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Mogilevski T, Maconi G, Gibson PR. Recent advances in measuring the effects of diet on gastrointestinal physiology: Probing the "leaky gut" and application of real-time ultrasound. JGH Open 2024; 8:e13081. [PMID: 38957479 PMCID: PMC11217769 DOI: 10.1002/jgh3.13081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Revised: 04/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
There is a large pool of ideas in both mainstream and non-mainstream medicine on how diet can be manipulated in order to treat or prevent illnesses. Despite this, our understanding of how specific changes in diet influence the structure and function of the gastrointestinal tract is limited. This review aims to describe two areas that might provide key information on the integrity and function of the gastrointestinal tract. First, demystifying the "leaky gut syndrome" requires rational application and interpretation of tests of intestinal barrier function. Multiple ways of measuring barrier function have been described, but the inherent difficulties in translation from animal studies to humans have created misinterpretations and misconceptions. The intrinsic nature of intestinal barrier function is dynamic. This is seldom considered in studies of intestinal barrier assessment. To adequately understand the effects of dietary interventions on intestinal barrier function, background barrier function in different regions of the gut and the dynamic responses to stressors (such as psychological stress) should be assessed as a minimum. Second, intestinal ultrasound, which is now established in the assessment and monitoring of inflammatory bowel disease, has hitherto been poorly evaluated in assessing real-time intestinal function and novel aspects of structure in patients with disorders of gut-brain interaction. In conclusion, a more complete functional and structural profile that these investigations enable should permit a greater understanding of the effects of dietary manipulation on the gastrointestinal tract and provide clinically relevant information that, amongst other advantages, might permit opportunities for personalized health care delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Mogilevski
- Department of GastroenterologySchool of Translational Medicine, Monash UniversityMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
| | - Giovanni Maconi
- Gastroenterology Unit, Department of Biomedical and Clinical SciencesLuigi Sacco University Hospital University of MilanMilanItaly
| | - Peter R Gibson
- Department of GastroenterologySchool of Translational Medicine, Monash UniversityMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
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2
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Chmielarz M, Sobieszczańska B, Środa-Pomianek K. Metabolic Endotoxemia: From the Gut to Neurodegeneration. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:7006. [PMID: 39000116 PMCID: PMC11241432 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25137006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2024] [Revised: 06/22/2024] [Accepted: 06/23/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Metabolic endotoxemia is a severe health problem for residents in developed countries who follow a Western diet, disrupting intestinal microbiota and the whole organism's homeostasis. Although the effect of endotoxin on the human immune system is well known, its long-term impact on the human body, lasting many months or even years, is unknown. This is due to the difficulty of conducting in vitro and in vivo studies on the prolonged effect of endotoxin on the central nervous system. In this article, based on the available literature, we traced the path of endotoxin from the intestines to the blood through the intestinal epithelium and factors promoting the development of metabolic endotoxemia. The presence of endotoxin in the bloodstream and the inflammation it induces may contribute to lowering the blood-brain barrier, potentially allowing its penetration into the central nervous system; although, the theory is still controversial. Microglia, guarding the central nervous system, are the first line of defense and respond to endotoxin with activation, which may contribute to the development of neurodegenerative diseases. We traced the pro-inflammatory role of endotoxin in neurodegenerative diseases and its impact on the epigenetic regulation of microglial phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mateusz Chmielarz
- Department of Microbiology, Wroclaw University of Medicine, Chalubinskiego 4 Street, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Beata Sobieszczańska
- Department of Microbiology, Wroclaw University of Medicine, Chalubinskiego 4 Street, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Kamila Środa-Pomianek
- Department of Biophysics and Neuroscience, Wroclaw University of Medicine, Chalubinskiego 3a, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland
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3
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Nguyen M, Putot A, Masson D, Cottin Y, Gautier T, Tribouillard L, Rérole AL, Guinot PG, Maza M, Pais de Barros JP, Deckert V, Farnier M, Lagrost L, Zeller M. Risk factors and prognostic value of endotoxemia in patients with acute myocardial infarction. Front Cardiovasc Med 2024; 11:1419001. [PMID: 38984349 PMCID: PMC11232875 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2024.1419001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Background There is increasing evidence regarding the association between endotoxemia and the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and myocardial infarction (MI). During the acute phase of MI, endotoxemia might increase inflammation and drive adverse cardiovascular (CV) outcomes. We aimed to explore the risk factors and prognostic value of endotoxemia in patients admitted for acute MI. Methods Patients admitted to the coronary care unit of Dijon University Hospital for type 1 acute MI between 2013 and 2015 were included. Endotoxemia, assessed by plasma lipopolysaccharide (LPS) concentration, was measured by mass spectrometry. Major adverse CV events were recorded in the year following hospital admission. Results Data from 245 consecutive MI patients were analyzed. LPS concentration at admission markedly increased with age and diabetes. High LPS concentration was correlated with metabolic biomarkers (glycemia, triglyceride, and total cholesterol) but not with CV (troponin Ic peak and N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide) or inflammatory biomarkers (C-reactive protein, IL6, IL8, and TNFα). LPS concentration was not associated with in-hospital or 1-year outcomes. Conclusions In patients admitted for MI, higher levels of endotoxins were related to pre-existing conditions rather than acute clinical severity. Therefore, endotoxins measured on the day of MI could reflect metabolic chronic endotoxemia rather than MI-related acute gut translocation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxime Nguyen
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Dijon University Hospital, Dijon, France
- Lipides Nutrition Cancer UMR1231 and LipSTIC LabEx, Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France
| | - Alain Putot
- Geriatrics Internal Medicine Department, Dijon University Hospital, Dijon, France
- Physiopathologie et Epidémiologie Cérébro-Cardiovasculaires (PEC2), EA7460, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
- Infectious Diseases and Internal Medicine Department, Hôpitaux du Pays du Mont Blanc, Sallanches, France
| | - David Masson
- Lipides Nutrition Cancer UMR1231 and LipSTIC LabEx, Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France
| | - Yves Cottin
- Physiopathologie et Epidémiologie Cérébro-Cardiovasculaires (PEC2), EA7460, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Thomas Gautier
- Lipides Nutrition Cancer UMR1231 and LipSTIC LabEx, Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France
| | - Laura Tribouillard
- Physiopathologie et Epidémiologie Cérébro-Cardiovasculaires (PEC2), EA7460, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Anne-Laure Rérole
- Lipides Nutrition Cancer UMR1231 and LipSTIC LabEx, Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France
| | - Pierre-Grégoire Guinot
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Dijon University Hospital, Dijon, France
- Lipides Nutrition Cancer UMR1231 and LipSTIC LabEx, Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France
| | - Maud Maza
- Physiopathologie et Epidémiologie Cérébro-Cardiovasculaires (PEC2), EA7460, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | | | - Valérie Deckert
- Lipides Nutrition Cancer UMR1231 and LipSTIC LabEx, Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France
| | - Michel Farnier
- Cardiology Department, Dijon University Hospital, Dijon, France
| | - Laurent Lagrost
- Lipides Nutrition Cancer UMR1231 and LipSTIC LabEx, Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France
| | - Marianne Zeller
- Physiopathologie et Epidémiologie Cérébro-Cardiovasculaires (PEC2), EA7460, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
- Cardiology Department, Dijon University Hospital, Dijon, France
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4
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Trøseid M, Nielsen SD, Vujkovic-Cvijin I. Gut microbiome and cardiometabolic comorbidities in people living with HIV. MICROBIOME 2024; 12:106. [PMID: 38877521 PMCID: PMC11177534 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-024-01815-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/16/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite modern antiretroviral therapy (ART), people living with HIV (PLWH) have increased relative risk of inflammatory-driven comorbidities, including cardiovascular disease (CVD). The gut microbiome could be one of several driving factors, along with traditional risk factors and HIV-related risk factors such as coinfections, ART toxicity, and past immunodeficiency. RESULTS PLWH have an altered gut microbiome, even after adjustment for known confounding factors including sexual preference. The HIV-related microbiome has been associated with cardiometabolic comorbidities, and shares features with CVD-related microbiota profiles, in particular reduced capacity for short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) generation. Substantial inter-individual variation has so far been an obstacle for applying microbiota profiles for risk stratification. This review covers updated knowledge and recent advances in our understanding of the gut microbiome and comorbidities in PLWH, with specific focus on cardiometabolic comorbidities and inflammation. It covers a comprehensive overview of HIV-related and comorbidity-related dysbiosis, microbial translocation, and microbiota-derived metabolites. It also contains recent data from studies in PLWH on circulating metabolites related to comorbidities and underlying gut microbiota alterations, including circulating levels of the SCFA propionate, the histidine-analogue imidazole propionate, and the protective metabolite indole-3-propionic acid. CONCLUSIONS Despite recent advances, the gut microbiome and related metabolites are not yet established as biomarkers or therapeutic targets. The review gives directions for future research needed to advance the field into clinical practice, including promises and pitfalls for precision medicine. Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marius Trøseid
- Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway.
- Section for Clinical Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway.
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Susanne Dam Nielsen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, Copenhagen, 2200, Denmark
- Department of Surgical Gastroenterology and Transplantation, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 9, Copenhagen Oe, 2100, Denmark
| | - Ivan Vujkovic-Cvijin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Karsh Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- F. Widjaja Inflammatory Bowel Disease Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Jaquez-Durán G, Arellano-Ortiz AL. Western diet components that increase intestinal permeability with implications on health. INT J VITAM NUTR RES 2024; 94:405-421. [PMID: 38009780 DOI: 10.1024/0300-9831/a000801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Intestinal permeability is a physiological property that allows necessary molecules to enter the organism. This property is regulated by tight junction proteins located between intestinal epithelial cells. However, various factors can increase intestinal permeability (IIP), including diet. Specific components in the Western diet (WD), such as monosaccharides, fat, gluten, salt, alcohol, and additives, can affect the tight junctions between enterocytes, leading to increased permeability. This review explains how these components promote IIP and outlines their potential implications for health. In addition, we describe how a reduction in WD consumption may help improve dietary treatment of diseases associated with IIP. Research has shown that some of these components can cause changes in the gut microbiota, leading to dysbiosis, which can promote greater intestinal permeability and displacement of endotoxins into the bloodstream. These endotoxins include lipopolysaccharides derived from gram-negative bacteria, and their presence has been associated with various diseases, such as autoimmune, neurological, and metabolic diseases like diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Therefore, nutrition professionals should promote the reduction of WD consumption and consider the inclusion of healthy diet components as part of the nutritional treatment for diseases associated with increased intestinal permeability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilberto Jaquez-Durán
- Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, División Multidisciplinaria de Ciudad Universitaria, Universidad Autónoma de Ciudad Juárez, México
| | - Ana Lidia Arellano-Ortiz
- Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, División Multidisciplinaria de Ciudad Universitaria, Universidad Autónoma de Ciudad Juárez, México
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Nguyen NTA, Jiang Y, McQuade JL. Eating away cancer: the potential of diet and the microbiome for shaping immunotherapy outcome. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1409414. [PMID: 38873602 PMCID: PMC11169628 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1409414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiome (GMB) plays a substantial role in human health and disease. From affecting gut barrier integrity to promoting immune cell differentiation, the GMB is capable of shaping host immunity and thus oncogenesis and anti-cancer therapeutic response, particularly with immunotherapy. Dietary patterns and components are key determinants of GMB composition, supporting the investigation of the diet-microbiome-immunity axis as a potential avenue to enhance immunotherapy response in cancer patients. As such, this review will discuss the role of the GMB and diet on anti-cancer immunity. We demonstrate that diet affects anti-cancer immunity through both GMB-independent and GMB-mediated mechanisms, and that different diet patterns mold the GMB's functional and taxonomic composition in distinctive ways. Dietary modulation therefore shows promise as an intervention for improving cancer outcome; however, further and more extensive research in human cancer populations is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jennifer L. McQuade
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
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Aune SK, Helseth R, Kalstad AA, Laake K, Åkra S, Arnesen H, Solheim S, Seljeflot I. Links Between Adipose Tissue Gene Expression of Gut Leakage Markers, Circulating Levels, Anthropometrics, and Diet in Patients with Coronary Artery Disease. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2024; 17:2177-2190. [PMID: 38827167 PMCID: PMC11144434 DOI: 10.2147/dmso.s438818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 06/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Recent studies suggest gut-derived lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-translocation to play a role in both systemic inflammation and in inflammatory adipose tissue. We aimed to investigate whether circulating LPS-related inflammatory markers and corresponding genetic expression in adipose tissue were associated with obesity, cardiometabolic risk factors, and dietary habits in patients with coronary artery disease. Methods Patients (n=382) suffering a myocardial infarction 2-8 weeks prior to inclusion were enrolled in this cross-sectional study. Subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT), taken from the gluteal region, and fasting blood samples were collected at inclusion for determination of genetic expression of LPS-binding protein (LBP), CD14, toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2), and TLR4 in SAT, and LPS, LBP, and soluble cluster of differentiation 14 (sCD14) in the circulation. All patients filled out a dietary registration form. Results Patients (median age 74 years, 25% women), had a median body mass index (BMI) of 25.9 kg/m2. Circulating levels of LBP correlated to BMI (p=0.02), were significantly higher in overweight or obese (BMI≥25 kg/m2) compared to normal- or underweight patients (BMI<25 kg/m2), and were significantly elevated in patients with T2DM, hypertension, and MetS, compared to patients without (p≤0.04, all). In SAT, gene expression of CD14 and LBP correlated significantly to BMI (p≤0.001, both), and CD14 and TLR2 expressions were significantly higher in patients with T2DM and MetS compared to patients without (p≤0.001, both). Circulating and genetically expressed CD14 associated with use of n-3 PUFAs (p=0.008 and p=0.003, respectively). No other significant associations were found between the measured markers and dietary habits. Conclusion In patients with established CAD, circulating levels of LBP and gene expression of CD14 and TLR2 in SAT were related to obesity, MetS, T2DM, and hypertension. This suggests that the LPS-LBP-CD14 inflammatory axis is activated in the chronic low-grade inflammation associated with cardiometabolic abnormalities, whereas no significant associations with dietary habits were observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Kristine Aune
- Center for Clinical Heart Research, Department of Cardiology, Oslo University Hospital Ullevål, Oslo, Norway
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ragnhild Helseth
- Center for Clinical Heart Research, Department of Cardiology, Oslo University Hospital Ullevål, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Cardiology, Oslo University Hospital Ullevål, Oslo, Norway
| | - Are A Kalstad
- Center for Clinical Heart Research, Department of Cardiology, Oslo University Hospital Ullevål, Oslo, Norway
| | - Kristian Laake
- Center for Clinical Heart Research, Department of Cardiology, Oslo University Hospital Ullevål, Oslo, Norway
| | - Sissel Åkra
- Center for Clinical Heart Research, Department of Cardiology, Oslo University Hospital Ullevål, Oslo, Norway
| | - Harald Arnesen
- Center for Clinical Heart Research, Department of Cardiology, Oslo University Hospital Ullevål, Oslo, Norway
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Svein Solheim
- Center for Clinical Heart Research, Department of Cardiology, Oslo University Hospital Ullevål, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Cardiology, Oslo University Hospital Ullevål, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ingebjørg Seljeflot
- Center for Clinical Heart Research, Department of Cardiology, Oslo University Hospital Ullevål, Oslo, Norway
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Cardiology, Oslo University Hospital Ullevål, Oslo, Norway
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Raoul P, De Gaetano V, Sciaraffia G, Ormea G, Cintoni M, Pozzo C, Strippoli A, Gasbarrini A, Mele MC, Rinninella E. Gastric Cancer, Immunotherapy, and Nutrition: The Role of Microbiota. Pathogens 2024; 13:357. [PMID: 38787209 PMCID: PMC11124250 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13050357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2024] [Revised: 04/14/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) have revolutionized the treatment of gastric cancer (GC), which still represents the third leading cause of cancer-related death in Western countries. However, ICI treatment outcomes vary between individuals and need to be optimized. Recent studies have shown that gut microbiota could represent a key influencer of immunotherapy responses. At the same time, the nutritional status and diet of GC patients are also predictive of immunotherapy treatment response and survival outcomes. The objective of this narrative review is to gather recent findings about the complex relationships between the oral, gastric, and gut bacterial communities, dietary factors/nutritional parameters, and immunotherapy responses. Perigastric/gut microbiota compositions/functions and their metabolites could be predictive of response to immunotherapy in GC patients and even overall survival. At the same time, the strong influence of diet on the composition of the microbiota could have consequences on immunotherapy responses through the impact of muscle mass in GC patients during immunotherapy. Future studies are needed to define more precisely the dietary factors, such as adequate daily intake of prebiotics, that could counteract the dysbiosis of the GC microbiota and the impaired nutritional status, improving the clinical outcomes of GC patients during immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauline Raoul
- Clinical Nutrition Unit, Department of Medical and Abdominal Surgery and Endocrine-Metabolic Sciences, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy (M.C.); (M.C.M.)
| | - Valeria De Gaetano
- School of Specialization in Internal Medicine, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, 00168 Rome, Italy; (V.D.G.); (G.S.)
| | - Gianmario Sciaraffia
- School of Specialization in Internal Medicine, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, 00168 Rome, Italy; (V.D.G.); (G.S.)
| | - Ginevra Ormea
- Degree Course in Pharmacy, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, 00168 Rome, Italy;
| | - Marco Cintoni
- Clinical Nutrition Unit, Department of Medical and Abdominal Surgery and Endocrine-Metabolic Sciences, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy (M.C.); (M.C.M.)
- Research and Training Center in Human Nutrition, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, 00168 Rome, Italy;
| | - Carmelo Pozzo
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy; (C.P.); (A.S.)
| | - Antonia Strippoli
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy; (C.P.); (A.S.)
| | - Antonio Gasbarrini
- Research and Training Center in Human Nutrition, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, 00168 Rome, Italy;
- Digestive Disease Center (CEMAD), Department of Medical and Abdominal Surgery and Endocrine-Metabolic Sciences, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
- Department of Translational Medicine and Surgery, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Cristina Mele
- Clinical Nutrition Unit, Department of Medical and Abdominal Surgery and Endocrine-Metabolic Sciences, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy (M.C.); (M.C.M.)
- Research and Training Center in Human Nutrition, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, 00168 Rome, Italy;
- Department of Translational Medicine and Surgery, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Emanuele Rinninella
- Clinical Nutrition Unit, Department of Medical and Abdominal Surgery and Endocrine-Metabolic Sciences, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy (M.C.); (M.C.M.)
- Research and Training Center in Human Nutrition, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, 00168 Rome, Italy;
- Department of Translational Medicine and Surgery, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, 00168 Rome, Italy
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Merk D, Cox FF, Jakobs P, Prömel S, Altschmied J, Haendeler J. Dose-Dependent Effects of Lipopolysaccharide on the Endothelium-Sepsis versus Metabolic Endotoxemia-Induced Cellular Senescence. Antioxidants (Basel) 2024; 13:443. [PMID: 38671891 PMCID: PMC11047739 DOI: 10.3390/antiox13040443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The endothelium, the innermost cell layer of blood vessels, is not only a physical barrier between the bloodstream and the surrounding tissues but has also essential functions in vascular homeostasis. Therefore, it is not surprising that endothelial dysfunction is associated with most cardiovascular diseases. The functionality of the endothelium is compromised by endotoxemia, the presence of bacterial endotoxins in the bloodstream with the main endotoxin lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Therefore, this review will focus on the effects of LPS on the endothelium. Depending on the LPS concentration, the outcomes are either sepsis or, at lower concentrations, so-called low-dose or metabolic endotoxemia. Sepsis, a life-threatening condition evoked by hyperactivation of the immune response, includes breakdown of the endothelial barrier resulting in failure of multiple organs. A deeper understanding of the underlying mechanisms in the endothelium might help pave the way to new therapeutic options in sepsis treatment to prevent endothelial leakage and fatal septic shock. Low-dose endotoxemia or metabolic endotoxemia results in chronic inflammation leading to endothelial cell senescence, which entails endothelial dysfunction and thus plays a critical role in cardiovascular diseases. The identification of compounds counteracting senescence induction in endothelial cells might therefore help in delaying the onset or progression of age-related pathologies. Interestingly, two natural plant-derived substances, caffeine and curcumin, have shown potential in preventing endothelial cell senescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Merk
- Environmentally-Induced Cardiovascular Degeneration, Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical Faculty, University Hospital and Heinrich-Heine-University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany; (D.M.); (F.F.C.); (P.J.)
| | - Fiona Frederike Cox
- Environmentally-Induced Cardiovascular Degeneration, Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical Faculty, University Hospital and Heinrich-Heine-University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany; (D.M.); (F.F.C.); (P.J.)
- Medical Faculty, Institute for Translational Pharmacology, University Hospital and Heinrich-Heine-University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Philipp Jakobs
- Environmentally-Induced Cardiovascular Degeneration, Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical Faculty, University Hospital and Heinrich-Heine-University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany; (D.M.); (F.F.C.); (P.J.)
| | - Simone Prömel
- Department of Biology, Institute of Cell Biology, Heinrich-Heine-University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany;
| | - Joachim Altschmied
- Environmentally-Induced Cardiovascular Degeneration, Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical Faculty, University Hospital and Heinrich-Heine-University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany; (D.M.); (F.F.C.); (P.J.)
- Medical Faculty, Cardiovascular Research Institute Düsseldorf, CARID, University Hospital and Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Judith Haendeler
- Environmentally-Induced Cardiovascular Degeneration, Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical Faculty, University Hospital and Heinrich-Heine-University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany; (D.M.); (F.F.C.); (P.J.)
- Medical Faculty, Cardiovascular Research Institute Düsseldorf, CARID, University Hospital and Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
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Chirivi M, Contreras GA. Endotoxin-induced alterations of adipose tissue function: a pathway to bovine metabolic stress. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2024; 15:53. [PMID: 38581064 PMCID: PMC10998405 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-024-01013-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024] Open
Abstract
During the periparturient period, dairy cows exhibit negative energy balance due to limited appetite and increased energy requirements for lactogenesis. The delicate equilibrium between energy availability and expenditure puts cows in a state of metabolic stress characterized by excessive lipolysis in white adipose tissues (AT), increased production of reactive oxygen species, and immune cell dysfunction. Metabolic stress, especially in AT, increases the risk for metabolic and inflammatory diseases. Around parturition, cows are also susceptible to endotoxemia. Bacterial-derived toxins cause endotoxemia by promoting inflammatory processes and immune cell infiltration in different organs and systems while impacting metabolic function by altering lipolysis, mitochondrial activity, and insulin sensitivity. In dairy cows, endotoxins enter the bloodstream after overcoming the defense mechanisms of the epithelial barriers, particularly during common periparturient conditions such as mastitis, metritis, and pneumonia, or after abrupt changes in the gut microbiome. In the bovine AT, endotoxins induce a pro-inflammatory response and stimulate lipolysis in AT, leading to the release of free fatty acids into the bloodstream. When excessive and protracted, endotoxin-induced lipolysis can impair adipocyte's insulin signaling pathways and lipid synthesis. Endotoxin exposure can also induce oxidative stress in AT through the production of reactive oxygen species by inflammatory cells and other cellular components. This review provides insights into endotoxins' impact on AT function, highlighting the gaps in our knowledge of the mechanisms underlying AT dysfunction, its connection with periparturient cows' disease risk, and the need to develop effective interventions to prevent and treat endotoxemia-related inflammatory conditions in dairy cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Chirivi
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - G Andres Contreras
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA.
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Bouzid YY, Wilson SM, Alkan Z, Stephensen CB, Lemay DG. Lower Diet Quality Associated with Subclinical Gastrointestinal Inflammation in Healthy United States Adults. J Nutr 2024; 154:1449-1460. [PMID: 38432562 DOI: 10.1016/j.tjnut.2024.02.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 02/17/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Higher diet quality has been associated with lower risk of developing inflammatory bowel disease, but associations between diet and gastrointestinal (GI) inflammation in healthy adults prior to disease onset are understudied. OBJECTIVES The purpose of this project was to examine associations between reported dietary intake and markers of GI inflammation in a healthy adult human cohort. METHODS In a cross-sectional observational trial of 358 healthy adults, participants completed ≤3 unannounced 24-h dietary recalls using the Automated Self-Administered Dietary Assessment Tool and a Block 2014 Food Frequency Questionnaire to assess recent and habitual intake, respectively. Those who provided a stool sample were included in this analysis. Inflammation markers from stool, including calprotectin, neopterin, and myeloperoxidase, were measured by ELISA along with LPS-binding protein from plasma. RESULTS Recent and habitual fiber intake was negatively correlated with fecal calprotectin concentrations (n = 295, P = 0.011, 0.009). Habitual soluble fiber intake was also negatively correlated with calprotectin (P = 0.01). Recent and habitual legume and vegetable intake was negatively correlated with calprotectin (P = 0.013, 0.026, 0.01, 0.009). We observed an inverse correlation between recent Healthy Eating Index (HEI) scores and calprotectin concentrations (n = 295, P = 0.026). Dietary Inflammatory Index scores were calculated and positively correlated with neopterin for recent intake (n = 289, P = 0.015). When participants with clinically elevated calprotectin were excluded, recent and habitual fiber, legume, vegetable, and fruit intake were negatively correlated with calprotectin (n = 253, P = 0.00001, 0.0002, 0.045, 0.001, 0.009, 0.001, 0.004, 0.014). Recent total HEI score was inversely correlated with subclinical calprotectin (P = 0.003). CONCLUSIONS Higher diet quality may be protective against GI inflammation even in healthy adults. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT02367287.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasmine Y Bouzid
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA
| | - Stephanie Mg Wilson
- USDA-ARS Western Human Nutrition Research Center, Davis, CA, United States; Texas A&M AgriLife, Institute for Advancing Health Through Agriculture, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Zeynep Alkan
- USDA-ARS Western Human Nutrition Research Center, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Charles B Stephensen
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA; USDA-ARS Western Human Nutrition Research Center, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Danielle G Lemay
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA; USDA-ARS Western Human Nutrition Research Center, Davis, CA, United States.
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12
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Longtine AG, Greenberg NT, Bernaldo de Quirós Y, Brunt VE. The gut microbiome as a modulator of arterial function and age-related arterial dysfunction. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2024; 326:H986-H1005. [PMID: 38363212 PMCID: PMC11279790 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00764.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
The arterial system is integral to the proper function of all other organs and tissues. Arterial function is impaired with aging, and arterial dysfunction contributes to the development of numerous age-related diseases, including cardiovascular diseases. The gut microbiome has emerged as an important regulator of both normal host physiological function and impairments in function with aging. The purpose of this review is to summarize more recently published literature demonstrating the role of the gut microbiome in supporting normal arterial development and function and in modulating arterial dysfunction with aging in the absence of overt disease. The gut microbiome can be altered due to a variety of exposures, including physiological aging processes. We explore mechanisms by which the gut microbiome may contribute to age-related arterial dysfunction, with a focus on changes in various gut microbiome-related compounds in circulation. In addition, we discuss how modulating circulating levels of these compounds may be a viable therapeutic approach for improving artery function with aging. Finally, we identify and discuss various experimental considerations and research gaps/areas of future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail G Longtine
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, United States
| | - Nathan T Greenberg
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, United States
| | - Yara Bernaldo de Quirós
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, United States
- Instituto Universitario de Sanidad Animal y Seguridad Alimentaria, Universidad de las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas, Spain
| | - Vienna E Brunt
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, United States
- Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, United States
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13
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Hall WL, Alkoblan A, Gibson PS, D'Annibale M, Coekaerts A, Bauer M, Bruce JH, Lecomte B, Penhoat A, Laugerette F, Michalski MC, Salt LJ, Wilde PJ, Berry SE. Postprandial lipid and vascular responses following consumption of a commercially-relevant interesterified palmitic acid-rich spread in comparison to functionally-equivalent non-interesterified spread and spreadable butter: a randomised controlled trial in healthy adults. Food Funct 2024; 15:2733-2750. [PMID: 38380649 PMCID: PMC10911404 DOI: 10.1039/d3fo05324e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
Background: Interesterification is an industrial processing technique used widely where hard fats are essential for functionality and consumer acceptability, e.g. margarines and lower fat spreads. Objective: The aim of this study was to compare acute cardiovascular effects of functionally equivalent spreads (similar solid fat content) made with interesterified (IE) or non-IE palm-based fats, or spreadable butter. Methods: A randomised, controlled, 4-armed crossover, double-blind study (25 men, 25 women; 35-75 years; healthy; mean BMI 24.5, SD 3.8), compared effects of mixed nutrient meals containing 50 g fat from functionally equivalent products [IE spread, non-IE spread and spreadable butter (SB), with rapeseed oil (RO) as a reference treatment: with 16.7%, 27.9%, 19.3% and 4% palmitic acid, respectively] on 8 h postprandial changes in plasma triacylglycerol (TAG) and endothelial dysfunction (flow-mediated dilatation; FMD). Circulating reactive oxygen species (estimated using a neutrophil oxidative burst assay), glucose, insulin, NEFA, lipoprotein particle profiles, inflammatory markers (glycoprotein acetylation (Glyc-A) and IL-6), and biomarkers of endotoxemia were measured. Results: Postprandial plasma TAG concentrations after test meals were similar. However following RO versus the 3 spreads, there were significantly higher postprandial apolipoprotein B concentrations, and small HDL and LDL particle concentrations, and lower postprandial extra-large, large, and medium HDL particle concentrations, as well as smaller average HDL and LDL particle sizes. There were no differences following IE compared to the other spreads. Postprandial FMD% did not decrease after high-fat test meals, and there were no differences between treatments. Postprandial serum IL-6 increased similarly after test meals, but RO provoked a greater increase in postprandial concentrations of glycoprotein acetyls (GlycA), as well as 8 h sCD14, an endotoxemia marker. All other postprandial outcomes were not different between treatments. Conclusions: In healthy adults, a commercially-available IE-based spread did not evoke a different postprandial triacylglycerol, lipoprotein subclass, oxidative stress, inflammatory or endotoxemic response to functionally-equivalent, but compositionally-distinct alternative spreads. Clinical trial registry number: NCT03438084 (https://ClinicalTrials.gov).
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy L Hall
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, School of Life Course and Population Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, Franklin Wilkins Building, Stamford St., London, UK.
| | - Aseel Alkoblan
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, School of Life Course and Population Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, Franklin Wilkins Building, Stamford St., London, UK.
- College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Philippa S Gibson
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, School of Life Course and Population Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, Franklin Wilkins Building, Stamford St., London, UK.
| | - Maria D'Annibale
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, School of Life Course and Population Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, Franklin Wilkins Building, Stamford St., London, UK.
| | - Astrid Coekaerts
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, School of Life Course and Population Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, Franklin Wilkins Building, Stamford St., London, UK.
| | - Mathilde Bauer
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, School of Life Course and Population Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, Franklin Wilkins Building, Stamford St., London, UK.
| | | | - Beryle Lecomte
- CarMeN Laboratory INRAE, INSERM U1060, INRAE UMR1397, University of Lyon, France
| | - Armelle Penhoat
- CarMeN Laboratory INRAE, INSERM U1060, INRAE UMR1397, University of Lyon, France
| | - Fabienne Laugerette
- CarMeN Laboratory INRAE, INSERM U1060, INRAE UMR1397, University of Lyon, France
| | | | - Louise J Salt
- Food Innovation and Health Programme, Quadram Institute Bioscience, UK
| | - Peter J Wilde
- Food Innovation and Health Programme, Quadram Institute Bioscience, UK
| | - Sarah E Berry
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, School of Life Course and Population Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, Franklin Wilkins Building, Stamford St., London, UK.
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14
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Fraga CG, Cremonini E, Galleano M, Oteiza PI. Natural Products and Diabetes: (-)-Epicatechin and Mechanisms Involved in the Regulation of Insulin Sensitivity. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2024. [PMID: 38421444 DOI: 10.1007/164_2024_707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a disease that occurs when cells do not respond normally to insulin, a condition called insulin resistance, which leads to high blood glucose levels. Although it can be treated pharmacologically, dietary habits beyond carbohydrate restriction can be highly relevant in the management of T2D. Emerging evidence supports the possibility that natural products (NPs) could contribute to managing blood glucose or counteract the undesirable effects of hyperglycemia and insulin resistance. This chapter summarizes the relevant preclinical evidence involving the flavonoid (-)-epicatechin (EC) in the optimization of glucose homeostasis, reducing insulin resistance and/or diabetes-associated disorders. Major effects of EC are observed on (i) intestinal functions, including digestive enzymes, glucose transporters, microbiota, and intestinal permeability, and (ii) redox homeostasis, including oxidative stress and inflammation. There is still a need for further clinical studies to confirm the in vitro and rodent data, allowing recommendations for EC, particularly in prediabetic and T2D patients. The collection of similar data and the lack of clinical evidence for EC is also applicable to other NPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cesar G Fraga
- Fisicoquímica, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
- Instituto de Bioquímica y Medicina Molecular (IBIMOL), UBA-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, CA, USA.
| | | | - Monica Galleano
- Fisicoquímica, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Instituto de Bioquímica y Medicina Molecular (IBIMOL), UBA-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Patricia I Oteiza
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
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15
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Ke Z, Huang Y, Xu J, Liu Y, Zhang Y, Wang Y, Zhang Y, Liu Y. Escherichia coli NF73-1 disrupts the gut-vascular barrier and aggravates high-fat diet-induced fatty liver disease via inhibiting Wnt/β-catenin signalling pathway. Liver Int 2024; 44:776-790. [PMID: 38225740 DOI: 10.1111/liv.15823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Gut-vascular barrier (GVB) dysfunction has been shown to be a prerequisite for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) development. However, the causes of GVB disruption and the underlying mechanisms are still elusive. Here, we explored whether and how Escherichia coli (E. coli) NF73-1, a pathogenic E. coli strain isolated from nonalcoholic steatohepatitis patients, contributes to NAFLD by modulating the GVB. METHODS C57BL/6J mice were fed with high-fat diet (HFD) or normal diet in the presence or absence of E. coli NF73-1 for the indicated time periods. Intestinal barrier function and infiltration of immune cells were evaluated in these mice. Endothelial cells were exposed to E. coli NF73-1 for barrier integrity analysis. RESULTS HFD-induced GVB disruption preceded the damage of intestinal epithelial barrier (IEB) as well as intestinal and hepatic inflammatory changes and can be reversed by vascular endothelial growth factor A blockade. Antibiotic treatment prevented mice from HFD-induced liver steatosis by restoration of the GVB. Notably, E. coli NF73-1 caused a more conspicuous damage of GVB than that of the IEB and contributed to NAFLD development. Mechanistically, E. coli NF73-1 dismantled the GVB by inhibiting the Wnt/β-catenin signalling pathway. Activation of Wnt/β-catenin improved the GVB and impeded the translocation of E. coli NF73-1 into the liver in vitro and in vivo. CONCLUSIONS E. coli NF73-1 disrupts GVB and aggravates NAFLD via inhibiting the Wnt/β-catenin signalling pathway. Targeting E. coli NF73-1 or selectively enhancing the GVB may act as potential avenues for the prevention and treatment of NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziliang Ke
- Department of Gastroenterology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
- Clinical Center of Immune-Mediated Digestive Diseases, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yibo Huang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
- Clinical Center of Immune-Mediated Digestive Diseases, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Xu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
- Clinical Center of Immune-Mediated Digestive Diseases, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yun Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
- Clinical Center of Immune-Mediated Digestive Diseases, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
- Clinical Center of Immune-Mediated Digestive Diseases, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
- Clinical Center of Immune-Mediated Digestive Diseases, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yifan Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
- Clinical Center of Immune-Mediated Digestive Diseases, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yulan Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
- Clinical Center of Immune-Mediated Digestive Diseases, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
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16
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Mogilevski T, Nguyen AL, Ajamian M, Smith R, Rosella S, Sparrow MP, Moore GT, Gibson PR. Intestinal barrier biomarkers in clinical evaluation of patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2024; 36:271-280. [PMID: 38305113 DOI: 10.1097/meg.0000000000002681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is associated with chronic intestinal barrier dysfunction, though its non-invasive assessment remains challenging. This study aimed to determine how four putative circulating markers vary across differing states of intestinal inflammation and with therapy in patients with IBD. METHODS Plasma samples from one prospective cross-sectional and four longitudinal studies, including healthy controls, were analysed for markers of lipopolysaccharide translocation, lipopolysaccharide-binding protein (LBP) and soluble-CD14 (sCD14), and markers of epithelial injury, syndecan-1 and intestinal-type fatty acid-binding protein (IFABP). Inflammatory activity was determined using objective measures. RESULTS Compared with healthy subjects, concentrations of LBP and sCD14 were higher in patients with active (P < 0.001) and severe ulcerative colitis (UC) (P < 0.0001) and active Crohn's disease (CD) (P < 0.001). In UC in remission, LBP was less than in active disease (P = 0.011) LBP levels decreased longitudinally before and after induction of medical therapy in patients with IBD (P = 0.030) and as severe UC was brought into remission at weeks 2 and 12 (P ≤ 0.022). Response to treatment was associated with higher baseline levels of LBP (P = 0.019) and soluble-CD14 (P = 0.014). Concentrations of syndecan-1 and IFABP were or tended to be lower in UC and CD in active disease and did not change with successful therapy. CONCLUSION While markers of epithelial injury were subnormal with active disease and did not change with therapy, markers of lipopolysaccharide translocation directly reflected intestinal inflammation, reduced with successful therapy and predicted treatment response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Mogilevski
- Department of Gastroenterology, Central Clinical School, Monash University, and Alfred Health
| | - Anke L Nguyen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Central Clinical School, Monash University, and Alfred Health
- Gastroenterology Department, Monash Health
| | - Mary Ajamian
- Department of Gastroenterology, Central Clinical School, Monash University, and Alfred Health
| | - Rebecca Smith
- Department of Gastroenterology, Central Clinical School, Monash University, and Alfred Health
| | - Sam Rosella
- Department of Gastroenterology, Central Clinical School, Monash University, and Alfred Health
| | - Miles P Sparrow
- Department of Gastroenterology, Central Clinical School, Monash University, and Alfred Health
| | - Gregory T Moore
- Gastroenterology Department, Monash Health
- Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Peter R Gibson
- Department of Gastroenterology, Central Clinical School, Monash University, and Alfred Health
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17
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Faraj TA, Edroos G, Erridge C. Toll-like receptor stimulants in processed meats promote lipid accumulation in macrophages and atherosclerosis in Apoe -/- mice. Food Chem Toxicol 2024; 186:114539. [PMID: 38387521 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2024.114539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2023] [Revised: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
Dietary intake of processed meat is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease. However, the effects of processed meats on lipid metabolism in macrophages, a key regulator of cardiovascular risk, have remained largely unexplored. Extracts of processed meats, but not their fresh non-processed equivalents, were found to promote a significant increase in macrophage lipid accumulation in vitro. Calibrated receptor-dependent reporter assays revealed that pro-inflammatory stimulants of Toll-like receptor (TLR)-2 and TLR4 were low or undetectable in fresh meats, but rose dramatically following chopping and storage at 4 °C. Lipid accumulation in response to processed meats correlated well with TLR-stimulant content, was significantly reduced in TLR4-deficient macrophages, and was absent in response to meats stored frozen to prevent bacterial growth. TLR-stimulation significantly increased the incorporation of 14C-acetate into cellular lipids, and induced lipid accumulation in the absence of exogenous lipoproteins, suggesting a key role for de novo lipid synthesis in this process. Aortic atherosclerosis was also significantly accelerated in Apoe-/- mice receiving a diet supplemented with TLR-stimulants at concentrations relevant to those measured in processed meats, compared to normal chow. The findings reveal novel mechanisms which may be of relevance to the observed connections between processed meat consumption, inflammatory markers and cardiovascular risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tola A Faraj
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Medicine, Hawler Medical University, Erbil, Iraq; Department of Medical Analysis, Faculty of Applied Science, Tishk International University, Erbil, Iraq
| | | | - Clett Erridge
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, Glenfield Hospital, Groby Road, Leicester, LE3 9QP, UK; School of Life Sciences, Anglia Ruskin University, East Road, Cambridge, CB1 1PT, UK.
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18
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Thornton T, Mills D, Bliss E. The impact of lipopolysaccharide on cerebrovascular function and cognition resulting from obesity-induced gut dysbiosis. Life Sci 2024; 336:122337. [PMID: 38072189 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2023.122337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
Obesity is a worldwide epidemic coinciding with a concomitant increase in the incidence of neurodegenerative diseases, particularly dementia. Obesity is characterised by increased adiposity, chronic low-grade systemic inflammation, and oxidative stress, which promote endothelial dysfunction. Endothelial dysfunction reduces cerebrovascular function leading to reduced cerebral blood flow and, eventually, cognitive decline, thus predisposing to a neurodegenerative disease. Obesity is also characterised by gut dysbiosis and a subsequent increase in the lipopolysaccharide which increasingly activates toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and further promotes chronic low-grade systemic inflammation. This also disrupts the crosstalk within the gut-brain axis, thus influencing the functions of the central nervous system, including cognition. However, the mechanisms by which obesity-related increases in oxidative stress, inflammation and endothelial dysfunction are driven by, or associated with, increased systemic lipopolysaccharide leading to reduced cerebrovascular function and cognition, beyond normal ageing, have not been elucidated. Hence, this review examines how increased concentrations of lipopolysaccharide and the subsequent increased TLR4 activation observed in obesity exacerbate the development of obesity-induced reductions in cerebrovascular function and cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tammy Thornton
- School of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Southern Queensland, Ipswich, QLD 4305, Australia; Respiratory and Exercise Physiology Research Group, School of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Southern Queensland, Ipswich, QLD 4305, Australia.
| | - Dean Mills
- School of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Southern Queensland, Ipswich, QLD 4305, Australia; Respiratory and Exercise Physiology Research Group, School of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Southern Queensland, Ipswich, QLD 4305, Australia; Centre for Health Research, Institute for Resilient Regions, University of Southern Queensland, Ipswich, QLD 4305, Australia; Molecular Biomarkers Research Group, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, QLD 4350, Australia
| | - Edward Bliss
- School of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Southern Queensland, Ipswich, QLD 4305, Australia; Respiratory and Exercise Physiology Research Group, School of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Southern Queensland, Ipswich, QLD 4305, Australia; Centre for Health Research, Institute for Resilient Regions, University of Southern Queensland, Ipswich, QLD 4305, Australia; Molecular Biomarkers Research Group, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, QLD 4350, Australia
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19
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Suwała S, Białczyk A, Koperska K, Rajewska A, Krintus M, Junik R. Prevalence and Crucial Parameters in Diabesity-Related Liver Fibrosis: A Preliminary Study. J Clin Med 2023; 12:7760. [PMID: 38137829 PMCID: PMC10744287 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12247760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetes and obesity have been recognized as confirmed risk factors for the occurrence of liver fibrosis. Despite the long-standing acknowledgment of "diabesity", the simultaneous existence of diabetes and obesity, scholarly literature has shown limited attention to this topic. The aim of this pilot study was to assess the prevalence of liver fibrosis among individuals with diabetes (specifically those who are obese) in order to identify the key factors associated with hepatofibrosis and determine the most important associations and differences between patients with and without liver fibrosis. The research included a total of 164 participants (48.17% had comorbid obesity). Liver elastography (Fibroscan) was performed on these individuals in addition to laboratory tests. Liver fibrosis was found in 34.76% of type 2 diabetes patients; male gender almost doubled the risk of hepatofibrosis (RR 1.81) and diabesity nearly tripled this risk (RR 2.81; however, in degree III of obesity, the risk was elevated to 3.65 times higher). Anisocytosis, thrombocytopenia, or elevated liver enzymes raised the incidence of liver fibrosis by 1.78 to 2.47 times. In these individuals, liver stiffness was negatively correlated with MCV, platelet count, and albumin concentration; GGTP activity and HbA1c percentage were positively correlated. The regression analysis results suggest that the concentration of albumin and the activity of GGTP are likely to have a substantial influence on the future management of liver fibrosis in patients with diabesity. The findings of this study can serve as the basis for subsequent investigations and actions focused on identifying potential therapeutic and diagnostic avenues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Szymon Suwała
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Collegium Medicum, 9 Sklodowskiej-Curie Street, 85-094 Bydgoszcz, Poland;
| | - Aleksandra Białczyk
- Evidence-Based Medicine Students Scientific Club of Department of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Collegium Medicum, 9 Sklodowskiej-Curie Street, 85-094 Bydgoszcz, Poland; (A.B.); (K.K.); (A.R.)
| | - Kinga Koperska
- Evidence-Based Medicine Students Scientific Club of Department of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Collegium Medicum, 9 Sklodowskiej-Curie Street, 85-094 Bydgoszcz, Poland; (A.B.); (K.K.); (A.R.)
| | - Alicja Rajewska
- Evidence-Based Medicine Students Scientific Club of Department of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Collegium Medicum, 9 Sklodowskiej-Curie Street, 85-094 Bydgoszcz, Poland; (A.B.); (K.K.); (A.R.)
| | - Magdalena Krintus
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Collegium Medicum, 9 Sklodowskiej-Curie Street, 85-094 Bydgoszcz, Poland;
| | - Roman Junik
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Collegium Medicum, 9 Sklodowskiej-Curie Street, 85-094 Bydgoszcz, Poland;
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20
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Hu M, Zhao X, Liu Y, Zhou H, You Y, Xue Z. Complex interplay of gut microbiota between obesity and asthma in children. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1264356. [PMID: 38029078 PMCID: PMC10655108 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1264356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity is an important risk factor and common comorbidity of childhood asthma. Simultaneously, obesity-related asthma, a distinct asthma phenotype, has attracted significant attention owing to its association with more severe clinical manifestations, poorer disease control, and reduced quality of life. The establishment of the gut microbiota during early life is essential for maintaining metabolic balance and fostering the development of the immune system in children. Microbial dysbiosis influences host lipid metabolism, triggers chronic low-grade inflammation, and affects immune responses. It is intimately linked to the susceptibility to childhood obesity and asthma and plays a potentially crucial transitional role in the progression of obesity-related asthma. This review article summarizes the latest research on the interplay between asthma and obesity, with a particular focus on the mediating role of gut microbiota in the pathogenesis of obesity-related asthma. This study aims to provide valuable insight to enhance our understanding of this condition and offer preliminary evidence to support the development of therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Yannan You
- Shanghai Municipal Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zheng Xue
- Shanghai Municipal Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Jiang W, Banks WA. Viewpoint: Is lipopolysaccharide a hormone or a vitamin? Brain Behav Immun 2023; 114:1-2. [PMID: 37517741 PMCID: PMC10592244 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2023.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Jiang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA; Ralph Johnson VA Medical Center, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - William A Banks
- Geriatrics Research Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA 98108, USA; Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98104, USA.
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22
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Larsen PP, Féart C, Pais de Barros JP, Merle BMJ, Gayraud L, Delyfer MN, Korobelnik JF, Delcourt C. Association of Age-Related Macular Degeneration with a Blood Biomarker of Lipopolysaccharide, a Gut Bacterial Proinflammatory Toxin. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2023; 64:47. [PMID: 38032336 PMCID: PMC10691392 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.64.14.47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Chronic inflammation, immune dysregulation, and oxidative stress are major drivers of age-related macular degeneration (AMD) pathogenesis. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is a potent proinflammatory toxin originating from gut bacteria. We assessed the association of a blood biomarker of LPS exposure with incident AMD. Methods The Alienor Study is a prospective population-based study, including 963 residents of Bordeaux (France), aged 73 years or more at baseline. Esterified 3-hydroxy fatty acids (3-OH FAs) were measured from blood samples as a proxy of LPS burden. AMD was graded from color retinal photographs and spectral domain optical coherence tomography, performed every two years from 2006 to 2017. Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate associations of between esterified 3-OH FAs, using 722 eyes at risk for incident early AMD and 981 eyes at risk for incident advanced AMD. Results Higher esterified 3-OH FAs were associated with incident early AMD after adjusting for age and gender (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.21 for 1 standard deviation [SD] increase; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.01-1.45; P = 0.04) but not with incident advanced AMD (HR = 1.03 for 1 SD increase; 95% CI, 0.73-1.45; P = 0.86). These associations remained stable after multivariate adjustment and imputation for missing covariates (early AMD HR = 1.22 for 1 SD increase; 95% CI, 1.01-1.46; P = 0.04; advanced AMD HR = 0.98 for 1 SD increase; 95% CI, 0.69-1.38; P = 0.91). Conclusions This study evidenced an association between higher esterified 3-OH FAs and incident early AMD, suggesting that exposure to LPS may be involved in the early pathophysiological processes of AMD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Laure Gayraud
- Univ. Bordeaux, INSERM, BPH, U1219, Bordeaux, France
| | - Marie-Noëlle Delyfer
- Univ. Bordeaux, INSERM, BPH, U1219, Bordeaux, France
- CHU de Bordeaux, Service d'Ophtalmologie, Bordeaux, France
| | - Jean-François Korobelnik
- Univ. Bordeaux, INSERM, BPH, U1219, Bordeaux, France
- CHU de Bordeaux, Service d'Ophtalmologie, Bordeaux, France
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23
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Huerta-Canseco C, Caba M, Camacho-Morales A. Obesity-mediated Lipoinflammation Modulates Food Reward Responses. Neuroscience 2023; 529:37-53. [PMID: 37591331 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2023.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
Accumulation of white adipose tissue (WAT) during obesity is associated with the development of chronic low-grade inflammation, a biological process known as lipoinflammation. Systemic and central lipoinflammation accumulates pro-inflammatory cytokines including IL-6, IL-1β and TNF-α in plasma and also in brain, disrupting neurometabolism and cognitive behavior. Obesity-mediated lipoinflammation has been reported in brain regions of the mesocorticolimbic reward circuit leading to alterations in the perception and consumption of ultra-processed foods. While still under investigation, lipoinflammation targets two major outcomes of the mesocorticolimbic circuit during food reward: perception and motivation ("Wanting") and the pleasurable feeling of feeding ("Liking"). This review will provide experimental and clinical evidence supporting the contribution of obesity- or overnutrition-related lipoinflammation affecting the mesocorticolimbic reward circuit and enhancing food reward responses. We will also address neuroanatomical targets of inflammatory profiles that modulate food reward responses during obesity and describe potential cellular and molecular mechanisms of overnutrition linked to addiction-like behavior favored by brain lipoinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mario Caba
- Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Veracruzana, Xalapa, Mexico
| | - Alberto Camacho-Morales
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, NL, Mexico; Neurometabolism Unit, Center for Research and Development in Health Sciences, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, NL, Mexico.
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24
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Leyderman M, Wilmore JR, Shope T, Cooney RN, Urao N. Impact of intestinal microenvironments in obesity and bariatric surgery on shaping macrophages. IMMUNOMETABOLISM (COBHAM, SURREY) 2023; 5:e00033. [PMID: 38037591 PMCID: PMC10683977 DOI: 10.1097/in9.0000000000000033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
Obesity is associated with alterations in tissue composition, systemic cellular metabolism, and low-grade chronic inflammation. Macrophages are heterogenous innate immune cells ubiquitously localized throughout the body and are key components of tissue homeostasis, inflammation, wound healing, and various disease states. Macrophages are highly plastic and can switch their phenotypic polarization and change function in response to their local environments. Here, we discuss how obesity alters the intestinal microenvironment and potential key factors that can influence intestinal macrophages as well as macrophages in other organs, including adipose tissue and hematopoietic organs. As bariatric surgery can induce metabolic adaptation systemically, we discuss the potential mechanisms through which bariatric surgery reshapes macrophages in obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Leyderman
- Department of Pharmacology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Joel R. Wilmore
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
- Sepsis Interdisciplinary Research Center, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Timothy Shope
- Department of Surgery, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Robert N. Cooney
- Sepsis Interdisciplinary Research Center, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
- Department of Surgery, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Norifumi Urao
- Department of Pharmacology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
- Sepsis Interdisciplinary Research Center, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
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25
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Ilaria P, Ersilia T, Nicoletta B, Federica T, Andrea V, Nevena S, Concetta P. The Role of the Western Diet on Atopic Dermatitis: Our Experience and Review of the Current Literature. Nutrients 2023; 15:3896. [PMID: 37764680 PMCID: PMC10534346 DOI: 10.3390/nu15183896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The correlation between health and diet has always been a subject of interest in the field of dermatology and medicine in general. However, studies in the literature are still scarce, and need further investigation in the field of inflammatory skin diseases. In this paper, we report a case of a patient with atopic dermatitis whose complete recovery occurred only after combining dupilumab therapy with a Mediterranean diet regimen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Proietti Ilaria
- Unit of Dermatology, Department of Medical-Surgical Science and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, A. Fiorini Hospital, 04019 Terracina, Latina, Italy; (T.E.); (B.N.); (V.A.); (S.N.); (P.C.)
| | | | | | - Trovato Federica
- Unit of Dermatology, Department of Medical-Surgical Science and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, A. Fiorini Hospital, 04019 Terracina, Latina, Italy; (T.E.); (B.N.); (V.A.); (S.N.); (P.C.)
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26
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Maher JM, Drouillard JS, Baker AN, de Aguiar Veloso V, Kang Q, Kastner JJ, Gragg SE. Impact of the Probiotic Organism Megasphaera elsdenii on Escherichia coli O157:H7 Prevalence in Finishing Cattle. J Food Prot 2023; 86:100133. [PMID: 37479183 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfp.2023.100133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/23/2023]
Abstract
Feedlot cattle commonly shed the foodborne pathogen Escherichia coli O157:H7 in their feces. Megasphaera elsdenii (ME), a lactic acid-utilizing bacterium, is commonly administered to cattle to avoid lactate accumulation in the rumen and to control ruminal acidosis. The impact of administering ME on foodborne pathogen prevalence, specifically E. coli O157:H7, has not been explored. The purpose of this study was to quantify E. coli O157:H7 prevalence in finishing cattle administered ME. Cattle (n = 448) were assigned to treatments in a randomized complete block design with repeated measurements over two sampling periods. Treatments were arranged as a 2 × 2 factorial containing: ruminally protected lysine (RPL; included for a complementary study) fed at 0% or 0.45% of diet dry matter; with or without ME. Freeze-dried ME was administered as an oral drench (1 × 1010 CFU/steer on day one) and then top dressed onto basal diets (1 × 107 CFU/steer) daily thereafter. Rectoanal mucosal swabs (RAMS) were obtained from animals before harvest to determine the E. coli O157:H7 prevalence. The inclusion of RPL (P = 0.2136) and ME (P = 0.5012) did not impact E. coli O157:H7 prevalence, and RPL was not included in any significant interactions (P > 0.05). A significant interaction was observed between ME and sampling period (P = 0.0323), indicating that the effect of ME on E. coli O157:H7 prevalence varied over the sampling period. A diet containing ME reduced the odds of E. coli O157:H7 prevalence by 50% during sampling period 1 (8.0% and 14.7% for cattle with and without ME, respectively) and increased the odds by 23% during sampling period 2 (10.8% and 8.9% for cattle with and without ME, respectively). Administering ME in cattle diets did not impact E. coli O157:H7 in feedlot cattle. This is the first study to investigate the use of ME as a preharvest food safety intervention in cattle, and additional research is necessary to determine the efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua M Maher
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, Kansas State University, 1530 Mid-Campus Drive North, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - James S Drouillard
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, Kansas State University, 1530 Mid-Campus Drive North, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Adrian N Baker
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, Kansas State University, 1530 Mid-Campus Drive North, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Vanessa de Aguiar Veloso
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, Kansas State University, 1530 Mid-Campus Drive North, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Qing Kang
- Department of Statistics, Kansas State University, 1116 Mid-Campus Drive North, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Justin J Kastner
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, Kansas State University, 1620 Denison Avenue, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Sara E Gragg
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, Kansas State University, 1530 Mid-Campus Drive North, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA.
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27
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Costa KA, Oliveira MCD, Cordeiro LMDS, Val CH, Machado FS, Fernandes SOA, Cardoso VN, Teixeira MM, Silveira ALM, Ferreira AVM. Effect of high-refined carbohydrate diet on intestinal integrity. Nutrition 2023; 113:112084. [PMID: 37354649 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2023.112084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/26/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES One of the leading causes of obesity is the consumption of excess nutrients. Obesity is characterized by adipose tissue expansion, chronic low-grade inflammation, and metabolic alterations. Although consumption of a high-fat diet has been demonstrated to be a diet-induced obesity model associated with gut disorders, the same effect is not well explored in a mild-obesity model induced by high-refined carbohydrate (HC) diet intake. The intestinal tract barrier comprises mucus, epithelial cells, tight junctions, immune cells, and gut microbiota. This system is susceptible to dysfunction by excess dietary components that could increase intestinal permeability and bacterial translocation. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether an HC diet and the alterations resulting from its intake are linked to small intestine changes. METHODS Male BALB/c mice were fed a chow or an HC diet for 8 wk. RESULTS Although differences in body weight gain were not observed between the groups, mice fed the HC diet showed increased adiposity associated with metabolic alterations. The interferon-γ expression and myeloperoxidase levels were increased in the small intestine in mice fed an HC diet. However, the intestinal villi length, the expression of tight junctions (zonula occludens-1 and claudin-4) and tumor necrosis factor-α cytokine, and the percentage of intraepithelial lymphocytes did not differ in the jejunum or ileum between the groups. We did not observe differences in intestinal permeability and bacterial translocation. CONCLUSION Metabolic alterations caused by consumption of an HC diet lead to a mild obesity state that does not necessarily involve significant changes in intestinal integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kátia Anunciação Costa
- Department of Nutrition, Nursing School, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Marina Chaves de Oliveira
- Department of Nutrition, Nursing School, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil; Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | | | - Cynthia Honorato Val
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Fabiana Simão Machado
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | | | - Valbert Nascimento Cardoso
- Department of Clinical Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Mauro Martins Teixeira
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Ana Letícia Malheiros Silveira
- Department of Nutrition, Nursing School, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil; Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Adaliene Versiani Matos Ferreira
- Department of Nutrition, Nursing School, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil; Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.
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28
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Chmielarz M, Sobieszczańska B, Teisseyre A, Wawrzyńska M, Bożemska E, Środa-Pomianek K. Palmitic Acid Modulates Microglial Cell Response to Metabolic Endotoxemia in an In Vitro Study. Nutrients 2023; 15:3463. [PMID: 37571401 PMCID: PMC10421407 DOI: 10.3390/nu15153463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2023] [Revised: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolic endotoxemia (ME) is characterized by a 2-3-fold increase in blood endotoxin levels and low-grade systemic inflammation without apparent infection. ME is usually accompanied by metabolic syndrome, characterized by central obesity and hyperlipidemia. According to numerous studies, ME may lead to functional brain disorders, including cognitive decline, depression, and dementia. In the current in vitro study, we aimed to determine the direct and indirect impact of endotoxin (LPS) and palmitic acid (PA), representing saturated fatty acids, on the inflammatory and oxidative stress response in the human microglial HMC3 cells unstimulated and stimulated with IFNγ. The study's results revealed that direct HMC3 cell exposition to endotoxin and PA increased inflammatory response measured as levels of IL-6 and MCP-1 released into the medium and PGE2 levels in cell lysates. Moreover, direct HMC3 cell treatment with PA and LPS induced oxidative stress, i.e., ROS and COX-2 production and lipid peroxidation. On the contrary, an indirect effect of LPS and PA on microglial cells, assessed as the impact of macrophage metabolites, was much lower regarding the inflammatory response, although still associated with oxidative stress. Interestingly, IFNγ had a protective effect on microglial cells, reducing the production of pro-inflammatory mediators and oxidative stress in HMC3 cells treated directly and indirectly with LPS and PA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mateusz Chmielarz
- Department of Microbiology, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-365 Wroclaw, Poland; (M.C.); (E.B.)
| | - Beata Sobieszczańska
- Department of Microbiology, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-365 Wroclaw, Poland; (M.C.); (E.B.)
| | - Andrzej Teisseyre
- Department of Biophysics and Neuroscience, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-365 Wroclaw, Poland; (A.T.); (K.Ś.-P.)
| | - Magdalena Wawrzyńska
- Department of Preclinical Studies, Faculty of Health Sciences, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-365 Wroclaw, Poland;
| | - Edyta Bożemska
- Department of Microbiology, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-365 Wroclaw, Poland; (M.C.); (E.B.)
| | - Kamila Środa-Pomianek
- Department of Biophysics and Neuroscience, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-365 Wroclaw, Poland; (A.T.); (K.Ś.-P.)
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29
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Choroszy M, Środa-Pomianek K, Wawrzyńska M, Chmielarz M, Bożemska E, Sobieszczańska B. The Role of Palmitic Acid in the Co-Toxicity of Bacterial Metabolites to Endothelial Cells. Vasc Health Risk Manag 2023; 19:399-409. [PMID: 37426328 PMCID: PMC10329449 DOI: 10.2147/vhrm.s408897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Metabolic endotoxemia most often results from obesity and is accompanied by an increase in the permeability of the intestinal epithelial barrier, allowing co-absorption of bacterial metabolites and diet-derived fatty acids into the bloodstream. A high-fat diet (HFD) leading to obesity is a significant extrinsic factor in developing vascular atherosclerosis. In this study, we evaluated the effects of palmitic acid (PA) as a representative of long-chain saturated fatty acids (LCSFA) commonly present in HFDs, along with endotoxin (LPS; lipopolysaccharide) and uremic toxin indoxyl sulfate (IS), on human vascular endothelial cells (HUVECs). Methods HUVECs viability was measured based on tetrazolium salt metabolism, and cell morphology was assessed with fluorescein-phalloidin staining of cells' actin cytoskeleton. The effects of simultaneous treatment of endothelial cells with PA, LPS, and IS on nitro-oxidative stress in vascular cells were evaluated quantitatively with fluorescent probes. The expression of vascular cell adhesion molecule VCAM-1, E-selectin, and occludin, an essential tight junction protein, in HUVECs treated with these metabolites was evaluated in Western blot. Results PA, combined with LPS and IS, did not influence HUVECs viability but induced stress on actin fibers and focal adhesion complexes. Moreover, PA combined with LPS significantly enhanced reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in HUVECs but decreased nitric oxide (NO) generation. PA also considerably increased the expression of VCAM-1 and E-selectin in HUVECs treated with LPS or IS but decreased occludin expression. Conclusion Palmitic acid enhances the toxic effect of metabolic endotoxemia on the vascular endothelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Choroszy
- Department of Microbiology, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Kamila Środa-Pomianek
- Department of Biophysics and Neuroscience, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Magdalena Wawrzyńska
- Department of Preclinical Studies, Faculty of Health Sciences, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Mateusz Chmielarz
- Department of Microbiology, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Edyta Bożemska
- Department of Microbiology, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
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Najjar RS. The Impacts of Animal-Based Diets in Cardiovascular Disease Development: A Cellular and Physiological Overview. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis 2023; 10:282. [PMID: 37504538 PMCID: PMC10380617 DOI: 10.3390/jcdd10070282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death in the United States, and diet plays an instrumental role in CVD development. Plant-based diets have been strongly tied to a reduction in CVD incidence. In contrast, animal food consumption may increase CVD risk. While increased serum low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol concentrations are an established risk factor which may partially explain the positive association with animal foods and CVD, numerous other biochemical factors are also at play. Thus, the aim of this review is to summarize the major cellular and molecular effects of animal food consumption in relation to CVD development. Animal-food-centered diets may (1) increase cardiovascular toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling, due to increased serum endotoxins and oxidized LDL cholesterol, (2) increase cardiovascular lipotoxicity, (3) increase renin-angiotensin system components and subsequent angiotensin II type-1 receptor (AT1R) signaling and (4) increase serum trimethylamine-N-oxide concentrations. These nutritionally mediated factors independently increase cardiovascular oxidative stress and inflammation and are all independently tied to CVD development. Public policy efforts should continue to advocate for the consumption of a mostly plant-based diet, with the minimization of animal-based foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rami Salim Najjar
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
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31
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Ciarambino T, Crispino P, Leto G, Minervini G, Para O, Giordano M. Microbiota and Glucidic Metabolism: A Link with Multiple Aspects and Perspectives. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10409. [PMID: 37373556 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241210409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The global prevalence of overweight and obesity has dramatically increased in the last few decades, with a significant socioeconomic burden. In this narrative review, we include clinical studies aiming to provide the necessary knowledge on the role of the gut microbiota in the development of diabetic pathology and glucose-metabolism-related disorders. In particular, the role of a certain microbial composition of the fermentative type seems to emerge without a specific link to the development in certain subjects of obesity and the chronic inflammation of the adipose tissues, which underlies the pathological development of all the diseases related to glucose metabolism and metabolic syndrome. The gut microbiota plays an important role in glucose tolerance. Conclusion. New knowledge and new information is presented on the development of individualized therapies for patients affected by all the conditions related to reduced glucose tolerance and insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiziana Ciarambino
- Internal Medicine Department, Hospital of Marcianise, ASL Caserta, 81037 Caserta, Italy
| | - Pietro Crispino
- Internal Medicine Department, Hospital of Latina, ASL Latina, 04100 Latina, Italy
| | - Gaetano Leto
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University La Sapienza Roma, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanni Minervini
- Internal Medicine Department, Hospital of Lagonegro, AOR San Carlo, 85042 Lagonegro, Italy
| | - Ombretta Para
- Internal Emergency Department, Hospital of Careggi, University of Florence, 50121 Florence, Italy
| | - Mauro Giordano
- Department of Medical Science, University of Campania, L. Vanvitelli, 81100 Naples, Italy
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32
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Noor J, Chaudhry A, Batool S, Noor R, Fatima G. Exploring the Impact of the Gut Microbiome on Obesity and Weight Loss: A Review Article. Cureus 2023; 15:e40948. [PMID: 37503494 PMCID: PMC10368799 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.40948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The global obesity pandemic has prompted efforts to search for novel intervention options, including maximizing the health benefits of certain gut microbes and their metabolic byproducts. Our increased understanding of gut microbiota can potentially lead to revolutionary advancements in weight management and general well-being. We studied the association between gut microbiota and obesity, as well as the possible benefits of probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics in the prevention and management of obesity in this review. We observed a relationship between the metabolism of nutrients, energy consumption, and gut flora. Numerous mechanisms, including the synthesis of short-chain fatty acids, hormone stimulation, and persistent low-grade inflammation, have been postulated to explain the role of gut bacteria in the etiology of obesity. It has been discovered that the diversity and composition of the intestinal microbiome vary in response to various forms of obesity therapy, which raises concerns about the potential impact of these changes on weight loss. According to research, probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics may alter the release of hormones, neurotransmitters, and inflammatory factors, thereby diminishing the stimuli of food consumption that lead to weight gain. More clinical research is required to determine the optimal probiotic, prebiotic, and synbiotic supplementation dosages, formulations, and regimens for long-term weight management and to determine how different gastrointestinal microbiome bacterial species may influence weight gain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jawad Noor
- Internal Medicine, St. Dominic Hospital, Jackson, USA
| | | | - Saima Batool
- Pathology, Nishtar Medical University, Multan, PAK
| | - Riwad Noor
- Medicine/Public Health, Nishtar Hospital, Multan, PAK
| | - Ghulam Fatima
- Internal Medicine, Abbasi Shaheed Hospital, Karachi, PAK
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33
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Chow EWL, Mei Pang L, Wang Y. Impact of the host microbiota on fungal infections: new possibilities for intervention? Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2023; 198:114896. [PMID: 37211280 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2023.114896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Many human fungal pathogens are opportunistic. They are primarily benign residents of the human body and only become infectious when the host's immunity and microbiome are compromised. Bacteria dominate the human microbiome, playing an essential role in keeping fungi harmless and acting as the first line of defense against fungal infection. The Human Microbiome Project, launched by NIH in 2007, has stimulated extensive investigation and significantly advanced our understanding of the molecular mechanisms governing the interaction between bacteria and fungi, providing valuable insights for developing future antifungal strategies by exploiting the interaction. This review summarizes recent progress in this field and discusses new possibilities and challenges. We must seize the opportunities presented by researching bacterial-fungal interplay in the human microbiome to address the global spread of drug-resistant fungal pathogens and the drying pipelines of effective antifungal drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eve W L Chow
- A*STAR Infectious Diseases Laboratories (ID Labs), Agency for Science and Technology Research (A*STAR), 8A Biomedical Grove, #05-13 Immunos, Singapore 138648
| | - Li Mei Pang
- A*STAR Infectious Diseases Laboratories (ID Labs), Agency for Science and Technology Research (A*STAR), 8A Biomedical Grove, #05-13 Immunos, Singapore 138648
| | - Yue Wang
- A*STAR Infectious Diseases Laboratories (ID Labs), Agency for Science and Technology Research (A*STAR), 8A Biomedical Grove, #05-13 Immunos, Singapore 138648; Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore.
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Sun NY, Chen S, Li Y. Lactobacillus paracasei L9 ameliorated obesity-associated metabolic parameters and relevant gut microbiota in mice fed a high-fat diet. Nutr Res 2023; 115:26-37. [PMID: 37244006 DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2023.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2022] [Revised: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of the present study was to determine whether Lactobacillus paracasei L9 (L9) supplementation prevents diet-induced obesity in C57BL/6J mice. Four-week-old mice were fed a high-fat diet (HFD) for 12 weeks and then supplemented with or without L9 for another 12 weeks. Weight gain, white adipose tissue weight, plasma lipid levels of total cholesterol, triglyceride, and low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol were significantly increased in the HFD group compared with those in the control group and were decreased by L9 treatment. The fat deposits in the liver and epididymal adipose tissue were increased in the HFD group compared with the normal chow diet group and decreased by L9 treatment. Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction analyses revealed that L9 suppressed pro-inflammatory cytokine and lipid synthesis-related genes in epididymal adipose tissue. This study used Illumina Miseq sequencing to explore alterations of the gut microbiome. L9 ameliorated HFD-induced structural dysbiosis and gut bacteria that were positively related with obesity phenotypes were obviously decreased. Altogether, the findings indicate that administration of L9 ameliorates HFD-induced hyperlipidemia and lipid accumulation in liver and inflammation associated with intestinal dysbiosis in obese mice. These findings suggest that L9 supplementation may provide a natural alternative to attenuate obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Ya Sun
- China Agricultural University, 100083, Beijing, China
| | - Shanbin Chen
- China Agricultural University, 100083, Beijing, China
| | - Yixuan Li
- China Agricultural University, 100083, Beijing, China.
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Nguyen M, Gautier T, Masson D, Bouhemad B, Guinot PG. Endotoxemia in Acute Heart Failure and Cardiogenic Shock: Evidence, Mechanisms and Therapeutic Options. J Clin Med 2023; 12:jcm12072579. [PMID: 37048662 PMCID: PMC10094881 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12072579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/25/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute heart failure and cardiogenic shock are frequently occurring and deadly conditions. In patients with those conditions, endotoxemia related to gut injury and gut barrier dysfunction is usually described as a driver of organ dysfunction. Because endotoxemia might reciprocally alter cardiac function, this phenomenon has been suggested as a potent vicious cycle that worsens organ perfusion and leading to adverse outcomes. Yet, evidence beyond this phenomenon might be overlooked, and mechanisms are not fully understood. Subsequently, even though therapeutics available to reduce endotoxin load, there are no indications to treat endotoxemia during acute heart failure and cardiogenic shock. In this review, we first explore the evidence regarding endotoxemia in acute heart failure and cardiogenic shock. Then, we describe the main treatments for endotoxemia in the acute setting, and we present the challenges that remain before personalized treatments against endotoxemia can be used in patients with acute heart failure and cardiogenic shock.
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36
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Karim MR, Iqbal S, Mohammad S, Lee JH, Jung D, Mathiyalagan R, Yang DC, Yang DU, Kang SC. A review on Impact of dietary interventions, drugs, and traditional herbal supplements on the gut microbiome. Microbiol Res 2023; 271:127346. [PMID: 36921399 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2023.127346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023]
Abstract
The gut microbiome is the community of healthy, and infectious organisms in the gut and its interaction in the host gut intestine (GI) environment. The balance of microbial richness with beneficial microbes is very important to perform healthy body functions like digesting food, controlling metabolism, and precise immune function. Alternately, this microbial dysbiosis occurs due to changes in the physiochemical condition, substrate avidity, and drugs. Moreover, various categories of diet such as "plant-based", "animal-based", "western", "mediterranean", and various drugs (antibiotic and common drugs) also contribute to maintaining microbial flora inside the gut. The imbalance (dysbiosis) in the microbiota of the GI tract can cause several disorders (such as diabetes, obesity, cancer, inflammation, and so on). Recently, the major interest is to use prebiotic, probiotic, postbiotic, and herbal supplements to balance such microbial community in the GI tract. But, there has still a large gap in understanding the microbiome function, and its relation to the host diet, drugs, and herbal supplements to maintain the healthy life of the host. So, the present review is about the updates on the microbiome concerns related to diet, drug, and herbal supplements, and also gives research evidence to improve our daily habits regarding diet, drugs, and herbal supplements. Because our regular dietary plan and traditional herbal supplements can improve our health by balancing the bacteria in our gut.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Rezaul Karim
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do 17104, South Korea; Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Islamic University, Kushtia 7003, Bangladesh; Graduate School of Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do 17104, South Korea
| | - Safia Iqbal
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do 17104, South Korea; Department of Microbiology, Varendra Institute of Biosciences, Affiliated by Rajshahi University, Natore, Rajshahi, Bangladesh; Graduate School of Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do 17104, South Korea
| | - Shahnawaz Mohammad
- Graduate School of Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do 17104, South Korea
| | - Jung Hyeok Lee
- Graduate School of Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do 17104, South Korea
| | - Daehyo Jung
- Graduate School of Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do 17104, South Korea
| | - Ramya Mathiyalagan
- Graduate School of Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do 17104, South Korea
| | - Deok-Chun Yang
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do 17104, South Korea; Graduate School of Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do 17104, South Korea
| | - Dong Uk Yang
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do 17104, South Korea; Graduate School of Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do 17104, South Korea
| | - Se Chan Kang
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do 17104, South Korea; Graduate School of Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do 17104, South Korea
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Dietary fish oil improves autistic behaviors and gut homeostasis by altering the gut microbial composition in a mouse model of fragile X syndrome. Brain Behav Immun 2023; 110:140-151. [PMID: 36858183 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2023.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 02/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/25/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Fragile X syndrome (FXS) is the most common inherited intellectual disability, caused by a lack of the fragile X mental retardation protein (FMRP). Individuals with neurodevelopmental disorders frequently experience gastrointestinal problems that are primarily linked to gut microbial dysbiosis, inflammation, and increased intestinal permeability. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (omega-3 PUFAs) are non-pharmacological agents that exert potential therapeutic effects against neurological disorders. However, it is unclear whether omega-3 PUFAs improve autistic behaviors in fragile X syndrome (FXS) by altering the gut microbial composition. Here, we describe gastrointestinal problems in Fmr1 knockout (KO) mice. FMRP deficiency causes intestinal homeostasis dysfunction in mice. Fish oil (FO) as a source of omega-3 PUFAs reduces intestinal inflammation but increases the mRNA and protein levels of TJP3 in the colon of juvenile Fmr1 KO mice. Fecal microbiota transplantation from FO-fed Fmr1 KO mice increased the gut abundance of Akkermansia and Gordonibacter in recipient Fmr1 KO mice and improved gut homeostasis and autistic behaviors. Our findings demonstrate that omega-3 PUFAs improve autistic behaviors and gut homeostasis in FMRP-deficient mice by suppressing gut microbiota dysbiosis, thereby presenting a novel therapeutic approach for juvenile FXS treatment.
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Yamamoto K, Yamashita M, Oda M, Tjendana Tjhin V, Inagawa H, Soma GI. Oral Administration of Lipopolysaccharide Enhances Insulin Signaling-Related Factors in the KK/Ay Mouse Model of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24054619. [PMID: 36902049 PMCID: PMC10003108 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24054619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), an endotoxin, induces systemic inflammation by injection and is thought to be a causative agent of chronic inflammatory diseases, including type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). However, our previous studies found that oral LPS administration does not exacerbate T2DM conditions in KK/Ay mice, which is the opposite of the response from LPS injection. Therefore, this study aims to confirm that oral LPS administration does not aggravate T2DM and to investigate the possible mechanisms. In this study, KK/Ay mice with T2DM were orally administered LPS (1 mg/kg BW/day) for 8 weeks, and blood glucose parameters before and after oral administration were compared. Abnormal glucose tolerance, insulin resistance progression, and progression of T2DM symptoms were suppressed by oral LPS administration. Furthermore, the expressions of factors involved in insulin signaling, such as insulin receptor, insulin receptor substrate 1, thymoma viral proto-oncogene, and glucose transporter type 4, were upregulated in the adipose tissues of KK/Ay mice, where this effect was observed. For the first time, oral LPS administration induces the expression of adiponectin in adipose tissues, which is involved in the increased expression of these molecules. Briefly, oral LPS administration may prevent T2DM by inducing an increase in the expressions of insulin signaling-related factors based on adiponectin production in adipose tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazushi Yamamoto
- Control of Innate Immunity, Technology Research Association, Takamatsu 761-0301, Japan
| | - Masashi Yamashita
- Control of Innate Immunity, Technology Research Association, Takamatsu 761-0301, Japan
| | - Masataka Oda
- Control of Innate Immunity, Technology Research Association, Takamatsu 761-0301, Japan
| | - Vindy Tjendana Tjhin
- Control of Innate Immunity, Technology Research Association, Takamatsu 761-0301, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Inagawa
- Control of Innate Immunity, Technology Research Association, Takamatsu 761-0301, Japan
- Research Institute for Healthy Living, Niigata University of Pharmacy and Applied Life Sciences, Niigata 956-0841, Japan
| | - Gen-Ichiro Soma
- Control of Innate Immunity, Technology Research Association, Takamatsu 761-0301, Japan
- Research Institute for Healthy Living, Niigata University of Pharmacy and Applied Life Sciences, Niigata 956-0841, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-87-813-9201
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Oku Y, Noda S, Yamada A, Nakaoka K, Goseki-Sone M. Vitamin D restriction and/or a high-fat diet influence intestinal alkaline phosphatase activity and serum endotoxin concentration, increasing the risk of metabolic endotoxemia in rats. Nutr Res 2023; 112:20-29. [PMID: 36934524 DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2023.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
Vitamin D insufficiency induces calcification disorder of bone or a decrease in bone mineral density, increasing the risk of fracture. Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, a differentiation marker for intestinal epithelial cells, is regulated by vitamin D. It has also been suggested that ALP may prevent metabolic endotoxemia by dephosphorylating lipopolysaccharide. We hypothesized that vitamin D restriction and/or a high-fat diet influences ALP activity in each tissue and serum lipopolysaccharide concentrations and increases the risk of metabolic endotoxemia. Eleven-week-old female rats were divided into 4 groups: basic control diet (Cont.), basic control diet with vitamin D restriction (DR), high-fat diet (HF), and high-fat diet with vitamin D restriction (DRHF) groups. They were acclimated for 28 days. The results of 2-way analysis of variance showed that intestinal ALP activity, which may contribute to an improvement in phosphate/lipid metabolism and longevity, in the high-fat diet groups (HF and DRHF) was higher than in the low-fat diet groups (Cont. and DR). ALP activity in the vitamin D-restricted groups (DR and DRHF) was lower than in the vitamin D-sufficient groups (Cont. and HF). Furthermore, serum endotoxin concentrations were significantly higher in the high-fat diet groups (HF and DRHF) than in the low-fat diet groups (Cont. and DR). In the vitamin D-restricted groups (DR and DRHF), serum endotoxin concentrations were also significantly higher than in the vitamin D-sufficient groups (Cont. and HF). These results suggest that vitamin D restriction and/or a high-fat diet increases the risk of metabolic endotoxemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuno Oku
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Faculty of Human Sciences and Design, Japan Women's University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Seiko Noda
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Faculty of Human Sciences and Design, Japan Women's University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Asako Yamada
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Faculty of Human Sciences and Design, Japan Women's University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kanae Nakaoka
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Faculty of Human Life, Jumonji University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Masae Goseki-Sone
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Faculty of Human Sciences and Design, Japan Women's University, Tokyo, Japan.
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Buisson C, Leuzy V, Loizon E, Meugnier E, Monnoye M, Philippe C, Gérard P, Michalski MC, Laugerette F. Soy Lecithin in High-Fat Diets Exerts Dual Effects on Adipose Tissue Versus Ileum. Mol Nutr Food Res 2023; 67:e2200461. [PMID: 36708587 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.202200461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
SCOPE Lipopolysaccharides and their transporters, LBP and sCD14, are involved in systemic inflammation following a high-fat diet. Natural emulsifiers such as soy lecithin, rich in soybean polar lipids (SPL), are often used by the food industry but little is known about effects of associating SPL with different oils. METHODS AND RESULTS Thus, this study investigates the effects of 4 weeks feeding of palm (P) or rapeseed (R) oil-enriched diets with or without SPL in mice, on white adipose tissue (WAT) inflammation, on ileum permeability, and on microbiota composition. When SPL are associated with rapeseed oil, a greater gene expression of leptin and inflammation in WAT is observed compared to P-SPL. In ileum, R-SPL group results in a lower expression of TLR4, IAP that detoxify bacterial LPS and tight junction proteins than R group. In turn, the gene expression of Reg3β and Reg3γ, which have antimicrobial activity, is higher in ileum of R-SPL group than in R group. SPL in rapeseed oil increases specific bacterial species belonging to Lachnospiraceae, Alistipes, and Bacteroidales. CONCLUSION The incorporation of SPL in a diet with rapeseed oil exerts differential effect on WAT and ileum, with respectively an inflammation of WAT and an antimicrobial activity in ileum, associated with specific microbiota changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charline Buisson
- Univ Lyon, CarMeN laboratory INRAE, UMR1397, INSERM, U1060, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Pierre Bénite, 69310, France
| | - Valentin Leuzy
- Univ Lyon, CarMeN laboratory INRAE, UMR1397, INSERM, U1060, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Pierre Bénite, 69310, France
| | - Emmanuelle Loizon
- Univ Lyon, CarMeN laboratory INRAE, UMR1397, INSERM, U1060, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Pierre Bénite, 69310, France
| | - Emmanuelle Meugnier
- Univ Lyon, CarMeN laboratory INRAE, UMR1397, INSERM, U1060, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Pierre Bénite, 69310, France
| | - Magali Monnoye
- Micalis Institute, Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Jouy-en-Josas, 78350, France
| | - Catherine Philippe
- Micalis Institute, Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Jouy-en-Josas, 78350, France
| | - Philippe Gérard
- Micalis Institute, Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Jouy-en-Josas, 78350, France
| | - Marie-Caroline Michalski
- Univ Lyon, CarMeN laboratory INRAE, UMR1397, INSERM, U1060, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Pierre Bénite, 69310, France.,CRNH Rhône-Alpes, Oullins, 69310, France
| | - Fabienne Laugerette
- Univ Lyon, CarMeN laboratory INRAE, UMR1397, INSERM, U1060, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Pierre Bénite, 69310, France
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Liebold I, Meyer S, Heine M, Kuhl A, Witt J, Eissing L, Fischer AW, Koop AC, Kluwe J, zur Wiesch JS, Wehmeyer M, Knippschild U, Scheja L, Heeren J, Bosurgi L, Worthmann A. TREM2 Regulates the Removal of Apoptotic Cells and Inflammatory Processes during the Progression of NAFLD. Cells 2023; 12:cells12030341. [PMID: 36766683 PMCID: PMC9913311 DOI: 10.3390/cells12030341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common liver pathology worldwide. In mice and humans, NAFLD progression is characterized by the appearance of TREM2-expressing macrophages in the liver. However, their mechanistic contributions to disease progression have not been completely elucidated. Here, we show that TREM2+ macrophages prevent the generation of a pro-inflammatory response elicited by LPS-laden lipoproteins in vitro. Further, Trem2 expression regulates bone-marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) and Kupffer cell capacity to phagocyte apoptotic cells in vitro, which is dependent on CD14 activation. In line with this, loss of Trem2 resulted in an increased pro-inflammatory response, which ultimately aggravated liver fibrosis in murine models of NAFLD. Similarly, in a human NAFLD cohort, plasma levels of TREM2 were increased and hepatic TREM2 expression was correlated with higher levels of liver triglycerides and the acquisition of a fibrotic gene signature. Altogether, our results suggest that TREM2+ macrophages have a protective function during the progression of NAFLD, as they are involved in the processing of pro-inflammatory lipoproteins and phagocytosis of apoptotic cells and, thereby, are critical contributors for the re-establishment of liver homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imke Liebold
- I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
- Protozoa Immunology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, 20359 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Simon Meyer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Markus Heine
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Anastasia Kuhl
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jennifer Witt
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Leah Eissing
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Alexander W. Fischer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Molecular Metabolism, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Anja Christina Koop
- I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Johannes Kluwe
- I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine and Gastroenterology, Amalie Sieveking Hospital, 22359 Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Malte Wehmeyer
- I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Uwe Knippschild
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery, University Hospital Ulm, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Ludger Scheja
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Joerg Heeren
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Lidia Bosurgi
- I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
- Protozoa Immunology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, 20359 Hamburg, Germany
- Correspondence: (L.B.); (A.W.)
| | - Anna Worthmann
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
- Correspondence: (L.B.); (A.W.)
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Tomassen MMM, Govers C, Vos AP, de Wit NJW. Dietary fat induced chylomicron-mediated LPS translocation in a bicameral Caco-2cell model. Lipids Health Dis 2023; 22:4. [PMID: 36635716 PMCID: PMC9835336 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-022-01754-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is increasing evidence that dietary fat, especially saturated fat, promotes the translocation of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) via chylomicron production in the gut. Chylomicrons can subsequently transport LPS to other parts of the body, where they can induce low-grade chronic inflammation that is linked to various metabolic and gut-related diseases. To identify promising (food) compounds that can prevent or ameliorate LPS-related low-grade inflammation, we developed and optimized a bicameral in vitro model for dietary fat-induced LPS translocation that closely mimics the in vivo situation and facilitates high-throughput screening. METHODS Caco-2 cells were cultured in monolayers and differentiated to a small intestinal phenotype in 21 days. Thereafter, optimal conditions for fat-induced chylomicron production were determined by apical exposure of Caco-2 cells to a dilution range of in vitro digested palm oil and sunflower oil, optionally preceded by a 1-week apical FBS deprivation (cultured without apical fetal bovine serum). Chylomicron production was assessed by measuring basolateral levels of the chylomicron-related marker apolipoprotein B. Next, LPS was coincubated at various concentrations with the digested oils, and fat-induced LPS translocation to the basolateral side was assessed. RESULTS We found that dietary fat-induced LPS translocation in Caco-2 cells was optimal after apical exposure to digested oils at a 1:50 dilution in combination with 750 ng/mL LPS, preceded by 1 week of apical FBS deprivation. Coincubation with the chylomicron blocker Pluronic L81 confirmed that fat-induced LPS translocation is mediated via chylomicron production in this Caco-2 cell model. CONCLUSION We developed a robust Caco-2 cell model for dietary fat-induced LPS translocation that can be used for high-throughput screening of (food) compounds that can reduce LPS-related low-grade inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monic M. M. Tomassen
- grid.4818.50000 0001 0791 5666Wageningen Food & Biobased Research, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands ,grid.4818.50000 0001 0791 5666Wageningen Food & Biobased Research – Food Health & Consumer Research group, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Coen Govers
- grid.4818.50000 0001 0791 5666Wageningen Food & Biobased Research, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands ,grid.4818.50000 0001 0791 5666Cell Biology and Immunology Group, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - A. Paul Vos
- grid.4818.50000 0001 0791 5666Wageningen Food & Biobased Research, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Nicole J. W. de Wit
- grid.4818.50000 0001 0791 5666Wageningen Food & Biobased Research, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Grant WB, Blake SM. Diet's Role in Modifying Risk of Alzheimer's Disease: History and Present Understanding. J Alzheimers Dis 2023; 96:1353-1382. [PMID: 37955087 PMCID: PMC10741367 DOI: 10.3233/jad-230418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
Diet is an important nonpharmacological risk-modifying factor for Alzheimer's disease (AD). The approaches used here to assess diet's role in the risk of AD include multi-country ecological studies, prospective and cross-sectional observational studies, and laboratory studies. Ecological studies have identified fat, meat, and obesity from high-energy diets as important risk factors for AD and reported that AD rates peak about 15-20 years after national dietary changes. Observational studies have compared the Western dietary pattern with those of the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH), Mediterranean (MedDi), and Mediterranean-DASH Intervention for Neurodegenerative Delay (MIND) diets. Those studies identified AD risk factors including higher consumption of saturated and total fats, meat, and ultraprocessed foods and a lower risk of AD with higher consumption of fruits, legumes, nuts, omega-3 fatty acids, vegetables, and whole grains. Diet-induced factors associated with a significant risk of AD include inflammation, insulin resistance, oxidative stress, elevated homocysteine, dietary advanced glycation end products, and trimethylamine N-oxide. The molecular mechanisms by which dietary bioactive components and specific foods affect risk of AD are discussed. Given most countries' entrenched food supply systems, the upward trends of AD rates would be hard to reverse. However, for people willing and able, a low-animal product diet with plenty of anti-inflammatory, low-glycemic load foods may be helpful.
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Affiliation(s)
- William B. Grant
- Sunlight, Nutrition, and Health Research Center, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Steven M. Blake
- Nutritional Neuroscience, Maui Memory Clinic, Wailuku, HI, USA
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Abstract
Systemic inflammation has been suggested to have a pivotal role in atherothrombosis, but the factors that trigger systemic inflammation have not been fully elucidated. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is a component of the membrane of Gram-negative bacteria present in the gut that can translocate into the systemic circulation, causing non-septic, low-grade endotoxaemia. Gut dysbiosis is a major determinant of low-grade endotoxaemia via dysfunction of the intestinal barrier scaffold, which is a prerequisite for LPS translocation into the systemic circulation. Experimental studies have demonstrated that LPS is present in atherosclerotic arteries but not in normal arteries. In atherosclerotic plaques, LPS promotes a pro-inflammatory status that can lead to plaque instability and thrombus formation. Low-grade endotoxaemia affects several cell types, including leukocytes, platelets and endothelial cells, leading to inflammation and clot formation. Low-grade endotoxaemia has been described in patients at risk of or with overt cardiovascular disease, in whom low-grade endotoxaemia was associated with atherosclerotic burden and its clinical sequelae. In this Review, we describe the mechanisms favouring the development of low-grade endotoxaemia, focusing on gut dysbiosis and changes in gut permeability; the plausible biological mechanisms linking low-grade endotoxaemia and atherothrombosis; the clinical studies suggesting that low-grade endotoxaemia is a risk factor for cardiovascular events; and the potential therapeutic tools to improve gut permeability and eventually eliminate low-grade endotoxaemia.
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Mastitis: Impact of Dry Period, Pathogens, and Immune Responses on Etiopathogenesis of Disease and its Association with Periparturient Diseases. DAIRY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/dairy3040061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Mastitis is an inflammation of the mammary gland initiated by pathogenic bacteria. In fact, mastitis is the second most important reason for the culling of cows from dairy herds, after infertility. In this review we focus on various forms of mastitis, including subclinical and clinical mastitis. We also stress the importance of the dry-off period as an important time when pathogenic bacteria might start their insult to the mammary gland. An important part of the review is the negative effects of mastitis on milk production and composition, as well as economic consequences for dairy farms. The two most important groups of bacteria that are involved in infection of the udder, Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria, are also discussed. Although all cows have both innate and adaptive immunity against most pathogens, some are more susceptible to the disease than others. That is why we summarize the most important components of innate and adaptive immunity so that the reader understands the specific immune responses of the udder to pathogenic bacteria. One of the most important sections of this review is interrelationship of mastitis with other diseases, especially retained placenta, metritis and endometritis, ketosis, and laminitis. Is mastitis the cause or the consequence of this disease? Finally, the review concludes with treatment and preventive approaches to mastitis.
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Ramirez A, Merwitz B, Lee H, Vaughan E, Maisel K. Multiple particle tracking (MPT) using PEGylated nanoparticles reveals heterogeneity within murine lymph nodes and between lymph nodes at different locations. Biomater Sci 2022; 10:6992-7003. [PMID: 36322022 PMCID: PMC10084584 DOI: 10.1039/d2bm00816e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Lymph nodes (LNs) are highly structured lymphoid organs that compartmentalize B and T cells in the outer cortex and inner paracortex, respectively, and are supported by a collagen-rich reticular network. Tissue material properties like viscoelasticity and diffusion of materials within extracellular spaces and their implications on cellular behavior and therapeutic delivery have been a recent topic of investigation. Here, we developed a nanoparticle system to investigate the rheological properties, including pore size and viscoelasticity, through multiple particle tracking (MPT) combined with LN slice cultures. Dense coatings with polyethylene glycol (PEG) allow nanoparticles to diffuse within the LN extracellular spaces. Despite differences in function in B and T cell zones, we found that extracellular tissue properties and mesh spacing do not change significantly in the cortex and paracortex, though nanoparticle diffusion was slightly reduced in B cell zones. Interestingly, our data suggest that LN pore sizes are smaller than the previously predicted 10-20 μm, with pore sizes ranging from 500 nm-1.5 μm. Our studies also confirm that LNs exhibit viscoelastic properties, with an initial solid-like response followed by stress-relaxation at higher frequencies. Finally, we found that nanoparticle diffusion is dependent on LN location, with nanoparticles in skin draining LNs exhibiting a higher diffusion coefficient and pore size compared to mesenteric LNs. Our data shed new light onto LN interstitial tissue properties, pore size, and define surface chemistry parameters required for nanoparticles to diffuse within LN interstitium. Our studies also provide both a tool for studying LN interstitium and developing design criteria for nanoparticles targeting LN interstitial spaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann Ramirez
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, 8278 Paint Branch Dr, College Park, MD 20742, USA.
| | - Brooke Merwitz
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, 8278 Paint Branch Dr, College Park, MD 20742, USA.
| | - Hannah Lee
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, 8278 Paint Branch Dr, College Park, MD 20742, USA.
| | - Erik Vaughan
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, 8278 Paint Branch Dr, College Park, MD 20742, USA.
| | - Katharina Maisel
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, 8278 Paint Branch Dr, College Park, MD 20742, USA.
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Srour B, Kordahi MC, Bonazzi E, Deschasaux-Tanguy M, Touvier M, Chassaing B. Ultra-processed foods and human health: from epidemiological evidence to mechanistic insights. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol 2022; 7:1128-1140. [PMID: 35952706 DOI: 10.1016/s2468-1253(22)00169-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Revised: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Epidemiological studies have suggested a role for ultra-processed foods in numerous chronic inflammatory diseases such as inflammatory bowel diseases and metabolic syndrome. Preclinical and clinical studies are accumulating to better decipher the effects of various aspects of food processing and formulation on the aetiology of chronic, debilitating inflammatory diseases. In this Review, we provide an overview of the current data that highlight an association between ultra-processed food consumption and various chronic diseases, with a focus on epidemiological evidence and mechanistic insights involving the intestinal microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernard Srour
- Sorbonne Paris Nord University, INSERM U1153, INRAE U1125, CNAM, Nutritional Epidemiology Research Team (EREN), Epidemiology and Statistics Research Center, Centre of Research in Epidemiology and Statistics, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France; NACRe Network-Nutrition and Cancer Research Network, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Melissa C Kordahi
- INSERM U1016, Mucosal microbiota in chronic inflammatory diseases, CNRS UMR 8104, Université de Paris, Paris, France; NACRe Network-Nutrition and Cancer Research Network, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Erica Bonazzi
- INSERM U1016, Mucosal microbiota in chronic inflammatory diseases, CNRS UMR 8104, Université de Paris, Paris, France; NACRe Network-Nutrition and Cancer Research Network, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Mélanie Deschasaux-Tanguy
- Sorbonne Paris Nord University, INSERM U1153, INRAE U1125, CNAM, Nutritional Epidemiology Research Team (EREN), Epidemiology and Statistics Research Center, Centre of Research in Epidemiology and Statistics, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France; NACRe Network-Nutrition and Cancer Research Network, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Mathilde Touvier
- Sorbonne Paris Nord University, INSERM U1153, INRAE U1125, CNAM, Nutritional Epidemiology Research Team (EREN), Epidemiology and Statistics Research Center, Centre of Research in Epidemiology and Statistics, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France; NACRe Network-Nutrition and Cancer Research Network, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Benoit Chassaing
- INSERM U1016, Mucosal microbiota in chronic inflammatory diseases, CNRS UMR 8104, Université de Paris, Paris, France; NACRe Network-Nutrition and Cancer Research Network, Jouy-en-Josas, France.
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Chompre G, Sambolin L, Cruz ML, Sanchez R, Rodriguez Y, Rodríguez-Santiago RE, Yamamura Y, Appleyard CB. A one month high fat diet disrupts the gut microbiome and integrity of the colon inducing adiposity and behavioral despair in male Sprague Dawley rats. Heliyon 2022; 8:e11194. [PMID: 36387539 PMCID: PMC9663868 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e11194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
High-fat diet (HFD) is associated with gut microbiome dysfunction and mental disorders. However, the time-dependence as to when this occurs is unclear. We hypothesized that a short-term HFD causes colonic tissue integrity changes resulting in behavioral changes. Rats were fed HFD or low-fat diet (LFD) for a month and gut microbiome, colon, and behavior were evaluated. Behavioral despair was found in the HFD group. Although obesity was absent, the HFD group showed increased percent weight gain, epididymal fat tissue, and leptin expression. Moreover, the HFD group had increased colonic damage, decreased expression of the tight junction proteins, and higher lipopolysaccharides (LPS) in serum. Metagenomic analysis revealed that the HFD group had more Bacteroides and less S24-7 which correlated with the decreased claudin-5. Finally, HFD group showed an increase of microglia percent area, increased astrocytic projections, and decreased phospho-mTOR. In conclusion, HFD consumption in a short period is still sufficient to disrupt gut integrity resulting in LPS infiltration, alterations in the brain, and behavioral despair even in the absence of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gladys Chompre
- Biology and Biotechnology Department, Pontifical Catholic University of Puerto Rico, Ponce, Puerto Rico
- Basic Sciences Department, Division of Physiology, Ponce Health Sciences University/Ponce Research Institute, Ponce, Puerto Rico
| | - Lubriel Sambolin
- Basic Sciences Department, Division of Pharmacology, Ponce Health Sciences University/Ponce Research Institute, Ponce, Puerto Rico
| | - Myrella L. Cruz
- Basic Sciences Department, Division of Physiology, Ponce Health Sciences University/Ponce Research Institute, Ponce, Puerto Rico
| | - Rafael Sanchez
- AIDS Research Infrastructure Program, Ponce Health Sciences University/Ponce Research Institute, Ponce, Puerto Rico
| | - Yarelis Rodriguez
- Basic Sciences Department, Division of Physiology, Ponce Health Sciences University/Ponce Research Institute, Ponce, Puerto Rico
| | - Ronald E. Rodríguez-Santiago
- AIDS Research Infrastructure Program, Ponce Health Sciences University/Ponce Research Institute, Ponce, Puerto Rico
| | - Yasuhiro Yamamura
- AIDS Research Infrastructure Program, Ponce Health Sciences University/Ponce Research Institute, Ponce, Puerto Rico
| | - Caroline B. Appleyard
- Basic Sciences Department, Division of Physiology, Ponce Health Sciences University/Ponce Research Institute, Ponce, Puerto Rico
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Tilg H, Adolph TE, Trauner M. Gut-liver axis: Pathophysiological concepts and clinical implications. Cell Metab 2022; 34:1700-1718. [PMID: 36208625 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2022.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 86.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Bidirectional crosstalk along the gut-liver axis controls gastrointestinal health and disease and exploits environmental and host mediators. Nutrients, microbial antigens, metabolites, and bile acids regulate metabolism and immune responses in the gut and liver, which reciprocally shape microbial community structure and function. Perturbation of such host-microbe interactions is observed in a variety of experimental liver diseases and is facilitated by an impaired intestinal barrier, which is fueling hepatic inflammation and disease progression. Clinical evidence describes perturbation of the gut-liver crosstalk in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, alcoholic liver disease, and primary sclerosing cholangitis. In liver cirrhosis, a common sequela of these diseases, the intestinal microbiota and microbial pathogen-associated molecular patterns constitute liver inflammation and clinical complications, such as hepatic encephalopathy. Understanding the intricate metabolic interplay between the gut and liver in health and disease opens an avenue for targeted therapies in the future, which is probed in controlled clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Herbert Tilg
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Endocrinology & Metabolism, Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - Timon E Adolph
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Endocrinology & Metabolism, Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Michael Trauner
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University, Vienna, Austria
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Wang H, Reddy ST, Fogelman AM. The role of gut-derived oxidized lipids and bacterial lipopolysaccharide in systemic inflammation and atherosclerosis. Curr Opin Lipidol 2022; 33:277-282. [PMID: 35979993 PMCID: PMC9581106 DOI: 10.1097/mol.0000000000000841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review explores mechanisms by which gut-derived bacteriallipopolysaccharide (LPS) and oxidized phospholipids contribute to chronic systemic inflammation and atherosclerosis. RECENT FINDINGS Gut-derived LPS enters through the small intestine via two distinct pathways that involve high density lipoproteins (HDL) and chylomicrons. Gut-derived LPS can bind to the LPS-binding protein (LBP) and to HDL 3 in the small intestine and travel through the portal vein to the liver where it does not elicit an inflammatory reaction, and is inactivated or it can bind to HDL 2 and travel through the portal vein to the liver where it elicits an inflammatory reaction. Alternatively, in the small intestine, LPS can bind to LBP and chylomicrons and travel through the lymphatics to the systemic circulation and enhance inflammatory processes including atherosclerosis. Oxidized phospholipids formed in the small intestine regulate the levels and uptake of LPS in small intestine by regulating antimicrobial proteins such as intestinal alkaline phosphatase. Gut-derived LPS and oxidized phospholipids may be responsible for the persistent inflammation seen in some persons with human immunodeficiency virus on potent antiretroviral therapy with undetectable virus levels. SUMMARY By targeting gut-derived oxidized phospholipids, the uptake of gut-derived LPS may be reduced to decrease systemic inflammation and atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Wang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology
| | - Srinivasa T. Reddy
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles California, USA
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