1
|
Zhang R, Dong Y, Liu Y, Moezzi D, Ghorbani S, Mirzaei R, Lozinski BM, Dunn JF, Yong VW, Xue M. Enhanced liver X receptor signalling reduces brain injury and promotes tissue regeneration following experimental intracerebral haemorrhage: roles of microglia/macrophages. Stroke Vasc Neurol 2023; 8:486-502. [PMID: 37137522 PMCID: PMC10800269 DOI: 10.1136/svn-2023-002331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inflammation-exacerbated secondary brain injury and limited tissue regeneration are barriers to favourable prognosis after intracerebral haemorrhage (ICH). As a regulator of inflammation and lipid metabolism, Liver X receptor (LXR) has the potential to alter microglia/macrophage (M/M) phenotype, and assist tissue repair by promoting cholesterol efflux and recycling from phagocytes. To support potential clinical translation, the benefits of enhanced LXR signalling are examined in experimental ICH. METHODS Collagenase-induced ICH mice were treated with the LXR agonist GW3965 or vehicle. Behavioural tests were conducted at multiple time points. Lesion and haematoma volume, and other brain parameters were assessed using multimodal MRI with T2-weighted, diffusion tensor imaging and dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI sequences. The fixed brain cryosections were stained and confocal microscopy was applied to detect LXR downstream genes, M/M phenotype, lipid/cholesterol-laden phagocytes, oligodendrocyte lineage cells and neural stem cells. Western blot and real-time qPCR were also used. CX3CR1CreER: Rosa26iDTR mice were employed for M/M-depletion experiments. RESULTS GW3965 treatment reduced lesion volume and white matter injury, and promoted haematoma clearance. Treated mice upregulated LXR downstream genes including ABCA1 and Apolipoprotein E, and had reduced density of M/M that apparently shifted from proinflammatory interleukin-1β+ to Arginase1+CD206+ regulatory phenotype. Fewer cholesterol crystal or myelin debris-laden phagocytes were observed in GW3965 mice. LXR activation increased the number of Olig2+PDGFRα+ precursors and Olig2+CC1+ mature oligodendrocytes in perihaematomal regions, and elevated SOX2+ or nestin+ neural stem cells in lesion and subventricular zone. MRI results supported better lesion recovery by GW3965, and this was corroborated by return to pre-ICH values of functional rotarod activity. The therapeutic effects of GW3965 were abrogated by M/M depletion in CX3CR1CreER: Rosa26iDTR mice. CONCLUSIONS LXR agonism using GW3965 reduced brain injury, promoted beneficial properties of M/M and facilitated tissue repair correspondent with enhanced cholesterol recycling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruiyi Zhang
- Department of Cerebrovascular Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Academy of Medical Science, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute and Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Yifei Dong
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, & Immunology, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Cerebrovascular Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Academy of Medical Science, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Dorsa Moezzi
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute and Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Samira Ghorbani
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute and Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Reza Mirzaei
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute and Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Brian M Lozinski
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute and Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Jeff F Dunn
- Department of Radiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - V Wee Yong
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute and Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Mengzhou Xue
- Department of Cerebrovascular Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Academy of Medical Science, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Yang LG, March ZM, Stephenson RA, Narayan PS. Apolipoprotein E in lipid metabolism and neurodegenerative disease. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2023:S1043-2760(23)00092-9. [PMID: 37357100 PMCID: PMC10365028 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2023.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/27/2023]
Abstract
Dysregulation of lipid metabolism has emerged as a central component of many neurodegenerative diseases. Variants of the lipid transport protein, apolipoprotein E (APOE), modulate risk and resilience in several neurodegenerative diseases including late-onset Alzheimer's disease (LOAD). Allelic variants of the gene, APOE, alter the lipid metabolism of cells and tissues and have been broadly associated with several other cellular and systemic phenotypes. Targeting APOE-associated metabolic pathways may offer opportunities to alter disease-related phenotypes and consequently, attenuate disease risk and impart resilience to multiple neurodegenerative diseases. We review the molecular, cellular, and tissue-level alterations to lipid metabolism that arise from different APOE isoforms. These changes in lipid metabolism could help to elucidate disease mechanisms and tune neurodegenerative disease risk and resilience.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Linda G Yang
- Genetics and Biochemistry Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Zachary M March
- Genetics and Biochemistry Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Roxan A Stephenson
- Genetics and Biochemistry Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Priyanka S Narayan
- Genetics and Biochemistry Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.; National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA; Center for Alzheimer's and Related Dementias (CARD), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Adigun TO, Danazumi AU, Umar HI, Na'Allah A, Alabi MA, Joel WO, Aberuagba A, Alejolowo OO, Bamidele JO, Omotayo OS, Medayedupin OA. In silico molecular modeling and simulations of black tea theaflavins revealed theaflavin-3'-gallate as putative liver X receptor-beta agonist. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2023; 41:13015-13028. [PMID: 36729100 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2023.2175264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The low constitutive activation of Liver X receptor, an endogenous nuclear receptor with two subtypes (α and β), is a condition lying at the crossroad of cancer and cardiovascular disease. Both natural and synthetic Liver X receptor agonists have reportedly shown remarkable antiproliferative and atheroprotective effects but the repeated doses of its synthetic ones are also paradoxically associated with hyperlipidaemic effects and neurotoxicity, though attributed to the alpha subtype. This highlights the need for novel, safe, and potent LXR-beta-selective agonists. Hypocholesterolaemic effects of black theaflavins have been widely reported, but data on the exact theaflavin compound (s) responsible for these effects is currently lacking. Neither is information on the possible modulatory effects of the compound (s) on LXR-beta nor its possible implications in the context of drug development for cardiovascular diseases and cancers is explored. On this account, we investigated the potential interaction of four main theaflavin monomers (TF1, TF2A, TF2B & TF3) with human LXR-beta through robust computational modelling that entails molecular docking, free energy calculations and molecular dynamics simulations. The ligands were further profiled (in silico) for absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicological properties. Our result revealed theaflavin TF2B as a putative LXR-beta agonist, possibly responsible for the widely observed hypocholesterolaemic effect in black tea. This finding, while encouraging, needs to be experimentally verified in wet studies.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Temidayo O Adigun
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria
| | - Ammar U Danazumi
- Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw, University of Technology, Warsaw, Poland
- Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Haruna I Umar
- Molecular Biology and Bioinformatics Lab, Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Technology Akure, Akure, Nigeria
- Computer-aided Therapeutic Discovery and Design Group, Federal University of Technology Akure, Akure, Nigeria
| | - Asiat Na'Allah
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, Kwara State University, Malete, Nigeria
| | - Mutiu A Alabi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, Kwara State University, Malete, Nigeria
| | - Wisdom O Joel
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Science and Technology, Covenant University, Ota, Nigeria
| | - Adepeju Aberuagba
- Department of Biochemistry, McPherson University, Seriki Sotayo, Nigeria
| | | | - Joy O Bamidele
- Science Laboratory Technology, The Federal Polytechnic Ilaro, Ilaro, Nigeria
| | - Olakunle S Omotayo
- Science Laboratory Technology, The Federal Polytechnic Ilaro, Ilaro, Nigeria
| | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Deshwal S, Baidya AT, Kumar R, Sandhir R. Structure-based virtual screening for identification of potential non-steroidal LXR modulators against neurodegenerative conditions. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2022; 223:106150. [PMID: 35787453 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2022.106150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2022] [Revised: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Liver X Receptors (LXRs) are members of the nuclear receptor superfamily that regulate cholesterol metabolism. LXRs have been suggested as promising targets against many neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs). The present study was aimed to identify novel non-steroidal molecules that may potentially modulate LXR activity. The structure-based virtual screening (SBVS) was used to search for suitable compounds from the Asinex library. The top hits were selected and filtered based on their binding affinity for LXR α and β isoforms. Based on molecular docking and scoring results, 24 compounds were selected that had binding energy in the range of - 13.9 to - 12 for LXRα and - 12.5 to - 11 for LXRβ, which were higher than the reference ligands (GW3965 and TO901317). Further, the five hits referred to as model 29, 64, 202, 250, 313 were selected by virtue of their binding interactions with amino acid residues at the active site of LXRs. The selected hits were then subjected to absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity (ADMET) analysis and blood-brain permeability prediction. It was observed that the selected hits had better pharmacokinetic properties with no toxicity and could cross blood-brain barrier. Further, the selected hits were analysed for dynamic evolution of the system with LXRs by molecular dynamics (MD) simulation at 100 ns using GROMACS. The MD simulation results validated that selected hits possess a remarkable amount of flexibility, stability, compactness, binding energy and exhibited limited conformational modification. The root mean square deviation (RMSD) values of the top-scoring hits complexed with LXRα and LXRβ were 0.05-0.6 nm and 0.05-0.45 nm respectively, which is greater than the protein itself. Altogether the study identified potential non-steroidal LXR modulators that appear to be effective against various neurodegenerative conditions involving perturbed cholesterol and lipid homeostasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sonam Deshwal
- Department of Biochemistry, Basic Medical Sciences, Block-II, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India
| | - Anurag Tk Baidya
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering & Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi 221005, UP, India
| | - Rajnish Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering & Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi 221005, UP, India
| | - Rajat Sandhir
- Department of Biochemistry, Basic Medical Sciences, Block-II, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Renu K, Mukherjee AG, Wanjari UR, Vinayagam S, Veeraraghavan VP, Vellingiri B, George A, Lagoa R, Sattu K, Dey A, Gopalakrishnan AV. Misuse of Cardiac Lipid upon Exposure to Toxic Trace Elements-A Focused Review. Molecules 2022; 27:5657. [PMID: 36080424 PMCID: PMC9457865 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27175657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Heavy metals and metalloids like cadmium, arsenic, mercury, and lead are frequently found in the soil, water, food, and atmosphere; trace amounts can cause serious health issues to the human organism. These toxic trace elements (TTE) affect almost all the organs, mainly the heart, kidney, liver, lungs, and the nervous system, through increased free radical formation, DNA damage, lipid peroxidation, and protein sulfhydryl depletion. This work aims to advance our understanding of the mechanisms behind lipid accumulation via increased free fatty acid levels in circulation due to TTEs. The increased lipid level in the myocardium worsens the heart function. This dysregulation of the lipid metabolism leads to damage in the structure of the myocardium, inclusive fibrosis in cardiac tissue, myocyte apoptosis, and decreased contractility due to mitochondrial dysfunction. Additionally, it is discussed herein how exposure to cadmium decreases the heart rate, contractile tension, the conductivity of the atrioventricular node, and coronary flow rate. Arsenic may induce atherosclerosis by increasing platelet aggregation and reducing fibrinolysis, as exposure interferes with apolipoprotein (Apo) levels, resulting in the rise of the Apo-B/Apo-A1 ratio and an elevated risk of acute cardiovascular events. Concerning mercury and lead, these toxicants can cause hypertension, myocardial infarction, and carotid atherosclerosis, in association with the generation of free radicals and oxidative stress. This review offers a complete overview of the critical factors and biomarkers of lipid and TTE-induced cardiotoxicity useful for developing future protective interventions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kaviyarasi Renu
- Centre of Molecular Medicine and Diagnostics (COMManD), Department of Biochemistry, Saveetha Dental College & Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai 600077, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Anirban Goutam Mukherjee
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of BioSciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore 632014, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Uddesh Ramesh Wanjari
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of BioSciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore 632014, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Sathishkumar Vinayagam
- Department of Biotechnology, PG Extension Centre, Periyar University, Dharmapuri 636701, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Vishnu Priya Veeraraghavan
- Centre of Molecular Medicine and Diagnostics (COMManD), Department of Biochemistry, Saveetha Dental College & Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai 600077, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Balachandar Vellingiri
- Human Molecular Cytogenetics and Stem Cell Laboratory, Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Biology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore 641046, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Alex George
- Jubilee Centre for Medical Research, Jubilee Mission Medical College and Research Institute, Thrissur 680005, Kerala, India
| | - Ricardo Lagoa
- School of Technology and Management, Polytechnic Institute of Leiria, 2411-901 Leiria, Portugal
- Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, NOVA University of Lisbon, 2819-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Kamaraj Sattu
- Department of Biotechnology, PG Extension Centre, Periyar University, Dharmapuri 636701, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Abhijit Dey
- Department of Life Sciences, Presidency University, Kolkata 700073, West Bengal, India
| | - Abilash Valsala Gopalakrishnan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of BioSciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore 632014, Tamil Nadu, India
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Xu Y, Propson NE, Du S, Xiong W, Zheng H. Autophagy deficiency modulates microglial lipid homeostasis and aggravates tau pathology and spreading. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e2023418118. [PMID: 34187889 PMCID: PMC8271658 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2023418118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The autophagy-lysosomal pathway plays a critical role in intracellular clearance and metabolic homeostasis. While neuronal autophagy is known to participate in the degradation of neurofibrillary tangles composed of hyperphosphorylated and misfolded tau protein in Alzheimer's disease and other tauopathies, how microglial-specific autophagy regulates microglial intrinsic properties and neuronal tau pathology is not well understood. We report here that Atg7, a key mediator of autophagosome biogenesis, plays an essential role in the regulation of microglial lipid metabolism and neuroinflammation. Microglia-specific deletion of Atg7 leads to the transition of microglia to a proinflammatory status in vivo and to inflammasome activation in vitro. Activation of ApoE and lipid efflux attenuates the lipid droplets accumulation and inhibits cytokine production in microglial cells with Atg7 deficiency. Functionally, we show that the absence of microglial Atg7 enhances intraneuronal tau pathology and its spreading. Our results reveal an essential role for microglial autophagy in regulating lipid homeostasis, neuroinflammation, and tau pathology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yin Xu
- Huffington Center on Aging, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030;
| | - Nicholas E Propson
- Huffington Center on Aging, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Shuqi Du
- Huffington Center on Aging, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Wen Xiong
- Huffington Center on Aging, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Hui Zheng
- Huffington Center on Aging, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030;
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Russo-Savage L, Schulman IG. Liver X receptors and liver physiology. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2021; 1867:166121. [PMID: 33713792 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2021.166121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The liver x receptors LXRα (NR1H3) and LXRβ (NR1H2) are members of the nuclear hormone receptor superfamily of ligand dependent transcription factors that regulate transcription in response to the direct binding of cholesterol derivatives. Studies using genetic knockouts and synthetic ligands have defined the LXRs as important modulators of lipid homeostasis throughout the body. This review focuses on the control of cholesterol and fatty acid metabolism by LXRs in the liver and how modifying LXR activity can influence the pathology of liver diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lillian Russo-Savage
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia, School of Medicine, United States of America
| | - Ira G Schulman
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia, School of Medicine, United States of America.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Goel D, Vohora D. Liver X receptors and skeleton: Current state-of-knowledge. Bone 2021; 144:115807. [PMID: 33333244 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2020.115807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The liver X receptors (LXR) is a nuclear receptor that acts as a prominent regulator of lipid homeostasis and inflammatory response. Its therapeutic effectiveness against various diseases like Alzheimer's disease and atherosclerosis has been investigated in detail. Emerging pieces of evidence now reveal that LXR is also a crucial modulator of bone remodeling. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the pharmacological actions of LXR on the skeleton and its role in osteoporosis are poorly understood. Therefore, in the current review, we highlight LXR and its actions through different molecular pathways modulating skeletal homeostasis. The studies described in this review propound that LXR in association with estrogen, PTH, PPARγ, RXR hedgehog, and canonical Wnt signaling regulates osteoclastogenesis and bone resorption. It regulates RANKL-induced expression of c-Fos, NFATc1, and NF-κB involved in osteoclast differentiation. Additionally, several studies suggest suppression of RANKL-induced osteoclast differentiation by synthetic LXR ligands. Given the significance of modulation of LXR in various physiological and pathological settings, our findings indicate that therapeutic targeting of LXR might potentially prevent or treat osteoporosis and improve bone quality.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Divya Goel
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (SPER), Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India
| | - Divya Vohora
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (SPER), Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Yuan W, Yu B, Yu M, Kuai R, Morin EE, Wang H, Hu D, Zhang J, Moon JJ, Chen YE, Guo Y, Schwendeman A. Synthetic high-density lipoproteins delivering liver X receptor agonist prevent atherogenesis by enhancing reverse cholesterol transport. J Control Release 2021; 329:361-371. [PMID: 33188828 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2020.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Liver X nuclear receptor (LXR) agonists are promising anti-atherosclerotic agents that increase the expression of cholesterol transporters on atheroma macrophages leading to increased efflux of cholesterol to endogenous high-density lipoprotein (HDL) acceptors. HDL subsequently delivers effluxed cholesterol to the liver by the process of reverse cholesterol transport, resulting in reduction of atherosclerotic plaques. However, LXR agonists administration triggers undesirable liver steatosis and hypertriglyceridemia due to increased fatty acid and sterol synthesis. LXR-induced liver toxicity, poor drug aqueous solubility and low levels of endogenous HDL acceptors in target patient populations limit the clinical translation of LXR agonists. Here, we propose a dual-antiatherogenic strategy for administration of the LXR agonist, T0901317 (T1317), by encapsulating in synthetic HDL (sHDL) nanoparticles. sHDL had been clinically proven to serve as cholesterol acceptors, resulting in plaque reduction in atherosclerosis patients. In addition, the hydrophobic core and endogenous atheroma-targeting ability of sHDL allow for encapsulation of water-insoluble drugs and their subsequent delivery to atheroma. Several compositions of sHDL were tested to optimize both T1317 encapsulation efficiency and ability of T1317-sHDL to efflux cholesterol. Optimized T1317-sHDL exhibited more efficient cholesterol efflux from macrophages and enhanced atheroma-targeting relative to free drug. Most importantly, in an apolipoprotein E deficient (ApoE-/-) atherosclerosis progression murine model, T1317-sHDL showed superior inhibition of atherogenesis and reduced hypertriglyceridemia side effects in comparison to the free drug and blank sHDL. The T1317-sHDL pharmacological efficacy was observed at doses lower than those previously described for LXR agents, which may have additional safety benefits. In addition, the established clinical manufacturing, safety and efficacy of blank sHDL nanoparticles used in this study could facilitate future clinical translation of LXR-loaded sHDLs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenmin Yuan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States
| | - Bilian Yu
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States; Department of Cardiovascular medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Minzhi Yu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States
| | - Rui Kuai
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Emily E Morin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States
| | - Huilun Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States
| | - Die Hu
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States
| | - Jifeng Zhang
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States
| | - James J Moon
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States; Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States
| | - Y Eugene Chen
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States
| | - Yanhong Guo
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States.
| | - Anna Schwendeman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States; Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Buñay J, Fouache A, Trousson A, de Joussineau C, Bouchareb E, Zhu Z, Kocer A, Morel L, Baron S, Lobaccaro JMA. Screening for liver X receptor modulators: Where are we and for what use? Br J Pharmacol 2020; 178:3277-3293. [PMID: 33080050 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver X receptors (LXRs) are members of the nuclear receptor superfamily that are canonically activated by oxidized derivatives of cholesterol. Since the mid-90s, numerous groups have identified LXRs as endocrine receptors that are involved in the regulation of various physiological functions. As a result, when their expression is genetically modified in mice, phenotypic analyses reveal endocrine disorders ranging from infertility to diabetes and obesity, nervous system pathologies such Alzheimer's or Parkinson's disease, immunological disturbances, inflammatory response, and enhancement of tumour development. Based on such findings, it appears that LXRs could constitute good pharmacological targets to prevent and/or to treat these diseases. This review discusses the various aspects of LXR drug discovery, from the tools available for the screening of potential LXR modulators to the current situational analysis of the drugs in development. LINKED ARTICLES: This article is part of a themed issue on Oxysterols, Lifelong Health and Therapeutics. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v178.16/issuetoc.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julio Buñay
- Université Clermont Auvergne, GReD, CNRS, INSERM, and Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine d'Auvergne Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Allan Fouache
- Université Clermont Auvergne, GReD, CNRS, INSERM, and Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine d'Auvergne Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Amalia Trousson
- Université Clermont Auvergne, GReD, CNRS, INSERM, and Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine d'Auvergne Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Cyrille de Joussineau
- Université Clermont Auvergne, GReD, CNRS, INSERM, and Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine d'Auvergne Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Erwan Bouchareb
- Université Clermont Auvergne, GReD, CNRS, INSERM, and Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine d'Auvergne Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Zhekun Zhu
- Université Clermont Auvergne, GReD, CNRS, INSERM, and Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine d'Auvergne Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Ayhan Kocer
- Université Clermont Auvergne, GReD, CNRS, INSERM, and Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine d'Auvergne Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Laurent Morel
- Université Clermont Auvergne, GReD, CNRS, INSERM, and Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine d'Auvergne Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Silvere Baron
- Université Clermont Auvergne, GReD, CNRS, INSERM, and Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine d'Auvergne Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Jean-Marc A Lobaccaro
- Université Clermont Auvergne, GReD, CNRS, INSERM, and Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine d'Auvergne Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Pontini L, Marinozzi M. Shedding light on the roles of liver X receptors in cancer by using chemical probes. Br J Pharmacol 2020; 178:3261-3276. [PMID: 32673401 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Nuclear receptors, liver X receptor-α (LXRα; NR1H3) and liver X receptor-β (LXRβ; NR1H2), are considered master regulators of lipid homeostasis. During the last couple of decades, their pivotal roles in several physiological and pathological processes ranging from energy supply, immunity, cardiovascular, neurodegenerative disorders and cancer have been highlighted. In this review, the main results achieved during more recent years about our understanding of the LXR involvement in cancer has been mainly obtained using small-molecule chemical probes. Remarkably, all these probes, albeit having different structure and biological properties, have a well demonstrated anti-tumoral activity arising from LXR modulation, indicating a high potential of LXR targeting for the treatment of cancer. LINKED ARTICLES: This article is part of a themed issue on Oxysterols, Lifelong Health and Therapeutics. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v178.16/issuetoc.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Pontini
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Maura Marinozzi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Minniti ME, Pedrelli M, Vedin L, Delbès A, Denis RG, Öörni K, Sala C, Pirazzini C, Thiagarajan D, Nurmi HJ, Grompe M, Mills K, Garagnani P, Ellis EC, Strom SC, Luquet SH, Wilson EM, Bial J, Steffensen KR, Parini P. Insights From Liver-Humanized Mice on Cholesterol Lipoprotein Metabolism and LXR-Agonist Pharmacodynamics in Humans. Hepatology 2020; 72:656-670. [PMID: 31785104 PMCID: PMC7496592 DOI: 10.1002/hep.31052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Genetically modified mice have been used extensively to study human disease. However, the data gained are not always translatable to humans because of major species differences. Liver-humanized mice (LHM) are considered a promising model to study human hepatic and systemic metabolism. Therefore, we aimed to further explore their lipoprotein metabolism and to characterize key hepatic species-related, physiological differences. APPROACH AND RESULTS Fah-/- , Rag2-/- , and Il2rg-/- knockout mice on the nonobese diabetic (FRGN) background were repopulated with primary human hepatocytes from different donors. Cholesterol lipoprotein profiles of LHM showed a human-like pattern, characterized by a high ratio of low-density lipoprotein to high-density lipoprotein, and dependency on the human donor. This pattern was determined by a higher level of apolipoprotein B100 in circulation, as a result of lower hepatic mRNA editing and low-density lipoprotein receptor expression, and higher levels of circulating proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9. As a consequence, LHM lipoproteins bind to human aortic proteoglycans in a pattern similar to human lipoproteins. Unexpectedly, cholesteryl ester transfer protein was not required to determine the human-like cholesterol lipoprotein profile. Moreover, LHM treated with GW3965 mimicked the negative lipid outcomes of the first human trial of liver X receptor stimulation (i.e., a dramatic increase of cholesterol and triglycerides in circulation). Innovatively, LHM allowed the characterization of these effects at a molecular level. CONCLUSIONS LHM represent an interesting translatable model of human hepatic and lipoprotein metabolism. Because several metabolic parameters displayed donor dependency, LHM may also be used in studies for personalized medicine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mirko E. Minniti
- Department of Laboratory MedicineDivision of Clinical ChemistryKarolinska InstituteStockholmSweden
| | - Matteo Pedrelli
- Department of Laboratory MedicineDivision of Clinical ChemistryKarolinska InstituteStockholmSweden
| | - Lise‐Lotte Vedin
- Department of Laboratory MedicineDivision of Clinical ChemistryKarolinska InstituteStockholmSweden
| | - Anne‐Sophie Delbès
- Unit of Functional and Adaptive BiologyParis Diderot UniversitySorbonne Paris CitéParisFrance
| | - Raphaël G.P. Denis
- Unit of Functional and Adaptive BiologyParis Diderot UniversitySorbonne Paris CitéParisFrance
| | - Katariina Öörni
- Atherosclerosis Research LaboratoryWihuri Research InstituteHelsinkiFinland
| | - Claudia Sala
- Department of Physics and AstronomyUniversity of BolognaBolognaItaly
| | | | - Divya Thiagarajan
- Department of Laboratory MedicineClinical Research CenterKarolinska InstituteStockholmSweden
| | - Harri J. Nurmi
- Atherosclerosis Research LaboratoryWihuri Research InstituteHelsinkiFinland,Center of Excellence in Translational Cancer BiologyUniversity of HelsinkiBiomedicum HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
| | - Markus Grompe
- Department of PediatricsOregon Stem Cell CenterOregon Health and Science UniversityPortlandOR,Yecuris CorporationTualatinOR
| | - Kevin Mills
- Center for Inborn Errors of MetabolismUniversity College LondonLondonUK
| | - Paolo Garagnani
- Department of Laboratory MedicineDivision of Clinical ChemistryKarolinska InstituteStockholmSweden,Department of Experimental, Diagnostic, and Specialty Medicine, and “L. Galvani” Interdepartmental Research CenterUniversity of BolognaBolognaItaly
| | - Ewa C.S. Ellis
- Department of Clinical ScienceIntervention and TechnologyDivision of SurgeryKarolinska Institute at Karolinska University Hospital HuddingeStockholmSweden
| | - Stephen C. Strom
- Department of Laboratory MedicineDivision of PathologyKarolinska InstituteStockholmSweden
| | - Serge H. Luquet
- Unit of Functional and Adaptive BiologyParis Diderot UniversitySorbonne Paris CitéParisFrance
| | | | | | - Knut R. Steffensen
- Department of Laboratory MedicineDivision of Clinical ChemistryKarolinska InstituteStockholmSweden
| | - Paolo Parini
- Department of Laboratory MedicineDivision of Clinical ChemistryKarolinska InstituteStockholmSweden,Department of MedicineMetabolism UnitKarolinska Institute at Karolinska University Hospital HuddingeStockholmSweden,Patient Area Nephrology and Endocrinology, Inflammation and Infection ThemeKarolinska University HospitalStockholmSweden
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Voisin M, Gage MC, Becares N, Shrestha E, Fisher EA, Pineda-Torra I, Garabedian MJ. LXRα Phosphorylation in Cardiometabolic Disease: Insight From Mouse Models. Endocrinology 2020; 161:bqaa089. [PMID: 32496563 PMCID: PMC7324054 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqaa089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Posttranslational modifications, such as phosphorylation, are a powerful means by which the activity and function of nuclear receptors such as LXRα can be altered. However, despite the established importance of nuclear receptors in maintaining metabolic homeostasis, our understanding of how phosphorylation affects metabolic diseases is limited. The physiological consequences of LXRα phosphorylation have, until recently, been studied only in vitro or nonspecifically in animal models by pharmacologically or genetically altering the enzymes enhancing or inhibiting these modifications. Here we review recent reports on the physiological consequences of modifying LXRα phosphorylation at serine 196 (S196) in cardiometabolic disease, including nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, atherosclerosis, and obesity. A unifying theme from these studies is that LXRα S196 phosphorylation rewires the LXR-modulated transcriptome, which in turn alters physiological response to environmental signals, and that this is largely distinct from the LXR-ligand-dependent action.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maud Voisin
- Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, US
| | - Matthew C Gage
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, London, UK
| | - Natalia Becares
- Centre of Clinical Pharmacology, Division of Medicine, University College of London, London, UK
| | - Elina Shrestha
- Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, US
| | - Edward A Fisher
- Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, US
- Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, US
| | - Ines Pineda-Torra
- Centre of Cardiometabolic and Vascular Science, Division of Medicine, University College of London, London, UK
| | - Michael J Garabedian
- Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, US
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Yvan-Charvet L, Bonacina F, Guinamard RR, Norata GD. Immunometabolic function of cholesterol in cardiovascular disease and beyond. Cardiovasc Res 2020; 115:1393-1407. [PMID: 31095280 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvz127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Revised: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation represents the driving feature of many diseases, including atherosclerosis, cancer, autoimmunity and infections. It is now established that metabolic processes shape a proper immune response and within this context the alteration in cellular cholesterol homeostasis has emerged as a culprit of many metabolic abnormalities observed in chronic inflammatory diseases. Cholesterol accumulation supports the inflammatory response of myeloid cells (i.e. augmentation of toll-like receptor signalling, inflammasome activation, and production of monocytes and neutrophils) which is beneficial in the response to infections, but worsens diseases associated with chronic metabolic inflammation including atherosclerosis. In addition to the innate immune system, cells of adaptive immunity, upon activation, have also been shown to undergo a reprogramming of cellular cholesterol metabolism, which results in the amplification of inflammatory responses. Aim of this review is to discuss (i) the molecular mechanisms linking cellular cholesterol metabolism to specific immune functions; (ii) how cellular cholesterol accumulation sustains chronic inflammatory diseases such as atherosclerosis; (iii) the immunometabolic profile of patients with defects of genes affecting cholesterol metabolism including familial hypercholesterolaemia, cholesteryl ester storage disease, Niemann-Pick type C, and immunoglobulin D syndrome/mevalonate kinase deficiency. Available data indicate that cholesterol immunometabolism plays a key role in directing immune cells function and set the stage for investigating the repurposing of existing 'metabolic' drugs to modulate the immune response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Yvan-Charvet
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (Inserm) U1065, Université Côte d'Azur, Centre Méditerranéen de Médecine Moléculaire (C3M), Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire (FHU) Oncoage, Nice, France
| | - Fabrizia Bonacina
- Department of Excellence of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Rodolphe Renè Guinamard
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (Inserm) U1065, Université Côte d'Azur, Centre Méditerranéen de Médecine Moléculaire (C3M), Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire (FHU) Oncoage, Nice, France
| | - Giuseppe Danilo Norata
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (Inserm) U1065, Université Côte d'Azur, Centre Méditerranéen de Médecine Moléculaire (C3M), Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire (FHU) Oncoage, Nice, France.,Center for the Study of Atherosclerosis, E. Bassini Hospital, Cinisello Balsamo, Milan, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Lasch A, Alarcan J, Lampen A, Braeuning A, Lichtenstein D. Combinations of LXR and RXR agonists induce triglyceride accumulation in human HepaRG cells in a synergistic manner. Arch Toxicol 2020; 94:1303-1320. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-020-02685-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
|
16
|
Belorusova AY, Evertsson E, Hovdal D, Sandmark J, Bratt E, Maxvall I, Schulman IG, Åkerblad P, Lindstedt EL. Structural analysis identifies an escape route from the adverse lipogenic effects of liver X receptor ligands. Commun Biol 2019; 2:431. [PMID: 31799433 PMCID: PMC6874530 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-019-0675-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Liver X receptors (LXRs) are attractive drug targets for cardiovascular disease treatment due to their role in regulating cholesterol homeostasis and immunity. The anti-atherogenic properties of LXRs have prompted development of synthetic ligands, but these cause major adverse effects-such as increased lipogenesis-which are challenging to dissect from their beneficial activities. Here we show that LXR compounds displaying diverse functional responses in animal models induce distinct receptor conformations. Combination of hydrogen/deuterium exchange mass spectrometry and multivariate analysis allowed identification of LXR regions differentially correlating with anti-atherogenic and lipogenic activities of ligands. We show that lipogenic compounds stabilize active states of LXRα and LXRβ while the anti-atherogenic expression of the cholesterol transporter ABCA1 is associated with the ligand-induced stabilization of LXRα helix 3. Our data indicates that avoiding ligand interaction with the activation helix 12 while engaging helix 3 may provide directions for development of ligands with improved therapeutic profiles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Y. Belorusova
- Medicinal Chemistry, Respiratory, Inflammation and Autoimmunity, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Emma Evertsson
- Medicinal Chemistry, Respiratory, Inflammation and Autoimmunity, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Daniel Hovdal
- Preclinical and Translational PK & PKPD, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jenny Sandmark
- Structure, Biophysics & Fragment Based Lead Generation, Discovery Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Emma Bratt
- Medicinal Chemistry, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ingela Maxvall
- Translational Science and Experimental Medicine, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, BioPharmaceuticals R&D AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ira G. Schulman
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA USA
| | - Peter Åkerblad
- Bioscience Heart Failure, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, Biopharmaceuticals R&D AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Present Address: Albireo Pharma, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Eva-Lotte Lindstedt
- Early Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Zhou M, Learned RM, Rossi SJ, Tian H, DePaoli AM, Ling L. Therapeutic FGF19 promotes HDL biogenesis and transhepatic cholesterol efflux to prevent atherosclerosis. J Lipid Res 2019; 60:550-565. [PMID: 30679232 PMCID: PMC6399511 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m089961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Revised: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor (FGF)19, an endocrine hormone produced in the gut, acts in the liver to control bile acid synthesis. NGM282, an engineered FGF19 analog, is currently in clinical development for treating nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. However, the molecular mechanisms that integrate FGF19 with cholesterol metabolic pathways are incompletely understood. Here, we report that FGF19 and NGM282 promote HDL biogenesis and cholesterol efflux from the liver by selectively modulating LXR signaling while ameliorating hepatic steatosis. We further identify ABCA1 and FGF receptor 4 as mediators of this effect, and that administration of a HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor or a blocking antibody against proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 abolished FGF19-associated elevations in total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol (HDL-C), and LDL cholesterol in db/db mice. Moreover, we show that a constitutively active MEK1, but not a constitutively active STAT3, mimics the effect of FGF19 and NGM282 on cholesterol change. In dyslipidemic Apoe-/- mice fed a Western diet, treatment with NGM282 dramatically reduced atherosclerotic lesion area in aortas. Administration of NGM282 to healthy volunteers for 7 days resulted in a 26% increase in HDL-C levels compared with placebo. These findings outline a previously unrecognized role for FGF19 in the homeostatic control of cholesterol and may have direct impact on the clinical development of FGF19 analogs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mei Zhou
- NGM Biopharmaceuticals, Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080
| | - R Marc Learned
- NGM Biopharmaceuticals, Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080
| | | | - Hui Tian
- NGM Biopharmaceuticals, Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080
| | - Alex M DePaoli
- NGM Biopharmaceuticals, Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080
| | - Lei Ling
- NGM Biopharmaceuticals, Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Wang H, Yang Y, Sun X, Tian F, Guo S, Wang W, Tian Z, Jin H, Zhang Z, Tian Y. Sonodynamic therapy-induced foam cells apoptosis activates the phagocytic PPARγ-LXRα-ABCA1/ABCG1 pathway and promotes cholesterol efflux in advanced plaque. Am J Cancer Res 2018; 8:4969-4984. [PMID: 30429880 PMCID: PMC6217053 DOI: 10.7150/thno.26193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
In advanced atherosclerotic plaques, defective efferocytosis of apoptotic foam cells and decreased cholesterol efflux contribute to lesion progression. In our previous study, we demonstrated that 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA)-mediated sonodynamic therapy (SDT) could induce foam cells apoptosis via the mitochondrial-caspase pathway. In the current research, we sought to explore ALA-SDT-induced apoptosis of phagocytes and the effects of cholesterol efflux and efferocytosis in advanced apoE-/- mice plaque. Methods: apoE-/- mice fed western diet were treated with ALA-SDT and sacrificed at day 1, day 3, day 7 and day 28 post treatment. THP-1 macrophage-derived foam cells were treated with ALA-SDT. 5 hours later, the supernatant was collected and added to fresh foam cells (phagocytes). Then, the lipid area, efferocytosis, cholesterol efflux, anti-inflammatory reactions and PPARγ-LXRα-ABCA1/ABCG1 pathway were detected in plaque in vivo and in phagocytes in vitro. Results: We found that ALA-SDT induced foam cells apoptosis coupled with efferocytosis and upregulation of Mer tyrosine kinase (MerTK) both in vivo and in vitro. The lipid content in plaque decreased as early as 1 day after ALA-SDT and this tendency persisted until 28 days. The enhancement of phagocytes cholesterol efflux was accompanied by an approximately 40% decrease in free cholesterol and a 24% decrease in total cholesterol in vitro. More importantly, anti-inflammatory factors such as TGFβ and IL-10 were upregulated by ALA-SDT treatment. Finally, we found that PPARγ-LXRα-ABCA1/ABCG1 pathway was activated both in vivo and in vitro by ALA-SDT, which could be blocked by PPARγ siRNA. Conclusions: Activation of PPARγ-LXRα-ABCA1/ABCG1 pathway induced by ALA-SDT treatment engages a virtuous cycle that enhances efferocytosis, cholesterol efflux and anti-inflammatory reactions in advanced plaque in vivo and in phagocytes in vitro.
Collapse
|
19
|
Schulman IG. Liver X receptors link lipid metabolism and inflammation. FEBS Lett 2017; 591:2978-2991. [PMID: 28555747 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.12702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2017] [Accepted: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The response of immune cells to pathogens is often associated with changes in the flux through basic metabolic pathways. Indeed, in many cases changes in metabolism appear to be necessary for a robust immune response. The Liver X receptors (LXRs) are members of the nuclear hormone receptor superfamily that regulate gene networks controlling cholesterol and lipid metabolism. In immune cells, particularly in macrophages, LXRs also inhibit proinflammatory gene expression. This Review will highlight recent studies that connect LXR-dependent control of lipid metabolism to regulation of the immune response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ira G Schulman
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Kick EK, Busch BB, Martin R, Stevens WC, Bollu V, Xie Y, Boren BC, Nyman MC, Nanao MH, Nguyen L, Plonowski A, Schulman IG, Yan G, Zhang H, Hou X, Valente MN, Narayanan R, Behnia K, Rodrigues AD, Brock B, Smalley J, Cantor GH, Lupisella J, Sleph P, Grimm D, Ostrowski J, Wexler RR, Kirchgessner T, Mohan R. Discovery of Highly Potent Liver X Receptor β Agonists. ACS Med Chem Lett 2016; 7:1207-1212. [PMID: 27994765 PMCID: PMC5150697 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.6b00234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
![]()
Introducing a uniquely substituted
phenyl sulfone into a series
of biphenyl imidazole liver X receptor (LXR) agonists afforded a dramatic
potency improvement for induction of ATP binding cassette transporters,
ABCA1 and ABCG1, in human whole blood. The agonist series demonstrated
robust LXRβ activity (>70%) with low partial LXRα agonist
activity (<25%) in cell assays, providing a window between desired
blood cell ABCG1 gene induction in cynomolgus monkeys and modest elevation
of plasma triglycerides for agonist 15. The addition
of polarity to the phenyl sulfone also reduced binding to the plasma
protein, human α-1-acid glycoprotein. Agonist 15 was selected for clinical development based on the favorable combination
of in vitro properties, excellent pharmacokinetic
parameters, and a favorable lipid profile.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Brett B. Busch
- Exelixis Inc., 210 East Grand
Avenue, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Richard Martin
- Exelixis Inc., 210 East Grand
Avenue, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - William C. Stevens
- Exelixis Inc., 210 East Grand
Avenue, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Venkataiah Bollu
- Exelixis Inc., 210 East Grand
Avenue, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Yinong Xie
- Exelixis Inc., 210 East Grand
Avenue, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Brant C. Boren
- Exelixis Inc., 210 East Grand
Avenue, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Michael C. Nyman
- Exelixis Inc., 210 East Grand
Avenue, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Max H. Nanao
- Exelixis Inc., 210 East Grand
Avenue, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Lam Nguyen
- Exelixis Inc., 210 East Grand
Avenue, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Artur Plonowski
- Exelixis Inc., 210 East Grand
Avenue, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Ira G. Schulman
- Exelixis Inc., 210 East Grand
Avenue, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Grace Yan
- Exelixis Inc., 210 East Grand
Avenue, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Raju Mohan
- Exelixis Inc., 210 East Grand
Avenue, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Immune cell screening of a nanoparticle library improves atherosclerosis therapy. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:E6731-E6740. [PMID: 27791119 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1609629113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunological complexity in atherosclerosis warrants targeted treatment of specific inflammatory cells that aggravate the disease. With the initiation of large phase III trials investigating immunomodulatory drugs for atherosclerosis, cardiovascular disease treatment enters a new era. We here propose a radically different approach: implementing and evaluating in vivo a combinatorial library of nanoparticles with distinct physiochemical properties and differential immune cell specificities. The library's nanoparticles are based on endogenous high-density lipoprotein, which can preferentially deliver therapeutic compounds to pathological macrophages in atherosclerosis. Using the apolipoprotein E-deficient (Apoe-/-) mouse model of atherosclerosis, we quantitatively evaluated the library's immune cell specificity by combining immunological techniques and in vivo positron emission tomography imaging. Based on this screen, we formulated a liver X receptor agonist (GW3965) and abolished its liver toxicity while still preserving its therapeutic function. Screening the immune cell specificity of nanoparticles can be used to develop tailored therapies for atherosclerosis and other inflammatory diseases.
Collapse
|
22
|
Fan J, Zareyan S, Zhao W, Shimizu Y, Pfeifer TA, Tak JH, Isman MB, Van den Hoven B, Duggan ME, Wood MW, Wellington CL, Kulic I. Identification of a Chrysanthemic Ester as an Apolipoprotein E Inducer in Astrocytes. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0162384. [PMID: 27598782 PMCID: PMC5012716 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0162384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The apolipoprotein E (APOE) gene is the most highly associated susceptibility locus for late onset Alzheimer’s Disease (AD), and augmenting the beneficial physiological functions of apoE is a proposed therapeutic strategy. In a high throughput phenotypic screen for small molecules that enhance apoE secretion from human CCF-STTG1 astrocytoma cells, we show the chrysanthemic ester 82879 robustly increases expressed apoE up to 9.4-fold and secreted apoE up to 6-fold and is associated with increased total cholesterol in conditioned media. Compound 82879 is unique as structural analogues, including pyrethroid esters, show no effect on apoE expression or secretion. 82879 also stimulates liver x receptor (LXR) target genes including ATP binding cassette A1 (ABCA1), LXRα and inducible degrader of low density lipoprotein receptor (IDOL) at both mRNA and protein levels. In particular, the lipid transporter ABCA1 was increased by up to 10.6-fold upon 82879 treatment. The findings from CCF-STTG1 cells were confirmed in primary human astrocytes from three donors, where increased apoE and ABCA1 was observed along with elevated secretion of high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-like apoE particles. Nuclear receptor transactivation assays revealed modest direct LXR agonism by compound 82879, yet 10 μM of 82879 significantly upregulated apoE mRNA in mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) depleted of both LXRα and LXRβ, demonstrating that 82879 can also induce apoE expression independent of LXR transactivation. By contrast, deletion of LXRs in MEFs completely blocked mRNA changes in ABCA1 even at 10 μM of 82879, indicating the ability of 82879 to stimulate ABCA1 expression is entirely dependent on LXR transactivation. Taken together, compound 82879 is a novel chrysanthemic ester capable of modulating apoE secretion as well as apoE-associated lipid metabolic pathways in astrocytes, which is structurally and mechanistically distinct from known LXR agonists.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jianjia Fan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Shahab Zareyan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Wenchen Zhao
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Yoko Shimizu
- Centre for Drug Research and Development, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Tom A. Pfeifer
- Centre for Drug Research and Development, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Jun-Hyung Tak
- Faculty of Land and Food Systems, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Murray B. Isman
- Faculty of Land and Food Systems, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | | | - Mark E. Duggan
- AstraZeneca, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Michael W. Wood
- AstraZeneca, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Cheryl L. Wellington
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- * E-mail:
| | - Iva Kulic
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Kirchgessner TG, Sleph P, Ostrowski J, Lupisella J, Ryan CS, Liu X, Fernando G, Grimm D, Shipkova P, Zhang R, Garcia R, Zhu J, He A, Malone H, Martin R, Behnia K, Wang Z, Barrett YC, Garmise RJ, Yuan L, Zhang J, Gandhi MD, Wastall P, Li T, Du S, Salvador L, Mohan R, Cantor GH, Kick E, Lee J, Frost RJA. Beneficial and Adverse Effects of an LXR Agonist on Human Lipid and Lipoprotein Metabolism and Circulating Neutrophils. Cell Metab 2016; 24:223-33. [PMID: 27508871 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2016.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2016] [Revised: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 07/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The development of LXR agonists for the treatment of coronary artery disease has been challenged by undesirable properties in animal models. Here we show the effects of an LXR agonist on lipid and lipoprotein metabolism and neutrophils in human subjects. BMS-852927, a novel LXRβ-selective compound, had favorable profiles in animal models with a wide therapeutic index in cynomolgus monkeys and mice. In healthy subjects and hypercholesterolemic patients, reverse cholesterol transport pathways were induced similarly to that in animal models. However, increased plasma and hepatic TG, plasma LDL-C, apoB, apoE, and CETP and decreased circulating neutrophils were also evident. Furthermore, similar increases in LDL-C were observed in normocholesterolemic subjects and statin-treated patients. The primate model markedly underestimated human lipogenic responses and did not predict human neutrophil effects. These studies demonstrate both beneficial and adverse LXR agonist clinical responses and emphasize the importance of further translational research in this area.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Paul Sleph
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ 08543, USA
| | - Jacek Ostrowski
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ 08543, USA
| | - John Lupisella
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ 08543, USA
| | - Carol S Ryan
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ 08543, USA
| | - Xiaoqin Liu
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ 08543, USA
| | - Gayani Fernando
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ 08543, USA
| | - Denise Grimm
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ 08543, USA
| | - Petia Shipkova
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ 08543, USA
| | - Rongan Zhang
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ 08543, USA
| | - Ricardo Garcia
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ 08543, USA
| | - Jun Zhu
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ 08543, USA
| | - Aiqing He
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ 08543, USA
| | - Harold Malone
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ 08543, USA
| | | | - Kamelia Behnia
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ 08543, USA
| | - Zhaoqing Wang
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ 08543, USA
| | - Yu Chen Barrett
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ 08543, USA
| | - Robert J Garmise
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ 08543, USA
| | - Long Yuan
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ 08543, USA
| | - Jane Zhang
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ 08543, USA
| | - Mohit D Gandhi
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ 08543, USA
| | - Philip Wastall
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ 08543, USA
| | - Tong Li
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ 08543, USA
| | - Shuyan Du
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ 08543, USA
| | - Lisa Salvador
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ 08543, USA
| | - Raju Mohan
- Exelixis, Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Glenn H Cantor
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ 08543, USA
| | - Ellen Kick
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ 08543, USA
| | - John Lee
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ 08543, USA
| | - Robert J A Frost
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ 08543, USA
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Giatti S, Romano S, Pesaresi M, Cermenati G, Mitro N, Caruso D, Tetel MJ, Garcia-Segura LM, Melcangi RC. Neuroactive steroids and the peripheral nervous system: An update. Steroids 2015; 103:23-30. [PMID: 25824325 PMCID: PMC6314841 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2015.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2014] [Revised: 03/14/2015] [Accepted: 03/17/2015] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
In the present review we summarize observations to date supporting the concept that neuroactive steroids are synthesized in the peripheral nervous system, regulate the physiology of peripheral nerves and exert notable neuroprotective actions. Indeed, neuroactive steroids have been recently proposed as therapies for different types of peripheral neuropathy, like for instance those occurring during aging, chemotherapy, physical injury and diabetes. Moreover, pharmacological tools able to increase the synthesis of neuroactive steroids might represent new interesting therapeutic strategy to be applied in case of peripheral neuropathy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Giatti
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Simone Romano
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Marzia Pesaresi
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Gaia Cermenati
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Nico Mitro
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Donatella Caruso
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Marc J Tetel
- Neuroscience Program, Wellesley College, Wellesley, MA, USA
| | | | - Roberto C Melcangi
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Kirchgessner TG, Martin R, Sleph P, Grimm D, Liu X, Lupisella J, Smalley J, Narayanan R, Xie Y, Ostrowski J, Cantor GH, Mohan R, Kick E. Pharmacological characterization of a novel liver X receptor agonist with partial LXRα activity and a favorable window in nonhuman primates. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2014; 352:305-14. [PMID: 25467132 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.114.219923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver X Receptors (LXRs) α and β are nuclear hormone receptors that regulate multiple genes involved in reverse cholesterol transport (RCT) and are potential drug targets for atherosclerosis. However, full pan agonists also activate lipogenic genes, resulting in elevated plasma and hepatic lipids. We report the pharmacology of BMS-779788 [2-(2-(1-(2-chlorophenyl)-1-methylethyl)-1-(3'-(methylsulfonyl)-4-biphenylyl)-1H-imidazol-4-yl)-2-propanol], a potent partial LXR agonist with LXRβ selectivity, which has an improved therapeutic window in the cynomolgus monkey compared with a full pan agonist. BMS-779788 induced LXR target genes in blood in vivo with an EC50 = 610 nM, a value similar to its in vitro blood gene induction potency. BMS-779788 was 29- and 12-fold less potent than the full agonist T0901317 in elevating plasma triglyceride and LDL cholesterol, respectively, with similar results for plasma cholesteryl ester transfer protein and apolipoprotein B. However, ABCA1 and ABCG1 mRNA inductions in blood, which are critical for RCT, were comparable. Increased liver triglyceride was observed after 7-day treatment with BMS-779788 at the highest dose tested and was nearly identical to the dose response for plasma triglyceride, consistent with the central role of liver LXR in these lipogenic effects. Dose-dependent increases in biliary cholesterol and decreases in phospholipid and bile acid occurred in BMS-779788-treated animals, similar to LXR agonist effects reported in mouse. In summary, BMS-779788, a partial LXRβ selective agonist, has decreased lipogenic potential compared with a full pan agonist in cynomolgus monkeys, with similar potency in the induction of genes known to stimulate RCT. This provides support in nonhuman primates for improving LXR agonist therapeutic windows by limiting LXRα activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Todd G Kirchgessner
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Inc., Princeton, New Jersey (T.G.K., P.S., D.G., X.L., J.L., J.S., R.N., J.O., G.H.C., E.K.); and Exelixis, Inc., South San Francisco, California (R.Ma., Y.X., R.Mo.)
| | - Richard Martin
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Inc., Princeton, New Jersey (T.G.K., P.S., D.G., X.L., J.L., J.S., R.N., J.O., G.H.C., E.K.); and Exelixis, Inc., South San Francisco, California (R.Ma., Y.X., R.Mo.)
| | - Paul Sleph
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Inc., Princeton, New Jersey (T.G.K., P.S., D.G., X.L., J.L., J.S., R.N., J.O., G.H.C., E.K.); and Exelixis, Inc., South San Francisco, California (R.Ma., Y.X., R.Mo.)
| | - Denise Grimm
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Inc., Princeton, New Jersey (T.G.K., P.S., D.G., X.L., J.L., J.S., R.N., J.O., G.H.C., E.K.); and Exelixis, Inc., South San Francisco, California (R.Ma., Y.X., R.Mo.)
| | - Xiaoqin Liu
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Inc., Princeton, New Jersey (T.G.K., P.S., D.G., X.L., J.L., J.S., R.N., J.O., G.H.C., E.K.); and Exelixis, Inc., South San Francisco, California (R.Ma., Y.X., R.Mo.)
| | - John Lupisella
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Inc., Princeton, New Jersey (T.G.K., P.S., D.G., X.L., J.L., J.S., R.N., J.O., G.H.C., E.K.); and Exelixis, Inc., South San Francisco, California (R.Ma., Y.X., R.Mo.)
| | - James Smalley
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Inc., Princeton, New Jersey (T.G.K., P.S., D.G., X.L., J.L., J.S., R.N., J.O., G.H.C., E.K.); and Exelixis, Inc., South San Francisco, California (R.Ma., Y.X., R.Mo.)
| | - Rangaraj Narayanan
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Inc., Princeton, New Jersey (T.G.K., P.S., D.G., X.L., J.L., J.S., R.N., J.O., G.H.C., E.K.); and Exelixis, Inc., South San Francisco, California (R.Ma., Y.X., R.Mo.)
| | - Yinong Xie
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Inc., Princeton, New Jersey (T.G.K., P.S., D.G., X.L., J.L., J.S., R.N., J.O., G.H.C., E.K.); and Exelixis, Inc., South San Francisco, California (R.Ma., Y.X., R.Mo.)
| | - Jacek Ostrowski
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Inc., Princeton, New Jersey (T.G.K., P.S., D.G., X.L., J.L., J.S., R.N., J.O., G.H.C., E.K.); and Exelixis, Inc., South San Francisco, California (R.Ma., Y.X., R.Mo.)
| | - Glenn H Cantor
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Inc., Princeton, New Jersey (T.G.K., P.S., D.G., X.L., J.L., J.S., R.N., J.O., G.H.C., E.K.); and Exelixis, Inc., South San Francisco, California (R.Ma., Y.X., R.Mo.)
| | - Raju Mohan
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Inc., Princeton, New Jersey (T.G.K., P.S., D.G., X.L., J.L., J.S., R.N., J.O., G.H.C., E.K.); and Exelixis, Inc., South San Francisco, California (R.Ma., Y.X., R.Mo.)
| | - Ellen Kick
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Inc., Princeton, New Jersey (T.G.K., P.S., D.G., X.L., J.L., J.S., R.N., J.O., G.H.C., E.K.); and Exelixis, Inc., South San Francisco, California (R.Ma., Y.X., R.Mo.)
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Liver X receptor (LXR) partial agonists: biaryl pyrazoles and imidazoles displaying a preference for LXRβ. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2014; 25:372-7. [PMID: 25435151 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2014.11.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2014] [Revised: 11/05/2014] [Accepted: 11/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
A series of biaryl pyrazole and imidazole Liver X Receptor (LXR) partial agonists has been synthesized displaying LXRβ selectivity. The LXRβ selective partial agonist 18 was identified with potent induction of ATP binding transporters ABCA1 and ABCG1 in human whole blood (EC50=1.2μM, 55% efficacy). In mice 18 displayed peripheral induction of ABCA1 at 3 and 10mpk doses with no significant elevation of plasma or hepatic triglycerides at these doses, showing an improved profile compared to a full pan-agonist.
Collapse
|
27
|
Breevoort SR, Angdisen J, Schulman IG. Macrophage-independent regulation of reverse cholesterol transport by liver X receptors. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2014; 34:1650-60. [PMID: 24947527 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.114.303383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The ability of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) particles to accept cholesterol from peripheral cells, such as lipid-laden macrophages, and to transport cholesterol to the liver for catabolism and excretion in a process termed reverse cholesterol transport (RCT) is thought to underlie the beneficial cardiovascular effects of elevated HDL. The liver X receptors (LXRs; LXRα and LXRβ) regulate RCT by controlling the efflux of cholesterol from macrophages to HDL and the excretion, catabolism, and absorption of cholesterol in the liver and intestine. Importantly, treatment with LXR agonists increases RCT and decreases atherosclerosis in animal models. Nevertheless, LXRs are expressed in multiple tissues involved in RCT, and their tissue-specific contributions to RCT are still not well defined. APPROACH AND RESULTS Using tissue-specific LXR deletions together with in vitro and in vivo assays of cholesterol efflux and fecal cholesterol excretion, we demonstrate that macrophage LXR activity is neither necessary nor sufficient for LXR agonist-stimulated RCT. In contrast, the ability of LXR agonists primarily acting in the intestine to increase HDL mass and HDL function seems to underlie the ability of LXR agonists to stimulate RCT in vivo. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrate that activation of LXR in macrophages makes little or no contribution to LXR agonist-stimulated RCT. Unexpectedly, our studies suggest that the ability of macrophages to efflux cholesterol to HDL in vivo is not regulated by macrophage activity but is primarily determined by the quantity and functional activity of HDL.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah R Breevoort
- From the Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville
| | - Jerry Angdisen
- From the Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville
| | - Ira G Schulman
- From the Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Pencheva N, Buss CG, Posada J, Merghoub T, Tavazoie SF. Broad-spectrum therapeutic suppression of metastatic melanoma through nuclear hormone receptor activation. Cell 2014; 156:986-1001. [PMID: 24581497 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2014.01.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2013] [Revised: 11/15/2013] [Accepted: 01/17/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Melanoma metastasis is a devastating outcome lacking an effective preventative therapeutic. We provide pharmacologic, molecular, and genetic evidence establishing the liver-X nuclear hormone receptor (LXR) as a therapeutic target in melanoma. Oral administration of multiple LXR agonists suppressed melanoma invasion, angiogenesis, tumor progression, and metastasis. Molecular and genetic experiments revealed these effects to be mediated by LXRβ, which elicits these outcomes through transcriptional induction of tumoral and stromal apolipoprotein-E (ApoE). LXRβ agonism robustly suppressed tumor growth and metastasis across a diverse mutational spectrum of melanoma lines. LXRβ targeting significantly prolonged animal survival, suppressed the progression of established metastases, and inhibited brain metastatic colonization. Importantly, LXRβ activation displayed melanoma-suppressive cooperativity with the frontline regimens dacarbazine, B-Raf inhibition, and the anti-CTLA-4 antibody and robustly inhibited melanomas that had acquired resistance to B-Raf inhibition or dacarbazine. We present a promising therapeutic approach that uniquely acts by transcriptionally activating a metastasis suppressor gene.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nora Pencheva
- Laboratory of Systems Cancer Biology, Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Colin G Buss
- Laboratory of Systems Cancer Biology, Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Jessica Posada
- Laboratory of Systems Cancer Biology, Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Taha Merghoub
- Department of Immunology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Sohail F Tavazoie
- Laboratory of Systems Cancer Biology, Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Tice CM, Noto PB, Fan KY, Zhuang L, Lala DS, Singh SB. The Medicinal Chemistry of Liver X Receptor (LXR) Modulators. J Med Chem 2014; 57:7182-205. [PMID: 24832115 DOI: 10.1021/jm500442z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Colin M. Tice
- Vitae Pharmaceuticals Inc., 502 West Office Center Drive, Fort Washington, Pennsylvania 19034, United States
| | - Paul B. Noto
- Vitae Pharmaceuticals Inc., 502 West Office Center Drive, Fort Washington, Pennsylvania 19034, United States
| | - Kristi Yi Fan
- Vitae Pharmaceuticals Inc., 502 West Office Center Drive, Fort Washington, Pennsylvania 19034, United States
| | - Linghang Zhuang
- Vitae Pharmaceuticals Inc., 502 West Office Center Drive, Fort Washington, Pennsylvania 19034, United States
| | - Deepak S. Lala
- Vitae Pharmaceuticals Inc., 502 West Office Center Drive, Fort Washington, Pennsylvania 19034, United States
| | - Suresh B. Singh
- Vitae Pharmaceuticals Inc., 502 West Office Center Drive, Fort Washington, Pennsylvania 19034, United States
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Zhao J, Fu Y, Liu CC, Shinohara M, Nielsen HM, Dong Q, Kanekiyo T, Bu G. Retinoic acid isomers facilitate apolipoprotein E production and lipidation in astrocytes through the retinoid X receptor/retinoic acid receptor pathway. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:11282-11292. [PMID: 24599963 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.526095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Apolipoprotein E (apoE) is the major cholesterol transport protein in the brain. Among the three human APOE alleles (APOE2, APOE3, and APOE4), APOE4 is the strongest genetic risk factor for late-onset Alzheimer disease (AD). The accumulation of amyloid-β (Aβ) is a central event in AD pathogenesis. Increasing evidence demonstrates that apoE isoforms differentially regulate AD-related pathways through both Aβ-dependent and -independent mechanisms; therefore, modulating apoE secretion, lipidation, and function might be an attractive approach for AD therapy. We performed a drug screen for compounds that modulate apoE production in immortalized astrocytes derived from apoE3-targeted replacement mice. Here, we report that retinoic acid (RA) isomers, including all-trans-RA, 9-cis-RA, and 13-cis-RA, significantly increase apoE secretion to ~4-fold of control through retinoid X receptor (RXR) and RA receptor. These effects on modulating apoE are comparable with the effects recently reported for the RXR agonist bexarotene. Furthermore, all of these compounds increased the expression of the cholesterol transporter ABCA1 and ABCG1 levels and decreased cellular uptake of Aβ in an apoE-dependent manner. Both bexarotene and 9-cis-RA promote the lipidation status of apoE, in which 9-cis-RA promotes a stronger effect and exhibits less cytotoxicity compared with bexarotene. Importantly, we showed that oral administration of bexarotene and 9-cis-RA significantly increases apoE, ABCA1, and ABCG1 levels in mouse brains. Taken together, our results demonstrate that RXR/RA receptor agonists, including several RA isomers, are effective modulators of apoE secretion and lipidation and may be explored as potential drugs for AD therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhao
- From the Department of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China,; the Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida 32224, and
| | - Yuan Fu
- the Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida 32224, and
| | - Chia-Chen Liu
- the Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida 32224, and; the Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China
| | - Mitsuru Shinohara
- the Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida 32224, and
| | - Henrietta M Nielsen
- the Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida 32224, and
| | - Qiang Dong
- From the Department of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Takahisa Kanekiyo
- the Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida 32224, and
| | - Guojun Bu
- the Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida 32224, and; the Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Brader L, Overgaard A, Christensen LP, Jeppesen PB, Hermansen K. Polyphenol-rich bilberry ameliorates total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol when implemented in the diet of Zucker diabetic fatty rats. Rev Diabet Stud 2014; 10:270-82. [PMID: 24841880 DOI: 10.1900/rds.2013.10.270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bilberries and blackcurrants are nutrient sources rich in bioactive components, including dietary fibers, polyphenols, and anthocyanins, which possess potent cardiovascular protective properties. Few studies investigating the cardio-protective effects of natural components have focused on whole bilberries or blackcurrants. OBJECTIVE The aim of this trial was to investigate whether a diet enriched with bilberries or blackcurrants has beneficial effects on glucose metabolism, lipid profile, blood pressure, and expression of genes related to glucose and lipid metabolism. METHODS Male Zucker Diabetic Fatty (ZDF) rats (n = 48) were randomly assigned to either a control, bilberry-enriched, blackcurrant-enriched, or fiber-enriched diet for 8 weeks ad libitum. Real-time quantitative PCR analysis was performed on liver, adipose, and muscle tissue. Berry polyphenol content was determined by HPLC and LC-MS analysis. RESULTS Bilberry enrichment reduced total (-21%, p = 0.0132) and LDL-cholesterol (-60%, p = 0.0229) levels, but increased HDL-cholesterol to a lesser extent than in controls. This may partly be due to the altered hepatic liver X receptor-α expression (-24%, p < 0.001). Neither bilberries nor blackcurrants influenced glucose metabolism or blood pressure. Nevertheless, transcriptional analysis implied a better conservation of hepatic and adipocyte insulin sensitivity by bilberry enrichment. Anthocyanins constituted 91% and 87% of total polyphenol content in bilberries and blackcurrants, respectively. However, total anthocyanin content (3441 mg/100 g) was 4-fold higher in bilberries than in blackcurrants (871 mg/100 g). CONCLUSIONS Bilberry consumption ameliorated total and LDL-cholesterol levels, but not HDL-cholesterol levels in ZDF rats. Neither bilberry nor blackcurrant enrichment delayed the development of diabetes or hypertension. Thus, in rats, bilberries may be valuable as a dietary preventive agent against hypercholesterolemia, probably by virtue of their high anthocyanin content.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lea Brader
- Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Ann Overgaard
- Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Lars P Christensen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Biotechnology and Environmental Technology, Faculty of Engineering, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Per B Jeppesen
- Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Kjeld Hermansen
- Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus C, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Chen G, Wang H, Zhang X, Yang ST. Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods in the Management of Hyperlipidemia. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2014; 54:1180-201. [DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2011.629354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
|
33
|
Fan J, Shimizu Y, Chan J, Wilkinson A, Ito A, Tontonoz P, Dullaghan E, Galea LAM, Pfeifer T, Wellington CL. Hormonal modulators of glial ABCA1 and apoE levels. J Lipid Res 2013; 54:3139-50. [PMID: 23999864 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m042473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Apolipoprotein E (apoE) is the major lipid carrier in the central nervous system. As apoE plays a major role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer disease (AD) and also mediates repair pathways after several forms of acute brain injury, modulating the expression, secretion, or function of apoE may provide potential therapeutic approaches for several neurological disorders. Here we show that progesterone and a synthetic progestin, lynestrenol, significantly induce apoE secretion from human CCF-STTG1 astrocytoma cells, whereas estrogens and the progesterone metabolite allopregnanolone have negligible effects. Intriguingly, lynestrenol also increases expression of the cholesterol transporter ABCA1 in CCF-STTG1 astrocytoma cells, primary murine glia, and immortalized murine astrocytes that express human apoE3. The progesterone receptor inhibitor RU486 attenuates the effect of progestins on apoE expression in CCF-STTG1 astrocytoma cells but has no effect on ABCA1 expression in all glial cell models tested, suggesting that the progesterone receptor (PR) may participate in apoE but does not affect ABCA1 regulation. These results suggest that selective reproductive steroid hormones have the potential to influence glial lipid homeostasis through liver X receptor-dependent and progesterone receptor-dependent pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jianjia Fan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Hu Y, Yang Y, Yu Y, Wen G, Shang N, Zhuang W, Lu D, Zhou B, Liang B, Yue X, Li F, Du J, Bu X. Synthesis and identification of new flavonoids targeting liver X receptor β involved pathway as potential facilitators of Aβ clearance with reduced lipid accumulation. J Med Chem 2013; 56:6033-53. [PMID: 23844653 DOI: 10.1021/jm301913k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is associated with impaired Aβ degradation in the brain. Enhancing the process of Aβ clearance is an attractive potential AD therapy. Treatment with LXR agonists may reduce Aβ levels in vivo. However, the clinical potential of many LXR agonists is limited because of their nonselective actions on LXRα/β, which lead to undesired hepatic lipogenesis via LXRα-dependent pathways. In this study, ABCA1 up-regulators were identified from a series of flavonoids and were found to preferentially activate LXRβ and up-regulate expression of ABCA1 and apoE in different cell lines. Further investigations confirmed that these compounds facilitate intracellular Aβ clearance in Aβ-loaded BV2 cells. Administration of compound 19 reduced total brain Aβ and plaque burden in APP/PS1 double transgenic mice, associated with elevated ABCA1 and apoE expression. Compared with the nonselective LXR agonists, the active compounds reported here induced less accumulation of undesired lipids and triglycerides in HepG2 cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yun Hu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Loren J, Huang Z, Laffitte BA, Molteni V. Liver X receptor modulators: a review of recently patented compounds (2009 - 2012). Expert Opin Ther Pat 2013; 23:1317-35. [PMID: 23826715 DOI: 10.1517/13543776.2013.814640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The development of small molecule agonists of the liver X receptors (LXRs) has been an area of interest for over a decade, given the critical role of those receptors in cholesterol metabolism, glucose homeostasis, inflammation, innate immunity and lipogenesis. Many potential indications have been characterized over time including atherosclerosis, diabetes, inflammation, Alzheimer's disease and cancer. However, concerns about the lipogenic effects of full LXRα/β agonists have required extensive efforts aimed at identifying LXRβ agonist with limited activity on the LXRα receptor to increase the safety margins. AREAS COVERED This review includes a summary of the LXR agonists that have reached the clinic and summarizes the patent applications for LXR modulators from September 2009 to December 2012 with emphasis on chemical matters, biological data associated with selected analogs and therapeutic indications. EXPERT OPINION As LXR agonists have the potential to be useful for many indications, the scientific community, despite setbacks due to on-target side effects, has maintained interest and devised strategies to overcome safety hurdles. While a clinical proof of concept still remains elusive, the recent advancement of compounds into the clinic highlights that acceptable safety margins in preclinical species have been achieved.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jon Loren
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation , 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, CA 92121 , USA +001 858 332 4736 ;
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Newer therapeutic strategies to alter high-density lipoprotein level and function. Cardiol Rev 2013; 22:17-24. [PMID: 23707991 DOI: 10.1097/crd.0b013e31829cac29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Measurements of low levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol have been identified as a risk factor for premature coronary artery disease, however, to date, current pharmacologic approaches for raising HDL have provided little benefit, if at all, in reducing cardiovascular outcomes. It has been shown that HDL can modify many aspects of plaque pathogenesis. Its most established role is in reverse cholesterol transportation, but HDL can also affect oxidation, inflammation, cellular adhesion, and vasodilatation. Considering these potential benefits of HDL, newer treatments have been developed to modify HDL activity, which include the use of oral cholesteryl ester transfer protein inhibitors, apolipoprotein (apo)A-I infusions, apoA-I mimetics, drugs to increase apoA-I synthesis, and agonists of the liver X receptor. These new therapies are reviewed in this article.
Collapse
|
37
|
Burris TP, Solt LA, Wang Y, Crumbley C, Banerjee S, Griffett K, Lundasen T, Hughes T, Kojetin DJ. Nuclear receptors and their selective pharmacologic modulators. Pharmacol Rev 2013; 65:710-78. [PMID: 23457206 PMCID: PMC11060414 DOI: 10.1124/pr.112.006833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Nuclear receptors are ligand-activated transcription factors and include the receptors for steroid hormones, lipophilic vitamins, sterols, and bile acids. These receptors serve as targets for development of myriad drugs that target a range of disorders. Classically defined ligands that bind to the ligand-binding domain of nuclear receptors, whether they are endogenous or synthetic, either activate receptor activity (agonists) or block activation (antagonists) and due to the ability to alter activity of the receptors are often termed receptor "modulators." The complex pharmacology of nuclear receptors has provided a class of ligands distinct from these simple modulators where ligands display agonist/partial agonist/antagonist function in a tissue or gene selective manner. This class of ligands is defined as selective modulators. Here, we review the development and pharmacology of a range of selective nuclear receptor modulators.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas P Burris
- The Scripps Research Institute, 130 Scripps Way 2A1, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Mahdy Ali K, Wonnerth A, Huber K, Wojta J. Cardiovascular disease risk reduction by raising HDL cholesterol--current therapies and future opportunities. Br J Pharmacol 2013; 167:1177-94. [PMID: 22725625 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2012.02081.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the first discovery of an inverse correlation between high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) levels and coronary heart disease in the 1950s the life cycle of HDL, its role in atherosclerosis and the therapeutic modification of HDL-C levels have been major research topics. The Framingham study and others that followed could show that HDL-C is an independent cardiovascular risk factor and that the increase of HDL-C of only 10 mg·L(-1) leads to a risk reduction of 2-3%. While statin therapy and therefore low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) reduction could lower coronary heart disease considerably; cardiovascular morbidity and mortality still occur in a significant portion of subjects already receiving therapy. Therefore, new strategies and therapies are needed to further reduce the risk. Raising HDL-C was thought to achieve this goal. However, established drug therapies resulting in substantial HDL-C increase are scarce and their effect is controversial. Furthermore, it is becoming increasingly evident that HDL particle functionality is at least as important as HDL-C levels since HDL particles not only promote reverse cholesterol transport from the periphery (mainly macrophages) to the liver but also exert pleiotropic effects on inflammation, haemostasis and apoptosis. This review deals with the biology of HDL particles, the established and future therapeutic options to increase HDL-C and discusses the results and conclusions of the most important studies published in the last years. Finally, an outlook on future diagnostic tools and therapeutic opportunities regarding coronary artery disease is given.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Mahdy Ali
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Dong B, Kan CFK, Singh AB, Liu J. High-fructose diet downregulates long-chain acyl-CoA synthetase 3 expression in liver of hamsters via impairing LXR/RXR signaling pathway. J Lipid Res 2013; 54:1241-54. [PMID: 23427282 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m032599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Long-chain acyl-CoA synthetases (ACSL) play key roles in fatty acid metabolism in liver and other metabolic tissues in an isozyme-specific manner. In this study, we examined the effects of a fructose-enriched diet on expressions of ACSL isoforms in the liver of hamsters. We showed that the fructose diet markedly reduced the mRNA and protein expressions of ACSL3 in hamster liver without significant effects on other ACSLs. The decrease in ACSL3 abundance was accompanied by a reduction in ACSL-catalyzed synthesis of arachidonyl-CoA and oleoyl-CoA in liver homogenates of hamsters fed the fructose diet as opposed to normal diet. We further showed that fructose diet specifically reduced expressions of three key components of the LXR signaling pathway, namely, liver X receptor (LXR)α, LXRβ, and retinoid X receptor (RXR)β. Exogenous expression and activation of LXRα/β increased hamster ACSL3 promoter activities in a LXR-responsive element (LXRE)-dependent fashion. Finally, we showed that treating hamsters with LXR agonist GW3965 increased hepatic ACSL3 expression without affecting other ACSL isoforms. Furthermore, the ligand-induced increases of ACSL3 expression were accompanied with the reduction of hepatic triglyceride levels in GW3965-treated hamster liver. Altogether, our studies demonstrate that fructose diet has a negative impact on LXR signaling pathway in liver tissue and reduction of ACSL3 expression/activity could be a causal factor for fructose-induced hepatic steatosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bin Dong
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Namjoshi DR, Martin G, Donkin J, Wilkinson A, Stukas S, Fan J, Carr M, Tabarestani S, Wuerth K, Hancock REW, Wellington CL. The liver X receptor agonist GW3965 improves recovery from mild repetitive traumatic brain injury in mice partly through apolipoprotein E. PLoS One 2013; 8:e53529. [PMID: 23349715 PMCID: PMC3547922 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0053529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2012] [Accepted: 11/29/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) increases Alzheimer’s disease (AD) risk and leads to the deposition of neurofibrillary tangles and amyloid deposits similar to those found in AD. Agonists of Liver X receptors (LXRs), which regulate the expression of many genes involved in lipid homeostasis and inflammation, improve cognition and reduce neuropathology in AD mice. One pathway by which LXR agonists exert their beneficial effects is through ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1)-mediated lipid transport onto apolipoprotein E (apoE). To test the therapeutic utility of this pathway for TBI, we subjected male wild-type (WT) and apoE−/− mice to mild repetitive traumatic brain injury (mrTBI) followed by treatment with vehicle or the LXR agonist GW3965 at 15 mg/kg/day. GW3965 treatment restored impaired novel object recognition memory in WT but not apoE−/− mice. GW3965 did not significantly enhance the spontaneous recovery of motor deficits observed in all groups. Total soluble Aβ40 and Aβ42 levels were significantly elevated in WT and apoE−/− mice after injury, a response that was suppressed by GW3965 in both genotypes. WT mice showed mild but significant axonal damage at 2 d post-mrTBI, which was suppressed by GW3965. In contrast, apoE−/− mice showed severe axonal damage from 2 to 14 d after mrTBI that was unresponsive to GW3965. Because our mrTBI model does not produce significant inflammation, the beneficial effects of GW3965 we observed are unlikely to be related to reduced inflammation. Rather, our results suggest that both apoE-dependent and apoE-independent pathways contribute to the ability of GW3965 to promote recovery from mrTBI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dhananjay R. Namjoshi
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Georgina Martin
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - James Donkin
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Anna Wilkinson
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Sophie Stukas
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Jianjia Fan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Michael Carr
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Sepideh Tabarestani
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Kelli Wuerth
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Robert E. W. Hancock
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Cheryl L. Wellington
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- * E-mail: *
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Rébé C, Filomenko R, Raveneau M, Chevriaux A, Ishibashi M, Lagrost L, Junien JL, Gambert P, Masson D. Identification of biological markers of liver X receptor (LXR) activation at the cell surface of human monocytes. PLoS One 2012. [PMID: 23185273 PMCID: PMC3504056 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0048738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Liver X receptor (LXR) α and LXR β (NR1H3 and NR1H2) are oxysterol-activated nuclear receptors involved in the control of major metabolic pathways such as cholesterol homeostasis, lipogenesis, inflammation and innate immunity. Synthetic LXR agonists are currently under development and could find applications in various fields such as cardiovascular diseases, cancer, diabetes and neurodegenerative diseases. The clinical development of LXR agonists requires the identification of biological markers for pharmacodynamic studies. In this context, monocytes represent an attractive target to monitor LXR activation. They are easily accessible cells present in peripheral blood; they express LXR α and β and respond to LXR agonist stimulation in vitro. The aim of our study was to identify cell surface markers of LXR agonists on monocytes. For this, we focused on clusters of differentiation (CD) markers because they are well characterized and accessible cell surface molecules allowing easy immuno-phenotyping. Methodology/Principal Findings By using microarray analysis of monocytes treated or not with an LXR agonist in vitro, we selected three CD, i.e. CD82, CD226, CD244 for further analysis by real time PCR and flow cytometry. The three CD were up-regulated by LXR agonist treatment in vitro in a time- and dose- dependent manner and this induction was LXR specific as assessed by a SiRNA or LXR antagonist strategy. By using flow cytometry, we could demonstrate that the expression of these molecules at the cell surface of monocytes was significantly increased after LXR agonist treatment. Conclusions/Significance We have identified three new cell surface markers that could be useful to monitor LXR activation. Future studies will be required to confirm the biological and diagnostic significance of the markers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cédric Rébé
- Centre de Recherche Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unité Mixte de Recherche 866, Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France
- Structure Fédérative de Recherche Santé-Sciences et Techniques de l'Information et de la Communication, Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France
- Centre Georges-François Leclerc, Dijon, France
| | - Rodolphe Filomenko
- Structure Fédérative de Recherche Santé-Sciences et Techniques de l'Information et de la Communication, Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France
| | - Magalie Raveneau
- Structure Fédérative de Recherche Santé-Sciences et Techniques de l'Information et de la Communication, Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France
| | - Angélique Chevriaux
- Centre de Recherche Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unité Mixte de Recherche 866, Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France
- Structure Fédérative de Recherche Santé-Sciences et Techniques de l'Information et de la Communication, Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France
- Centre Georges-François Leclerc, Dijon, France
| | - Minako Ishibashi
- Centre de Recherche Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unité Mixte de Recherche 866, Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France
- Structure Fédérative de Recherche Santé-Sciences et Techniques de l'Information et de la Communication, Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France
| | - Laurent Lagrost
- Centre de Recherche Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unité Mixte de Recherche 866, Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France
- Structure Fédérative de Recherche Santé-Sciences et Techniques de l'Information et de la Communication, Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Dijon, Dijon, France
| | - Jean Louis Junien
- Structure Fédérative de Recherche Santé-Sciences et Techniques de l'Information et de la Communication, Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France
| | - Philippe Gambert
- Centre de Recherche Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unité Mixte de Recherche 866, Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France
- Structure Fédérative de Recherche Santé-Sciences et Techniques de l'Information et de la Communication, Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Dijon, Dijon, France
| | - David Masson
- Centre de Recherche Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unité Mixte de Recherche 866, Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France
- Structure Fédérative de Recherche Santé-Sciences et Techniques de l'Information et de la Communication, Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Dijon, Dijon, France
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Bonde Y, Plösch T, Kuipers F, Angelin B, Rudling M. Stimulation of murine biliary cholesterol secretion by thyroid hormone is dependent on a functional ABCG5/G8 complex. Hepatology 2012; 56:1828-37. [PMID: 22829162 PMCID: PMC3533177 DOI: 10.1002/hep.25861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2012] [Accepted: 05/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Secretion of cholesterol into bile is important for the elimination of cholesterol from the body. Thyroid hormone (TH) increases biliary cholesterol secretion and hepatic gene expression of adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-binding cassette, subfamily G (WHITE), member 5 (ABCG5) and ATP-binding cassette, subfamily G (WHITE), member 8 (ABCG8), two half-transporters that act as a heterodimeric complex promoting sterol secretion. In addition, nuclear liver x receptor-alpha (LXRa), also regulated by TH, induces gene expression of ABCG5/G8. We here investigated if the TH-induced stimulation of biliary cholesterol secretion is mediated by the ABCG5/G8 complex in vivo, and if so, whether LXRa is involved. Mice homozygous for disruption of Abcg5 (Abcg5(-/-) ) or Lxra (Lxra(-/-) ) and their wild-type counterparts were treated with triiodothyronine (T3) for 14 days and compared to untreated mice of corresponding genetic backgrounds. Bile was collected by gallbladder cannulation, and liver samples were analyzed for gene expression levels. Basal biliary cholesterol secretion in Abcg5(-/-) mice was 72% lower than in Abcg5(+/+) mice. T3 treatment increased cholesterol secretion 3.1-fold in Abcg5(+/+) mice, whereas this response was severely blunted in Abcg5(-/-) mice. In contrast, biliary cholesterol secretion in T3-treated Lxra(+/+) and Lxra(-/-) mice was increased 3.5- and 2.6-fold, respectively, and did not differ significantly. CONCLUSIONS TH-induced secretion of cholesterol into bile is largely dependent on an intact ABCG5/G8 transporter complex, whereas LXRa is not critical for this effect.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ylva Bonde
- Metabolism Unit, Center for Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes, Department of Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital HuddingeStockholm, Sweden,Molecular Nutrition Unit, Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institute, Karolinska University Hospital HuddingeStockholm, Sweden
| | - Torsten Plösch
- Center for Liver, Digestive, and Metabolic Diseases, Laboratory of Pediatrics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of GroningenGroningen, The Netherlands
| | - Folkert Kuipers
- Center for Liver, Digestive, and Metabolic Diseases, Laboratory of Pediatrics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of GroningenGroningen, The Netherlands
| | - Bo Angelin
- Metabolism Unit, Center for Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes, Department of Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital HuddingeStockholm, Sweden,Molecular Nutrition Unit, Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institute, Karolinska University Hospital HuddingeStockholm, Sweden
| | - Mats Rudling
- Metabolism Unit, Center for Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes, Department of Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital HuddingeStockholm, Sweden,Molecular Nutrition Unit, Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institute, Karolinska University Hospital HuddingeStockholm, Sweden,Address reprint requests to: Mats Rudling, M.D., Professor, Metabolism Unit, Center for Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes, C2:94, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Hälsovägen, Flemingsberg, S-141 86 Stockholm, Sweden E-mail: . fax: +4687110710
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Zhang Y, Breevoort SR, Angdisen J, Fu M, Schmidt DR, Holmstrom SR, Kliewer SA, Mangelsdorf DJ, Schulman IG. Liver LXRα expression is crucial for whole body cholesterol homeostasis and reverse cholesterol transport in mice. J Clin Invest 2012; 122:1688-99. [PMID: 22484817 DOI: 10.1172/jci59817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2011] [Accepted: 02/22/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver X receptors (LXRα and LXRβ) are important regulators of cholesterol and lipid metabolism, and their activation has been shown to inhibit cardiovascular disease and reduce atherosclerosis in animal models. Small molecule agonists of LXR activity are therefore of great therapeutic interest. However, the finding that such agonists also promote hepatic lipogenesis has led to the idea that hepatic LXR activity is undesirable from a therapeutic perspective. To investigate whether this might be true, we performed gene targeting to selectively delete LXRα in hepatocytes. Liver-specific deletion of LXRα in mice substantially decreased reverse cholesterol transport, cholesterol catabolism, and cholesterol excretion, revealing the essential importance of hepatic LXRα for whole body cholesterol homeostasis. Additionally, in a pro-atherogenic background, liver-specific deletion of LXRα increased atherosclerosis, uncovering an important function for hepatic LXR activity in limiting cardiovascular disease. Nevertheless, synthetic LXR agonists still elicited anti-atherogenic activity in the absence of hepatic LXRα, indicating that the ability of agonists to reduce cardiovascular disease did not require an increase in cholesterol excretion. Furthermore, when non-atherogenic mice were treated with synthetic LXR agonists, liver-specific deletion of LXRα eliminated the detrimental effect of increased plasma triglycerides, while the beneficial effect of increased plasma HDL was unaltered. In sum, these observations suggest that therapeutic strategies that bypass the liver or limit the activation of hepatic LXRs should still be beneficial for the treatment of cardiovascular disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Arciello M, Petta S, Leoni V, Iannucci G, Labbadia G, Cammà C, Craxì A, Balsano C. Inverse correlation between plasma oxysterol and LDL-cholesterol levels in hepatitis C virus-infected patients. Dig Liver Dis 2012; 44:245-50. [PMID: 22154950 DOI: 10.1016/j.dld.2011.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2011] [Revised: 09/22/2011] [Accepted: 10/25/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatitis C virus infection is characterised by enhanced oxidative stress, which can be measured quantitatively by plasma oxysterol concentration. These molecules may affect lipid metabolism through the activation of Liver X Receptors. Hepatitis C virus exploits host lipid metabolism to facilitate its replication and diffusion. In our study we aimed to evaluate and highlight the potential pathogenetic role of oxysterols, 7-ketocholesterol and 7-β-hydroxycholesterol, in hepatitis C virus-related lipid dysmetabolism. METHODS The study was performed in 42 patients with chronic hepatitis C (93% genotype 1b) and 38 non-alcoholic fatty liver disease patients. Plasma oxysterols 7-ketocholesterol and 7-β-hydroxycholesterol were determined by isotope dilution gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. RESULTS Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry revealed higher 7-ketocholesterol (71.2 ± 77.3 vs 30.4 ± 14.5; p<0.005) and 7-β-hydroxycholesterol (23.7 ± 20.6 vs 11.5 ± 4.9; p<0.001) plasma levels in hepatitis C virus patients. Furthermore, multivariate regression analysis highlighted an inverse independent correlation between high oxysterol levels and low low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (p=0.01 for 7-β-hydroxycholesterol; p=0.02 for 7-ketocholesterol) in the hepatitis C virus group; in contrast, the non-alcoholic fatty liver disease group showed a direct correlation between oxysterol levels and low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (p<0.001 for 7-β-hydroxycholesterol; p=0.002 for 7-ketocholesterol). CONCLUSION These different correlations reveal profound differences in lipid dysmetabolism between chronic hepatitis C and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mario Arciello
- Department of Internal Medicine and Public Health, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Honzumi S, Shima A, Hiroshima A, Koieyama T, Terasaka N. Synthetic LXR agonist inhibits the development of atherosclerosis in New Zealand White rabbits. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2011; 1811:1136-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2011.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2011] [Revised: 08/10/2011] [Accepted: 08/15/2011] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
|
46
|
Cheng TJ, Chuu JJ, Chang CY, Tsai WC, Chen KJ, Guo HR. Atherosclerosis induced by arsenic in drinking water in rats through altering lipid metabolism. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2011; 256:146-53. [PMID: 21851829 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2011.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2011] [Revised: 07/19/2011] [Accepted: 08/01/2011] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Arsenic in drinking water is a global environmental health problem, and the exposure may increase cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases mortalities, most likely through causing atherosclerosis. However, the mechanism of atherosclerosis formation after arsenic exposure is still unclear. To study the mechanism of atherosclerosis formation after arsenic exposure and explore the role of high cholesterol diet (HCD) in this process, we fed spontaneous hypertensive rats and Wistar Kyoto rats with basal diet or HCD and provided with them drinking water containing arsenic at different ages and orders for 20 consecutive weeks. We measured high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), total cholesterol, triglycerides, heat shock protein 70 (HSP 70), and high sensitive C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) at predetermined intervals and determined expressions of cholesteryl ester transfer protein-1 (CETP-1) and liver X receptor β (LXRβ) in the liver. Atherosclerosis was determined by examining the aorta with hematoxylin and eosin stain. After 20 weeks, we found arsenic, alone or combined with HCD, may promote atherosclerosis formation with transient increases in HSP 70 and hs-CRP. Early combination exposure decreased the HDL-C/LDL-C ratio without changing the levels of total cholesterol and triglyceride until 30 weeks old. Both CETP-1 and LXRβ activities were suppressed, most significantly in early combination exposure. In conclusion, arsenic exposure may induce atherosclerosis through modifying reverse cholesterol transport in cholesterol metabolism and suppressing LXRβ and CEPT-1 expressions. For decreasing atherosclerosis related mortality associated with arsenic, preventing exposure from environmental sources in early life is an important element.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tain-Junn Cheng
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, 138 Sheng-Li Road, Tainan 704, Taiwan
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
van der Hoorn J, Lindén D, Lindahl U, Bekkers M, Voskuilen M, Nilsson R, Oscarsson J, Lindstedt E, Princen H. Low dose of the liver X receptor agonist, AZ876, reduces atherosclerosis in APOE*3Leiden mice without affecting liver or plasma triglyceride levels. Br J Pharmacol 2011; 162:1553-63. [PMID: 21175581 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2010.01168.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Liver X receptor (LXR) agonists are atheroprotective but often induce hypertriglyceridaemia and liver steatosis. We investigated the effect of a novel high-affinity LXR activator, AZ876, on plasma lipids, inflammation and atherosclerosis, and compared the effects with another LXR agonist, GW3965. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH APOE*3Leiden mice were fed an atherogenic diet alone or supplemented with either AZ876 (5 or 20µmol·kg(-1) ·day(-1) ) or GW3965 (17µmol·kg(-1) ·day(-1) ) for 20 weeks. Total cholesterol and triglyceride levels were measured using commercial kits. Plasma cytokines were determined by using bead-based multiplex suspension array kits with the Luminex technology. Atherosclerosis was assessed histochemically and lesion composition was assessed by immunohistochemical methods. KEY RESULTS Low-dose AZ876 had no effect on plasma or liver lipids, whereas high-dose AZ876 increased plasma triglycerides (+110%) and reduced cholesterol (-16%) compared with controls. GW3965 increased plasma triglycerides (+70%). Low-dose AZ876 reduced lesion area (-47%); and high-dose AZ876 strongly decreased lesion area (-91%), lesion number (-59%) and severity. In either dose, AZ876 did not affect lesion composition. GW3965 reduced atherosclerosis and collagen content of lesions (-23%; P < 0.01). High-dose AZ876 and GW3965, but not low-dose AZ876, reduced inflammation as reflected by lower cytokine levels and vessel wall activation. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS We have identified a novel LXR agonist that when given in a low dose inhibits the progression of atherosclerosis without inducing anti-inflammatory effects, liver steatosis or hypertriglyceridaemia. Therefore, the primary protective action of a low-dose AZ876 is likely to be an increased reverse cholesterol transport.
Collapse
|
48
|
Namjoshi D, Stukas S, Wellington CL. ABCA1, apoE and apoA-I as potential therapeutic targets for treating Alzheimer’s disease. Neurodegener Dis Manag 2011. [DOI: 10.2217/nmt.11.23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
SUMMARY The association between apoE genotype and risk and age of onset for Alzheimer’s disease (AD) was first discovered in 1993. Innumerable studies since then have defined Aβ-dependent and Aβ-independent roles for apoE in AD pathogenesis. Although therapeutic approaches that specifically target apoE are not yet developed for AD, apoE may have a more fundamental role in brain physiology than previously appreciated. ApoE is the major apolipoprotein in the CNS, coordinating the uptake and delivery of lipids among various cell types in the brain. ApoE receives lipids from the membrane-bound cholesterol and phospholipid transporter ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1). Genetic and pharmacological methods to enhance ABCA1 activity generate lipid-rich apoE particles and provide cognitive and neuropathological benefits in animal models of AD. Recent studies on apoA-I, which is the major lipid acceptor for ABCA1 in peripheral tissues and is also present in the CNS, suggest that increasing apoA-I function may also have neuroprotective effects. In this article, we will discuss the potential of ABCA1, apoE and apoA-I as therapeutic targets for the treatment of AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dhananjay Namjoshi
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V5Z 4H4, Canada
| | - Sophie Stukas
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V5Z 4H4, Canada
| | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Giannarelli C, Cimmino G, Connolly TM, Ibanez B, Garcia Ruiz JM, Alique M, Zafar MU, Fuster V, Feuerstein G, Badimon JJ. Synergistic effect of liver X receptor activation and simvastatin on plaque regression and stabilization: an magnetic resonance imaging study in a model of advanced atherosclerosis. Eur Heart J 2011; 33:264-73. [DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehr136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
|
50
|
Pfeifer T, Buchebner M, Chandak PG, Patankar J, Kratzer A, Obrowsky S, Rechberger GN, Kadam RS, Kompella UB, Kostner GM, Kratky D, Levak-Frank S. Synthetic LXR agonist suppresses endogenous cholesterol biosynthesis and efficiently lowers plasma cholesterol. Curr Pharm Biotechnol 2011; 12:285-92. [PMID: 21190543 DOI: 10.2174/138920111794295774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2010] [Accepted: 06/13/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The liver X receptors (LXRs) are key regulators of genes involved in cholesterol homeostasis. Natural ligands and activators of LXRs are oxysterols. Numerous steroidal and non-steroidal synthetic LXR ligands are under development as potential drugs for individuals suffering from lipid disorders. N,N-dimethyl-3β-hydroxycholenamide (DMHCA) is a steroidal ligand of LXRs that exerts anti-atherogenic effects in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice without causing negative side effects such as liver steatosis or hypertriglyceridemia. In this report, we investigated the consequences of DMHCA treatment on cholesterol homeostasis in vivo and in vitro. Despite its hydrophobicity, DMHCA is readily absorbed by C57BL/6 mice and taken up by intestinal cells, the lung, heart and kidneys, but is undetectable in the brain. DMHCA significantly reduces cholesterol absorption and uptake in duodenum and jejunum of the small intestine and in turn leads to a reduction of plasma cholesterol by 24%. The most striking finding of this study is that DMHCA inhibited the enzyme 3β-hydroxysterol-Δ24-reductase resulting in an accumulation of desmosterol in the plasma and in feces. Thus, the reduction of plasma cholesterol was due to a block in the final step of cholesterol biosynthesis. Taken together, DMHCA is an interesting compound with properties distinct from other LXR ligands and might be used to study desmosterol-mediated effects in cells and tissues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Pfeifer
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, Harrachgasse 21/3, Graz, Austria
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|