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Islam M, Behura SK. Role of paralogs in the sex-bias transcriptional and metabolic regulation of the brain-placental axis in mice. Placenta 2024; 145:143-150. [PMID: 38134547 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2023.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Duplicated genes or paralogs play important roles in the adaptive function of eukaryotic genomes. Animal studies have shown evidence for the functional role of paralogs in pregnancy, but our knowledge about the role of paralogs in the fetoplacental regulation remains limited. In particular, if fetoplacental metabolic regulation is modulated by differential expression of paralogs remains unexamined. METHODS In this study, gene expression profiles of day-15 placenta and fetal brain were compared to identify families or groups of paralogous genes expressed in the placenta and brain of male versus female fetuses in mice. A Bayesian modeling was applied to infer directional relationship of transcriptional variation of the paralogs relative to the phylogenetic variation of the genes in each family. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was used to perform untargeted metabolomics analysis of day-15 placenta and fetal brain of both sexes. RESULTS We identified paralog groups that were expressed in a sex and/or tissue biased manner between the placenta and fetal brain. Bayesian modeling showed evidence for directional relationship between expression and phylogeny of specific paralogs. These relationships were sex specific. GC-MS analysis identified metabolites that were expressed in a sex-bias manner between the placenta and fetal brain. By performing integrative analysis of the metabolomics and gene expression data, we showed that specific groups of metabolites and paralogous genes were expressed in a coordinated manner between the placenta and fetal brain. DISCUSSION The findings of this study collectively suggest that paralogs play an influential role in the regulation of the brain-placental axis in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maliha Islam
- Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, 920 East Campus Drive, Columbia, Missouri, 65211, USA
| | - Susanta K Behura
- Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, 920 East Campus Drive, Columbia, Missouri, 65211, USA; MU Institute for Data Science and Informatics, University of Missouri, USA; Interdisciplinary Reproduction and Health Group, University of Missouri, USA; Interdisciplinary Neuroscience Program, University of Missouri, USA.
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2
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Menezes ACG, Brandão LSR, Portugal LC, Matsubara LM, Maia EMA, Sakoda JN, Providelo GA, Navarezi AG, Santos KCND, Guimarães RDECA, Souza ASDE, Souza MIL. Lipid profile and reproductive performance of female offspring of SWISS mouse females supplemented with resveratrol or canjiqueira (Byrsonima cydoniifolia A Juss) during gestation. AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2023; 95:e20190804. [PMID: 38088694 DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765202320190804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to resveratrol supplementation (at 5 or 10 mg/kg) and a hydroethanolic extract of canjiqueira fruits (150 mg/kg) on female SWISS mice. Total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein (HDL), triglyceride levels, gestation rates, and embryonic implantation rates in their female Offspring was evaluated. In conclusion, the consumption of canjiqueira fruit extract altered the lipid profile of their female offspring, and did not impact their reproductive performance. Supplementing female SWISS mice with 10 mg/kg of resveratrol increased total cholesterol, triglycerides, and HDL levels, thereby enhancing the reproductive efficiency of their offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana C Guercio Menezes
- Mato Grosso do Sul Federal University, Animal Science Graduate Program, Senador Filinto Müller Ave., 2443, Vila Ipiranga, 79074-460 Campo Grande, MS, Brazil
- Mato Grosso do Sul Federal University, Central Vivarium, Senador Filinto Müller Ave., 1555, Vila Ipiranga, 79070-900 Campo Grande, MS, Brazil
| | - Lorena S R Brandão
- Mato Grosso do Sul Federal University, Animal Science Graduate Program, Senador Filinto Müller Ave., 2443, Vila Ipiranga, 79074-460 Campo Grande, MS, Brazil
| | - Luciane C Portugal
- Mato Grosso do Sul Federal University, Bioscience Institute, Cidade Universitária, 79002-970 Campo Grande, MS, Brazil
| | - Lidia M Matsubara
- Animal Care Veterinary, Leonardo Vilas Boas Ave., 314, Vila Nova, 18608-227 Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Elaine Maria A Maia
- Animal Care Veterinary, Leonardo Vilas Boas Ave., 314, Vila Nova, 18608-227 Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Jhessica N Sakoda
- Animal Care Veterinary, Leonardo Vilas Boas Ave., 314, Vila Nova, 18608-227 Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Gilson A Providelo
- Animal Care Veterinary, Leonardo Vilas Boas Ave., 314, Vila Nova, 18608-227 Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Amanda G Navarezi
- Mato Grosso do Sul Federal University, Bioscience Institute, Cidade Universitária, 79002-970 Campo Grande, MS, Brazil
| | - Kely Cristina N Dos Santos
- Mato Grosso do Sul Federal University, Bioscience Institute, Cidade Universitária, 79002-970 Campo Grande, MS, Brazil
| | - Rita DE Cássia A Guimarães
- Mato Grosso do Sul Federal University, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Food and Nutrition Faculty, University City, 79070-900 Campo Grande, MS, Brazil
| | - Albert S DE Souza
- Mato Grosso do Sul Federal University, Bioscience Institute, Cidade Universitária, 79002-970 Campo Grande, MS, Brazil
| | - Maria Inês L Souza
- Mato Grosso do Sul Federal University, Animal Science Graduate Program, Senador Filinto Müller Ave., 2443, Vila Ipiranga, 79074-460 Campo Grande, MS, Brazil
- Mato Grosso do Sul Federal University, Bioscience Institute, Cidade Universitária, 79002-970 Campo Grande, MS, Brazil
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Islam M, Behura SK. Role of caveolin-1 in metabolic programming of fetal brain. iScience 2023; 26:107710. [PMID: 37720105 PMCID: PMC10500482 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.107710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Mice lacking caveolin-1 (Cav1), a key protein of plasma membrane, exhibit brain aging at an early adult stage. Here, integrative analyses of metabolomics, transcriptomics, epigenetics, and single-cell data were performed to test the hypothesis that metabolic deregulation of fetal brain due to the ablation of Cav1 is linked to brain aging in these mice. The results of this study show that lack of Cav1 caused deregulation in the lipid and amino acid metabolism in the fetal brain, and genes associated with these deregulated metabolites were significantly altered in the brain upon aging. Moreover, ablation of Cav1 deregulated several metabolic genes in specific cell types of the fetal brain and impacted DNA methylation of those genes in coordination with mouse epigenetic clock. The findings of this study suggest that the aging program of brain is confounded by metabolic abnormalities in the fetal stage due to the absence of Cav1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maliha Islam
- Division of Animal Sciences, 920 East Campus Drive, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Susanta K. Behura
- Division of Animal Sciences, 920 East Campus Drive, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
- MU Institute for Data Science and Informatics, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
- Interdisciplinary Reproduction and Health Group, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
- Interdisciplinary Neuroscience Program, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
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Rudy MJ, Salois G, Cubello J, Newell R, Mayer-Proschel M. Gestational iron deficiency affects the ratio between interneuron subtypes in the postnatal cerebral cortex in mice. Development 2023; 150:dev201068. [PMID: 36805633 PMCID: PMC10110419 DOI: 10.1242/dev.201068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Abstract
Gestational iron deficiency (gID) is highly prevalent and associated with an increased risk of intellectual and developmental disabilities in affected individuals that are often defined by a disrupted balance of excitation and inhibition (E/I) in the brain. Using a nutritional mouse model of gID, we previously demonstrated a shift in the E/I balance towards increased inhibition in the brains of gID offspring that was refractory to postnatal iron supplementation. We thus tested whether gID affects embryonic progenitor cells that are fated towards inhibitory interneurons. We quantified relevant cell populations during embryonic inhibitory neuron specification and found an increase in the proliferation of Nkx2.1+ interneuron progenitors in the embryonic medial ganglionic eminence at E14 that was associated with increased Shh signaling in gID animals at E12. When we quantified the number of mature inhibitory interneurons that are known to originate from the MGE, we found a persistent disruption of differentiated interneuron subtypes in early adulthood. Our data identify a cellular target that links gID with a disruption of cortical interneurons which play a major role in the establishment of the E/I balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J. Rudy
- Department of Biomedical Genetics, University of Rochester, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of Colorado Denver – Anschutz Medical Campus, 13001 East 17th Place, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Garrick Salois
- Department of Biomedical Genetics, University of Rochester, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Janine Cubello
- Department of Biomedical Genetics, University of Rochester, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Robert Newell
- Department of Biomedical Genetics, University of Rochester, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Margot Mayer-Proschel
- Department of Biomedical Genetics, University of Rochester, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
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Kobayashi K, Iwasa K, Azuma-Suzuki R, Kawauchi T, Nabeshima YI. Feto-maternal cholesterol transport regulated by β-Klotho-FGF15 axis is essential for fetal growth. Life Sci Alliance 2023; 6:e202301916. [PMID: 37541847 PMCID: PMC10403640 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202301916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/06/2023] Open
Abstract
β-Klotho (β-KL) is indispensable to regulate lipid, glucose, and energy metabolism in adult animals. β-KL is highly expressed in the yolk sac, but its role in the developmental stages has not been established. We hypothesized that β-KL is required for metabolic regulation in the embryo and aimed to clarify the role of β-KL during development. Here, we show that β-KL regulates feto-maternal cholesterol transport through the yolk sac by mediating FGF 15 signaling, and also that impairment of the β-KL-FGF15 axis causes fetal growth restriction (FGR). Embryos of β- kl knockout (β-kl-/-) mice were morphologically normal but exhibited FGR before placental maturation. The body weight of β-kl-/- mice remained lower after birth. β-KL deletion reduced cholesterol supply from the maternal blood and led to lipid shortage in the embryos. These phenotypes were similar to those of embryos lacking FGF15, indicating that β-KL-FGF15 axis is essential for growth and lipid regulation in the embryonic stages. Our findings suggest that lipid abnormalities in early gestation provoke FGR, leading to reduced body size in later life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanako Kobayashi
- Department of Aging Science and Medicine, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
- Laboratory of Molecular Life Science, Institute of Biomedical Research and Innovation, Foundation for Biomedical Research and Innovation at Kobe, Kobe, Japan
| | - Kazuko Iwasa
- Department of Aging Science and Medicine, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
- Laboratory of Molecular Life Science, Institute of Biomedical Research and Innovation, Foundation for Biomedical Research and Innovation at Kobe, Kobe, Japan
| | - Rika Azuma-Suzuki
- Laboratory of Molecular Life Science, Institute of Biomedical Research and Innovation, Foundation for Biomedical Research and Innovation at Kobe, Kobe, Japan
| | - Takeshi Kawauchi
- Department of Aging Science and Medicine, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
- Laboratory of Molecular Life Science, Institute of Biomedical Research and Innovation, Foundation for Biomedical Research and Innovation at Kobe, Kobe, Japan
- Department of Adaptive and Maladaptive Responses in Health and Disease, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yo-Ichi Nabeshima
- Department of Aging Science and Medicine, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
- Laboratory of Molecular Life Science, Institute of Biomedical Research and Innovation, Foundation for Biomedical Research and Innovation at Kobe, Kobe, Japan
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Zhang X, Wu Q, Zheng W, Liu C, Huang L, Zuo X, Xiao W, Han X, Ye H, Wang W, Yang L, Zhu Y. Developmental changes in lipid and fatty acid metabolism and the inhibition by in ovo feeding oleic acid in Muscovy duck embryogenesis. ANIMAL NUTRITION (ZHONGGUO XU MU SHOU YI XUE HUI) 2022; 12:321-333. [PMID: 36733781 PMCID: PMC9873582 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2022.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Hepatic lipid and fatty acid (FA) metabolism are critical for regulating energetic homeostasis during embryogenesis. At present, it remains unclear how an exogenous FA intervention affects embryonic development in an avian embryo model. In Exp. 1, 30 fertilized eggs were sampled on embryonic days (E) 16, 19, 22, 25, 28, 31 and the day of hatch (DOH) to determine the critical period of lipid metabolism. In Exp. 2, a total of 120 fertilized eggs were divided into two groups (60 eggs/group) for in ovo feeding (IOF) procedures on E25. Eggs were injected into the yolk sac with PBS as the control group and with oleic acid (OA) as the IOF-OA treatment group. Samples were collected on E28 and E31. In Exp. 1, hepatic triacylglycerol (TG) and cholesterol (CHO) contents increased while serum TG content decreased from E16 to DOH (P < 0.05). Both serum and liver displayed an increase in unsaturated FA and a decrease in saturated FA (P < 0.05). There was a quadratic increase in the target gene and protein expression related to hepatic FA de novo synthesis and oxidation (P < 0.05), whose inflection period was between E22 and E28. In Exp. 2, compared with the control embryos, IOF-OA embryos had an increased yolk sac TG content on E28 and E31, and a decreased serum TG and CHO content on E28 (P < 0.05). The IOF-OA embryos had less OA in the yolk sac and liver on E28, and less unsaturated FA in the serum and liver on E31 than did the control embryos (P < 0.05). Hepatic gene mRNA expression related to FA uptake, synthesis, and oxidation on E28 was lower in IOF-OA than in control embryos (P < 0.05), not on E31 (P > 0.05). Maximal metabolic changes in lipid and FA metabolism occurred on E22-E28 in Muscovy duck embryogenesis, along with the altered target gene and protein expression related to lipogenesis and lipolysis. IOF-OA intervention on E25 could inhibit the target gene expression related to FA uptake, synthesis, and oxidation, which may influence the normal FA metabolism on E28 during embryogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiufen Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Regulation, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Qilin Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Regulation, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Wenxuan Zheng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Regulation, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Chuang Liu
- Wen's Food Group Co., Ltd, Yunfu 52740, China
| | - Liang Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Regulation, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Xin Zuo
- Wen's Food Group Co., Ltd, Yunfu 52740, China
| | | | | | - Hui Ye
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Regulation, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Wence Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Regulation, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Lin Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Regulation, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China,Corresponding authors.
| | - Yongwen Zhu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Regulation, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China,Corresponding authors.
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Chen J, Hua L, Luo F, Chen J. Maternal Hypercholesterolemia May Involve in Preterm Birth. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 9:818202. [PMID: 35898280 PMCID: PMC9309366 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.818202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Maternal hypercholesterolemia during pregnancy is associated with an increased risk of preterm birth which is defined as <37 weeks of complete gestation. However, the underlying mechanism for the association between hypercholesterolemia and preterm birth is not fully understood. Macrophage, as one of the largest cell types in the placenta, plays a very critical role in mediating inflammation and triggers labor initiation. Here, we hypothesize that macrophages can uptake maternal excessive cholesterol leading to its accumulation, resulting in a breach of the immune tolerance and precipitating labor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingfei Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Lan Hua
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Fei Luo
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- *Correspondence: Fei Luo
| | - Jianlin Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Jianlin Chen
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Guan P, Su Y, Wang M, Ye X, Hang Y, Li D, Zhang P, Hu W. A wide range of triglyceride levels is sufficient for fetal growth at gestational weeks 12-16, but higher triglyceride levels are associated with gestational hypertension. Pregnancy Hypertens 2021; 27:74-80. [PMID: 34973596 DOI: 10.1016/j.preghy.2021.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To learn whether and how lipid levels are associated with gestational hypertension and fetal growth in normal pregnancy. STUDY DESIGN In a case-control study course, 464 patients with gestational hypertension were pooled into a case group; a total of 1077 women with full-term pregnancies and no pregnancy complications were selected as controls. In a cross-sectional study, whether maternal lipid levels were associated with fetal growth were evaluated in 1077 healthy controls. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Maternal lipids and glucose levels and fetal measurements. RESULTS Maternal levels of triglyceride (TG) were significantly higher in the case group than in controls at gestational weeks 12-16. Levels of TG, total cholesterol (TC) and low-densitylipoprotein (LDL-C) in control mothers increased gradually and significantly with increasing gestational week, however, these lipid concentrations lost these steady elevating trends with gestational week increases in the cases. Binary logistic regression showed that TG is a risk factor associated with hypertension at gestational weeks 12-16 and independent to maternal blood levels of LDL-C and glucose. Of the healthy mothers at gestational weeks 12-16, quantile regression showed that TG levels were not associated with real-time fetal growth measurements or final birthweight. The reference standards for maternal TG levels were estimated via the 10th, 25th, 50th, 75th, and 90th percentiles by gestational week. CONCLUSIONS Maternal TG levels are associated with gestational hypertension, and a wide range of TG levels is sufficient for fetal growth within a given gestational week.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Guan
- Department of Cardiology, Minhang Hospital, Fudan University, 170 Xinsong Road, Minhang District, Shanghai 201199, PR China
| | - Yanling Su
- Department of Cardiology, Minhang Hospital, Fudan University, 170 Xinsong Road, Minhang District, Shanghai 201199, PR China
| | - Man Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Minhang Hospital, Fudan University, 170 Xinsong Road, Minhang District, Shanghai 201199, PR China
| | - Xiaomiao Ye
- Department of Cardiology, Minhang Hospital, Fudan University, 170 Xinsong Road, Minhang District, Shanghai 201199, PR China
| | - Yanwen Hang
- Department of Cardiology, Minhang Hospital, Fudan University, 170 Xinsong Road, Minhang District, Shanghai 201199, PR China
| | - Dandan Li
- Department of Cardiology, Minhang Hospital, Fudan University, 170 Xinsong Road, Minhang District, Shanghai 201199, PR China
| | - Peng Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Minhang Hospital, Fudan University, 170 Xinsong Road, Minhang District, Shanghai 201199, PR China
| | - Wei Hu
- Department of Cardiology, Minhang Hospital, Fudan University, 170 Xinsong Road, Minhang District, Shanghai 201199, PR China.
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Sun H, Chen Z, Ma C, Lian L, Zhao Z, Niu S, Xu L, Sun J. Effects of maternal dietary energy restriction on laying performance, embryonic development, and lipid Metabolism in broilers. Anim Biosci 2021; 35:698-710. [PMID: 34727634 PMCID: PMC9065775 DOI: 10.5713/ab.21.0301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of different degrees of maternal dietary energy restriction on lipid deposition in embryonic tissues during the medium laying period (37 to 39 weeks) in Arbor Acres (AA) broiler breeders. Methods A single factor design was adopted, and 400 AA broiler breeders (20 weeks of age) with a similar weight were randomly allocated into four groups. The birds in the control group were fed a corn-soybean meal based diet, and those in trial groups were fed diets with 80%, 70%, and 50% energy levels of the basal diet. Incubated eggs from the medium laying period were collected. Samples of developing embryos at various stages were prepared for composition analysis. Results The embryo weight in the 80% energy group was higher than those of the other groups on embryonic day (E) 13, but at 21 E, they were significantly decreased with decreasing energy intake of the broiler breeders (p<0.05). Additionally, the levels of crude fat in tissues in the restriction groups were significantly decreased (p<0.05). The long axis and area of adipocytes in breast muscle, thigh muscle and the liver were significantly decreased (p<0.05) at 21 E in the 80%, 70%, and 50% energy groups. Conclusion The effects of the 80% maternal dietary energy restriction energy affects egg production performance, egg quality, and nutrient deposition in egg weights, which then directly impacts on the developmental process of embryos, especially on fat utilization and deposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Sun
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, 600 Changjiang Road, Xiangfang District, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Zhihui Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, 600 Changjiang Road, Xiangfang District, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Chenzhan Ma
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, 600 Changjiang Road, Xiangfang District, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Lina Lian
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, 600 Changjiang Road, Xiangfang District, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Zeyu Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, 600 Changjiang Road, Xiangfang District, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Shupeng Niu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, 600 Changjiang Road, Xiangfang District, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Liangmei Xu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, 600 Changjiang Road, Xiangfang District, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Jinhua Sun
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, 600 Changjiang Road, Xiangfang District, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
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Kuentzel KB, Bradić I, Akhmetshina A, Korbelius M, Rainer S, Kolb D, Gauster M, Vujić N, Kratky D. Defective Lysosomal Lipolysis Causes Prenatal Lipid Accumulation and Exacerbates Immediately after Birth. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:10416. [PMID: 34638755 PMCID: PMC8508985 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholesterol and fatty acids are essential lipids that are critical for membrane biosynthesis and fetal organ development. Cholesteryl esters (CE) are degraded by hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL) in the cytosol and by lysosomal acid lipase (LAL) in the lysosome. Impaired LAL or HSL activity causes rare pathologies in humans, with HSL deficiency presenting less severe clinical manifestations. The infantile form of LAL deficiency, a lysosomal lipid storage disorder, leads to premature death. However, the importance of defective lysosomal CE degradation and its consequences during early life are incompletely understood. We therefore investigated how defective CE catabolism affects fetus and infant maturation using Lal and Hsl knockout (-/-) mouse models. This study demonstrates that defective lysosomal but not neutral lipolysis alters placental and fetal cholesterol homeostasis and exhibits an initial disease pathology already in utero as Lal-/- fetuses accumulate hepatic lysosomal lipids. Immediately after birth, LAL deficiency exacerbates with massive hepatic lysosomal lipid accumulation, which continues to worsen into young adulthood. Our data highlight the crucial role of LAL during early development, with the first weeks after birth being critical for aggravating LAL deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina B. Kuentzel
- Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria; (K.B.K.); (I.B.); (A.A.); (M.K.); (S.R.); (N.V.)
| | - Ivan Bradić
- Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria; (K.B.K.); (I.B.); (A.A.); (M.K.); (S.R.); (N.V.)
| | - Alena Akhmetshina
- Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria; (K.B.K.); (I.B.); (A.A.); (M.K.); (S.R.); (N.V.)
| | - Melanie Korbelius
- Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria; (K.B.K.); (I.B.); (A.A.); (M.K.); (S.R.); (N.V.)
| | - Silvia Rainer
- Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria; (K.B.K.); (I.B.); (A.A.); (M.K.); (S.R.); (N.V.)
| | - Dagmar Kolb
- Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Cell Biology, Histology and Embryology, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria; (D.K.); (M.G.)
- Core Facility Ultrastructural Analysis, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
- BioTechMed-Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Martin Gauster
- Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Cell Biology, Histology and Embryology, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria; (D.K.); (M.G.)
| | - Nemanja Vujić
- Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria; (K.B.K.); (I.B.); (A.A.); (M.K.); (S.R.); (N.V.)
| | - Dagmar Kratky
- Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria; (K.B.K.); (I.B.); (A.A.); (M.K.); (S.R.); (N.V.)
- BioTechMed-Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
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Structure, metabolism and biological functions of steryl glycosides in mammals. Biochem J 2021; 477:4243-4261. [PMID: 33186452 PMCID: PMC7666875 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20200532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Steryl glycosides (SGs) are sterols glycosylated at their 3β-hydroxy group. They are widely distributed in plants, algae, and fungi, but are relatively rare in bacteria and animals. Glycosylation of sterols, resulting in important components of the cell membrane SGs, alters their biophysical properties and confers resistance against stress by freezing or heat shock to cells. Besides, many biological functions in animals have been suggested from the observations of SG administration. Recently, cholesteryl glucosides synthesized via the transglycosidation by glucocerebrosidases (GBAs) were found in the central nervous system of animals. Identification of patients with congenital mutations in GBA genes or availability of respective animal models will enable investigation of the function of such endogenously synthesized cholesteryl glycosides by genetic approaches. In addition, mechanisms of the host immune responses against pathogenic bacterial SGs have partially been resolved. This review is focused on the biological functions of SGs in mammals taking into consideration their therapeutic applications in the future.
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12
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Materno-fetal cholesterol transport during pregnancy. Biochem Soc Trans 2021; 48:775-786. [PMID: 32369555 DOI: 10.1042/bst20190129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Revised: 03/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Cholesterol is a major nutrient required for fetal growth. It is also a precursor for the synthesis of steroid hormones and essential for the development and maturation of fetal organs. During pregnancy, the placenta controls the transport of cholesterol from the mother to the fetus and vice versa. Cholesterol originating from the maternal circulation has to cross two main membrane barriers to reach the fetal circulation: Firstly, cholesterol is acquired by the apical side of the syncytiotrophoblast (STB) from the maternal circulation as high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-, low-density lipoprotein (LDL)- or very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL)-cholesterol and secreted at the basal side facing the villous stroma. Secondly, from the villous stroma cholesterol is taken up by the endothelium of the fetal vasculature and transported to the fetal vessels. The proteins involved in the uptake of HDL-, LDL-, VLDL- or unesterified-cholesterol are scavenger receptor type B class 1 (SR-B1), cubulin, megalin, LDL receptor (LDLR) or Niemann-Pick-C1 (NPC1) which are localized at the apical and/or basal side of the STB or at the fetal endothelium. Through interaction with apolipoproteins (e.g. apoA1) cholesterol is effluxed either to the maternal or fetal circulation via the ATP-binding-cassette (ABC)-transporter A1 and ABCG1 localized at the apical/basal side of the STB or the endothelium. In this mini-review, we summarize the transport mechanisms of cholesterol across the human placenta, the expression and localization of proteins involved in the uptake and efflux of cholesterol, and the expression pattern of cholesterol transport proteins in pregnancy pathologies such as pre-eclampsia, gestational diabetes mellitus and intrauterine growth retardation.
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13
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Jayalekshmi VS, Ramachandran S. Maternal cholesterol levels during gestation: boon or bane for the offspring? Mol Cell Biochem 2020; 476:401-416. [PMID: 32964393 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-020-03916-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
An increase in cholesterol levels is perceived during pregnancy and is considered as a normal adaptive response to the development of the fetus. In some pregnancies, excessive increase in total cholesterol with high levels of Low-Density Lipoprotein leads to maladaptation by the fetus to cholesterol demands, resulting in a pathological condition termed as maternal hypercholesterolemia (MH). MH is considered clinically irrelevant and therefore cholesterol levels are not routinely checked during pregnancy, as a consequence of which there is scarce information on its global prevalence in pregnant women. Studies have reported that MH during pregnancy can cause atherogenesis in adults emphasizing the concept of in utero programming of fetus. Moreover, Gestational Diabetes Mellitus, obesity and Polycystic Ovary Syndrome are potential risk factors which strengthen combined pathologies in placenta and fetuses of mothers with MH. However, lack of conclusive evidence on cholesterol transport and underlying programming demand substantial research to develop population-based life style strategies for women in their childbearing years. The current review focuses on the mechanisms and outcomes of MH from existing epidemiological as well as experimental data and presents a detailed insight on this novel risk factor of cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- V S Jayalekshmi
- Cardiovascular Diseases and Diabetes Biology, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India.,PhD Program in Biotechnology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Surya Ramachandran
- Cardiovascular Diseases and Diabetes Biology, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India.
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14
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Pemathilaka RL, Reynolds DE, Hashemi NN. Drug transport across the human placenta: review of placenta-on-a-chip and previous approaches. Interface Focus 2019; 9:20190031. [PMID: 31485316 PMCID: PMC6710654 DOI: 10.1098/rsfs.2019.0031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In the past few decades, the placenta became a very controversial topic that has had many researchers and pharmacists discussing the significance of the effects of pharmaceutical drug intake and how it is a possible leading cause towards birth defects. The creation of an in vitro microengineered model of the placenta can be used to replicate the interactions between the mother and fetus, specifically pharmaceutical drug intake reactions. As the field of nanotechnology significantly continues growing, nanotechnology will become more apparent in the study of medicine and other scientific disciplines, specifically microengineering applications. This review is based on past and current research that compares the feasibility and testing of the placenta-on-a-chip microengineered model to the previous and underdeveloped in vivo and ex vivo approaches. The testing of the practicality and effectiveness of the in vitro, in vivo and ex vivo models requires the experimentation of prominent pharmaceutical drugs that most mothers consume during pregnancy. In this case, these drugs need to be studied and tested more often. However, there are challenges associated with the in vitro, in vivo and ex vivo processes when developing a practical placental model, which are discussed in further detail.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David E. Reynolds
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Nicole N. Hashemi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
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15
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Huang W, Zhou J, Zhang G, Zhang Y, Wang H. Decreased H3K9 acetylation level of LXRα mediated dexamethasone-induced placental cholesterol transport dysfunction. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2019; 1864:158524. [PMID: 31513924 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2019.158524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Revised: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Due to the insufficient fetal cholesterol synthesis, maternal cholesterol transport through the placenta becomes an important source of fetal cholesterol pool, which is essential for fetal growth and development. This study aimed to investigate the effects of dexamethasone on fetal cholesterol levels, and explore its placental mechanism. Pregnant Wistar rats were injected subcutaneously with dexamethasone (0.8 mg/kg·d) from gestational day 9 to 20. Results showed that dexamethasone increased maternal serum total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) levels, as well as placental cholesterol synthesis and TC concentration, while reduced fetal birth weight, and serum TC, HDL-C and LDL-C levels. Meanwhile, the expression of placental cholesterol transporters, including low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR), scavenger receptor class B type I (SR-B1) and ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 and G1 (ABCA1 and ABCG1) were decreased by dexamethasone. Furthermore, the expression of glucocorticoid receptor (GR) and histone deacetylase 3 (HDAC3) were increased, while the H3K9ac and expression levels of liver X receptor α (LXRα) promoter were reduced. In human trophoblast cell line (BeWo), dexamethasone concentration-dependently decreased the expression levels of LDLR, SR-B1, ABCA1, ABCG1 as well as LXRα. Dexamethasone (2500 nM) induced GR translocation into nucleus and recruited HDAC3. Furthermore, LXRα agonist and GR inhibitor reversed respectively dexamethasone-induced the expression inhibitions of cholesterol transporter and LXRα, and HDAC3 siRNA reversed the H3K9ac level of LXRα promoter and its expression. Together, dexamethasone impaired placental cholesterol transport and eventually decreased fetal cholesterol levels, which is related to the down-regulation of LXRα mediated by GR/HDAC3/H3K9ac signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Huang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Jin Zhou
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Guohui Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Yuanzhen Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China; Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Diseases, Wuhan 430071, China.
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China; Department of Pharmacology, Basic Medical School of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China; Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Diseases, Wuhan 430071, China.
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16
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Barboza-Cerda MC, Barboza-Quintana O, Martínez-Aldape G, Garza-Guajardo R, Déctor MA. Phenotypic severity in a family with MEND syndrome is directly associated with the accumulation of potentially functional variants of cholesterol homeostasis genes. Mol Genet Genomic Med 2019; 7:e931. [PMID: 31397093 PMCID: PMC6732292 DOI: 10.1002/mgg3.931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Male EBP disorder with neurologic defects (MEND) syndrome is an X‐linked disease caused by hypomorphic mutations in the EBP (emopamil‐binding protein) gene. Modifier genes may explain the clinical variability among individuals who share a primary mutation. Methods We studied four males (Patient 1 to Patient 4) exhibiting a descending degree of phenotypic severity from a family with MEND syndrome. To identify candidate modifier genes that explain the phenotypic variability, variants of homeostasis cholesterol genes identified by whole‐exome sequencing (WES) were ranked according to the predicted magnitude of their effect through an in‐house scoring system. Results Twenty‐seven from 105 missense variants found in 45 genes of the four exomes were considered significant (−5 to −9 scores). We found a direct genotype–phenotype association based on the differential accumulation of potentially functional gene variants among males. Patient 1 exhibited 17 variants, both Patients 2 and 3 exhibited nine variants, and Patient 4 exhibited only five variants. Conclusion We conclude that APOA5 (rs3135506), ABCA1 (rs9282541), and APOB (rs679899 and rs12714225) are the most relevant candidate modifier genes in this family. Relative accumulation of the deficiencies associated with variants of these genes along with other lesser deficiencies in other genes appears to explain the variable expressivity in MEND syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Carmen Barboza-Cerda
- Facultad de Medicina y Hospital Universitario "Dr. José E. González", Servicio de Anatomía Patológica y Citopatología, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico.,Facultad de Medicina y Hospital Universitario "Dr. José E. González", Departamento de Bioquímica y Medicina Molecular, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico
| | - Oralia Barboza-Quintana
- Facultad de Medicina y Hospital Universitario "Dr. José E. González", Servicio de Anatomía Patológica y Citopatología, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico
| | - Gerardo Martínez-Aldape
- Facultad de Medicina y Hospital Universitario "Dr. José E. González", Servicio de Anatomía Patológica y Citopatología, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico
| | - Raquel Garza-Guajardo
- Facultad de Medicina y Hospital Universitario "Dr. José E. González", Servicio de Anatomía Patológica y Citopatología, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico
| | - Miguel Angel Déctor
- Facultad de Medicina y Hospital Universitario "Dr. José E. González", Servicio de Anatomía Patológica y Citopatología, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico.,Facultad de Medicina y Hospital Universitario "Dr. José E. González", Departamento de Bioquímica y Medicina Molecular, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico
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17
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Carcinogenesis: the cancer cell–mast cell connection. Inflamm Res 2018; 68:103-116. [DOI: 10.1007/s00011-018-1201-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Revised: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
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18
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Pendzialek SM, Schindler M, Plösch T, Gürke J, Haucke E, Hecht S, Fischer B, Santos AN. Cholesterol metabolism in rabbit blastocysts under maternal diabetes. Reprod Fertil Dev 2018; 29:1921-1931. [PMID: 27918728 DOI: 10.1071/rd15542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 10/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
In the rabbit reproductive model, maternal experimentally induced insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (expIDD) leads to accumulation of lipid droplets in blastocysts. Cholesterol metabolism is a likely candidate to explain such metabolic changes. Therefore, in the present study we analysed maternal and embryonic cholesterol concentrations and expression of related genes in vivo (diabetic model) and in vitro (embryo culture in hyperglycaemic medium). In pregnant expIDD rabbits, the serum composition of lipoprotein subfractions was changed, with a decrease in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and an increase in very low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; in uterine fluid, total cholesterol concentrations were elevated. Expression of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase (HMGCR), very low-density lipoprotein receptor (VLDLR), sterol regulatory element binding transcription factor 2 (SREBF2), insulin-induced gene-1 (INSIG1) and cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase (CYP7A1) mRNA was decreased in the liver and low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) mRNA expression was decreased in the adipose tissue of diabetic rabbits. In embryos from diabetic rabbits, the mean (±s.e.m.) ratio of cholesterol concentrations in trophoblasts to embryoblasts was changed from 1.27±2.34 (control) to 0.88±3.85 (expIDD). Rabbit blastocysts expressed HMGCR, LDLR, VLDLR, SREBF2 and INSIG1 but not CYP7A1, without any impairment of expression as a result of maternal diabetes. In vitro hyperglycaemia decreased embryonic HMGCR and SREBF2 transcription in rabbit blastocysts. The findings of the present study show that a diabetic pregnancy leads to distinct changes in maternal cholesterol metabolism with a minor effect on embryo cholesterol metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Mareike Pendzialek
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Martin Luther University Faculty of Medicine, Grosse Steinstr. 52, 06108 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Maria Schindler
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Martin Luther University Faculty of Medicine, Grosse Steinstr. 52, 06108 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Torsten Plösch
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jacqueline Gürke
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Martin Luther University Faculty of Medicine, Grosse Steinstr. 52, 06108 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Elisa Haucke
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Martin Luther University Faculty of Medicine, Grosse Steinstr. 52, 06108 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Stefanie Hecht
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Martin Luther University Faculty of Medicine, Grosse Steinstr. 52, 06108 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Bernd Fischer
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Martin Luther University Faculty of Medicine, Grosse Steinstr. 52, 06108 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Anne Navarrete Santos
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Martin Luther University Faculty of Medicine, Grosse Steinstr. 52, 06108 Halle (Saale), Germany
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19
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Gender-divergent expression of lipid and bile acid metabolism-related genes in adult mice offspring of dams fed a high-fat diet. J Biosci 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s12038-018-9750-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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20
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Aller MA, Arias N, Martínez V, Vergara P, Arias J. The gestational power of mast cells in the injured tissue. Inflamm Res 2017; 67:111-116. [PMID: 29101413 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-017-1108-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Revised: 05/26/2017] [Accepted: 06/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The inflammatory response expressed after wound healing would be the recapitulation of systemic extra-embryonic functions, which would focus on the interstitium of the injured tissue. In the injured tissue, mast cells, provided for a great functional heterogeneity, could play the leading role in the re-expression of extra-embryonic functions, i.e., coelomic-amniotic and trophoblastic-vitelline. Moreover, mast cells would favor the production of a gastrulation-like process, which in certain tissues and organs would induce the regeneration of the injured tissue. Therefore, the engraftment of mesenchymal stem cells and mast cells, both with an extra-embryonic regenerative phenotype, would achieve a blastema, from the repaired and regenerated injured tissue, rather than by fibrosis, which is commonly made through wound-healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria-Angeles Aller
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, Plaza de Ramón y Cajal s.n., 28040, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Natalia Arias
- UCL Division of Medicine, Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, Rowland Hill Street, London, NW32PF, UK.,INEUROPA, Instituto de Neurociencias del Principado de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Vicente Martínez
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Veterinary School, Autonoma University of Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Patri Vergara
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Veterinary School, Autonoma University of Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193, Barcelona, Spain.,Biomedical Research Center for Hepatic and Digestive Illnesses (CIBERehd), Carlos II Health Institute, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jaime Arias
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, Plaza de Ramón y Cajal s.n., 28040, Madrid, Spain
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21
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Juritsch A, Tsai YT, Patel MS, Rideout TC. Transcriptional control of enterohepatic lipid regulatory targets in response to early cholesterol and phytosterol exposure in apoE -/- mice. BMC Res Notes 2017; 10:529. [PMID: 29084592 PMCID: PMC5661921 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-017-2859-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE An excessive rise in blood lipids during pregnancy may promote metabolic dysfunction in adult progeny. We characterized how maternal phytosterol (PS) supplementation affected serum lipids and the expression of lipid-regulatory genes in the intestine and liver of newly-weaned apo-E deficient offspring from dams fed a chow diet supplemented with cholesterol (0.15%, CH) or cholesterol and PS (2%) (CH/PS) throughout pregnancy and lactation. RESULTS Serum lipid concentrations and lipoprotein particle numbers were exacerbated in offspring from cholesterol-supplemented mothers but normalized to chow-fed levels in pups exposed to PS through the maternal diet during gestation and lactation. Compared with the CH pups, pups from PS-supplemented mothers demonstrated higher (p < 0.05) expression of the primary intestinal cholesterol transport protein (Niemann-Pick C1-like 1) and the rate-limiting enzyme in hepatic cholesterol synthesis (HMG-CoAr), suggestive of a compensatory response to restore cholesterol balance. Furthermore, pups from PS-supplemented mothers exhibited a coordinated downregulation (p < 0.05) of several genes regulating fatty acid synthesis including PGC1β, SREBP1c, FAS, and ACC compared with the CH group. These results suggest that maternal PS supplementation during hypercholesterolemic pregnancies protects against aberrant lipid responses in newly-weaned offspring and results in differential regulation of cholesterol and lipid regulatory targets within the enterohepatic loop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Juritsch
- Departments of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, School of Public Health and Health Professions, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, 14214, USA
| | - Yi-Ting Tsai
- Departments of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, School of Public Health and Health Professions, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, 14214, USA
| | - Mulchand S Patel
- Biochemistry, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, 14214, USA
| | - Todd C Rideout
- Departments of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, School of Public Health and Health Professions, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, 14214, USA.
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22
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Aller MA, Arias N, Peral I, García-Higarza S, Arias JL, Arias J. Embrionary way to create a fatty liver in portal hypertension. World J Gastrointest Pathophysiol 2017; 8:39-50. [PMID: 28573066 PMCID: PMC5437501 DOI: 10.4291/wjgp.v8.i2.39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2016] [Revised: 01/18/2017] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Portal hypertension in the rat by triple partial portal vein ligation produces an array of splanchnic and systemic disorders, including hepatic steatosis. In the current review these alterations are considered components of a systemic inflammatory response that would develop through three overlapping phenotypes: The neurogenic, the immune and the endocrine. These three inflammatory phenotypes could resemble the functions expressed during embryonic development of mammals. In turn, the inflammatory phenotypes would be represented in the embryo by two functional axes, that is, a coelomic-amniotic axis and a trophoblastic yolk-sac or vitelline axis. In this sense, the inflammatory response developed after triple partial portal vein ligation in the rat would integrate both functional embryonic axes on the liver interstitial space of Disse. If so, this fact would favor the successive development of steatosis, steatohepatitis and fibrosis. Firstly, these recapitulated embryonic functions would produce the evolution of liver steatosis. In this way, this fat liver could represent a yolk-sac-like in portal hypertensive rats. After that, the systemic recapitulation of these embryonic functions in experimental prehepatic portal hypertension would consequently induce a gastrulation-like response in which a hepatic wound healing reaction or fibrosis occur. In conclusion, studying the mechanisms involved in embryonic development could provide key results for a better understanding of the nonalcoholic fatty liver disease etiopathogeny.
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23
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Papacleovoulou G, Nikolova V, Oduwole O, Chambers J, Vazquez-Lopez M, Jansen E, Nicolaides K, Parker M, Williamson C. Gestational disruptions in metabolic rhythmicity of the liver, muscle, and placenta affect fetal size. FASEB J 2017; 31:1698-1708. [PMID: 28082353 PMCID: PMC5566176 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201601032r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2016] [Accepted: 01/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Maternal metabolic adaptations are essential for successful pregnancy outcomes. We investigated how metabolic gestational processes are coordinated, whether there is a functional link with internal clocks, and whether disruptions are related to metabolic abnormalities in pregnancy, by studying day/night metabolic pathways in murine models and samples from pregnant women with normally grown and large-for-gestational age infants. In early mouse pregnancy, expression of hepatic lipogenic genes was up-regulated and uncoupled from the hepatic clock. In late mouse pregnancy, rhythmicity of energy metabolism-related genes in the muscle followed the patterns of internal clock genes in this tissue, and coincided with enhanced lipid transporter expression in the fetoplacental unit. Diurnal triglyceride patterns were disrupted in human placentas from pregnancies with large-for-gestational age infants and this overlapped with an increase in BMAL1 expression. Metabolic adaptations in early pregnancy are uncoupled from the circadian clock, whereas in late pregnancy, energy availability is mediated by coordinated muscle-placenta metabolic adjustments linked to internal clocks. Placental triglyceride oscillations in the third trimester of human pregnancy are lost in large-for-gestational age infants and may be regulated by BMAL1. In summary, disruptions in metabolic and circadian rhythmicity are associated with increased fetal size, with implications for the pathogenesis of macrosomia.-Papacleovoulou, G., Nikolova, V., Oduwole, O., Chambers, J., Vazquez-Lopez, M., Jansen, E., Nicolaides, K., Parker, M., Williamson, C. Gestational disruptions in metabolic rhythmicity of the liver, muscle, and placenta affect fetal size.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vanya Nikolova
- Division of Women's Health, Guy's Campus, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Olayiwola Oduwole
- Institute of Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Surgery and Cancer, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jenny Chambers
- Women's Health Research Centre, Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Marta Vazquez-Lopez
- Women's Health Research Centre, Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Eugene Jansen
- Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands; and
| | - Kypros Nicolaides
- Harris Birthright Centre for Fetal Medicine, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Malcolm Parker
- Institute of Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Surgery and Cancer, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Catherine Williamson
- Division of Women's Health, Guy's Campus, King's College London, London, United Kingdom;
- Institute of Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Surgery and Cancer, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
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24
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Zhang R, Dong S, Ma WW, Cai XP, Le ZY, Xiao R, Zhou Q, Yu HL. Modulation of cholesterol transport by maternal hypercholesterolemia in human full-term placenta. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0171934. [PMID: 28199412 PMCID: PMC5310867 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0171934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2016] [Accepted: 01/29/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The significance of maternal cholesterol transporting to the fetus under normal as well as pathological circumstances is less understood. The objective of this study was to observe the effects of maternal hypercholesterolemia on placental cholesterol transportation. Human full-time placenta, maternal and venous cord blood were sampled at delivery from the pregnant women with serum total cholesterol (TC) concentrations at third trimester higher than 7.25 mM (n = 19) and the pregnant women with normal TC concentrations (n = 19). Serum lipids and expression of genes related to cholesterol transportation were measured by western blot or real-time PCR. The results indicated that serum TC, high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), and low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels were significantly increased, in pregnancies, but decreased in cord blood in hypercholesterolemic group compared to the matched control group. All the subjects were no-drinking, non-smoker, and gestational disease free. The mRNA expression of lipoprotein receptors, including LDLR and VLDLR were significantly increased, while the protein expression of PCSK9 was significantly increased in hypercholesterolemic placenta. In conclusion, maternal hypercholesterolemia might decrease the transportation of cholesterol from mother to fetus because of the high levels of PCSK9 protein expression.
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MESH Headings
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily G, Member 1/genetics
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily G, Member 1/metabolism
- Adult
- Case-Control Studies
- Cholesterol/blood
- Cholesterol, HDL/blood
- Cholesterol, LDL/blood
- Female
- Fetal Blood/metabolism
- Humans
- Hypercholesterolemia/metabolism
- Hypercholesterolemia/pathology
- Liver X Receptors/genetics
- Liver X Receptors/metabolism
- Placenta/metabolism
- Pregnancy
- Pregnancy Trimester, Third
- Proprotein Convertase 9/metabolism
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Receptors, Lipoprotein/genetics
- Receptors, Lipoprotein/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Zhang
- School of Public Health, Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Shan Dong
- School of Public Health, Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei-wei Ma
- School of Public Health, Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xue-ping Cai
- School of Public Health, Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi-yin Le
- School of Public Health, Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Rong Xiao
- School of Public Health, Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- * E-mail: (HY); (RX); (QZ)
| | - Qi Zhou
- Xuanwu hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- * E-mail: (HY); (RX); (QZ)
| | - Huan-ling Yu
- School of Public Health, Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- * E-mail: (HY); (RX); (QZ)
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25
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Abstract
"Recent studies have revealed evidence that poorly controlled cholesterol, triglycerides, and their metabolites during pregnancy may be associated with cardiometabolic dysfunction and have significant detrimental fetal and maternal vascular consequences. Cardiometabolic dysfunction during pregnancy may not only contribute to long-term effects of the mother and child's vascular health but also potentially create cardiovascular risk for generational offspring. This article provides updates on this rapidly expanding and multifaceted topic and reviews new insight regarding why recognition of this disordered maternal cholesterol and triglyceride metabolism is likely to have long-term effect on the increasing atherosclerotic burden of the burgeoning population."
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Wild
- Section of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 1100 N Lindsay Ave, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Weedin
- Section of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 1100 N Lindsay Ave, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA.
| | - Don Wilson
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Cook Children's Medical Center, 1500 Cooper Street, Fort Worth, TX 76104, USA
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26
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Driver AM, Kratz LE, Kelley RI, Stottmann RW. Altered cholesterol biosynthesis causes precocious neurogenesis in the developing mouse forebrain. Neurobiol Dis 2016; 91:69-82. [PMID: 26921468 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2016.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Revised: 02/08/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously reported a mutation in the cholesterol biosynthesis gene, hydroxysteroid (17-beta) dehydrogenase 7 (Hsd17b7(rudolph)), that results in striking embryonic forebrain dysgenesis. Here we describe abnormal patterns of neuroprogenitor proliferation in the mutant forebrain, namely, a decrease in mitotic cells within the ventricular zone (VZ) and an increase through the remainder of the cortex by E11.5. Further evidence suggests mutant cells undergo abnormal interkinetic nuclear migration (IKNM). Furthermore, intermediate progenitors are increased at the expense of apical progenitors by E12.5, and post-mitotic neurons are expanded by E14.5. In vitro primary neuron culture further supports our model of accelerated cortical differentiation in the mutant. Combined administration of a statin and dietary cholesterol in utero achieved partial reversal of multiple developmental abnormalities in the Hsd17b7(rudolph) embryo, including the forebrain. These results suggest that abnormally increased levels of specific cholesterol precursors in the Hsd17b7(rudolph) embryo cause cortical dysgenesis by altering patterns of neurogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley M Driver
- Division of Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Lisa E Kratz
- Kennedy Krieger Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Richard I Kelley
- Department of Genetics & Genomics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Rolf W Stottmann
- Division of Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA; Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA.
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27
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Kim SH, Lee EY, Cho KH. Incorporation of human growth hormone-2 into proteoliposome enhances tissue regeneration with anti-oxidant and anti-senescence activities. Rejuvenation Res 2016; 18:20-9. [PMID: 25400020 DOI: 10.1089/rej.2014.1594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Human growth hormone-2 (GH-2) is a 191-amino-acid protein also known as human placental hormone. During pregnancy, continuous secretion of GH-2 appears to have important implications for physiological adjustment to gestation, especially in controlling levels of maternal insulin-like growth factor 1. To compare the physiological activity of GH-2 between lipid-free and lipid-bound states, GH-2 was expressed and incorporated into proteoliposome. GH-2 was expressed and purified using a pET28(a)-GH-2 vector in an Escherichia coli system. Purified GH-2 was then characterized and synthesized into reconstituted high-density lipoprotein (rHDL). The expression yield of GH-2 was 20-30 mg by BL21 (DE3) cells in 1 liter of Luria-Bertani broth. Purified GH-2 of at least 98% purity (23 kDa) was incorporated into rHDL with human apolipoprotein A-I (ApoA-I) and palmitoyloleoyl phosphatidylcholine (POPC) at a 1:1:95 (GH-2:ApoA-I:POPC) molar ratio. Structural analysis revealed that GH-2 had a 44% α-helix content and a wavelength maximum fluorescence (WMF) of 349 nm in a lipid-free state. In a lipid-bound state, the WMF of GH-2 was ∼4 nm blue-shifted (345 nm), with 50% of α-helix content. The lipid-bound GH-2 showed enhanced anti-atherosclerotic activity and anti-senescence activity with inhibition of fructose-mediated glycation. A fin regeneration experiment using zebrafish (17 weeks old, n=9) showed that lipid-bound GH-2 enhanced regeneration efficiency by 44% compared to native GH-2 (in the lipid-free state) without any notable side effects. GH-2 has anti-oxidant activity to enhance tissue regeneration as well as to exert anti-diabetic activity. Incorporation of GH-2 into rHDL can enhance structural stability and tissue regeneration efficiency in vertebrate models, indicating a synergetic effect between GH-2 and ApoA-I in rHDL.
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Affiliation(s)
- So-Hee Kim
- 1 School of Biotechnology, Yeungnam University , Gyeongsan, Republic of Korea
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28
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Bronson SL, Bale TL. The Placenta as a Mediator of Stress Effects on Neurodevelopmental Reprogramming. Neuropsychopharmacology 2016; 41:207-18. [PMID: 26250599 PMCID: PMC4677129 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2015.231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2015] [Revised: 07/10/2015] [Accepted: 07/30/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Adversity experienced during gestation is a predictor of lifetime neuropsychiatric disease susceptibility. Specifically, maternal stress during pregnancy predisposes offspring to sex-biased neurodevelopmental disorders, including schizophrenia, attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder, and autism spectrum disorders. Animal models have demonstrated disease-relevant endophenotypes in prenatally stressed offspring and have provided unique insight into potential programmatic mechanisms. The placenta has a critical role in the deleterious and sex-specific effects of maternal stress and other fetal exposures on the developing brain. Stress-induced perturbations of the maternal milieu are conveyed to the embryo via the placenta, the maternal-fetal intermediary responsible for maintaining intrauterine homeostasis. Disruption of vital placental functions can have a significant impact on fetal development, including the brain, outcomes that are largely sex-specific. Here we review the novel involvement of the placenta in the transmission of the maternal adverse environment and effects on the developing brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie L Bronson
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Tracy L Bale
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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29
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Alphonse PAS, Jones PJH. Revisiting Human Cholesterol Synthesis and Absorption: The Reciprocity Paradigm and its Key Regulators. Lipids 2015. [PMID: 26620375 DOI: 10.1007/s11745‐015‐4096‐7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Hypercholesterolemia is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Cholesterol homeostasis in the body is governed by the interplay between absorption, synthesis, and excretion or conversion of cholesterol into bile acids. A reciprocal relationship between cholesterol synthesis and absorption is known to regulate circulating cholesterol in response to dietary or therapeutic interventions. However, the degree to which these factors affect synthesis and absorption and the extent to which one vector shifts in response to the other are not thoroughly understood. Also, huge inter-individual variability exists in the manner in which the two systems act in response to any cholesterol-lowering treatment. Various factors are known to account for this variability and in light of recent experimental advances new players such as gene-gene interactions, gene-environmental effects, and gut microbiome hold immense potential in offering an explanation to the complex traits of inter-individual variability in human cholesterol metabolism. In this context, the objective of the present review is to provide an overview on cholesterol metabolism and discuss the role of potential factors such as genetics, epigenetics, epistasis, and gut microbiome, as well as other regulators in modulating cholesterol metabolism, especially emphasizing the reciprocal relationship between cholesterol synthesis and absorption. Furthermore, an evaluation of the implications of this push-pull mechanism on cholesterol-lowering strategies is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter A S Alphonse
- Human Nutritional Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.
- Richardson Centre for Functional Foods and Nutraceuticals (RCFFN), University of Manitoba, 196, Innovation Drive, SmartPark, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 2N2, Canada.
| | - Peter J H Jones
- Human Nutritional Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- Richardson Centre for Functional Foods and Nutraceuticals (RCFFN), University of Manitoba, 196, Innovation Drive, SmartPark, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 2N2, Canada
- Food Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
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30
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Alphonse PAS, Jones PJH. Revisiting Human Cholesterol Synthesis and Absorption: The Reciprocity Paradigm and its Key Regulators. Lipids 2015; 51:519-36. [PMID: 26620375 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-015-4096-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Hypercholesterolemia is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Cholesterol homeostasis in the body is governed by the interplay between absorption, synthesis, and excretion or conversion of cholesterol into bile acids. A reciprocal relationship between cholesterol synthesis and absorption is known to regulate circulating cholesterol in response to dietary or therapeutic interventions. However, the degree to which these factors affect synthesis and absorption and the extent to which one vector shifts in response to the other are not thoroughly understood. Also, huge inter-individual variability exists in the manner in which the two systems act in response to any cholesterol-lowering treatment. Various factors are known to account for this variability and in light of recent experimental advances new players such as gene-gene interactions, gene-environmental effects, and gut microbiome hold immense potential in offering an explanation to the complex traits of inter-individual variability in human cholesterol metabolism. In this context, the objective of the present review is to provide an overview on cholesterol metabolism and discuss the role of potential factors such as genetics, epigenetics, epistasis, and gut microbiome, as well as other regulators in modulating cholesterol metabolism, especially emphasizing the reciprocal relationship between cholesterol synthesis and absorption. Furthermore, an evaluation of the implications of this push-pull mechanism on cholesterol-lowering strategies is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter A S Alphonse
- Human Nutritional Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada. .,Richardson Centre for Functional Foods and Nutraceuticals (RCFFN), University of Manitoba, 196, Innovation Drive, SmartPark, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 2N2, Canada.
| | - Peter J H Jones
- Human Nutritional Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.,Richardson Centre for Functional Foods and Nutraceuticals (RCFFN), University of Manitoba, 196, Innovation Drive, SmartPark, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 2N2, Canada.,Food Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
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31
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32
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Cunningham D, DeBarber AE, Bir N, Binkley L, Merkens LS, Steiner RD, Herman GE. Analysis of hedgehog signaling in cerebellar granule cell precursors in a conditional Nsdhl allele demonstrates an essential role for cholesterol in postnatal CNS development. Hum Mol Genet 2015; 24:2808-25. [PMID: 25652406 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddv042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2014] [Accepted: 02/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
NSDHL is a 3β-hydroxysterol dehydrogenase that is involved in the removal of two C-4 methyl groups in one of the later steps of cholesterol biosynthesis. Mutations in the gene encoding the enzyme are responsible for the X-linked, male lethal mouse mutations bare patches and striated, as well as most cases of human CHILD syndrome. Rare, hypomorphic NSDHL mutations are also associated with X-linked intellectual disability in males with CK syndrome. Since hemizygous male mice with Nsdhl mutations die by midgestation, we generated a conditional targeted Nsdhl mutation (Nsdhl(tm1.1Hrm)) to investigate the essential role of cholesterol in the early postnatal CNS. Ablation of Nsdhl in radial glia using GFAP-cre resulted in live-born, normal appearing affected male pups. However, the pups develop overt ataxia by postnatal day 8-10 and die shortly thereafter. Histological abnormalities include progressive loss of cortical and hippocampal neurons, as well as deficits in the proliferation and migration of cerebellar granule precursors and subsequent massive apoptosis of the cerebellar cortex. We replicated the granule cell precursor proliferation defect in vitro and demonstrate that it results from defective signaling by SHH. Furthermore, this defect is almost completely rescued by supplementation of the culture media with exogenous cholesterol, while methylsterol accumulation above the enzymatic block appears to be associated with increased cell death. These data support the absolute requirement for cholesterol synthesis in situ once the blood-brain-barrier forms and cholesterol transport to the fetus is abolished. They further emphasize the complex ramifications of cholesterogenic enzyme deficiency on cellular metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Cunningham
- Center for Molecular and Human Genetics, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital and Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | | | - Natalie Bir
- Center for Molecular and Human Genetics, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital and Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Laura Binkley
- Center for Molecular and Human Genetics, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital and Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | | | - Robert D Steiner
- Department of Pediatrics, Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics and Institute on Development and Disability, Doernbecher Children's Hospital, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA and Marshfield Clinic Research Foundation and the Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Marshfield and Madison, WI, USA
| | - Gail E Herman
- Center for Molecular and Human Genetics, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital and Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA,
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33
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Zarek J, Delano KE, Nickel C, Laskin CA, Koren G. Are statins teratogenic in humans? Addressing the safety of statins in light of potential benefits during pregnancy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1586/17474108.2013.842684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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34
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Amir D, Fessler DMT. Boots for Achilles: progesterone's reduction of cholesterol is a second-order adaptation. QUARTERLY REVIEW OF BIOLOGY 2013; 88:97-116. [PMID: 23909226 DOI: 10.1086/670528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Progesterone and cholesterol are both vital to pregnancy. Among other functions, progesterone downregulates inflammatory responses, allowing for maternal immune tolerance of the fetal allograft. Cholesterol a key component of cell membranes, is important in intracellular transport, cell signaling, nerve conduction, and metabolism Despite the importance of each substance in pregnancy, one exercises an antagonistic effect on the other, as periods of peak progesterone correspond with reductions in cholesterol availability, a consequence of progesterone's negative effects on cholesterol biosynthesis. This arrangement is understandable in light of the threat posed by pathogens early in pregnancy. Progesterone-induced immunomodulation entails increased vulnerability to infection, an acute problem in the first trimester, when fetal development is highly susceptible to insult. Many pathogens rely on cholesterol for cell entry, egress, and replication. Progesterone's antagonistic effects on cholesterol thus partially compensate for the costs entailed by progesterone-induced immunomodulation. Among pathogens to which the host's vulnerability is increased by progesterone's effects, approximately 90% utilize cholesterol, and this is notably true of pathogens that pose a risk during pregnancy. In addition to having a number of possible clinical applications, our approach highlights the potential importance of second-order adaptations, themselves a consequence of the lack of teleology in evolutionary processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorsa Amir
- Center for Behavior, Evolution, and Culture, Department of Anthropology, University of California, Los Angeles Los Angeles, California 90095-1553, USA.
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35
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Kusters DM, Avis HJ, Braamskamp MJ, Huijgen R, Wijburg FA, Kastelein JJ, Wiegman A, Hutten BA. Inheritance pattern of familial hypercholesterolemia and markers of cardiovascular risk. J Lipid Res 2013; 54:2543-9. [PMID: 23833242 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m034538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies in children and adults have resulted in conflicting evidence in the quest for the answer to the hypothesis that offspring from hypercholesterolemic mothers might have an increased cardiovascular risk. Previous studies might have suffered from limitations such as cohort size and clinical sampling bias. We therefore explored this hypothesis in large cohorts of both subjects with familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) and unaffected siblings in a wide age range. In three cohorts (cohort 1: n = 1,988, aged 0-18 years; cohort 2: n = 300, 8-30 years; cohort 3: n = 369, 18-60 years), we measured lipid and lipoproteins as well as carotid intima-media thickness (c-IMT) in offspring from FH mothers versus FH fathers. For LDL cholesterol, triglycerides (TGs), and c-IMT, we performed a pooled analysis. No significant differences could be observed in c-IMT, lipid, or lipoprotein levels from offspring of FH mothers versus FH fathers. Pooled analyses showed no significant differences for either LDL cholesterol [mean difference 0.02 (-0.06,0.11) mmol/l, P = 0.60], TGs [mean difference 0.07 (0.00,0.14) mmol/l, P = 0.08], or c-IMT [mean difference -0.00 (-0.01,0.01) mm, P = 0.86]. Our data do not support the hypothesis that cardiovascular risk markers are different between offspring from FH mothers and FH fathers.
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36
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Papacleovoulou G, Abu-Hayyeh S, Nikolopoulou E, Briz O, Owen BM, Nikolova V, Ovadia C, Huang X, Vaarasmaki M, Baumann M, Jansen E, Albrecht C, Jarvelin MR, Marin JJ, Knisely A, Williamson C. Maternal cholestasis during pregnancy programs metabolic disease in offspring. J Clin Invest 2013; 123:3172-81. [PMID: 23934127 PMCID: PMC3696570 DOI: 10.1172/jci68927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2013] [Accepted: 04/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The intrauterine environment is a major contributor to increased rates of metabolic disease in adults. Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy (ICP) is a liver disease of pregnancy that affects 0.5%-2% of pregnant women and is characterized by increased bile acid levels in the maternal serum. The influence of ICP on the metabolic health of offspring is unknown. We analyzed the Northern Finland birth cohort 1985-1986 database and found that 16-year-old children of mothers with ICP had altered lipid profiles. Males had increased BMI, and females exhibited increased waist and hip girth compared with the offspring of uncomplicated pregnancies. We further investigated the effect of maternal cholestasis on the metabolism of adult offspring in the mouse. Females from cholestatic mothers developed a severe obese, diabetic phenotype with hepatosteatosis following a Western diet, whereas matched mice not exposed to cholestasis in utero did not. Female littermates were susceptible to metabolic disease before dietary challenge. Human and mouse studies showed an accumulation of lipids in the fetoplacental unit and increased transplacental cholesterol transport in cholestatic pregnancy. We believe this is the first report showing that cholestatic pregnancy in the absence of altered maternal BMI or diabetes can program metabolic disease in the offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgia Papacleovoulou
- Institute of Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.
Division of Women’s Health, Women’s Health Academic Centre, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom.
Laboratory of Experimental Hepatology and Drug Targeting (HEVEFARM), IBSAL, CIBERehd, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain.
Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA.
Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine,
Swiss National Center of Competence in Research, NCCR TransCure, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
Institute of Clinical Medicine/Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, the Netherlands.
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, MRC Health Protection Agency, Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.
Institute of Health Sciences and Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
Department of Children, Young People and Families, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Oulu, Finland.
Institute of Liver Studies, King’s College Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Shadi Abu-Hayyeh
- Institute of Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.
Division of Women’s Health, Women’s Health Academic Centre, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom.
Laboratory of Experimental Hepatology and Drug Targeting (HEVEFARM), IBSAL, CIBERehd, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain.
Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA.
Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine,
Swiss National Center of Competence in Research, NCCR TransCure, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
Institute of Clinical Medicine/Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, the Netherlands.
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, MRC Health Protection Agency, Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.
Institute of Health Sciences and Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
Department of Children, Young People and Families, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Oulu, Finland.
Institute of Liver Studies, King’s College Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Evanthia Nikolopoulou
- Institute of Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.
Division of Women’s Health, Women’s Health Academic Centre, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom.
Laboratory of Experimental Hepatology and Drug Targeting (HEVEFARM), IBSAL, CIBERehd, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain.
Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA.
Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine,
Swiss National Center of Competence in Research, NCCR TransCure, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
Institute of Clinical Medicine/Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, the Netherlands.
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, MRC Health Protection Agency, Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.
Institute of Health Sciences and Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
Department of Children, Young People and Families, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Oulu, Finland.
Institute of Liver Studies, King’s College Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Oscar Briz
- Institute of Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.
Division of Women’s Health, Women’s Health Academic Centre, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom.
Laboratory of Experimental Hepatology and Drug Targeting (HEVEFARM), IBSAL, CIBERehd, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain.
Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA.
Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine,
Swiss National Center of Competence in Research, NCCR TransCure, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
Institute of Clinical Medicine/Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, the Netherlands.
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, MRC Health Protection Agency, Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.
Institute of Health Sciences and Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
Department of Children, Young People and Families, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Oulu, Finland.
Institute of Liver Studies, King’s College Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Bryn M. Owen
- Institute of Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.
Division of Women’s Health, Women’s Health Academic Centre, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom.
Laboratory of Experimental Hepatology and Drug Targeting (HEVEFARM), IBSAL, CIBERehd, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain.
Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA.
Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine,
Swiss National Center of Competence in Research, NCCR TransCure, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
Institute of Clinical Medicine/Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, the Netherlands.
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, MRC Health Protection Agency, Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.
Institute of Health Sciences and Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
Department of Children, Young People and Families, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Oulu, Finland.
Institute of Liver Studies, King’s College Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Vanya Nikolova
- Institute of Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.
Division of Women’s Health, Women’s Health Academic Centre, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom.
Laboratory of Experimental Hepatology and Drug Targeting (HEVEFARM), IBSAL, CIBERehd, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain.
Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA.
Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine,
Swiss National Center of Competence in Research, NCCR TransCure, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
Institute of Clinical Medicine/Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, the Netherlands.
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, MRC Health Protection Agency, Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.
Institute of Health Sciences and Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
Department of Children, Young People and Families, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Oulu, Finland.
Institute of Liver Studies, King’s College Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Caroline Ovadia
- Institute of Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.
Division of Women’s Health, Women’s Health Academic Centre, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom.
Laboratory of Experimental Hepatology and Drug Targeting (HEVEFARM), IBSAL, CIBERehd, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain.
Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA.
Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine,
Swiss National Center of Competence in Research, NCCR TransCure, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
Institute of Clinical Medicine/Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, the Netherlands.
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, MRC Health Protection Agency, Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.
Institute of Health Sciences and Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
Department of Children, Young People and Families, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Oulu, Finland.
Institute of Liver Studies, King’s College Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Xiao Huang
- Institute of Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.
Division of Women’s Health, Women’s Health Academic Centre, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom.
Laboratory of Experimental Hepatology and Drug Targeting (HEVEFARM), IBSAL, CIBERehd, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain.
Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA.
Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine,
Swiss National Center of Competence in Research, NCCR TransCure, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
Institute of Clinical Medicine/Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, the Netherlands.
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, MRC Health Protection Agency, Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.
Institute of Health Sciences and Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
Department of Children, Young People and Families, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Oulu, Finland.
Institute of Liver Studies, King’s College Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Marja Vaarasmaki
- Institute of Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.
Division of Women’s Health, Women’s Health Academic Centre, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom.
Laboratory of Experimental Hepatology and Drug Targeting (HEVEFARM), IBSAL, CIBERehd, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain.
Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA.
Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine,
Swiss National Center of Competence in Research, NCCR TransCure, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
Institute of Clinical Medicine/Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, the Netherlands.
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, MRC Health Protection Agency, Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.
Institute of Health Sciences and Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
Department of Children, Young People and Families, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Oulu, Finland.
Institute of Liver Studies, King’s College Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Marc Baumann
- Institute of Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.
Division of Women’s Health, Women’s Health Academic Centre, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom.
Laboratory of Experimental Hepatology and Drug Targeting (HEVEFARM), IBSAL, CIBERehd, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain.
Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA.
Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine,
Swiss National Center of Competence in Research, NCCR TransCure, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
Institute of Clinical Medicine/Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, the Netherlands.
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, MRC Health Protection Agency, Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.
Institute of Health Sciences and Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
Department of Children, Young People and Families, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Oulu, Finland.
Institute of Liver Studies, King’s College Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Eugene Jansen
- Institute of Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.
Division of Women’s Health, Women’s Health Academic Centre, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom.
Laboratory of Experimental Hepatology and Drug Targeting (HEVEFARM), IBSAL, CIBERehd, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain.
Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA.
Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine,
Swiss National Center of Competence in Research, NCCR TransCure, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
Institute of Clinical Medicine/Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, the Netherlands.
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, MRC Health Protection Agency, Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.
Institute of Health Sciences and Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
Department of Children, Young People and Families, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Oulu, Finland.
Institute of Liver Studies, King’s College Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Christiane Albrecht
- Institute of Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.
Division of Women’s Health, Women’s Health Academic Centre, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom.
Laboratory of Experimental Hepatology and Drug Targeting (HEVEFARM), IBSAL, CIBERehd, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain.
Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA.
Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine,
Swiss National Center of Competence in Research, NCCR TransCure, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
Institute of Clinical Medicine/Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, the Netherlands.
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, MRC Health Protection Agency, Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.
Institute of Health Sciences and Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
Department of Children, Young People and Families, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Oulu, Finland.
Institute of Liver Studies, King’s College Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Marjo-Riitta Jarvelin
- Institute of Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.
Division of Women’s Health, Women’s Health Academic Centre, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom.
Laboratory of Experimental Hepatology and Drug Targeting (HEVEFARM), IBSAL, CIBERehd, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain.
Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA.
Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine,
Swiss National Center of Competence in Research, NCCR TransCure, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
Institute of Clinical Medicine/Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, the Netherlands.
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, MRC Health Protection Agency, Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.
Institute of Health Sciences and Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
Department of Children, Young People and Families, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Oulu, Finland.
Institute of Liver Studies, King’s College Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jose J.G. Marin
- Institute of Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.
Division of Women’s Health, Women’s Health Academic Centre, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom.
Laboratory of Experimental Hepatology and Drug Targeting (HEVEFARM), IBSAL, CIBERehd, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain.
Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA.
Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine,
Swiss National Center of Competence in Research, NCCR TransCure, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
Institute of Clinical Medicine/Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, the Netherlands.
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, MRC Health Protection Agency, Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.
Institute of Health Sciences and Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
Department of Children, Young People and Families, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Oulu, Finland.
Institute of Liver Studies, King’s College Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - A.S. Knisely
- Institute of Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.
Division of Women’s Health, Women’s Health Academic Centre, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom.
Laboratory of Experimental Hepatology and Drug Targeting (HEVEFARM), IBSAL, CIBERehd, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain.
Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA.
Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine,
Swiss National Center of Competence in Research, NCCR TransCure, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
Institute of Clinical Medicine/Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, the Netherlands.
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, MRC Health Protection Agency, Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.
Institute of Health Sciences and Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
Department of Children, Young People and Families, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Oulu, Finland.
Institute of Liver Studies, King’s College Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Catherine Williamson
- Institute of Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.
Division of Women’s Health, Women’s Health Academic Centre, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom.
Laboratory of Experimental Hepatology and Drug Targeting (HEVEFARM), IBSAL, CIBERehd, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain.
Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA.
Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine,
Swiss National Center of Competence in Research, NCCR TransCure, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
Institute of Clinical Medicine/Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, the Netherlands.
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, MRC Health Protection Agency, Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.
Institute of Health Sciences and Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
Department of Children, Young People and Families, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Oulu, Finland.
Institute of Liver Studies, King’s College Hospital, London, United Kingdom
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Mouzat K, Baron S, Marceau G, Caira F, Sapin V, Volle DH, Lumbroso S, Lobaccaro JM. Emerging roles for LXRs and LRH-1 in female reproduction. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2013; 368:47-58. [PMID: 22750099 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2012.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2012] [Revised: 06/18/2012] [Accepted: 06/19/2012] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Nutritional status is known to control female reproductive physiology. Many reproductive pathologies such as anorexia nervosa, dystocia and preeclampsia, have been linked to body mass index and to metabolic syndrome. Lipid metabolism has also been associated with ovarian, uterine and placental functions. Among the regulators of lipid homeostasis, the Liver X Receptors (LXRs) and the Liver Receptor Homolog-1 (LRH-1), two members of the nuclear receptor superfamily, play a central role. LXRs are sensitive to intracellular cholesterol concentration and decrease plasma cholesterol, allowing to considering them as "cholesterol sensors". LRH-1 shares many target-genes with LXRs and has been considered for a long time as a real orphan nuclear receptor, but recent findings showed that phospholipids are ligands for this nuclear receptor. Acting in concert, LXRs and LRH-1 could thus be sensitive to slight modifications in cellular lipid balance, tightly maintaining their cellular concentrations. These last years, the use of transgenic mice clarified the roles of these nuclear receptors in many physiological functions. This review will be focused on the roles of LXRs and LRH-1 on female reproduction. Their contribution to ovarian endocrine and exocrine functions, as well as uterine and placental physiology will be discussed. The future challenge will thus be to target these nuclear receptors to prevent lipid-associated reproductive diseases in women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Mouzat
- Laboratoire de Biochimie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nîmes, Hôpital Carémeau, Place du Pr. Robert Debré, F-30029 Nimes, France.
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Cardoso M, Barbosa M, Serra D, Martins E, Fortuna A, Reis-Lima M, Bandeira A, Balreira A, Marques F. Living with inborn errors of cholesterol biosynthesis: lessons from adult patients. Clin Genet 2013; 85:184-8. [DOI: 10.1111/cge.12139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2012] [Revised: 03/07/2013] [Accepted: 03/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M.L. Cardoso
- Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology (IBMC); University of Porto; Porto Portugal
| | - M. Barbosa
- Gulbenkian Science Institute; Oeiras Portugal
- Medical Genetics Centre Jacinto Magalhães; Porto Portugal
| | - D. Serra
- Dermatology Department; Coimbra University Hospitals; Coimbra Portugal
| | - E. Martins
- Metabolic Unit; Porto Hospital Centre (CHP); Porto Portugal
| | - A. Fortuna
- Medical Genetics Centre Jacinto Magalhães; Porto Portugal
| | | | - A. Bandeira
- Metabolic Unit; Porto Hospital Centre (CHP); Porto Portugal
| | - A. Balreira
- Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology (IBMC); University of Porto; Porto Portugal
| | - F. Marques
- Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology (IBMC); University of Porto; Porto Portugal
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Cortes VA, Busso D, Mardones P, Maiz A, Arteaga A, Nervi F, Rigotti A. Retracted: Advances in the physiological and pathological implications of cholesterol. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2013; 88:825-43. [DOI: 10.1111/brv.12025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2012] [Revised: 01/22/2013] [Accepted: 01/25/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Victor A. Cortes
- Department of Nutrition Diabetes and Metabolism; School of Medicine; Faculty of Medicine; Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile; Marcoleta 367 Edifico de Gastroenterologia 4 piso Santiago Chile
| | - Dolores Busso
- Department of Nutrition Diabetes and Metabolism; School of Medicine; Faculty of Medicine; Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile; Marcoleta 367 Edifico de Gastroenterologia 4 piso Santiago Chile
| | - Pablo Mardones
- Department of Nutrition Diabetes and Metabolism; School of Medicine; Faculty of Medicine; Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile; Marcoleta 367 Edifico de Gastroenterologia 4 piso Santiago Chile
| | - Alberto Maiz
- Department of Nutrition Diabetes and Metabolism; School of Medicine; Faculty of Medicine; Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile; Marcoleta 367 Edifico de Gastroenterologia 4 piso Santiago Chile
| | - Antonio Arteaga
- Department of Nutrition Diabetes and Metabolism; School of Medicine; Faculty of Medicine; Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile; Marcoleta 367 Edifico de Gastroenterologia 4 piso Santiago Chile
| | - Flavio Nervi
- Department of Gastroenterology; School of Medicine; Faculty of Medicine; Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile; Santiago Chile
| | - Attilio Rigotti
- Department of Nutrition Diabetes and Metabolism; School of Medicine; Faculty of Medicine; Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile; Marcoleta 367 Edifico de Gastroenterologia 4 piso Santiago Chile
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Aller MA, Arias JI, Prieto I, Gilsanz C, Arias A, Yang H, Arias J. Surgical inflammatory stress: the embryo takes hold of the reins again. Theor Biol Med Model 2013; 10:6. [PMID: 23374964 PMCID: PMC3577641 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4682-10-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2012] [Accepted: 01/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The surgical inflammatory response can be a type of high-grade acute stress response associated with an increasingly complex trophic functional system for using oxygen. This systemic neuro-immune-endocrine response seems to induce the re-expression of 2 extraembryonic-like functional axes, i.e. coelomic-amniotic and trophoblastic-yolk-sac-related, within injured tissues and organs, thus favoring their re-development. Accordingly, through the up-regulation of two systemic inflammatory phenotypes, i.e. neurogenic and immune-related, a gestational-like response using embryonic functions would be induced in the patient's injured tissues and organs, which would therefore result in their repair. Here we establish a comparison between the pathophysiological mechanisms that are produced during the inflammatory response and the physiological mechanisms that are expressed during early embryonic development. In this way, surgical inflammation could be a high-grade stress response whose pathophysiological mechanisms would be based on the recapitulation of ontogenic and phylogenetic-related functions. Thus, the ultimate objective of surgical inflammation, as a gestational process, is creating new tissues/organs for repairing the injured ones. Since surgical inflammation and early embryonic development share common production mechanisms, the factors that hamper the wound healing reaction in surgical patients could be similar to those that impair the gestational process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria-Angeles Aller
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jose-Ignacio Arias
- General and Digestive Surgery Unit, Monte Naranco Hospital, Oviedo, Asturias, Spain
| | - Isabel Prieto
- Department of General and Digestive Surgery, La Paz Hospital, Autonomous University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlos Gilsanz
- General and Digestive Surgery Unit, Sudeste University Hospital, Arganda del Rey, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Arias
- Department of Medicine, Puerta de Hierro Hospital, Autonomous University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Heping Yang
- Division of Gastroenterology and Liver Disease, USC Research Centre for Liver Diseases, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jaime Arias
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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Baardman ME, Kerstjens-Frederikse WS, Berger RM, Bakker MK, Hofstra RM, Plösch T. The Role of Maternal-Fetal Cholesterol Transport in Early Fetal Life: Current Insights1. Biol Reprod 2013; 88:24. [DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.112.102442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
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Aller MA, Blanco-Rivero J, Arias JI, Balfagon G, Arias J. The wound-healing response and upregulated embryonic mechanisms: brothers-in-arms forever. Exp Dermatol 2012; 21:497-503. [PMID: 22716244 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0625.2012.01525.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The cutaneous wound-healing reaction occurs in overlapping but inter-related phases, which ultimately result in fibrosis. The pathophysiological mechanisms involved in fibrotic diseases, including organ-related and even systemic diseases, such as systemic sclerosis, could represent the successive systemic upregulation of extraembryonic-like phenotypes, that is, amniotic and vitelline phenotypes. These two extraembryonic-like phenotypes act on the injured tissue to induce a process similar to gastrulation, which occurs during the early phases of embryo development. The amniotic-like phenotype plays a leading role in the development of neurogenic responses with significant hydroelectrolytic alterations that essentially represent the development of open microcirculation within the injured tissue. In turn, through the overlapping expression of a vitelline-like phenotype, a bone marrow-related response is produced. Interstitial infiltration by molecular and cellular mediators contributed by amniotic- and vitelline-like functions provides the functional and metabolic autonomy needed for inducing new tissue formation through mechanisms similar to those that act in gastrulation during the early phases of embryonic development. Thus, while a new tissue is formed, it quickly evolves into fibrotic tissue because of premature senescence. Mechanisms related to extraembryonic-like functions have been suggested in the following physiological and pathological processes: embryonic development; wound-healing reactions occurring during adult life; and senescence. The existence of this sort of basic self-organizing fractal-like functional pattern is an essential characteristic of our way of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- María-Angeles Aller
- Department of Surgery I, School of Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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Baardman ME, Erwich JJHM, Berger RMF, Hofstra RMW, Kerstjens-Frederikse WS, Lütjohann D, Plösch T. The origin of fetal sterols in second-trimester amniotic fluid: endogenous synthesis or maternal-fetal transport? Am J Obstet Gynecol 2012; 207:202.e19-25. [PMID: 22728028 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2012.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2012] [Revised: 05/27/2012] [Accepted: 06/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Cholesterol is crucial for fetal development. To gain more insight into the origin of the fetal cholesterol pool in early human pregnancy, we determined cholesterol and its precursors in the amniotic fluid of uncomplicated, singleton human pregnancies. STUDY DESIGN Total sterols were characterized by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry in the second-trimester amniotic fluid of 126 healthy fetuses from week 15 until week 22. RESULTS The markers of cholesterol biosynthesis, lanosterol, dihydrolanosterol, and lathosterol, were present in low levels until the 19th week of gestation, after which their levels increased strongly. β-sitosterol, a marker for maternal-fetal cholesterol transport, was detectable in the amniotic fluid. The total cholesterol levels increased slightly between weeks 15 and 22. CONCLUSION Our results support the hypothesis that during early life the fetus depends on maternal cholesterol supply because endogenous synthesis is relatively low. Therefore, maternal cholesterol can play a crucial role in fetal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria E Baardman
- Eurocat Registration Northern Netherlands and Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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Smedts HPM, van Uitert EM, Valkenburg O, Laven JSE, Eijkemans MJC, Lindemans J, Steegers EAP, Steegers-Theunissen RPM. A derangement of the maternal lipid profile is associated with an elevated risk of congenital heart disease in the offspring. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2012; 22:477-485. [PMID: 21186113 DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2010.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2009] [Revised: 05/18/2010] [Accepted: 07/25/2010] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Maternal hyperglycaemia and hyperhomocysteinaemia are risk factors for congenital heart disease (CHD). These metabolic derangements and deranged lipid levels are associated with adult cardiovascular disease. We examined whether maternal lipid levels are associated with the risk of CHD offspring. METHODS AND RESULTS From 2003 onwards, a case-control study was conducted. Participants were mothers of children with (n = 261) and without (n = 325) CHD. At around 16 months after the index-pregnancy, maternal lipid levels were determined. Maternal characteristics and lipid levels were compared by Student's t-test. In a multivariable logistic regression model, risk estimates were calculated for associations between CHD and lipid levels. Adjustments were made for maternal age, diabetes, ethnicity, body mass index (BMI), parity, periconception folic acid use and total homocysteine levels. Outcome measures are presented in (geometric) means (p5-p95) and odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Case mothers showed higher cholesterol (4.9 vs. 4.7 mmol l(-1), P < 0.05), low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol (3.2 vs. 3.0 mmol l(-1), P < 0.05), apolipoprotein B (84.0 vs. 80.0 mg dl(-1), P < 0.01) and homocysteine (10.8 vs. 10.2 μmol l(-1), P < 0.05) than controls. LDL-cholesterol above 3.3 mmol l(-1) (OR 1.6 (95%CI, 1.1-2.3)) and apolipoprotein B above 85.0 mg dl(-1) were associated with an almost twofold increased CHD risk (OR 1.8 (95%CI, 1.2-2.6)). This was supported by elevated CHD risks per unit standard deviation increase in cholesterol (OR 1.2 (95% CI 1.03-1.5)), LDL-cholesterol (OR 1.3 (95%CI, 1.1-1.6) and apolipoprotein B (OR 1.3 (95% CI 1.1-1.6)). Apolipoprotein B was most strongly associated with CHD risk. CONCLUSION A mildly deranged maternal lipid profile is associated with an increased risk of CHD offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- H P M Smedts
- Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Division of Obstetrics and Prenatal Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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Fabelo N, Martin V, González C, Alonso A, Diaz M. Effects of oestradiol on brain lipid class and Fatty Acid composition: comparison between pregnant and ovariectomised oestradiol-treated rats. J Neuroendocrinol 2012; 24:292-309. [PMID: 22007691 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2826.2011.02242.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
To determine the involvement of physiological doses of oestradiol on brain lipid composition, we have analysed the lipid class and fatty acid composition of phospholipids in the brain from pregnant and 17β-oestradiol-treated rats. Rats were randomly divided into three groups: ovariectomised control (OVX + VEH), ovariectomised oestradiol-treated (OVX + E(2) ) and pregnant (PREG) rats. Rats from the OVX + E(2) group were injected daily with different doses of 17β-oestradiol mimicking the plasma levels observed during pregnancy. Analyses of brain lipid class composition showed that physiological doses of oestradiol increased cholesterol levels of the OVX + E(2) group compared to the OVX + VEH group. It was also found that cholesterol levels in the PREG group were significantly lower than in the OVX + VEH and OVX + E(2) groups, indicating the involvement of gestational hormones other than oestradiol in the regulation of brain cholesterol during pregnancy. Brains from pregnant rats also exhibited reduced levels of plasmalogens and saturated fatty acids compared to the ovariectomised groups, especially in the second half of pregnancy. Interestingly, analyses of fatty acid composition of phospholipids revealed that physiological doses of oestradiol increased brain docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; 22:6 n-3) levels. Moreover, DHA levels in pregnant rats were similar to those observed in the OVX + E(2) group at all stages, suggesting that oestradiol is the main hormone in the regulation of brain DHA levels during pregnancy. Liver appears to be the major source for n-3 and n-6 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFAs) DHA and arachidonic acid, which are released and transported to the maternal brain and the developing foetus under the influence of oestrogens. We also observed that the largest depots of n-3 and n-6 LCPUFA precursors (linolenic acid and linoleic acid, respectively) occur in adipose tissue triglycerides, which, in turn are significantly increased during pregnancy. Our observations are in accordance with an oestradiol-induced increased bioavailability of brain DHA in pregnant rats. We hypothesise that the reduction of maternal brain DHA observed at the end of pregnancy is a result of the very high demand DHA of foetal brain, which overcomes the maximal maternal (and likely foetal) capacity for de novo DHA synthesis in the liver and brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Fabelo
- Laboratorio de Fisiología y Biofísica de Membranas, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
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The Amazing Power of Cancer Cells to Recapitulate Extraembryonic Functions: The Cuckoo's Tricks. JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY 2011; 2012:521284. [PMID: 21969829 PMCID: PMC3182376 DOI: 10.1155/2012/521284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2011] [Revised: 07/06/2011] [Accepted: 07/07/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation is implicated in tumor development, invasion, and metastasis. Hence, it has been suggested that common cellular and molecular mechanisms are activated in wound repair and in cancer development. In addition, it has been previously proposed that the inflammatory response, which is associated with the wound healing process, could recapitulate ontogeny through the reexpression of the extraembryonic, that is, amniotic and vitelline, functions in the interstitial space of the injured tissue. If so, the use of inflammation by the cancer-initiating cell can also be supported in the ability to reacquire extraembryonic functional axes for tumor development, invasion, and metastasis. Thus, the diverse components of the tumor microenvironment could represent the overlapping reexpression of amniotic and vitelline functions. These functions would favor a gastrulation-like process, that is, the creation of a reactive stroma in which fibrogenesis and angiogenesis stand out.
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Woollett LA. Review: Transport of maternal cholesterol to the fetal circulation. Placenta 2011; 32 Suppl 2:S218-21. [PMID: 21300403 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2011.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2010] [Revised: 01/12/2011] [Accepted: 01/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Data obtained from recent studies in humans, rodents, and cell culture demonstrate that circulating maternal cholesterol can be transported to the fetus. The two major cell types responsible for the transport are trophoblasts and endothelial cells of the fetoplacental vasculature. Maternal lipoprotein-cholesterol is initially taken up by trophoblasts via receptor-mediated and receptor-independent processes, is transported by any number of the sterol transport proteins expressed by cells, and is effluxed or secreted out of the basal side via protein-mediated processes or by aqueous diffusion. This cholesterol is then taken up by the endothelium and effluxed to acceptors within the fetal circulation. The ability to manipulate the mass of maternal cholesterol that is taken up by the placenta and crosses to the fetus could positively impact development of fetuses affected with the Smith-Lemli-Opitz Syndrome (SLOS) that have reduced ability to synthesize cholesterol and possibly impact growth of fetuses unaffected by SLOS but with low birthweights.
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Affiliation(s)
- L A Woollett
- University of Cincinnati, Metabolic Diseases Institute, Department of Pathology, Cincinnati, OH 45236-507, USA.
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Horvat S, Mcwhir J, Rozman D. Defects in cholesterol synthesis genes in mouse and in humans: lessons for drug development and safer treatments. Drug Metab Rev 2011; 43:69-90. [DOI: 10.3109/03602532.2010.540580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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van der Graaf A, Vissers MN, Gaudet D, Brisson D, Sivapalaratnam S, Roseboom TJ, Jansen AC, Kastelein JJ, Hutten BA. Dyslipidemia of Mothers With Familial Hypercholesterolemia Deteriorates Lipids in Adult Offspring. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2010; 30:2673-7. [DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.110.209064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anouk van der Graaf
- From the Departments of Vascular Medicine (A.v.d.G., M.N.V., S.S., A.C.M.J., J.J.P.K.) and Clinical Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Bioinformatics (T.J.R., B.A.H.), Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal, ECOGENE-21 and Lipid Clinic, Chicoutimi Hospital, Saguenay, Quebec, Canada (D.G., D.B.)
| | - Maud N. Vissers
- From the Departments of Vascular Medicine (A.v.d.G., M.N.V., S.S., A.C.M.J., J.J.P.K.) and Clinical Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Bioinformatics (T.J.R., B.A.H.), Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal, ECOGENE-21 and Lipid Clinic, Chicoutimi Hospital, Saguenay, Quebec, Canada (D.G., D.B.)
| | - Daniel Gaudet
- From the Departments of Vascular Medicine (A.v.d.G., M.N.V., S.S., A.C.M.J., J.J.P.K.) and Clinical Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Bioinformatics (T.J.R., B.A.H.), Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal, ECOGENE-21 and Lipid Clinic, Chicoutimi Hospital, Saguenay, Quebec, Canada (D.G., D.B.)
| | - Diane Brisson
- From the Departments of Vascular Medicine (A.v.d.G., M.N.V., S.S., A.C.M.J., J.J.P.K.) and Clinical Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Bioinformatics (T.J.R., B.A.H.), Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal, ECOGENE-21 and Lipid Clinic, Chicoutimi Hospital, Saguenay, Quebec, Canada (D.G., D.B.)
| | - Suthesh Sivapalaratnam
- From the Departments of Vascular Medicine (A.v.d.G., M.N.V., S.S., A.C.M.J., J.J.P.K.) and Clinical Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Bioinformatics (T.J.R., B.A.H.), Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal, ECOGENE-21 and Lipid Clinic, Chicoutimi Hospital, Saguenay, Quebec, Canada (D.G., D.B.)
| | - Tessa J. Roseboom
- From the Departments of Vascular Medicine (A.v.d.G., M.N.V., S.S., A.C.M.J., J.J.P.K.) and Clinical Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Bioinformatics (T.J.R., B.A.H.), Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal, ECOGENE-21 and Lipid Clinic, Chicoutimi Hospital, Saguenay, Quebec, Canada (D.G., D.B.)
| | - Angelique C.M. Jansen
- From the Departments of Vascular Medicine (A.v.d.G., M.N.V., S.S., A.C.M.J., J.J.P.K.) and Clinical Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Bioinformatics (T.J.R., B.A.H.), Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal, ECOGENE-21 and Lipid Clinic, Chicoutimi Hospital, Saguenay, Quebec, Canada (D.G., D.B.)
| | - John J.P. Kastelein
- From the Departments of Vascular Medicine (A.v.d.G., M.N.V., S.S., A.C.M.J., J.J.P.K.) and Clinical Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Bioinformatics (T.J.R., B.A.H.), Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal, ECOGENE-21 and Lipid Clinic, Chicoutimi Hospital, Saguenay, Quebec, Canada (D.G., D.B.)
| | - Barbara A. Hutten
- From the Departments of Vascular Medicine (A.v.d.G., M.N.V., S.S., A.C.M.J., J.J.P.K.) and Clinical Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Bioinformatics (T.J.R., B.A.H.), Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal, ECOGENE-21 and Lipid Clinic, Chicoutimi Hospital, Saguenay, Quebec, Canada (D.G., D.B.)
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Porter FD, Herman GE. Malformation syndromes caused by disorders of cholesterol synthesis. J Lipid Res 2010; 52:6-34. [PMID: 20929975 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.r009548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 319] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholesterol homeostasis is critical for normal growth and development. In addition to being a major membrane lipid, cholesterol has multiple biological functions. These roles include being a precursor molecule for the synthesis of steroid hormones, neuroactive steroids, oxysterols, and bile acids. Cholesterol is also essential for the proper maturation and signaling of hedgehog proteins, and thus cholesterol is critical for embryonic development. After birth, most tissues can obtain cholesterol from either endogenous synthesis or exogenous dietary sources, but prior to birth, the human fetal tissues are dependent on endogenous synthesis. Due to the blood-brain barrier, brain tissue cannot utilize dietary or peripherally produced cholesterol. Generally, inborn errors of cholesterol synthesis lead to both a deficiency of cholesterol and increased levels of potentially bioactive or toxic precursor sterols. Over the past couple of decades, a number of human malformation syndromes have been shown to be due to inborn errors of cholesterol synthesis. Herein, we will review clinical and basic science aspects of Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome, desmosterolosis, lathosterolosis, HEM dysplasia, X-linked dominant chondrodysplasia punctata, Congenital Hemidysplasia with Ichthyosiform erythroderma and Limb Defects Syndrome, sterol-C-4 methyloxidase-like deficiency, and Antley-Bixler syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Forbes D Porter
- Program in Developmental Genetics and Endocrinology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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