3-L1, and was associated with activation of PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. These data suggested the application of phytol as a potential nutritional agent to combat obesity and type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianbing Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China; National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China
| | - Xiaoquan Hu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China; National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China
| | - Wei Ai
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China; National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China
| | - Fenglin Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China; National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China
| | - Kelin Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China; National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China
| | - Lina Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China; National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China
| | - Xiaotong Zhu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China; National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China
| | - Ping Gao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China; National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China
| | - Gang Shu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China; National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China
| | - Qingyan Jiang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China; National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China.
| | - Songbo Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China; National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China.
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15
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Mitochondrial activation chemicals synergize with surface receptor PD-1 blockade for T cell-dependent antitumor activity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:E761-E770. [PMID: 28096382 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1620433114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 271] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Although immunotherapy by PD-1 blockade has dramatically improved the survival rate of cancer patients, further improvement in efficacy is required to reduce the fraction of less sensitive patients. In mouse models of PD-1 blockade therapy, we found that tumor-reactive cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) in draining lymph nodes (DLNs) carry increased mitochondrial mass and more reactive oxygen species (ROS). We show that ROS generation by ROS precursors or indirectly by mitochondrial uncouplers synergized the tumoricidal activity of PD-1 blockade by expansion of effector/memory CTLs in DLNs and within the tumor. These CTLs carry not only the activation of mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) and AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) but also an increment of their downstream transcription factors such as PPAR-gamma coactivator 1α (PGC-1α) and T-bet. Furthermore, direct activators of mTOR, AMPK, or PGC-1α also synergized the PD-1 blockade therapy whereas none of above-mentioned chemicals alone had any effects on tumor growth. These findings will pave a way to developing novel combinatorial therapies with PD-1 blockade.
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16
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Schönfeld P, Reiser G. Brain Lipotoxicity of Phytanic Acid and Very Long-chain Fatty Acids. Harmful Cellular/Mitochondrial Activities in Refsum Disease and X-Linked Adrenoleukodystrophy. Aging Dis 2016; 7:136-49. [PMID: 27114847 PMCID: PMC4809606 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2015.0823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2015] [Accepted: 08/23/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
It is increasingly understood that in the aging brain, especially in the case of patients suffering from neurodegenerative diseases, some fatty acids at pathologically high concentrations exert detrimental activities. To study such activities, we here analyze genetic diseases, which are due to compromised metabolism of specific fatty acids, either the branched-chain phytanic acid or very long-chain fatty acids (VLCFAs). Micromolar concentrations of phytanic acid or of VLCFAs disturb the integrity of neural cells by impairing Ca2+ homeostasis, enhancing oxidative stress or de-energizing mitochondria. Finally, these combined harmful activities accelerate cell death. Mitochondria are more severely targeted by phytanic acid than by VLCFAs. The insertion of VLCFAs into the inner membrane distorts the arrangement of membrane constituents and their functional interactions. Phytanic acid exerts specific protonophoric activity, induces reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, and reduces ATP generation. A clear inhibition of the Na+, K+-ATPase activity by phytanic acid has also been reported. In addition to the instantaneous effects, a chronic exposure of brain cells to low micromolar concentrations of phytanic acid may produce neuronal damage in Refsum disease by altering epigenetic transcriptional regulation. Myelin-producing oligodendrocytes respond with particular sensitivity to VLCFAs. Deleterious activity of VLCFAs on energy-dependent mitochondrial functions declines with increasing the hydrocarbon chain length (C22:0 > C24:0 > C26:0). In contrast, the reverse sequence holds true for cell death induction by VLCFAs (C22:0 < C24:0 < C26:0). In adrenoleukodystrophy, the uptake of VLCFAs by peroxisomes is impaired by defects of the ABCD1 transporter. Studying mitochondria from ABCD1-deficient and wild-type mice proves that the energy-dependent functions are not altered in the disease model. Thus, a defective ABCD1 apparently exerts no obvious adaptive pressure on mitochondria. Further research has to elucidate the detailed mechanistic basis for the failures causing fatty acid-mediated neurodegeneration and should help to provide possible therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Georg Reiser
- Institut für Neurobiochemie (Institut für Inflammation und Neurodegeneration), Medizinische Fakultät der Otto-von-Guericke-Universität Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
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17
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Phytol in a pharma-medico-stance. Chem Biol Interact 2015; 240:60-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2015.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2015] [Revised: 07/01/2015] [Accepted: 07/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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18
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Api AM, Belsito D, Bhatia S, Bruze M, Calow P, Dagli ML, Dekant W, Fryer AD, Kromidas L, La Cava S, Lalko JF, Lapczynski A, Liebler DC, Miyachi Y, Politano VT, Ritacco G, Salvito D, Shen J, Schultz TW, Sipes IG, Wall B, Wilcox DK. RIFM fragrance ingredient safety assessment, (2E,6Z)-Nona-2,6-dien-1-ol, CAS registry number 28069-72-9. Food Chem Toxicol 2015; 84 Suppl:S57-65. [PMID: 26140952 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2015.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2015] [Accepted: 06/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A M Api
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ 07677, USA.
| | - D Belsito
- Member RIFM Expert Panel, Columbia University Medical Center, Department of Dermatology, 161 Fort Washington Ave., New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - S Bhatia
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ 07677, USA
| | - M Bruze
- Member RIFM Expert Panel, Malmo University Hospital, Department of Occupational & Environmental Dermatology, Sodra Forstadsgatan 101, Entrance 47, Malmo SE-20502, Sweden
| | - P Calow
- Member RIFM Expert Panel, University of Nebraska Lincoln, 230 Whittier Research Center, Lincoln, NE 68583-0857, USA
| | - M L Dagli
- Member RIFM Expert Panel, University of Sao Paulo, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Department of Pathology, Av. Prof. dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87, Sao Paulo CEP 05508-900, Brazil
| | - W Dekant
- Member RIFM Expert Panel, University of Wuerzburg, Department of Toxicology, Versbacher Str. 9, 97078 Würzburg, Germany
| | - A D Fryer
- Member RIFM Expert Panel, Oregon Health Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd., Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - L Kromidas
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ 07677, USA
| | - S La Cava
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ 07677, USA
| | - J F Lalko
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ 07677, USA
| | - A Lapczynski
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ 07677, USA
| | - D C Liebler
- Member RIFM Expert Panel, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, Center in Molecular Toxicology, 638 Robinson Research Building, 2200 Pierce Avenue, Nashville, TN 37232-0146, USA
| | - Y Miyachi
- Member RIFM Expert Panel, Department of Dermatology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, 54 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - V T Politano
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ 07677, USA
| | - G Ritacco
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ 07677, USA
| | - D Salvito
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ 07677, USA
| | - J Shen
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ 07677, USA
| | - T W Schultz
- Member RIFM Expert Panel, The University of Tennessee, College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Comparative Medicine, 2407 River Dr., Knoxville, TN 37996- 4500, USA
| | - I G Sipes
- Member RIFM Expert Panel, Department of Pharmacology, University of Arizona, College of Medicine, 1501 North Campbell Avenue, P.O. Box 245050, Tucson, AZ 85724-5050, USA
| | - B Wall
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ 07677, USA
| | - D K Wilcox
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ 07677, USA
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19
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Api AM, Belsito D, Bhatia S, Bruze M, Calow P, Dagli ML, Dekant W, Fryer AD, Kromidas L, La Cava S, Lalko JF, Lapczynski A, Liebler DC, Miyachi Y, Politano VT, Ritacco G, Salvito D, Shen J, Schultz TW, Sipes IG, Wall B, Wilcox DK. RIFM fragrance ingredient safety assessment, (Z)-2-penten-1-ol, CAS Registry Number 1576-95-0. Food Chem Toxicol 2015; 84 Suppl:S66-75. [PMID: 26140953 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2015.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2015] [Accepted: 06/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A M Api
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ 07677, USA.
| | - D Belsito
- Member RIFM Expert Panel, Columbia University Medical Center, Department of Dermatology, 161 Fort Washington Ave., New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - S Bhatia
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ 07677, USA
| | - M Bruze
- Member RIFM Expert Panel, Malmo University Hospital, Department of Occupational & Environmental Dermatology, Sodra Forstadsgatan 101, Entrance 47, Malmo SE-20502, Sweden
| | - P Calow
- Member RIFM Expert Panel, University of Nebraska Lincoln, 230 Whittier Research Center, Lincoln, NE 68583-0857, USA
| | - M L Dagli
- Member RIFM Expert Panel, University of Sao Paulo, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Department of Pathology, Av. Prof. dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87, Sao Paulo CEP 05508-900, Brazil
| | - W Dekant
- Member RIFM Expert Panel, University of Wuerzburg, Department of Toxicology, Versbacher Str. 9, 97078 Würzburg, Germany
| | - A D Fryer
- Member RIFM Expert Panel, Oregon Health Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd., Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - L Kromidas
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ 07677, USA
| | - S La Cava
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ 07677, USA
| | - J F Lalko
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ 07677, USA
| | - A Lapczynski
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ 07677, USA
| | - D C Liebler
- Member RIFM Expert Panel, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, Center in Molecular Toxicology, 638 Robinson Research Building, 2200 Pierce Avenue, Nashville, TN 37232-0146, USA
| | - Y Miyachi
- Member RIFM Expert Panel, Department of Dermatology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, 54 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - V T Politano
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ 07677, USA
| | - G Ritacco
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ 07677, USA
| | - D Salvito
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ 07677, USA
| | - J Shen
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ 07677, USA
| | - T W Schultz
- Member RIFM Expert Panel, The University of Tennessee, College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Comparative Medicine, 2407 River Dr., Knoxville, TN 37996-4500, USA
| | - I G Sipes
- Member RIFM Expert Panel, Department of Pharmacology, University of Arizona, College of Medicine, 1501 North Campbell Avenue, P.O. Box 245050, Tucson, AZ 85724-5050, USA
| | - B Wall
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ 07677, USA
| | - D K Wilcox
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ 07677, USA
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20
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Liu YJ, Shieh PC, Lee JC, Chen FA, Lee CH, Kuo SC, Ho CT, Kuo DH, Huang LJ, Way TD. Hypolipidemic activity of Taraxacum mongolicum associated with the activation of AMP-activated protein kinase in human HepG2 cells. Food Funct 2015; 5:1755-62. [PMID: 24903219 DOI: 10.1039/c4fo00183d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the hypolipidemic effect and potential mechanisms of T. mongolicum extracts. T. mongolicum was extracted by refluxing three times with water (TM-1), 50% ethanol (TM-2) and 95% ethanol (TM-3). TM-2 contained components with the most effective hypolipidemic potentials in HepG2 cells. Extended administration of TM-2 stimulated a significant reduction in body weight and levels of serum triglyceride LDL-C and total cholesterol in rats. To evaluate the bioactive compounds, we successively fractionated TM-2 with n-hexane (TM-4), dichloromethane (TM-5), ethyl acetate (TM-6), and water (TM-7). TM-4 fraction had the most effective hypolipidemic potential in HepG2 cells, and it decreased the expression of fatty acid synthase (FASN) and inhibited the activity of acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase (ACC) through the phosphorylation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK). Linoleic acid, phytol and tetracosanol are bioactive compounds identified from TM-4. These results suggest that T. mongolicum is expected to be useful for hypolipidemic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Jin Liu
- Graduate Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, China Medical University, No.91, Hsueh-Shih Road, Taichung, 40402, Taiwan.
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21
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Effect of Centella asiatica Leaf Extract on the Dietary Supplementation in Transgenic Drosophila Model of Parkinson's Disease. PARKINSONS DISEASE 2014; 2014:262058. [PMID: 25538856 PMCID: PMC4265550 DOI: 10.1155/2014/262058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2014] [Revised: 10/18/2014] [Accepted: 10/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The role of Centella asiatica L. leaf extract was studied on the transgenic Drosophila model flies expressing normal human alpha synuclein (h-αS) in the neurons. The leaf extract was prepared in acetone and was subjected to GC-MS analysis. C. asiatica extract at final concentration of 0.25, 0.50, and 1.0 μL/mL was mixed with the diet and the flies were allowed feeding on it for 24 days. The effect of extract was studied on the climbing ability, activity pattern, lipid peroxidation, protein carbonyl content, glutathione content, and glutathione-S-transferase activity in the brains of transgenic Drosophila. The exposure of extract to PD model flies results in a significant delay in the loss of climbing ability and activity pattern and reduced the oxidative stress (P < 0.05) in the brains of PD flies as compared to untreated PD flies. The results suggest that C. asiatica leaf extract is potent in reducing the PD symptoms in transgenic Drosophila model of Parkinson's disease.
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22
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Zhang Y, Foncea R, Deis JA, Guo H, Bernlohr DA, Chen X. Lipocalin 2 expression and secretion is highly regulated by metabolic stress, cytokines, and nutrients in adipocytes. PLoS One 2014; 9:e96997. [PMID: 24818605 PMCID: PMC4018437 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0096997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2013] [Accepted: 04/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipocalin 2 (Lcn2) has been recently characterized as a new adipokine having a role in innate immunity and energy metabolism. Nonetheless, the metabolic regulation of Lcn2 production in adipocytes has not been comprehensively studied. To better understand the Lcn2 biology, we investigated the regulation of Lcn2 expression in adipose tissue in response to metabolic stress in mice as well as the control of Lcn2 expression and secretion by cytokines and nutrients in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Our results showed that the mRNA expression of Lcn2 was upregulated in white and brown adipose tissues as well as liver during fasting and cold stress in mice. Among pro-inflammatory cytokines TNFα, IL-1β, and IL-6, IL-1β showed most profound effect on Lcn2 expression and secretion in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Insulin stimulated Lcn2 expression and secretion in a dose-dependent manner; this insulin effect was significantly abolished in the presence of low concentration of glucose. Moreover, insulin-stimulated Lcn2 expression and secretion was also attenuated when glucose was replaced by 3-O-methyl-d-glucose or by blocking NFκB pathway activation. Additionally, we showed that palmitate and oleate induced Lcn2 expression and secretion more significantly than EPA, while phytanic acid reduced Lcn2 production. Our results demonstrated that Lcn2 production in adipocytes is highly responsive to metabolic stress, cytokines, and nutrient signals, suggesting an important role of Lcn2 in adipocyte metabolism and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Zhang
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, Saint Paul, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Rocio Foncea
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Jessica A. Deis
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, Saint Paul, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Hong Guo
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, Saint Paul, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - David A. Bernlohr
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Xiaoli Chen
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, Saint Paul, Minnesota, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Nogueira C, Meehan T, O’Donoghue G. Refsum’s Disease and Cochlear Implantation. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 2014; 123:425-7. [DOI: 10.1177/0003489414526846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Objectives: The objective was to describe a case of bilateral cochlear implantation in a 59-year-old man with hearing and visual impairment due to Refsum’s disease. Method: A retrospective case review was performed. Results: After cochlear implantation, the patient demonstrated much improved audiometric performance and reported improved sound localization. Conclusions: Bilateral cochlear implantation is an important strategy in the improvement of hearing and quality of life in individuals with Refsum’s disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Nogueira
- Directorate of Otorhinolaryngology & Head and Neck Surgery, Queen’s Medical Centre, Nottingham, UK
| | - Thomasina Meehan
- Directorate of Otorhinolaryngology & Head and Neck Surgery, Queen’s Medical Centre, Nottingham, UK
| | - Gerard O’Donoghue
- Directorate of Otorhinolaryngology & Head and Neck Surgery, Queen’s Medical Centre, Nottingham, UK
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GC/MS and 1H-NMR Analysis of Phytanic Acid Synthesized from Natural trans-Phytol and a Synthetic Phytol Standard. Chromatographia 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-013-2588-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Effect of dietary phytol on the expression of α-amino-β-carboxymuconate-ε-semialdehyde decarboxylase, a key enzyme of tryptophan-niacin metabolism, in rats. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2013; 77:1416-9. [PMID: 23832361 DOI: 10.1271/bbb.130029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
α-Amino-β-carboxymuconate-ε-semialdehyde decarboxylase (ACMSD) plays a key role in the regulation of NAD biosynthesis or the production of quinolinate from tryptophan (Trp). We investigated in this study the effect of phytol, a phytochemical known as a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα) ligand, on NAD synthesis and ACMSD expression in rats. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were fed a diet containing 0.5%, 1%, or 2% phytol for 7 d. Phytol decreased the ACMSD activity and its mRNA expression in a dose-dependent manner in the liver. Phytol similarly and significantly suppressed ACMSD mRNA expression in primary rat hepatocytes. However, the mRNA expression of ACO (a known PPARα target gene) was higher in the low-phytol groups than in the high-phytol group in vivo and in vitro. Phytol increased the blood NAD level by suppressing ACMSD mRNA expression in the liver of the rats. It is possible that this mechanism occurred by the activation of PPARα and also of other transcriptional factors.
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Cooked rice prevents hyperlipidemia in hamsters fed a high-fat/cholesterol diet by the regulation of the expression of hepatic genes involved in lipid metabolism. Nutr Res 2013; 33:572-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2013.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2012] [Revised: 04/08/2013] [Accepted: 04/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Klein CJ, Havranek TG, Revenis ME, Hassanali Z, Scavo LM. Plasma fatty acids in premature infants with hyperbilirubinemia: before-and-after nutrition support with fish oil emulsion. Nutr Clin Pract 2013; 28:87-94. [PMID: 23319354 DOI: 10.1177/0884533612469989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Infants who are dependent on parenteral nutrition (PN) sometimes develop PN-associated cholestasis (PNAC). A compassionate use protocol, approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration and the institutional review board, guided enrollment of hospitalized infants with PNAC (<1 year of age, PN dependence for >3 weeks). Plasma concentrations of essential fatty acids were monitored before and after a soybean-based PN lipid, infused at 3 g/kg body weight/d, was replaced by an experimental fish oil-based intravenous fat emulsion (FO-IVFE) at 1.0 g/kg/d. All participants were born premature (n = 10; 20% male). At enrollment, infants were (mean ± SD) 86.5 ± 53.5 days of life and weighed 2.24 ± 0.87 kg; direct bilirubin was 5.5 ± 1.3 mg/dL. After treatment, blood concentrations significantly increased from baseline (P < .017) for circulating eicosapentaenoic acid (6.3 ± 3.0 to 147.8 ± 53.1 µg/mL), docosahexaenoic acid (20.7 ± 6.5 to 163.7 ± 43.4 µg/mL), pristanic acid (0.01 ± 0.01 to 0.17 ± 0.03 µg/mL), and phytanic acid (0.06 ± 0.03 to 0.64 ± 0.15 µg/mL). In contrast, total plasma ω-6 fatty acids (including linoleic acid) decreased (P < .017). The triene/tetraene ratio remained below the threshold value of 0.2 that defines ω-6 deficiency. No adverse effects were observed attributable to FO-IVFE. Discontinuation of FO-IVFE was typically due to infants (body weight 3.76 ± 1.68 kg) transitioning to enteral feeding rather than for resolution of hyperbilirubinemia (direct bilirubin 7.9 ± 4.8 mg/dL). These exploratory results suggest that FO-IVFE raises circulating ω-3 fatty acids in premature infants without development of ω-6 deficiency in the 8.3 ± 5.8-week time frame of this study.
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Ghosh SK, Chowdhury RR. Synthetic adjuvants for vaccine formulations: phytol derivatives. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2013; 10:437-50. [PMID: 23293963 DOI: 10.1517/17425247.2013.757591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The development of vaccines is considered a key milestone in preventive medicine. There is no comparable cost-effective means for controlling or eradicating infectious diseases. Yet, a persistent societal problem is the concern about vaccine's safety and long-term effects, and this caters to detractors of vaccination. Pathogen-derived antigen(s) as well as adjuvants/immunostimulants are essential for vaccine efficacy. Currently, adjuvant selection is largely empirical, but the mechanism underlying adjuvanticity is beginning to unravel. This should help develop more defined or targeted adjuvants. AREAS COVERED This review provides a brief account and analysis of the host immune parameters modulated by some commonly used as well as new adjuvants, including phytol-based diterpenoids. The major efforts are directed toward evaluating their relative safety and immunomodulatory efficiency, compared to known synthetic and natural adjuvants. Concerns for adverse pathological inflammation and autoimmunity are also addressed. EXPERT OPINION The phytol-based adjuvants hold great promise for improving vaccine efficacy, as they cause little or no persistent inflammation, but are highly effective in stimulating a multifaceted immune response, characterized by proficient recruitment of immune cells, generation of antibody and immunological memory, and activation of both Th1 and Th2 responses. Future focus will be on developing cocktail adjuvants to activate the complement system, mobilize follicular T helper cells as well as NKT and γδ T cells and activate cross-presenting dendritic cells to stimulate CD8(+) effector T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swapan K Ghosh
- Indiana State University, Department of Biology, Terre Haute, IN 47809, USA.
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Elmazar MM, El-Abhar HS, Schaalan MF, Farag NA. Phytol/Phytanic acid and insulin resistance: potential role of phytanic acid proven by docking simulation and modulation of biochemical alterations. PLoS One 2013; 8:e45638. [PMID: 23300941 PMCID: PMC3534692 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0045638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2012] [Accepted: 08/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Since activation of PPARγ is the main target for the antidiabetic effect of TZDs, especially when it heterodimerizes with RXR, we aimed to test the potential antidiabetic effect of phytol (250 mg/kg), the natural precursor of phytanic acid, a RXR ligand and/or pioglitazone (5 mg/kg) to diabetic insulin-resistant rats. Regarding the molecular docking simulation on PPARγ, phytanic acid, rather than phytol, showed a binding mode that mimics the crystal orientation of rosiglitazone and pioglitazone, forming H bonds with the same amino acids (S289, H 323, H 449 and Y 473), and the least energy level, which emphasizes their importance for PPARγ molecular recognition, activation, hence antidiabetic activity. In addition, docking on the RXRα/PPARγ heterodimer, revealed that phytanic acid has higher binding affinity and lesser energy score on RXRα, compared to the original ligand, retinoic acid. Phytanic acid binds by 3H bonds and shares retinoic acid in arginine (R 316). These results were further supported biochemically, where oral phytol and/or pioglitazone (5 mg/kg) improved significantly glucose homeostasis, lipid panel, raised serum adiponectin level and lowered TNF-α, reaching in most cases the effect of the 10 mg/kg pioglitazone. The study concluded that the insulin sensitizing/anti-diabetic effect of phytol is mediated by partly from activation of nuclear receptors and heterodimerization of RXR with PPARγ by phytanic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hanan S. El-Abhar
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mona F. Schaalan
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Misr International University (MIU), Cairo, Egypt
| | - Nahla A. Farag
- Department of Pharmaceutical Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Misr International University (MIU), Cairo, Egypt
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El Kebbaj R, Kamouni SE, El Hajj HI, Andreoletti P, Gresti J, Latruffe N, El Kebbaj MS, Vamecq J, Lizard G, Nasser B, Cherkaoui-Malki M. Modulation of peroxisomes abundance by argan oil and lipopolysaccharides in acyl-CoA oxidase 1-deficient fibroblasts. Health (London) 2013. [DOI: 10.4236/health.2013.51009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Fuijkschot J, Theelen T, Seyger MMB, van der Graaf M, de Groot IJM, Wevers RA, Wanders RJA, Waterham HR, Willemsen MAAP. Sjögren-Larsson syndrome in clinical practice. J Inherit Metab Dis 2012; 35:955-62. [PMID: 22833178 DOI: 10.1007/s10545-012-9518-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2012] [Revised: 07/02/2012] [Accepted: 07/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This review article gives a state-of-the-art synopsis of current pathophysiological concepts in Sjögren-Larsson syndrome (SLS) mainly based upon original research data of the authors in one of the world's largest clinical SLS study cohorts. Clinical features are discussed in order of appearance, and diagnostic tests are set out to guide the clinician toward the diagnosis SLS. Furthermore, current and future treatment strategies are discussed to render a comprehensive review of the topic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joris Fuijkschot
- Department of Pediatrics, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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Schiebel J, Chang A, Lu H, Baxter MV, Tonge PJ, Kisker C. Staphylococcus aureus FabI: inhibition, substrate recognition, and potential implications for in vivo essentiality. Structure 2012; 20:802-13. [PMID: 22579249 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2012.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2012] [Revised: 03/01/2012] [Accepted: 03/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infections constitute a serious health threat worldwide, and novel antibiotics are therefore urgently needed. The enoyl-ACP reductase (saFabI) is essential for the S. aureus fatty acid biosynthesis and, hence, serves as an attractive drug target. We have obtained a series of snapshots of this enzyme that provide a mechanistic picture of ligand and inhibitor binding, including a dimer-tetramer transition combined with extensive conformational changes. Significantly, our results reveal key differences in ligand binding and recognition compared to orthologous proteins. The remarkable observed protein flexibility rationalizes our finding that saFabI is capable of efficiently reducing branched-chain fatty acid precursors. Importantly, branched-chain fatty acids represent a major fraction of the S. aureus cell membrane and are crucial for its in vivo fitness. Our discovery thus addresses a long-standing controversy regarding the essentiality of the fatty acid biosynthesis pathway in S. aureus rationalizing saFabI as a drug target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Schiebel
- Rudolf Virchow Center for Experimental Biomedicine, Institute for Structural Biology, University of Würzburg, D-97080 Würzburg, Germany
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Pelletier G, Rigden M, Poon R. Diesel and biodiesels induce hepatic palmitoyl-CoA oxidase enzymatic activity through different molecular mechanisms in rats. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2012; 26:235-40. [PMID: 22585588 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.21412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2012] [Accepted: 03/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Induction of palmitoyl-CoA oxidase enzymatic activity in rat liver suggests that ingestion of diesel and biodiesels can cause mild hepatic peroxisomal proliferation. Surprisingly, quantification by immunochemistry of the enzyme itself (ACOX1) revealed that palmitoyl-CoA oxidase enzymatic activity correlates with ACOX1 protein level following exposure to diesel, but not following exposure to biodiesels. Quantification of CYP4A1, another biomarker of peroxisomal proliferation, further indicates that contrary to diesel, the effects of biodiesels appear to be independent of this pathway. There are two ACOX1 protein isoforms that exhibit different enzymatic activities depending on the substrate. The results of our enzymatic assays performed on substrates presenting different carbon chain lengths (octanoyl-CoA and palmitoyl-CoA) are compatible with the hypothesis of a differential regulation of the ACOX1 isoforms by diesel and biodiesels. Further studies will be required to precisely determine the molecular mechanisms by which diesel and biodiesels induce palmitoyl-CoA oxidase activity in rat liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Pelletier
- Hazard Identification Division, Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, K1A 0l2, Canada.
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Tannic acid is more effective than clofibrate for the elevation of hepatic β-oxidation and the inhibition of 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl-CoA reductase and aortic lesion formation in apo E-deficient mice. Br J Nutr 2011; 106:1855-63. [PMID: 21736774 DOI: 10.1017/s000711451100256x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The effects of tannic acid (TA) supplementation (0·02 %, wt/wt) were compared with the effects of clofibrate (CF) supplementation (0·02 %, wt/wt) in apo E-deficient (apo E(- / -)) mice fed a AIN-76 semi-synthetic diet (normal diet) over 20 weeks. The mice were monitored for the modulation of hepatic mRNA expression and the activities of lipid-regulating enzymes. Both TA and CF supplementation lowered hepatic 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl-CoA reductase (HMGR) activity and prevented atherosclerotic lesion formation in comparison with the control group. Hepatic carnitine palmitoyl transferase and β-oxidation activities were significantly higher in the TA and CF groups than in the control group. Both CF and TA supplementation resulted in significant decreases in hepatic HMGR mRNA levels in association with its enzyme activity. However, in contrast to CF supplementation, TA supplementation seemed to decrease the accumulation of hepatic lipids in the apo E(- / -) mice without increasing liver weight. These results suggest that the overall effect of TA is more desirable than CF for the alleviation of hepatic lipogenesis and atherogenesis in apo E(- / -) mice.
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Werner LB, Hellgren LI, Raff M, Jensen SK, Petersen RA, Drachmann T, Tholstrup T. Effect of dairy fat on plasma phytanic acid in healthy volunteers - a randomized controlled study. Lipids Health Dis 2011; 10:95. [PMID: 21663648 PMCID: PMC3127790 DOI: 10.1186/1476-511x-10-95] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2011] [Accepted: 06/10/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Phytanic acid produced in ruminants from chlorophyll may have preventive effects on the metabolic syndrome, partly due to its reported RXR and PPAR- α agonist activity. Milk from cows fed increased levels of green plant material, contains increased phytanic acid concentrations, but it is unknown to what extent minor increases in phytanic acid content in dairy fat leads to higher circulating levels of phytanic acid in plasma of the consumers. OBJECTIVE To investigate if cow feeding regimes affects concentration of plasma phytanic acid and risk markers of the metabolic syndrome in human. DESIGN In a double-blind, randomized, 4 wk, parallel intervention study 14 healthy young subjects were given 45 g milk fat/d from test butter and cheese with 0.24 wt% phytanic acid or a control diet with 0.13 wt% phytanic acid. Difference in phytanic acid was obtained by feeding roughage with low or high content of chlorophyll. RESULTS There tended to be a difference in plasma phytanic acid (P = 0.0730) concentration after the dietary intervention. Plasma phytanic acid increased significantly within both groups with the highest increase in control group (24%) compared to phytanic acid group (15%). There were no significant effects of phytanic acid on risk markers for the metabolic syndrome. CONCLUSIONS The results indicate that increased intake of dairy fat modify the plasma phytanic acid concentration, regardless of cows feeding regime and the minor difference in dietary phytanic acid. Whether the phytanic acid has potential to affects the risk markers of the metabolic syndrome in human still remain to be elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise B Werner
- Department of Human Nutrition, Faculty of Life, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg 1958, Denmark.
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Kruska N, Reiser G. Phytanic acid and pristanic acid, branched-chain fatty acids associated with Refsum disease and other inherited peroxisomal disorders, mediate intracellular Ca2+ signaling through activation of free fatty acid receptor GPR40. Neurobiol Dis 2011; 43:465-72. [PMID: 21570468 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2011.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2011] [Revised: 04/18/2011] [Accepted: 04/22/2011] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The accumulation of the two branched-chain fatty acids phytanic acid and pristanic acid is known to play an important role in several diseases with peroxisomal impairment, like Refsum disease, Zellweger syndrome and α-methylacyl-CoA racemase deficiency. Recent studies elucidated that the toxic activity of phytanic acid and pristanic acid is mediated by multiple mitochondrial dysfunctions, generation of reactive oxygen species and Ca2+ deregulation via the InsP3-Ca2+ signaling pathway in glial cells. However, the exact signaling mechanism through which both fatty acids mediate toxicity is still under debate. Here, we studied the ability of phytanic acid and pristanic acid to activate the free fatty acid receptor GPR40, a G-protein-coupled receptor, which was described to be involved in the Ca2+ signaling of fatty acids. We treated HEK 293 cells expressing the GPR40 receptor with phytanic acid or pristanic acid. This resulted in a significant increase in the intracellular Ca2+ level, similar to the effect seen after treatment with the synthetic GPR40 agonist GW9508. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the GPR40 activation might be due to an interaction of the carboxylate moiety of fatty acids with the receptor. Our findings indicate that the phytanic acid- and pristanic acid-mediated Ca2+ deregulation can involve the activation of GPR40. Therefore, we suppose that activation of GPR40 might be part of the signaling cascade of the toxicity of phytanic and pristanic acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicol Kruska
- Institut für Neurobiochemie, Otto-von-Guericke-Universität Magdeburg, Medizinische Fakultät, Leipziger Str. 44, D-39120 Magdeburg, Germany
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Watkins PA, Moser AB, Toomer CB, Steinberg SJ, Moser HW, Karaman MW, Ramaswamy K, Siegmund KD, Lee DR, Ely JJ, Ryder OA, Hacia JG. Identification of differences in human and great ape phytanic acid metabolism that could influence gene expression profiles and physiological functions. BMC PHYSIOLOGY 2010; 10:19. [PMID: 20932325 PMCID: PMC2964658 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6793-10-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2010] [Accepted: 10/08/2010] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
Background It has been proposed that anatomical differences in human and great ape guts arose in response to species-specific diets and energy demands. To investigate functional genomic consequences of these differences, we compared their physiological levels of phytanic acid, a branched chain fatty acid that can be derived from the microbial degradation of chlorophyll in ruminant guts. Humans who accumulate large stores of phytanic acid commonly develop cerebellar ataxia, peripheral polyneuropathy, and retinitis pigmentosa in addition to other medical conditions. Furthermore, phytanic acid is an activator of the PPAR-alpha transcription factor that influences the expression of genes relevant to lipid metabolism. Results Despite their trace dietary phytanic acid intake, all great ape species had elevated red blood cell (RBC) phytanic acid levels relative to humans on diverse diets. Unlike humans, chimpanzees showed sexual dimorphism in RBC phytanic acid levels, which were higher in males relative to females. Cultured skin fibroblasts from all species had a robust capacity to degrade phytanic acid. We provide indirect evidence that great apes, in contrast to humans, derive significant amounts of phytanic acid from the hindgut fermentation of plant materials. This would represent a novel reduction of metabolic activity in humans relative to the great apes. Conclusion We identified differences in the physiological levels of phytanic acid in humans and great apes and propose this is causally related to their gut anatomies and microbiomes. Phytanic acid levels could contribute to cross-species and sex-specific differences in human and great ape transcriptomes, especially those related to lipid metabolism. Based on the medical conditions caused by phytanic acid accumulation, we suggest that differences in phytanic acid metabolism could influence the functions of human and great ape nervous, cardiovascular, and skeletal systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul A Watkins
- Department ofNeurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Hugo W Moser Research Institute at Kennedy Krieger, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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Abstract
PPARα is one of three members of the soluble nuclear receptor family called peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR). It is a sensor for changes in levels of fatty acids and their derivatives that responds to ligand binding with PPAR target gene transcription, inasmuch as it can influence physiological homeostasis, including lipid and carbohydrate metabolism in various tissues. In this paper we summarize the involvement of PPARα in the metabolically active tissues liver and skeletal muscle and provide an overview of the risks and benefits of ligand activation of PPARα, with particular consideration to interspecies differences.
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Abstract
A toxicological and dermatologic review of phytol when used as a fragrance ingredient is presented.
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Various Terpenoids Derived from Herbal and Dietary Plants Function as PPAR Modulators and Regulate Carbohydrate and Lipid Metabolism. PPAR Res 2010; 2010:483958. [PMID: 20613991 PMCID: PMC2896613 DOI: 10.1155/2010/483958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2010] [Accepted: 03/23/2010] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Several herbal plants improve medical conditions. Such plants contain many bioactive phytochemicals. Terpenoids (also called “isoprenoids”) constitute one of the largest families of natural products accounting for more than 40,000 individual compounds of both primary and secondary metabolisms. In particular, terpenoids are contained in many herbal plants, and several terpenoids have been shown to be available for pharmaceutical applications, for example, artemisinin and taxol as malaria and cancer medicines, respectively. Various terpenoids are contained in many plants for not only herbal use but also dietary use. In this paper, we describe several bioactive terpenoids contained in herbal or dietary plants, which can modulate the activities of ligand-dependent transcription factors, namely, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs). Because PPARs are dietary lipid sensors that control energy homeostasis, daily eating of these terpenoids might be useful for the management for obesity-induced metabolic disorders, such as type 2 diabetes, hyperlipidemia, insulin resistance, and cardiovascular diseases.
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Abstract
Phytanic acid is a multibranched fatty acid with reported retinoid X receptor (RXR) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-alpha (PPAR-alpha) agonist activity, which have been suggested to have preventive effects on metabolic dysfunctions. Serum level in man is strongly correlated to the intake of red meat and dairy products and the concentration in these products is strongly correlated to the chlorophyll content in the feed of the cattle. Available data suggest that phytanic acid is a natural agonist for RXR at physiological concentrations, while it is more likely that it is the metabolite pristanic acid, rather than phytanic acid itself, that acts as PPAR-alpha agonist. Animal studies show increased expression of genes involved in fatty acid oxidation, after intake of phytol, the metabolic precursor of phytanic acid, but it is at present not possible to deduce whether phytanic acid is useful in the prevention of ectopic lipid deposition. Phytanic acid is an efficient inducer of the expression of uncoupler protein 1 (UCP1). UCP1 is expressed in human skeletal muscles, were it might be important for the total energy balance. Therefore, phytanic acid may be able to stimulate energy dissipation in skeletal muscles. Phytanic acid levels in serum are associated with an increased risk of developing prostate cancer, but the available data do not support a general causal link between circulating phytanic acid and prostate cancer risk. However, certain individuals, with specific single-nucleotide polymorphisms in the gene for the enzyme alpha-methylacyl-CoA racemase, might be susceptible to raised phytanic acid levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars I Hellgren
- Center for Biological Sequence Analysis and Center for Advanced Food Studies, Department of System Biology, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark.
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An active part of Artemisia sacrorum Ledeb. attenuates hepatic lipid accumulation through activating AMP-activated protein kinase in human HepG2 cells. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2010; 74:322-8. [PMID: 20139613 DOI: 10.1271/bbb.90651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Artemisia sacrorum Ledeb. (Compositae) (ASL) is a traditional Chinese medicine used to treat different hepatic diseases. However, a hypolipidemic effect of ASL on fatty liver disease has not been reported. Therefore, we investigated whether 95% ethanol eluate (EE), an active part of ASL, would attenuate hepatic lipid accumulation in human HepG2 cells by activating AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK). Significant decreases in triglyceride levels and increases in AMPK and acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) phosphorylation were observed when the cells were treated with 95% EE. EE down-regulated the lipogenesis gene expression of sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1c (SREBP1c) and its target genes, such as fatty acid synthase (FAS) and stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1 (SCD1), in a time- and dose-dependent manner. In contrast, the lipolytic gene expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPAR-alpha) and CD36 increased in a time- and dose-dependent manner. These effects were abolished by pretreatment with compound C, an AMPK inhibitor. However, there were no differences in the gene expression of SREBP2, low density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR), hydroxymethyl glutaryl CoA reductase (HMG-CoA), or glucose transporter 2 (GLUT2). At the same time, 95% EE significantly increased the gene expression of acyl CoA oxidase (ACOX) in a time- and dose-dependent manner. Thus, AMPK mediated 95% EE induced suppression of SREBP1c and activation of PPAR-alpha respectively. These finding indicate that 95% EE attenuates hepatic lipid accumulation through AMPK activation and may be active in the prevention of serious diseases such as fatty liver, obesity, and type-2 diabetic mellitus.
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Shimoda H, Tanaka J, Kikuchi M, Fukuda T, Ito H, Hatano T, Yoshida T. Effect of polyphenol-rich extract from walnut on diet-induced hypertriglyceridemia in mice via enhancement of fatty acid oxidation in the liver. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2009; 57:1786-1792. [PMID: 19256553 DOI: 10.1021/jf803441c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The kernel pellicles of walnut are rich in ellagitannins with antioxidative activity. A polyphenol-rich extract from walnuts (WP, 45% polyphenol) was prepared and evaluated for its hypolipidemic effect in high fat diet fed mice. Oral administration of WP (100 and 200 mg/kg) significantly reduced liver weight and liver and serum triglycerides (TG). Hepatic beta-oxidation in cytosol, including peroxisome, was enhanced by WP (50-200 mg/kg). mRNA expressions of hepatic peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) alpha and acyl coenzyme A oxidase (ACOX) 1 were enhanced by WP (50-200 mg/kg). With respect to the hypotriglyceridemic mechanism of WP, it suppressed neither olive oil induced serum TG elevation in mice nor oleic acid induced TG accumulation in HepG2 cells. On the other hand, mRNA expressions of PPARalpha, ACOX1, and carnitine palmitoyltransferase (CPT) 1A in HepG2 cells were significantly enhanced by addition of WP (100 microg/mL). Moreover, tellimagrandin I, a polyphenolic constituent in WP, enhanced ACOX1 expression at 1-100 microg/mL. In conclusion, WP was found to possess hypotriglyceridemic activity via enhancement of peroxisomal fatty acid beta-oxidation in the liver. These results suggest that tellimagrandin I is involved in the hypotriglyceridemic mechanism of WP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Shimoda
- Research and Development Division, Oryza Oil and Fat Chemical Company, Ltd., 1 Numata, Kitagata-cho, Ichinomiya, Aichi 493-8001, Japan.
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44
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Mackie JT, Atshaves BP, Payne HR, McIntosh AL, Schroeder F, Kier AB. Phytol-induced hepatotoxicity in mice. Toxicol Pathol 2009; 37:201-8. [PMID: 19188468 DOI: 10.1177/0192623308330789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Phytanic acid is a branched-chain, saturated fatty acid present in high concentrations in dairy products and ruminant fat. Some other dietary fats contain lower levels of phytol, which is readily converted to phytanic acid after absorption. Phytanic acid is a peroxisome proliferator binding the nuclear transcription factor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARalpha) to induce expression of genes encoding enzymes of fatty acid oxidation in peroxisomes and mitochondria. Administration of dietary phytol (0.5% or 1%) to normal mice for twelve to eighteen days caused consistent PPARalpha-mediated responses, such as lower body weights, higher liver weights, peroxisome proliferation, increased catalase expression, and hepatocellular hypertrophy and hyperplasia. Female mice fed 0.5% phytol and male and female mice fed 1% phytol exhibited midzonal hepatocellular necrosis, periportal hepatocellular fatty vacuolation, and corresponding increases in liver levels of the phytol metabolites phytanic acid and pristanic acid. Hepatic expression of sterol carrier protein-x (SCP-x) was five- to twelve-fold lower in female mice than in male mice. These results suggest that phytol may cause selective midzonal hepatocellular necrosis in mice, an uncommon pattern of hepatotoxic injury, and that the greater susceptibility of female mice may reflect a lower capacity to oxidize phytanic acid because of their intrinsically lower hepatic expression of SCP-x.
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Affiliation(s)
- John T Mackie
- Department of Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, TVMC, College Station, Texas, USA.
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45
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Ataxia with loss of Purkinje cells in a mouse model for Refsum disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2008; 105:17712-7. [PMID: 19004801 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0806066105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Refsum disease is caused by a deficiency of phytanoyl-CoA hydroxylase (PHYH), the first enzyme of the peroxisomal alpha-oxidation system, resulting in the accumulation of the branched-chain fatty acid phytanic acid. The main clinical symptoms are polyneuropathy, cerebellar ataxia, and retinitis pigmentosa. To study the pathogenesis of Refsum disease, we generated and characterized a Phyh knockout mouse. We studied the pathological effects of phytanic acid accumulation in Phyh(-/-) mice fed a diet supplemented with phytol, the precursor of phytanic acid. Phytanic acid accumulation caused a reduction in body weight, hepatic steatosis, and testicular atrophy with loss of spermatogonia. Phenotype assessment using the SHIRPA protocol and subsequent automated gait analysis using the CatWalk system revealed unsteady gait with strongly reduced paw print area for both fore- and hindpaws and reduced base of support for the hindpaws. Histochemical analyses in the CNS showed astrocytosis and up-regulation of calcium-binding proteins. In addition, a loss of Purkinje cells in the cerebellum was observed. No demyelination was present in the CNS. Motor nerve conduction velocity measurements revealed a peripheral neuropathy. Our results show that, in the mouse, high phytanic acid levels cause a peripheral neuropathy and ataxia with loss of Purkinje cells. These findings provide important insights in the pathophysiology of Refsum disease.
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46
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Makowski L, Noland RC, Koves TR, Xing W, Ilkayeva OR, Muehlbauer MJ, Stevens RD, Muoio DM. Metabolic profiling of PPARalpha-/- mice reveals defects in carnitine and amino acid homeostasis that are partially reversed by oral carnitine supplementation. FASEB J 2008; 23:586-604. [PMID: 18945875 DOI: 10.1096/fj.08-119420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-alpha (PPARalpha) is a master transcriptional regulator of beta-oxidation and a prominent target of hypolipidemic drugs. To gain deeper insights into the systemic consequences of impaired fat catabolism, we used quantitative, mass spectrometry-based metabolic profiling to investigate the fed-to-fasted transition in PPARalpha(+/+) and PPARalpha(-/-) mice. Compared to PPARalpha(+/+) animals, acylcarnitine profiles of PPARalpha(-/-) mice revealed 2- to 4-fold accumulation of long-chain species in the plasma, whereas short-chain species were reduced by as much as 69% in plasma, liver, and skeletal muscle. These results reflect a metabolic bottleneck downstream of carnitine palmitoyltransferase-1, a mitochondrial enzyme that catalyzes the first step in beta-oxidation. Organic and amino acid profiles of starved PPARalpha(-/-) mice suggested compromised citric acid cycle flux, enhanced urea cycle activity, and increased amino acid catabolism. PPARalpha(-/-) mice had 40-50% lower plasma and tissue levels of free carnitine, corresponding with diminished hepatic expression of genes involved in carnitine biosynthesis and transport. One week of oral carnitine supplementation conferred partial metabolic recovery in the PPARalpha(-/-) mice. In summary, comprehensive metabolic profiling revealed novel biomarkers of defective fat oxidation, while also highlighting the potential value of supplemental carnitine as a therapy and diagnostic tool for metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liza Makowski
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Nutrition, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
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47
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Lloyd MD, Darley DJ, Wierzbicki AS, Threadgill MD. Alpha-methylacyl-CoA racemase--an 'obscure' metabolic enzyme takes centre stage. FEBS J 2008; 275:1089-102. [PMID: 18279392 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2008.06290.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Branched-chain lipids are important components of the human diet and are used as drug molecules, e.g. ibuprofen. Owing to the presence of methyl groups on their carbon chains, they cannot be metabolized in mitochondria, and instead are processed and degraded in peroxisomes. Several different oxidative degradation pathways for these lipids are known, including alpha-oxidation, beta-oxidation, and omega-oxidation. Dietary branched-chain lipids (especially phytanic acid) have attracted much attention in recent years, due to their link with prostate, breast, colon and other cancers as well as their role in neurological disease. A central role in all the metabolic pathways is played by alpha-methylacyl-CoA racemase (AMACR), which regulates metabolism of these lipids and drugs. AMACR catalyses the chiral inversion of a diverse number of 2-methyl acids (as their CoA esters), and regulates the entry of branched-chain lipids into the peroxisomal and mitochondrial beta-oxidation pathways. This review brings together advances in the different disciplines, and considers new research in both the metabolism of branched-chain lipids and their role in cancer, with particular emphasis on the crucial role played by AMACR. These recent advances enable new preventative and treatment strategies for cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D Lloyd
- Department of Pharmacy & Pharmacology, Medicinal Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, UK.
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48
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Upham J, Acott PD, O'regan P, Sinal CJ, Crocker JFS, Geldenhuys L, Murphy MG. The pesticide adjuvant, Toximul™, alters hepatic metabolism through effects on downstream targets of PPARα. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2007; 1772:1057-64. [PMID: 17643967 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2007.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2007] [Revised: 06/01/2007] [Accepted: 06/08/2007] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies demonstrated that chronic dermal exposure to the pesticide adjuvant (surfactant), Toximul (Tox), has significant detrimental effects on hepatic lipid metabolism. This study demonstrated that young mice dermally exposed to Tox for 12 days have significant increases in expression of peroxisomal acyl-CoA oxidase (mRNA and protein), bifunctional enzyme (mRNA) and thiolase (mRNA), as well as the P450 oxidizing enzymes Cyp4A10 and Cyp4A14 (mRNA and protein). Tox produced a similar pattern of increases in wild type adult female mice but did not induce these responses in PPARalpha-null mice. These data support the hypothesis that Tox, a heterogeneous blend of nonionic and anionic surfactants, modulates hepatic metabolism at least in part through activation of PPARalpha. Notably, all three groups of Tox-treated mice had increased relative liver weights due to significant accumulation of lipid. This could be endogenous in nature and/or a component(s) of Tox or a metabolite thereof. The ability of Tox and other hydrocarbon pollutants to induce fatty liver despite being PPARalpha agonists indicates a novel consequence of exposure to this class of chemicals, and may provide a new understanding of fatty liver in populations with industrial exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline Upham
- Departments of Physiology and Biophysics, 5850 College Street, Sir Charles Tupper Medical Building, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada B3H 1X5
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49
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van Vlies N, Ferdinandusse S, Turkenburg M, Wanders RJA, Vaz FM. PPAR alpha-activation results in enhanced carnitine biosynthesis and OCTN2-mediated hepatic carnitine accumulation. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2007; 1767:1134-42. [PMID: 17692817 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2007.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2007] [Revised: 06/18/2007] [Accepted: 07/05/2007] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In fasted rodents hepatic carnitine concentration increases considerably which is not observed in PPAR alpha-/- mice, indicating that PPAR alpha is involved in carnitine homeostasis. To investigate the mechanisms underlying the PPAR alpha-dependent hepatic carnitine accumulation we measured carnitine biosynthesis enzyme activities, levels of carnitine biosynthesis intermediates, acyl-carnitines and OCTN2 mRNA levels in tissues of untreated, fasted or Wy-14643-treated wild type and PPAR alpha-/- mice. Here we show that both enhancement of carnitine biosynthesis (due to increased gamma-butyrobetaine dioxygenase activity), extra-hepatic gamma-butyrobetaine synthesis and increased hepatic carnitine import (OCTN2 expression) contributes to the increased hepatic carnitine levels after fasting and that these processes are PPAR alpha-dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomi van Vlies
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, PO Box 22700, 1100 DE Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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50
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Westin MAK, Hunt MC, Alexson SEH. Peroxisomes contain a specific phytanoyl-CoA/pristanoyl-CoA thioesterase acting as a novel auxiliary enzyme in alpha- and beta-oxidation of methyl-branched fatty acids in mouse. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:26707-26716. [PMID: 17613526 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m703718200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Phytanic acid and pristanic acid are derived from phytol, which enter the body via the diet. Phytanic acid contains a methyl group in position three and, therefore, cannot undergo beta-oxidation directly but instead must first undergo alpha-oxidation to pristanic acid, which then enters beta-oxidation. Both these pathways occur in peroxisomes, and in this study we have identified a novel peroxisomal acyl-CoA thioesterase named ACOT6, which we show is specifically involved in phytanic acid and pristanic acid metabolism. Sequence analysis of ACOT6 revealed a putative peroxisomal targeting signal at the C-terminal end, and cellular localization experiments verified it as a peroxisomal enzyme. Subcellular fractionation experiments showed that peroxisomes contain by far the highest phytanoyl-CoA/pristanoyl-CoA thioesterase activity in the cell, which could be almost completely immunoprecipitated using an ACOT6 antibody. Acot6 mRNA was mainly expressed in white adipose tissue and was co-expressed in tissues with Acox3 (the pristanoyl-CoA oxidase). Furthermore, Acot6 was identified as a target gene of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARalpha) and is up-regulated in mouse liver in a PPARalpha-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria A K Westin
- From the Karolinska Institutet, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Clinical Chemistry, C1-74, Karolinska University Hospital at Huddinge, SE-141 86 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mary C Hunt
- From the Karolinska Institutet, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Clinical Chemistry, C1-74, Karolinska University Hospital at Huddinge, SE-141 86 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Stefan E H Alexson
- From the Karolinska Institutet, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Clinical Chemistry, C1-74, Karolinska University Hospital at Huddinge, SE-141 86 Stockholm, Sweden.
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