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Beyene HB, Huynh K, Wang T, Paul S, Cinel M, Mellett NA, Olshansky G, Meikle TG, Watts GF, Hung J, Hui J, Beilby J, Blangero J, Moses EK, Shaw JE, Magliano DJ, Giles C, Meikle PJ. Development and validation of a plasmalogen score as an independent modifiable marker of metabolic health: population based observational studies and a placebo-controlled cross-over study. EBioMedicine 2024; 105:105187. [PMID: 38861870 PMCID: PMC11215217 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2024.105187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2024] [Revised: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Decreased levels of circulating ethanolamine plasmalogens [PE(P)], and a concurrent increase in phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) are consistently reported in various cardiometabolic conditions. Here we devised, a plasmalogen score (Pls Score) that mirrors a metabolic signal that encompasses the levels of PE(P) and PE and captures the natural variation in circulating plasmalogens and perturbations in their metabolism associated with disease, diet, and lifestyle. METHODS We utilised, plasma lipidomes from the Australian Obesity, Diabetes and Lifestyle study (AusDiab; n = 10,339, 55% women) a nationwide cohort, to devise the Pls Score and validated this in the Busselton Health Study (BHS; n = 4,492, 56% women, serum lipidome) and in a placebo-controlled crossover trial involving Shark Liver Oil (SLO) supplementation (n = 10, 100% men). We examined the association of the Pls Score with cardiometabolic risk factors, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality (over 17 years). FINDINGS In a model, adjusted for age, sex and BMI, individuals in the top quintile of the Pls Score (Q5) relative to Q1 had an OR of 0.31 (95% CI 0.21-0.43), 0.39 (95% CI 0.25-0.61) and 0.42 (95% CI 0.30-0.57) for prevalent T2DM, incident T2DM and prevalent cardiovascular disease respectively, and a 34% lower mortality risk (HR = 0.66; 95% CI 0.56-0.78). Significant associations between diet and lifestyle habits and Pls Score exist and these were validated through dietary supplementation of SLO that resulted in a marked change in the Pls Score. INTERPRETATION The Pls Score as a measure that captures the natural variation in circulating plasmalogens, was not only inversely related to cardiometabolic risk and all-cause mortality but also associate with diet and lifestyle. Our results support the potential utility of the Pls Score as a biomarker for metabolic health and its responsiveness to dietary interventions. Further research is warranted to explore the underlying mechanisms and optimise the practical implementation of the Pls Score in clinical and population settings. FUNDING National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC grant 233200), National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia (Project grant APP1101320), Health Promotion Foundation of Western Australia, and National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia Senior Research Fellowship (#1042095).
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Affiliation(s)
- Habtamu B Beyene
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Baker Department of Cardiovascular Research Translation and Implementation, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Kevin Huynh
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Baker Department of Cardiovascular Research Translation and Implementation, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Baker Department of Cardiometabolic Health, Melbourne University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Tingting Wang
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Baker Department of Cardiovascular Research Translation and Implementation, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Baker Department of Cardiometabolic Health, Melbourne University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Sudip Paul
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Michelle Cinel
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | | | | | - Thomas G Meikle
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Baker Department of Cardiovascular Research Translation and Implementation, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Gerald F Watts
- Medical School, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia; Cardiometabolic Service, Department of Cardiology and Internal Medicine, Royal Perth Hospital, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Joseph Hung
- Medical School, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Jennie Hui
- PathWest Laboratory Medicine of Western Australia, Queen Elizabeth II Medical Centre, Nedlands, WA, Australia; School of Population and Global Health, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
| | - John Beilby
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
| | - John Blangero
- South Texas Diabetes and Obesity Institute, The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Brownsville, TX, USA
| | - Eric K Moses
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia; Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
| | - Jonathan E Shaw
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Dianna J Magliano
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Corey Giles
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Baker Department of Cardiovascular Research Translation and Implementation, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Baker Department of Cardiometabolic Health, Melbourne University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
| | - Peter J Meikle
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Baker Department of Cardiovascular Research Translation and Implementation, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Baker Department of Cardiometabolic Health, Melbourne University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
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Ding Y, Zhang C, Zhou M, Xiang Y, Tong A. Hetero-Diels-Alder Cycloaddition Reaction of Vinyl Ethers Enables Selective Fluorescent Labeling of Plasmalogens in Human Plasma Lipids. J Org Chem 2023; 88:13741-13748. [PMID: 37710996 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c01380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
Plasmalogens (Pls) are vinyl ether-containing glycerophospholipids of broad biological interest. Their abnormal levels are associated with neurological disorders and cardiovascular diseases. The intricacy of analyzing Pls in lipid samples arises from the wide variety of other coexisting lipid species, which underscores the urgent need for a Pls-specific labeling reaction. To address this challenge, we report an efficient hetero-Diels-Alder cycloaddition reaction between nonterminal vinyl ethers of Pls and o-quinolinone quinone methide probes under mild conditions. On the basis of this mechanism, a selective fluorescent labeling method for Pls is developed. The application of this method permits the exclusive derivatization of Pls over other human plasma lipids. The process also imparts labeled Pls with distinct fluorescence emission and chromatographic retention properties. By integrating this method with high-performance liquid chromatography, we are able to identify individual chromatographic signatures of Pls from 10 different human plasma samples. This Pls signature analytical technique, empowered by the Pls-specific labeling reaction, is cost-effective and simple in terms of instrumentation, suggesting its promising potential for the early screening and diagnosis of diseases linked to Pls abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiwen Ding
- Department of Chemistry, Beijing Key Laboratory for Analytical Methods and Instrumentation, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
| | - Chu Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Beijing Key Laboratory for Analytical Methods and Instrumentation, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
| | - Min Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, Beijing Key Laboratory for Analytical Methods and Instrumentation, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
| | - Yu Xiang
- Department of Chemistry, Beijing Key Laboratory for Analytical Methods and Instrumentation, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
| | - Aijun Tong
- Department of Chemistry, Beijing Key Laboratory for Analytical Methods and Instrumentation, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
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Yamashita S, Miyazawa T, Higuchi O, Kinoshita M, Miyazawa T. Marine Plasmalogens: A Gift from the Sea with Benefits for Age-Associated Diseases. Molecules 2023; 28:6328. [PMID: 37687157 PMCID: PMC10488995 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28176328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Aging increases oxidative and inflammatory stress caused by a reduction in metabolism and clearance, thus leading to the development of age-associated diseases. The quality of our daily diet and exercise is important for the prevention of these diseases. Marine resources contain various valuable nutrients, and unique glycerophospholipid plasmalogens are found abundantly in some marine invertebrates, including ascidians. One of the major classes, the ethanolamine class (PlsEtn), exists in a high ratio to phospholipids in the brain and blood, while decreased levels have been reported in patients with age-associated diseases, including Alzheimer's disease. Animal studies have shown that the administration of marine PlsEtn prepared from marine invertebrates improved PlsEtn levels in the body and alleviated inflammation. Animal and human studies have reported that marine PlsEtn ameliorates cognitive impairment. In this review, we highlight the biological significance, relationships with age-associated diseases, food functions, and healthcare materials of plasmalogens based on recent knowledge and discuss the contribution of marine plasmalogens to health maintenance in aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinji Yamashita
- Department of Life and Food Sciences, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro 080-8555, Japan; (S.Y.); (M.K.)
| | - Taiki Miyazawa
- Food and Biotechnology Platform Promoting Project, New Industry Creation Hatchery Center (NICHe), Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8579, Japan; (T.M.); (O.H.)
| | - Ohki Higuchi
- Food and Biotechnology Platform Promoting Project, New Industry Creation Hatchery Center (NICHe), Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8579, Japan; (T.M.); (O.H.)
| | - Mikio Kinoshita
- Department of Life and Food Sciences, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro 080-8555, Japan; (S.Y.); (M.K.)
| | - Teruo Miyazawa
- Food and Biotechnology Platform Promoting Project, New Industry Creation Hatchery Center (NICHe), Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8579, Japan; (T.M.); (O.H.)
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Yin M, Chen M, Yanagisawa T, Matsuoka R, Xi Y, Tao N, Wang X. Physical properties, chemical composition, and nutritional evaluation of common salad dressings. Front Nutr 2022; 9:978648. [PMID: 36118765 PMCID: PMC9471001 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.978648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Salad dressings (SDs), a subcategory of flavored sauces with more than 20% fat content and less than 30% moisture content, is favored by consumers due to its delicacy. The physical properties, chemical composition and nutritional evaluation of common SDs on the Chinese market needs to be systematically investigated. This study compared the quality (physical properties, proximate composition, amino acids, fatty acids, and minerals) of six commercially available sweet SDs (SD1, SD2, SD3, SD4, SD5, and SD6) from the Chinese market. The results indicated that the water activity of six SDs was less than 0.60 (0.35–0.41), the moisture content was less than 65% (24.0–60.0%), and the crude fat content was between 23.25 and 64.15%. The essential amino acid index (EAAI) of SD3, SD1, SD2, and SD4 was greater than the FAO/WHO standard (EAAI = 75). Numerous fatty acids were detected, mainly linoleic and oleic acids; n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids were ranged from 1,090 mg/100 g to 2,520 mg/100 g. In addition, SDs were rich in minerals such as Mg, Ca, and Fe and the atherogenic index and thrombogenic index were 0.03–0.09 and 0.77–0.91, respectively. In summary, this work helps to provide key nutritional information on the composition of common SDs. The availability of this data may help purchasers with different nutritional needs to make informed choices about the use of SD and encourage more moderate consumption of pre-packaged sauces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyu Yin
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
- Mingyu Yin,
| | - Min Chen
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Takuya Yanagisawa
- Food Science and Quality Evaluation Research Lab, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ryosuke Matsuoka
- Food Science and Quality Evaluation Research Lab, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yinci Xi
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ningping Tao
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xichang Wang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Xichang Wang,
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Sato N, Kanehama A, Kashiwagi A, Yamada M, Nishimukai M. Lymphatic Absorption of Microbial Plasmalogens in Rats. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:836186. [PMID: 35392167 PMCID: PMC8980267 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.836186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasmalogens, functional glycerophospholipids with biological roles in the human body, are associated with various diseases. Although a variety of saturated and/or unsaturated fatty acids in plasmalogens are presumed to have different functions in the human body, there are limited reports validating such functions of plasmalogens. In this study, we focused on the bacterial plasmalogen derived from Selenomonas ruminantium subsp. lactilytica (NBRC No. 103574) with different main species of hydrocarbon chains at the sn-1 position and shorter fatty acids at the sn-2 position than animal plasmalogens. Optimum culture conditions of S. ruminantium for high-yield production of plasmalogens, such as pH and the concentration of caproic acid, were investigated under anaerobic conditions using a 2-L scale jar fermenter. The obtained plasmalogen mainly consisted of the ethanolamine plasmalogen (PlsEtn). The molar ratios of PlsEtn species obtained from S. ruminantium, at sn-1/sn-2 positions, were p16:1/14:0 (68.4%), p16:1/16:1 (29.2%), p16:1/16:0 (0.7%), p16:1/15:0 (0.3%), and p17:1/14:0 (0.3%). Subsequently, duodenal infusion of the emulsion carrying the lipid extracted from S. ruminantium was carried out in lymph duct-cannulated rats. In the lymphatic plasmalogen of rats, the level of PlsEtns with molar ratios p16:1/14:0 and p16:1/16:1, the main species of plasmalogens from S. ruminantium, increased gradually until 3–4 h after lipid injection and then gradually decreased. In addition, the level of PlsEtns with p16:1/20:4 and p16:1/22:6 rapidly increased, peaking at 1–1.5 h and 1.5–2 h after lipid injection, respectively. The increase in the number of PlsEtns with p16:1/20:4 and p16:1/22:6 suggested that 20:4 and 22:6, the main fatty acids at the sn-2 position in the rat lymphatic plasmalogen, were preferentially re-esterified at the sn-2 position, regardless of the types of hydrocarbon chains at the sn-1 position. Thus, we showed that bacterial PlsEtns with “unnatural” structures against rats could be absorbed into the lymph. Our findings provide insights into the association between the chemical structure of plasmalogens and their biological functions in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nana Sato
- Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Biological Chemistry and Food Science, Iwate University, Morioka, Japan
| | - Aki Kanehama
- Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Biological Chemistry and Food Science, Iwate University, Morioka, Japan
| | - Akiko Kashiwagi
- Faculty of Agriculture and Life Science, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki, Japan
| | - Miwa Yamada
- Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Biological Chemistry and Food Science, Iwate University, Morioka, Japan
- Agri-Innovation Center, Iwate University, Morioka, Japan
- *Correspondence: Miwa Yamada, ; Megumi Nishimukai,
| | - Megumi Nishimukai
- Agri-Innovation Center, Iwate University, Morioka, Japan
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, Morioka, Japan
- *Correspondence: Miwa Yamada, ; Megumi Nishimukai,
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Kuksis A, Pruzanski W. Destruction of polyunsaturated alkyl/acyl and alkenyl/acyl glycerophosphocholine of plasma lipoproteins during incubation with group V and X secretory phospholipase A 2 s. Lipids 2021; 57:91-104. [PMID: 34904243 DOI: 10.1002/lipd.12333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 11/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Plasma lipoproteins are carriers of various glycerophospholipids including diacyl, alkenyl/acyl, and alkyl/acyl glycerophosphocholines (GPCs), which become distributed among cells and tissues during metabolism. For metabolic function, these phospholipids require hydrolysis by phospholipases, but the responsible enzymes have not been identified. We had previously shown that after complete digestion of lipoprotein diacyl- and oxo-diacyl-GPCs, degradation of residual alkyl/acyl and alkenyl/acyl GPCs continues, despite the fact that ether lipids are resistant to hydrolysis by Ca2+ -activated secretory PLA2 s and require the presence of the Ca2+ -independent PLA2 . In the course of further investigation, we came across a report by Khaselev and Murphy in which the autoxidative degradation of plasmalogens in the presence of 2,2'-azobis(2-amidinopropane) dihydrochloride (AAPH) proceeded beyond the formation of dihydroperoxides, hydroxides and epoxides, and led to an attack on the enyl bond of the plasmalogen, resulting in formation of 1-OH/2-20:4-GPC and 1-formyl/2-20:4-GPC. Our preliminary investigation indicated that lipoprotein 16:0p/20:4ω6-GPC yielded the same autoxidation products as those reported for synthetic 16:0p/20:4ω6-GPC in the presence of AAPH. Such autoxidative degradation of lipoprotein plasmalogens had not been previously reported with or without AAPH. Subsequent study led to the conclusion that this reaction was not limited to arachidonates, but extended to other polyunsaturated eicosanoids, docosanoids, and tetracosanoids, as well as oligounsaturated octadecanoids. These observations led to a hypothesis that the autoxidative cleavage of the lipoprotein plasmalogens proceeded under the influence of apo-protein-derived free radicals as intermediates of oxidative processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnis Kuksis
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Oleic acid promotes atherosclerosis via multiple pathophysiological mechanisms. JOURNAL OF BIO-X RESEARCH 2021. [DOI: 10.1097/jbr.0000000000000117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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8
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Enomoto H, Takeda S. Mass spectrometry imaging of diacyl-, alkylacyl-, and plasmalogen-phosphatidylethanolamines in pork chop tissues. JOURNAL OF FOOD MEASUREMENT AND CHARACTERIZATION 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11694-021-01075-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Plasmalogen Replacement Therapy. MEMBRANES 2021; 11:membranes11110838. [PMID: 34832067 PMCID: PMC8620983 DOI: 10.3390/membranes11110838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Revised: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Plasmalogens, a subclass of glycerophospholipids containing a vinyl-ether bond, are one of the major components of biological membranes. Changes in plasmalogen content and molecular species have been reported in a variety of pathological conditions ranging from inherited to metabolic and degenerative diseases. Most of these diseases have no treatment, and attempts to develop a therapy have been focusing primarily on protein/nucleic acid molecular targets. However, recent studies have shifted attention to lipids as the basis of a therapeutic strategy. In these pathological conditions, the use of plasmalogen replacement therapy (PRT) has been shown to be a successful way to restore plasmalogen levels as well as to ameliorate the disease phenotype in different clinical settings. Here, the current state of PRT will be reviewed as well as a discussion of future perspectives in PRT. It is proposed that the use of PRT provides a modern and innovative molecular medicine approach aiming at improving health outcomes in different conditions with clinically unmet needs.
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Kuksis A, Pruzanski W. Hydrolysis of glycerophosphocholine epoxides by human group IIA, V, and X secretory phospholipases A 2. Lipids 2021; 56:521-535. [PMID: 34278577 DOI: 10.1002/lipd.12320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
This study was prompted by recent reports that epoxyeicosatrienoic (EET) and epoxyeicosatetraenoic (EEQ) acids accelerate tumor growth and metastasis by stimulation of angiogenesis, while eicosapentaenoic (EPA) and epoxydocosapentaenoic (EDP) acids inhibit angiogenesis, tumor growth, and metastasis. Cytochrome P450 epoxygenases convert arachidonic to EET, eicosapentaenoic acid to EEQ, and docosahexaenoic acid to EDP, which are found both in free form and esterified to glycerophosphocholine (GPC). Both free and esterified epoxy (EP) acids are also formed during lipid autoxidation. For biological activity, the GPC-EP requires hydrolysis, which we presumed could occur by sPLA2 s located in proximity of lipoproteins carrying the lipid epoxides. The plasma lipoproteins were isolated by ultracentrifugation and analyzed by LC/ESI-MS. The GPC-EPs were identified by reference to standards and to retention times of phospholipid masses. The GPC-EP monoepoxides (corrected for isobaric ether overlaps) in stored human LDL, HDL, HDL3 , or APHDL ranged from 0 to 1 nmol/mg protein, but during 4-h incubation at 37°C increased to 1-5 nmol/mg protein. An incubation of autoxidized LDL, HDL, or HDL3 with 1 μg/ml of group V or X sPLA2 resulted in complete hydrolysis of diacyl GPC epoxide esters. Group IIA sPLA2 at 1 μg/ml failed to produce significant hydrolysis in 4 h, but at 2.5 μg/ml in 8 h yielded almost 80% hydrolysis, which represented complete diacyl GPC-EP hydrolysis. The present study shows that group IIA, V, and X sPLA2 s are capable of extensive hydrolysis of PtdCho epoxides of autoxidized plasma lipoproteins. Therefore, all three human sPLA2 s were potentially capable of inducing epoxide biological activity in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnis Kuksis
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Waldemar Pruzanski
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Andries A, Rozenski J, Vermeersch P, Mekahli D, Van Schepdael A. Recent progress in the LC-MS/MS analysis of oxidative stress biomarkers. Electrophoresis 2020; 42:402-428. [PMID: 33280143 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202000208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The presence of a dynamic and balanced equilibrium between the production of reactive oxygen (ROS) and nitrogen (RNS) species and the in-house antioxidant defense mechanisms is characteristic for a healthy body. During oxidative stress (OS), this balance is switched to increased production of ROS and RNS, exceeding the capacity of physiological antioxidant systems. This can cause damage to biological molecules, leading to loss of function and even cell death. Nowadays, there is increasing scientific and clinical interest in OS and the associated parameters to measure the degree of OS in biofluids. An increasing number of reports using LC-MS/MS methods for the analysis of OS biomarkers can be found. Since bioanalysis is usually complicated by matrix effects, various types of cleanup procedures are used to effectively separate the biomarkers from the matrix. This is an essential part of the analysis to prepare a reproducible and homogenous solution suitable for injection onto the column. The present review gives a summary of the chromatographic methods used for the determination of OS biomarkers in both urine and plasma, serum, and whole blood samples. The first part mainly describes the biological background of the different OS biomarkers, while the second part reports examples of chromatographic methods for the analysis of different metabolites connected with OS in biofluids, covering a period from 2015 till early 2020. The selected examples mainly include LC-MS/MS methods for isoprostanes, oxidized proteins, oxidized lipoproteins, and DNA/RNA biomarkers. The last part explains the clinical relevance of this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asmin Andries
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Pharmaceutical Analysis, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jef Rozenski
- KU Leuven - Rega Institute for Medical Research, Medicinal Chemistry, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Pieter Vermeersch
- Clinical Department of Laboratory Medicine, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Center for Metabolic Diseases, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Djalila Mekahli
- Department of Development and Regeneration, Laboratory of Pediatrics, PKD group, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Pediatric Nephrology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ann Van Schepdael
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Pharmaceutical Analysis, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Nayor M, Shah RV, Miller PE, Blodgett JB, Tanguay M, Pico AR, Murthy VL, Malhotra R, Houstis NE, Deik A, Pierce KA, Bullock K, Dailey L, Velagaleti RS, Moore SA, Ho JE, Baggish AL, Clish CB, Larson MG, Vasan RS, Lewis GD. Metabolic Architecture of Acute Exercise Response in Middle-Aged Adults in the Community. Circulation 2020; 142:1905-1924. [PMID: 32927962 PMCID: PMC8049528 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.120.050281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Whereas regular exercise is associated with lower risk of cardiovascular disease and mortality, mechanisms of exercise-mediated health benefits remain less clear. We used metabolite profiling before and after acute exercise to delineate the metabolic architecture of exercise response patterns in humans. METHODS Cardiopulmonary exercise testing and metabolite profiling was performed on Framingham Heart Study participants (age 53±8 years, 63% women) with blood drawn at rest (n=471) and at peak exercise (n=411). RESULTS We observed changes in circulating levels for 502 of 588 measured metabolites from rest to peak exercise (exercise duration 11.9±2.1 minutes) at a 5% false discovery rate. Changes included reductions in metabolites implicated in insulin resistance (glutamate, -29%; P=1.5×10-55; dimethylguanidino valeric acid [DMGV], -18%; P=5.8×10-18) and increases in metabolites associated with lipolysis (1-methylnicotinamide, +33%; P=6.1×10-67), nitric oxide bioavailability (arginine/ornithine + citrulline, +29%; P=2.8×10-169), and adipose browning (12,13-dihydroxy-9Z-octadecenoic acid +26%; P=7.4×10-38), among other pathways relevant to cardiometabolic risk. We assayed 177 metabolites in a separate Framingham Heart Study replication sample (n=783, age 54±8 years, 51% women) and observed concordant changes in 164 metabolites (92.6%) at 5% false discovery rate. Exercise-induced metabolite changes were variably related to the amount of exercise performed (peak workload), sex, and body mass index. There was attenuation of favorable excursions in some metabolites in individuals with higher body mass index and greater excursions in select cardioprotective metabolites in women despite less exercise performed. Distinct preexercise metabolite levels were associated with different physiologic dimensions of fitness (eg, ventilatory efficiency, exercise blood pressure, peak Vo2). We identified 4 metabolite signatures of exercise response patterns that were then analyzed in a separate cohort (Framingham Offspring Study; n=2045, age 55±10 years, 51% women), 2 of which were associated with overall mortality over median follow-up of 23.1 years (P≤0.003 for both). CONCLUSIONS In a large sample of community-dwelling individuals, acute exercise elicits widespread changes in the circulating metabolome. Metabolic changes identify pathways central to cardiometabolic health, cardiovascular disease, and long-term outcome. These findings provide a detailed map of the metabolic response to acute exercise in humans and identify potential mechanisms responsible for the beneficial cardiometabolic effects of exercise for future study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Nayor
- Cardiology Division and the Simches Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Ravi V. Shah
- Cardiology Division and the Simches Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Patricia E. Miller
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Jasmine B. Blodgett
- Cardiology Division and the Simches Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Melissa Tanguay
- Cardiology Division and the Simches Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Alexander R. Pico
- Institute of Data Science and Biotechnology, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA
| | - Venkatesh L. Murthy
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
- Frankel Cardiovascular Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
| | - Rajeev Malhotra
- Cardiology Division and the Simches Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Nicholas E. Houstis
- Cardiology Division and the Simches Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Amy Deik
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA
| | | | | | - Lucas Dailey
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA
| | - Raghava S. Velagaleti
- Cardiology Section, Department of Medicine, Boston VA Healthcare System, West Roxbury, MA
| | - Stephanie A. Moore
- Cardiology Section, Department of Medicine, Boston VA Healthcare System, West Roxbury, MA
| | - Jennifer E. Ho
- Cardiology Division and the Simches Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Aaron L. Baggish
- Cardiology Division and the Simches Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | | | - Martin G. Larson
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA
- Boston University’s and National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute’s Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA
| | - Ramachandran S. Vasan
- Boston University’s and National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute’s Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA
- Sections of Preventive Medicine and Epidemiology, and Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA
| | - Gregory D. Lewis
- Cardiology Division and the Simches Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
- Pulmonary Critical Care Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
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13
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Liu J, Zhao M, Zhu Y, Zheng L, Yin Y. Plasma Metabolomic and Lipidomic Profiling of a Genetically Modified Mouse Model of Scavenger Receptor Class B Type I. Proteomics 2020; 20:e2000050. [PMID: 33090674 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.202000050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease of the arterial wall and is becoming the principal cause of death globally. The reverse cholesterol transport (RCT) mediated by scavenger receptor class B type I (SR-BI) is a major protection mechanism against atherosclerosis. To investigate the metabolome changes and to find potential biomarkers involved in RCT, nontargeted metabolomics and nontargeted lipidomics are applied to SR-BI knockout mice that are fed a high fat and high cholesterol diet. SR-BI knockout mice and controls are told apart using multidimensional statistical analysis, and potential biomarkers are found and identified. The pathophysiological meaning of the biomarkers and the perturbed metabolic pathways are also addressed, which could provide new evidence for atherosclerosis studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Liu
- Institute of Systems Biomedicine, Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tumor Systems Biology, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Mingming Zhao
- The Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, School of Basic Medical Sciences, and Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences of Ministry of Education, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Yizhang Zhu
- Institute of Systems Biomedicine, Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tumor Systems Biology, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Lemin Zheng
- The Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, School of Basic Medical Sciences, and Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences of Ministry of Education, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Yuxin Yin
- Institute of Systems Biomedicine, Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tumor Systems Biology, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100191, China
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14
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Kytikova OY, Novgorodtseva TP, Antonyuk MV, Gvozdenko TA. Plasmalogens in the Pathophysiology and Therapy of Age-Specific Diseases. ADVANCES IN GERONTOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1134/s207905702003011x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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15
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Gao L, Cazenave-Gassiot A, Burla B, Wenk MR, Torta F. Dual mass spectrometry as a tool to improve annotation and quantification in targeted plasma lipidomics. Metabolomics 2020; 16:53. [PMID: 32303853 DOI: 10.1007/s11306-020-01677-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION High quality data, based on reliable quantification and clear identification of the reported lipid species, are required for the clinical translation of human plasma lipidomic studies. OBJECTIVE Lipid quantification can be efficiently performed on triple quadrupole (QqQ) mass spectrometers in targeted multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode. However, a series of issues can be encountered when aiming at unambiguous identification and accurate quantification, including (i) resolving peaks of polyunsaturated species, (ii) discriminating between plasmanyl-, plasmenyl- and odd chain species and (iii) resolving the isotopic overlap between co-eluting lipid species. METHODS As a practical tool to improve the quality of targeted lipidomics studies, we applied a Dual MS platform by simultaneously coupling a reversed-phase liquid chromatography separation to a QqQ and a quadrupole-time of flight (Q-ToF) mass spectrometers. In one single experiment, this platform allows to correctly identify, by high-resolution MS and MS/MS, the peaks that are quantified by MRM. RESULTS As proof of concept, we applied the platform on glycerophosphocholines (GPCs) and sphingomyelins (SMs), which are highly abundant in human plasma and play crucial roles in various physiological functions. Our results demonstrated that Dual MS could provide a higher level of confidence in the identification and quantification of GPCs and SMs in human plasma. The same approach can also be applied to improve the study of other lipid classes and expanded for the identification of novel lipid molecular species. CONCLUSIONS This methodology might have a great potential to achieve a better specificity in the quantification of lipids by targeted lipidomics in high-throughput studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Gao
- Singapore Lipidomics Incubator (SLING), Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Amaury Cazenave-Gassiot
- Singapore Lipidomics Incubator (SLING), Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Bo Burla
- Singapore Lipidomics Incubator (SLING), Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Markus R Wenk
- Singapore Lipidomics Incubator (SLING), Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Federico Torta
- Singapore Lipidomics Incubator (SLING), Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
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16
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Wang T, Cong PX, Cui J, Jiang S, Xu J, Xue CH, Huang QR, Zhang TT, Wang YM. Digestion, Absorption, and Metabolism Characteristics of EPA-Enriched Phosphoethanolamine Plasmalogens Based on Gastrointestinal Functions in Healthy Mice. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:12786-12795. [PMID: 31657926 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b06072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
EPA-enriched phosphoethanolamine plasmalogens (EPA-pPE), widely present in marine creatures, is a unique glycerophospholipid with EPA at the sn-2 position of the glycerol backbone. EPA-pPE has been reported to exhibit numerous distinctive bioactivities. However, the digestion, absorption, and metabolism characteristics of EPA-pPE in vivo are not clear, which restrict the molecular mechanism analysis related to its distinctive activities. The aim of the present study was to illustrate the digestion, absorption, and metabolism characteristics of EPA-pPE by lipid analysis in serum, intestinal wall, and content after oral administration of EPA-pPE emulsion. Results showed the EPA percentage of total fatty acids in serum was increasing over time, with two peaks at 5 and 10 h by 1.89 ± 0.2 and 2.58 ± 0.27, respectively, and then fell from 1.89 ± 0.17 at 10 h to 1.35 ± 0.16 at 16 h. In small intestinal content, EPA-pPE was hydrolyzed to lyso-phospholipids and EPA by phospholipases A2 and the vinyl ether bond was retained at the sn-1 position. The released EPA could be quickly taken up into the enterocytes and enter circulation. The comparison of simulated digestion in vitro showed that the distinct digestion and absorption process of EPA-pPE was a unique phenomenon. EPA could be retained in serum at a high level for a substantial period of time, which suggested that EPA-pPE was not just a short-lived circulating molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teng Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering , Ocean University of China , No. 5 Yushan Road , Qingdao , Shandong 266003 , People's Republic of China
| | - Pei-Xu Cong
- College of Food Science and Engineering , Ocean University of China , No. 5 Yushan Road , Qingdao , Shandong 266003 , People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Cui
- College of Food Science and Engineering , Ocean University of China , No. 5 Yushan Road , Qingdao , Shandong 266003 , People's Republic of China
| | - Shan Jiang
- College of Food Science and Engineering , Ocean University of China , No. 5 Yushan Road , Qingdao , Shandong 266003 , People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Xu
- College of Food Science and Engineering , Ocean University of China , No. 5 Yushan Road , Qingdao , Shandong 266003 , People's Republic of China
| | - Chang-Hu Xue
- College of Food Science and Engineering , Ocean University of China , No. 5 Yushan Road , Qingdao , Shandong 266003 , People's Republic of China
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts , Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology , Qingdao , Shandong 266237 , People's Republic of China
| | - Qing-Rong Huang
- Rutgers State University , Department of Food Science , 65 Dudley Road , New Brunswick , New Jersey 08901 , United States
| | - Tian-Tian Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering , Ocean University of China , No. 5 Yushan Road , Qingdao , Shandong 266003 , People's Republic of China
| | - Yu-Ming Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering , Ocean University of China , No. 5 Yushan Road , Qingdao , Shandong 266003 , People's Republic of China
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts , Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology , Qingdao , Shandong 266237 , People's Republic of China
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17
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Wu Y, Chen Z, Darwish WS, Terada K, Chiba H, Hui SP. Choline and Ethanolamine Plasmalogens Prevent Lead-Induced Cytotoxicity and Lipid Oxidation in HepG2 Cells. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:7716-7725. [PMID: 31131603 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b02485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Plasmalogens derived from dietary phospholipids are considered to be potential protectors against oxidation-related disorders, while lead (Pb) is an environmental contaminant worldwide and is known to induce oxidative stress. However, the protective and antilipid oxidative effects of individual plasmalogen species against Pb damage have received little attention. In this study, six plasmalogen species (with either choline or ethanolamine as the headgroup and p16:0/18:1, p16:0/18:2, or p16:0/20:5 as the side chains) were evaluated in human hepatoma cells. Plasmalogen species showed a remarkable recovery in cell viability as well as elimination of reactive oxygen species and suppressed the accumulation of phosphatidylcholine hydroperoxides (from 63.6 ± 1.8% to 80.3 ± 2.9%) and phosphatidylethanolamine hydroperoxides (from 25.7 ± 9.3% to 76.1 ± 3.7%). Moreover, plasmalogens significantly upregulated the gene expression levels of a series of antioxidant enzymes that are regulated via the Nrf-2-dependent pathway. This study suggested that choline and ethanolamine plasmalogens could prevent Pb-induced cytotoxicity and lipid oxidation in HepG2 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Wu
- Faculty of Health Sciences , Hokkaido University , Kita-12, Nishi-5, Kita-ku , Sapporo 060-0812 , Japan
| | - Zhen Chen
- Faculty of Health Sciences , Hokkaido University , Kita-12, Nishi-5, Kita-ku , Sapporo 060-0812 , Japan
| | - Wageh S Darwish
- Faculty of Health Sciences , Hokkaido University , Kita-12, Nishi-5, Kita-ku , Sapporo 060-0812 , Japan
- Food Control Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine , Zagazig University , Zagazig 44519 , Egypt
| | - Koh Terada
- Faculty of Health Sciences , Hokkaido University , Kita-12, Nishi-5, Kita-ku , Sapporo 060-0812 , Japan
| | - Hitoshi Chiba
- Faculty of Health Sciences , Hokkaido University , Kita-12, Nishi-5, Kita-ku , Sapporo 060-0812 , Japan
- Department of Nutrition , Sapporo University of Health Sciences , Nakanuma Nishi-4-2-1-15, Higashi , Sapporo 007-0894 , Japan
| | - Shu-Ping Hui
- Faculty of Health Sciences , Hokkaido University , Kita-12, Nishi-5, Kita-ku , Sapporo 060-0812 , Japan
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18
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Relation of Serum Plasmalogens and APOE Genotype to Cognition and Dementia in Older Persons in a Cross-Sectional Study. Brain Sci 2019; 9:brainsci9040092. [PMID: 31022959 PMCID: PMC6523320 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci9040092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Revised: 04/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Using a community sample of 1205 elderly persons, we investigated the associations and potential interactions between Apolipoprotein E (APOE) genotype and serum phosphatidylethanolamine (PlsEtn) on cognition and dementia. For each person, APOE genotype, PlsEtn Biosynthesis value (PBV, the combination of three key PlsEtn species), cognition (the combination of five specific cognitive domains), and diagnosis of dementia was determined. APOE genotype and PBV were observed to be non-interacting (p > 0.05) and independently associated with cognition: APOE (relative to ε3ε3:ε2ε3 (Coef = 0.14, p = 4.2 × 10−2); ε3ε4/ε4ε4 (Coef = −0.22, p = 6.2 × 10−5); PBV (Coef = 0.12, p = 1.7 × 10−7) and dementia: APOE (relative to ε3ε3:ε2ε3 (Odds Ratio OR = 0.44, p = 3.0 × 10−2); ε3ε4/ε4ε4 (OR = 2.1, p = 2.2 × 10−4)); PBV (OR = 0.61, p = 3.3 × 10−6). Associations are expressed per standard deviation (SD) and adjusted for serum lipids and demographics. Due to the independent and non-interacting nature of the APOE and PBV associations, the prevalence of dementia in APOE ε3ε4/ε4ε4 persons with high PBV values (>1 SD from mean) was observed to be the same as APOE ε3ε3 persons (14.3% versus 14.0%). Similarly, the prevalence of dementia in APOE ε3ε3 persons with high PBV values was only 5.7% versus 6.7% for APOE ε2ε3 persons. The results of these analyses indicate that the net effect of APOE genotype on cognition and the prevalence of dementia is dependent upon the plasmalogen status of the person.
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19
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Mika A, Sledzinski T, Stepnowski P. Current Progress of Lipid Analysis in Metabolic Diseases by Mass Spectrometry Methods. Curr Med Chem 2019; 26:60-103. [PMID: 28971757 DOI: 10.2174/0929867324666171003121127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2016] [Revised: 09/14/2016] [Accepted: 10/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obesity, insulin resistance, diabetes, and metabolic syndrome are associated with lipid alterations, and they affect the risk of long-term cardiovascular disease. A reliable analytical instrument to detect changes in the composition or structures of lipids and the tools allowing to connect changes in a specific group of lipids with a specific disease and its progress, is constantly lacking. Lipidomics is a new field of medicine based on the research and identification of lipids and lipid metabolites present in human organism. The primary aim of lipidomics is to search for new biomarkers of different diseases, mainly civilization diseases. OBJECTIVE We aimed to review studies reporting the application of mass spectrometry for lipid analysis in metabolic diseases. METHOD Following an extensive search of peer-reviewed articles on the mass spectrometry analysis of lipids the literature has been discussed in this review article. RESULTS The lipid group contains around 1.7 million species; they are totally different, in terms of the length of aliphatic chain, amount of rings, additional functional groups. Some of them are so complex that their complex analyses are a challenge for analysts. Their qualitative and quantitative analysis of is based mainly on mass spectrometry. CONCLUSION Mass spectrometry techniques are excellent tools for lipid profiling in complex biological samples and the combination with multivariate statistical analysis enables the identification of potential diagnostic biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Mika
- Department of Environmental Analysis, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, Poland.,Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Tomasz Sledzinski
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Piotr Stepnowski
- Department of Environmental Analysis, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, Poland
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20
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Ikuta A, Sakurai T, Nishimukai M, Takahashi Y, Nagasaka A, Hui SP, Hara H, Chiba H. Composition of plasmalogens in serum lipoproteins from patients with non-alcoholic steatohepatitis and their susceptibility to oxidation. Clin Chim Acta 2019; 493:1-7. [PMID: 30796899 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2019.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Revised: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plasmalogens are ether phospholipids (PL) with an alkenyl group including vinyl ether bound at the sn-1 position and a polyunsaturated fatty acid bound at the sn-2 position, and are susceptible to oxidation. To date, there are no reports on the relationship between plasmalogen in serum lipoproteins and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), caused by multiple factors including oxidative stress. Here, we have investigated the distribution of plasmalogens in serum lipoproteins isolated from NASH patients and healthy volunteers. METHODS Serum lipoproteins were separated by gel-filtration chromatography, and analyzed for ethanolamine and choline plasmalogens using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. RESULTS Both plasmalogen levels were higher in HDL than in VLDL or LDL. The plasmalogens/PL ratio was significantly lower in NASH than controls, for all lipoprotein fractions. Ethanolamine plasmalogens containing 20:4 and 22:6 at the sn-2 position and choline plasmalogens containing 16:0 at the sn-1 position were predominant in each group. In oxidation test using LDL from healthy serum, both types of plasmalogens were decreased during the early stages of oxidation. CONCLUSION Plasmalogens could be a potential biomarker for evaluating the early stages of oxidation in NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiko Ikuta
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-12 Nishi-5, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Sakurai
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-12 Nishi-5, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Megumi Nishimukai
- Department of Animal Science Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, 3-18-8, Ueda, Morioka 020-8550, Japan
| | - Yuji Takahashi
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Sapporo City General Hospital, Sapporo 060-8604, Japan
| | - Atsushi Nagasaka
- Department of Gastroenterology, Sapporo City General Hospital, Sapporo 060-8604, Japan
| | - Shu-Ping Hui
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-12 Nishi-5, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan.
| | - Hiroshi Hara
- Division of Applied Bioscience, Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Kita-9 Nishi-9, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8589, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Chiba
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-12 Nishi-5, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan; Department of Nutrition, Sapporo University of Health Sciences, Nakanuma Nishi-4-2-1-15, Higashi-ku, Sapporo 007-0894, Japan
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21
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Dorninger F, Moser AB, Kou J, Wiesinger C, Forss-Petter S, Gleiss A, Hinterberger M, Jungwirth S, Fischer P, Berger J. Alterations in the Plasma Levels of Specific Choline Phospholipids in Alzheimer's Disease Mimic Accelerated Aging. J Alzheimers Dis 2019; 62:841-854. [PMID: 29480199 PMCID: PMC5837024 DOI: 10.3233/jad-171036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disease and of continuously rising prevalence. The identification of easy-to-measure biomarkers capable to assist in the prediction and early diagnosis of AD is currently a main research goal. Lipid metabolites in peripheral blood of human patients have recently gained major attention in this respect. Here, we analyzed plasma of 174 participants (not demented at baseline; mean age: 75.70±0.44 years) of the Vienna Transdanube Aging (VITA) study, a longitudinal, population-based birth cohort study, at baseline and after 90 months or at diagnosis of probable AD. We determined the levels of specific choline phospholipids, some of which have been suggested as potential biomarkers for the prediction of AD. Our results show that during normal aging the levels of lysophosphatidylcholine, choline plasmalogen, and lyso-platelet activating factor increase significantly. Notably, we observed similar but more pronounced changes in the group that developed probable AD. Thus, our results imply that, in terms of choline-containing plasma phospholipids, the conversion to AD mimics an accelerated aging process. We conclude that age, even in the comparatively short time frame between 75 and 82.5 years, is a crucial factor in the quest for plasma lipid biomarkers for AD that must be carefully considered in future studies and trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Dorninger
- Department of Pathobiology of the Nervous System, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ann B Moser
- Peroxisomal Diseases Laboratory, The Hugo W Moser Research Institute, The Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jianqiu Kou
- Department of Pathobiology of the Nervous System, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christoph Wiesinger
- Department of Pathobiology of the Nervous System, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sonja Forss-Petter
- Department of Pathobiology of the Nervous System, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Andreas Gleiss
- Center for Medical Statistics, Informatics, and Intelligent Systems, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Susanne Jungwirth
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute of Aging Research, Danube Hospital, Vienna, Austria
| | - Peter Fischer
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute of Aging Research, Danube Hospital, Vienna, Austria.,Department of Psychiatry, Medical Research Society Vienna D.C., Danube Hospital, Vienna, Austria
| | - Johannes Berger
- Department of Pathobiology of the Nervous System, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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22
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Metabolic Signature Differentiated Diabetes Mellitus from Lipid Disorder in Elderly Taiwanese. J Clin Med 2018; 8:jcm8010013. [PMID: 30577665 PMCID: PMC6352219 DOI: 10.3390/jcm8010013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Revised: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Aging is a complex progression of biological processes and is the causal contributor to the development of diabetes mellitus (DM). DM is the most common degenerative disease and is the fifth leading cause of death in Taiwan, where the trend of DM mortality has been steadily increasing. Metabolomics, important branch of systems biology, has been mainly utilized to understand endogenous metabolites in biological systems and their dynamic changes as they relate to endogenous and exogenous factors. The purpose of this study was to elucidate the metabolomic profiles in elderly people and its relation to lipid disorder (LD). We collected 486 elderly individuals aged ≥65 years and performed untargeted and targeted metabolite analysis using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and liquid chromatography—mass spectrometry (LC/MS). Several metabolites, including branched-chain amino acids, alanine, glutamate and alpha-aminoadipic acid were elevated in LD compared to the control group. Based on multivariate analysis, four metabolites were selected in the best model to predict DM progression: phosphatidylcholine acyl-alkyl (PC ae) C34:3, PC ae C44:3, SM C24:1 and PCae C36:3. The combined area under the curve (AUC) of those metabolites (0.82) was better for DM classification than individual values. This study found that targeted metabolic signatures not only distinguish the LD within the control group but also differentiated DM from LD in elderly Taiwanese. These metabolites could indicate the nutritional status and act as potential metabolic biomarkers for the elderly in Taiwan.
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Watanabe N, Suzuki T, Yamazaki Y, Sugiyama K, Koike S, Nishimukai M. Supplemental feeding of phospholipid-enriched alkyl phospholipid from krill relieves spontaneous atopic dermatitis and strengthens skin intercellular lipid barriers in NC/Nga mice. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2018; 83:717-727. [PMID: 30572792 DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2018.1559024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Plasmalogen (Pls) is a glycerophospholipid derived from alkyl phospholipid (Alk) with antioxidant functions in vivo. The present study investigated the effects of ether phospholipids, such as Pls and Alk, on intercellular lipid barriers in the skin of NC/Nga mice, a model of atopic dermatitis (AD). NC/Nga mice fed Alk showed increased plasma levels of Alk and Pls. The AD-related changes in ceramide composition in the skin were abrogated by oral administration of Alk. Moreover, Alk suppressed skin inflammation in AD mice. These results indicate that Alk partially fortifies the stratum corneum lipid barrier and may be an effective treatment for AD. Abbreviations: Pls: plasmalogen; PlsCho: choline plasmalogen; PlsEtn: ethanolamine plasmalogen; Alk: alkyl phospholipid; TJ: tight junction; FA: fatty acid; AD: atopic dermatitis; SO: soybean oil; FO: fish oil; DHA: docosahexaenoic acid; EPA: eicosapentaenoic acid; TG: triglyceride; PL: phospholipid; RF: retention factor; AlkCho: choline-type alkyl phospholipid; AlkEtn: ethanolamine-type alkyl phospholipid; LC-MS/MS: liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry; FAR1: fatty acyl-coenzyme (Co)A reductase 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nana Watanabe
- a Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture , Iwate University , Morioka , Japan
| | - Takuya Suzuki
- b Department of Biofunctional Science and Technology, Graduate School of Biosphere Science , Hiroshima University , Higashi-Hiroshima , Japan
| | - Yuya Yamazaki
- c Food Development Laboratory , ADEKA Corporation , Tokyo , Japan
| | - Kozue Sugiyama
- c Food Development Laboratory , ADEKA Corporation , Tokyo , Japan
| | - Seiji Koike
- c Food Development Laboratory , ADEKA Corporation , Tokyo , Japan
| | - Megumi Nishimukai
- a Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture , Iwate University , Morioka , Japan
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Ramos-Molina B, Castellano-Castillo D, Alcaide-Torres J, Pastor Ó, de Luna Díaz R, Salas-Salvadó J, López-Moreno J, Fernández-García JC, Macías-González M, Cardona F, Tinahones FJ. Differential effects of restrictive and malabsorptive bariatric surgery procedures on the serum lipidome in obese subjects. J Clin Lipidol 2018; 12:1502-1512. [PMID: 30143432 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacl.2018.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Revised: 06/17/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Bhargava P, Fitzgerald KC, Venkata SLV, Smith MD, Kornberg MD, Mowry EM, Haughey NJ, Calabresi PA. Dimethyl fumarate treatment induces lipid metabolism alterations that are linked to immunological changes. Ann Clin Transl Neurol 2018; 6:33-45. [PMID: 30656182 PMCID: PMC6331509 DOI: 10.1002/acn3.676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Revised: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Identify metabolic changes produced by dimethyl fumarate (DMF) treatment and link them to immunological effects. Methods We enrolled 18 MS patients and obtained blood prior to DMF and 6 months postinitiation. We also enrolled 18 healthy controls for comparison. We performed global metabolomics on plasma and used weighted correlation network analysis (WGCNA) to identify modules of correlated metabolites. We identified modules that changed with treatment, followed by targeted metabolomics to corroborate changes identified in global analyses. We correlated changes in metabolite modules and individual metabolites with changes in immunological parameters. Results We identified alterations in lipid metabolism after DMF treatment – increases in two modules (phospholipids, lysophospholipids and plasmalogens) and reduction in one module (saturated and poly‐unsaturated fatty acids) eigen‐metabolite values (all P < 0.05). Change in the fatty acid module was greater in participants who developed lymphopenia and was strongly associated with both reduction in absolute lymphocyte counts (r = 0.65; P = 0.005) and change in CD8+ T cell subsets. We also noted significant correlation of change in lymphocyte counts with multiple fatty acid levels (measured by targeted or untargeted methods). Interpretation This study demonstrates that DMF treatment alters lipid metabolism and that changes in fatty acid levels are related to DMF‐induced immunological changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavan Bhargava
- Department of Neurology Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore Maryland
| | - Kathryn C Fitzgerald
- Department of Neurology Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore Maryland
| | - Swarajya L V Venkata
- Department of Neurology Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore Maryland
| | - Matthew D Smith
- Department of Neurology Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore Maryland
| | - Michael D Kornberg
- Department of Neurology Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore Maryland
| | - Ellen M Mowry
- Department of Neurology Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore Maryland
| | - Norman J Haughey
- Department of Neurology Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore Maryland
| | - Peter A Calabresi
- Department of Neurology Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore Maryland
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Maeba R, Araki A, Fujiwara Y. Serum Ethanolamine Plasmalogen and Urine Myo-Inositol as Cognitive Decline Markers. Adv Clin Chem 2018; 87:69-111. [PMID: 30342713 DOI: 10.1016/bs.acc.2018.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have suggested that metabolic disorders, particularly type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), and dementia, including Alzheimer's disease (AD), were linked at the clinical and molecular levels. Brain insulin deficiency and resistance may be key events in AD pathology mechanistically linking AD to T2DM. Ethanolamine plasmalogens (PlsEtns) are abundant in the brain and play essential roles in neuronal function and myelin formation. As such, PlsEtn deficiency may be pathologically relevant in some neurodegenerative disorders such as AD. Decreased brain PlsEtn associated with dementia may reflect serum PlsEtn deficiency. We hypothesized that myo-inositol plays a role in myelin formation through its facilitation of PlsEtn biosynthesis. Excessive urinary myo-inositol (UMI) loss would likely result in PlsEtn deficiency potentially leading to demyelinating diseases such as dementia. Accordingly, measurement of both serum PlsEtn and baseline UMI excretion could improve the detection of cognitive impairment (CI) in a more specific and reliable manner. To verify our hypothesis, we conducted a clinical observational study of memory clinic outpatients (MCO) and cognitively normal elderly (NE) for nearly 4.5years. We demonstrated that serum PlsEtn concentration associated with UMI excretion was useful for predicting advancing dementia in patients with mild CI. Because hyperglycemia and associated insulin resistance might be a leading cause of increased baseline UMI excretion, serum PlsEtn quantitation would be useful in detecting CI among the elderly with hyperglycemia. Our findings suggest that myo-inositol is a novel candidate molecule linking T2DM to AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryouta Maeba
- Department of Biochemistry, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Atsushi Araki
- Department of Diabetes, Metabolism and Endocrinology, Tokyo Metropolitan Geriatric Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Fujiwara
- Research Team for Social Participation and Community Health, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan
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Papandreou C, Bulló M, Zheng Y, Ruiz-Canela M, Yu E, Guasch-Ferré M, Toledo E, Clish C, Corella D, Estruch R, Ros E, Fitó M, Arós F, Fiol M, Lapetra J, Serra-Majem L, Gómez-Gracia E, Liang L, Fragkiadakis GA, Razquin C, Hu FB, Salas-Salvadó J. Plasma trimethylamine-N-oxide and related metabolites are associated with type 2 diabetes risk in the Prevención con Dieta Mediterránea (PREDIMED) trial. Am J Clin Nutr 2018; 108:163-173. [PMID: 29982310 PMCID: PMC6862602 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqy058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Accepted: 03/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The role of trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO) in type 2 diabetes (T2D) is currently partially understood and controversial. Objective The aim of this study was to investigate associations between TMAO and related metabolites with T2D risk in subjects at high risk of cardiovascular disease. Design This is a case-cohort design study within the Prevención con Dieta Mediterránea (PREDIMED) study, with 251 incident T2D cases and a random sample of 694 participants (641 noncases and 53 overlapping cases) without T2D at baseline (median follow-up: 3.8 y). We used liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry to measure plasma TMAO, l-carnitine, betaine, lyso-phosphatidylcholine (LPC) and lyso-phosphatidylethanolamine (LPE) species, phosphocholine, α-glycerophosphocholine, and choline at baseline and after 1 y. We examined associations with the use of weighted Cox proportional hazard models, accounting for the weighted case-cohort design by the Barlow method. Results After adjustment for recognized T2D risk factors and multiple testing, individuals in the highest quartile of baseline TMAO and α-glycerophosphocholine had a lower risk of T2D [HR (95% CI): 0.52 (0.29, 0.89) and 0.46 (0.24, 0.89), respectively]. The HR (95% CI) comparing the extreme quartiles of betaine was 0.41 (0.23, 0.74). Similar trends were observed for C16:0 LPC, C18:1 LPC, C18:0 LPC, C20:4 LPC, C22:6 LPC, C18:1 LPC plasmalogen, and C16:0 LPE. After correcting for multiple comparisons, participants in the highest quartile of 1-y changes in oleic acid LPC plasmalogen concentrations had a lower T2D risk than the reference quartile. Conclusion Whether the associations between plasma TMAO and certain metabolite concentrations with T2D risk reflect its pathophysiology or represent an epiphenomenon needs to be elucidated. This trial is registered at http://www.controlled-trials.com as ISRCTN35739639.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Papandreou
- Human Nutrition Unit, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili, Rovira i Virgili University, Reus, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mònica Bulló
- Human Nutrition Unit, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili, Rovira i Virgili University, Reus, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Yan Zheng
- Departments of Nutrition and Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Miguel Ruiz-Canela
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of Navarra, IdiSNA, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Edward Yu
- Departments of Nutrition and Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Marta Guasch-Ferré
- Human Nutrition Unit, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili, Rovira i Virgili University, Reus, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Departments of Nutrition and Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Estefanía Toledo
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of Navarra, IdiSNA, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Clary Clish
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA
| | - Dolores Corella
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Ramon Estruch
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Departments of Internal Medicine and Endocrinology and Nutrition and Lipid Clinic, Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Institut d'Investigacions Biomediques August Pi Sunyer (IDIBARS), Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Departments of Endocrinology and Nutrition and Lipid Clinic, Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Institut d'Investigacions Biomediques August Pi Sunyer (IDIBARS), Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Emilio Ros
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Departments of Lipid Clinic, Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Institut d'Investigacions Biomediques August Pi Sunyer (IDIBARS), Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Montserrat Fitó
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Cardiovascular Risk and Nutrition Research Group, Institut de Recerca Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Fernando Arós
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Cardiology, University Hospital of Alava, Vitoria, Spain
| | - Miquel Fiol
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Institute of Health Sciences IUNICS, University of Balearic Islands and Hospital Son Espases, Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - José Lapetra
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Family Medicine, Primary Care Division of Sevilla, San Pablo Health Center, Seville, Spain
| | - Lluís Serra-Majem
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas, Spain
| | | | - Liming Liang
- Departments of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Georgios A Fragkiadakis
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Technological Education Institute of Crete, Siteia, Crete, Greece
| | - Cristina Razquin
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of Navarra, IdiSNA, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Frank B Hu
- Departments of Nutrition and Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
- Departments of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
- Channing Division for Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Jordi Salas-Salvadó
- Human Nutrition Unit, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili, Rovira i Virgili University, Reus, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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Association of cholesterol efflux capacity with plasmalogen levels of high-density lipoprotein: A cross-sectional study in chronic kidney disease patients. Atherosclerosis 2018; 270:102-109. [DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2018.01.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2017] [Revised: 01/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Mawatari S, Hazeyama S, Morisaki T, Fujino T. Enzymatic measurement of ether phospholipids in human plasma after hydrolysis of plasma with phospholipase A 1. Pract Lab Med 2018; 10:44-51. [PMID: 29487891 PMCID: PMC5814366 DOI: 10.1016/j.plabm.2018.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Revised: 01/04/2018] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Ethanolamine ether phospholipids (ePE) and choline ether phospholipid (ePC) are present in human serum or plasma. Decreases in ether phospholipids (plasmalogens) in serum (plasma) have been reported in several diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, metabolic syndrome, schizophrenia. Therefore, need for assay of ether phospholipids in plasma may increase in the future. Nowadays, measurement of the ether phospholipids in human plasma seem to depend on tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS), but a system for LC/MS/MS is too expensive for most of ordinary clinical laboratories, moreover, use and maintenance of the system are time consuming. Design and methods Phospholipase A1 (PLA1) hydrolyzes ester (acyl) bond at the sn-1 position of glycerophospholipids, but it does not act on ether bond at the sn-1 position. We confirmed by a HPLC method that treatment of plasma with PLA1 causes complete disappearance of all diacyl phospholipids, but ether phospholipids remain intact. On the basis of these observations, we developed an enzymatic assay method for ePE and ePC in human plasma by use of a fluorescence plate reader. Results The amount of ePE in human plasma measured by the enzymatic method was well correlated to that by LC/ESI-MS method (R2 > 0.94), but the correlation of ePC between the two methods was bit poorer (R2 > 0.77) than that of ePE. Conclusion The enzymatic method may be applied to assay of ether phospholipids (ePE and ePC) not only in human plasma but also to assay of ePE and ePC in the other tissues. Enzymatic assay method of ether phospholipids in human plasma. To our knowledge, the first report of enzymatic assay method of ether phospholipids. The enzymatic method correlate with HPLC-ELSD method. The method may be applicable to many tissues other than human plasma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiro Mawatari
- Institute of Rheological Functions of Food, 2241 Kubara, Hisayama Chou, Kasuya-gun, Fukuoka 811-2501, Japan
| | - Seira Hazeyama
- Institute of Rheological Functions of Food, 2241 Kubara, Hisayama Chou, Kasuya-gun, Fukuoka 811-2501, Japan
| | - Tomomi Morisaki
- Institute of Rheological Functions of Food, 2241 Kubara, Hisayama Chou, Kasuya-gun, Fukuoka 811-2501, Japan
| | - Takehiko Fujino
- Institute of Rheological Functions of Food, 2241 Kubara, Hisayama Chou, Kasuya-gun, Fukuoka 811-2501, Japan
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Accurate quantitation of choline and ethanolamine plasmalogen molecular species in human plasma by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2017; 134:77-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2016.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2016] [Revised: 10/29/2016] [Accepted: 11/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Mawatari S, Hazeyama S, Fujino T. Measurement of Ether Phospholipids in Human Plasma with HPLC-ELSD and LC/ESI-MS After Hydrolysis of Plasma with Phospholipase A1. Lipids 2016; 51:997-1006. [PMID: 27386871 PMCID: PMC4958133 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-016-4170-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Ethanolamine ether phospholipid (eEtnGpl) and choline ether phospholipid (eChoGpl) are present in human plasma or serum, but the relative concentration of the ether phospholipids in plasma is very low as compared to those in other tissues. Nowadays, measurement of ether phospholipids in plasma depends on tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS), but a system for LC/MS/MS is generally too expensive for usual clinical laboratories. Treatment of plasma with phospholipase A1 (PLA1) causes complete hydrolysis of diacylphospholipids, but ether phospholipids remain intact. After the treatment of plasma with PLA1, both eEtnGpl and eChoGpl are detected as independent peaks by high-performance liquid chromatography with evaporative light scattering detection (HPLC–ELSD). The same sample used for HPLC–ELSD can be applied to detect eEtnGpl and eChoGpl with electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. Presence of alkylacylphospholipids in both eChoGpl and eEtnGpl in human plasma was indicated by sequential hydrolysis of plasma with PLA1 and hydrochloric acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiro Mawatari
- Institute of Rheological Functions of Food, 2241 Kubara, Hisayama Chou, Kasuya-gun, Fukuoka, 811-2501, Japan.
| | - Seira Hazeyama
- Institute of Rheological Functions of Food, 2241 Kubara, Hisayama Chou, Kasuya-gun, Fukuoka, 811-2501, Japan
| | - Takehiko Fujino
- Institute of Rheological Functions of Food, 2241 Kubara, Hisayama Chou, Kasuya-gun, Fukuoka, 811-2501, Japan
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Miville-Godbout E, Bourque M, Morissette M, Al-Sweidi S, Smith T, Mochizuki A, Senanayake V, Jayasinghe D, Wang L, Goodenowe D, Di Paolo T. Plasmalogen Augmentation Reverses Striatal Dopamine Loss in MPTP Mice. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0151020. [PMID: 26959819 PMCID: PMC4784967 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0151020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2015] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Plasmalogens are a class of glycerophospholipids shown to play critical roles in membrane structure and function. Decreased plasmalogens are reported in the brain and blood of Parkinson’s disease (PD) patients. The present study investigated the hypothesis that augmenting plasmalogens could protect striatal dopamine neurons that degenerate in response to 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) treatment in mice, a PD model. First, in a pre-treatment experiment male mice were treated for 10 days with the docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)-plasmalogen precursor PPI-1011 (10, 50 and 200 mg/kg). On day 5 mice received MPTP and were killed on day 11. Next, in a post-treatment study, male mice were treated with MPTP and then received daily for 5 days PPI-1011 (5, 10 and 50 mg/kg). MPTP treatment reduced serum plasmalogen levels, striatal contents of dopamine (DA) and its metabolites, serotonin, DA transporter (DAT) and vesicular monoamine transporter 2 (VMAT2). Pre-treatment with PPI-1011 (10 and 50 mg/kg) prevented all MPTP-induced effects. Positive correlations were measured between striatal DA contents and serum plasmalogen levels as well as striatal DAT and VMAT2 specific binding. Post-treatment with PPI-1011 prevented all MPTP-induced effects at 50 mg/kg but not at lower doses. Positive correlations were measured between striatal DA contents and serum plasmalogen levels as well as striatal DAT and VMAT2 specific binding in the post-treatment experiment. PPI-1011 treatment (10 days at 5, 10 and 50 mg/kg) of intact mice left unchanged striatal biogenic amine contents. These data demonstrate that treatment with a plasmalogen precursor is capable of protecting striatal dopamine markers in an animal model of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edith Miville-Godbout
- Neuroscience Research Unit, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, CHUL, Quebec City, Canada
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Laval University, Quebec City, Canada
| | - Mélanie Bourque
- Neuroscience Research Unit, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, CHUL, Quebec City, Canada
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Laval University, Quebec City, Canada
| | - Marc Morissette
- Neuroscience Research Unit, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, CHUL, Quebec City, Canada
| | - Sara Al-Sweidi
- Neuroscience Research Unit, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, CHUL, Quebec City, Canada
| | - Tara Smith
- Phenomenome Discoveries Inc., Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Asuka Mochizuki
- Phenomenome Discoveries Inc., Saskatoon, Canada
- Department of Molecular Diagnosis, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | | | | | - Li Wang
- Phenomenome Discoveries Inc., Saskatoon, Canada
| | | | - Thérèse Di Paolo
- Neuroscience Research Unit, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, CHUL, Quebec City, Canada
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Laval University, Quebec City, Canada
- * E-mail:
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Serum ethanolamine plasmalogens improve detection of cognitive impairment among elderly with high excretion levels of urinary myo-inositol: A cross-sectional study. Clin Chim Acta 2015; 453:134-40. [PMID: 26680299 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2015.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2015] [Revised: 11/22/2015] [Accepted: 12/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several reports have implicated myo-inositol (MI) in myelin formation. We hypothesized that MI is involved in this process through facilitating the biosynthesis of ethanolamine plasmalogens (PlsEtns), which are the major component of myelin membranes, and essential for myelin formation and function. Excessive MI urinary excretion possibly causes PlsEtn deficiency, leading to demyelinating diseases including dementia. METHODS We examined the association between cognitive impairment, serum levels of PlsEtn, and baseline levels of urinary MI excretion, in the enrollment of 55 memory clinic outpatients and 107 cognitively normal elderly. RESULTS Serum PlsEtns were independently associated with cognitive impairment, and significantly reduced in memory clinic outpatients, especially in those with high urinary MI, as compared to normal elderly. On the other hand, there was no direct association between urinary MI and cognitive impairment, but urinary MI was significantly associated with serum hemoglobin A1c and amyloid β 1-40. The interaction between PlsEtn and urinary MI for cognitive impairment was statistically confirmed, and their combined usage improved diagnosis of cognitive impairment. CONCLUSIONS We proposed the involvement of MI and PlsEtn in cognitive impairment pathology. In conclusion, serum PlsEtn may be useful in detecting cognitive decline among elderly with hyperglycemia.
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Chua ECP, Shui G, Cazenave-Gassiot A, Wenk MR, Gooley JJ. Changes in Plasma Lipids during Exposure to Total Sleep Deprivation. Sleep 2015; 38:1683-91. [PMID: 26194579 DOI: 10.5665/sleep.5142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2014] [Accepted: 05/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVES The effects of sleep loss on plasma lipids, which play an important role in energy homeostasis and signaling, have not been systematically examined. Our aim was to identify lipid species in plasma that increase or decrease reliably during exposure to total sleep deprivation. DESIGN Twenty individuals underwent sleep deprivation in a laboratory setting. Blood was drawn every 4 h and mass spectrometry techniques were used to analyze concentrations of 263 lipid species in plasma, including glycerolipids, glycerophospholipids, sphingolipids, and sterols. SETTING Chronobiology and Sleep Laboratory, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School. PARTICIPANTS Healthy ethnic-Chinese males aged 21-28 y (n = 20). INTERVENTIONS Subjects were kept awake for 40 consecutive hours. MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS Each metabolite time series was modeled as a sum of sinusoidal (circadian) and linear components, and we assessed whether the slope of the linear component differed from zero. More than a third of all individually analyzed lipid profiles exhibited a circadian rhythm and/or a linear change in concentration during sleep deprivation. Twenty-five lipid species showed a linear and predominantly unidirectional trend in concentration levels that was consistent across participants. Choline plasmalogen levels decreased, whereas several phosphatidylcholine (PC) species and triacylglycerides (TAG) carrying polyunsaturated fatty acids increased. CONCLUSIONS The decrease in choline plasmalogen levels during sleep deprivation is consistent with prior work demonstrating that these lipids are susceptible to degradation by oxidative stress. The increase in phosphatidylcholines and triacylglycerides suggests that sleep loss might modulate lipid metabolism, which has potential implications for metabolic health in individuals who do not achieve adequate sleep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Chern-Pin Chua
- Program in Neuroscience and Behavioral Disorders, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore
| | - Guanghou Shui
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Markus R Wenk
- Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Joshua J Gooley
- Program in Neuroscience and Behavioral Disorders, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore.,Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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Wood PL, Unfried G, Whitehead W, Phillipps A, Wood JA. Dysfunctional plasmalogen dynamics in the plasma and platelets of patients with schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2015; 161:506-10. [PMID: 25497441 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2014.11.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2014] [Revised: 11/19/2014] [Accepted: 11/24/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Based upon the concept of a prodromal risk syndrome for first psychosis, intense efforts are being applied to define potential biomarkers of disease onset in schizophrenia. One such tentative biomarker may be plasmalogens, complex structural glycerophospholipids that serve multiple functions in all cells. METHODS To further investigate this possibility, we undertook a lipidomics analysis of choline and ethanolamine plasmalogens in the plasma and platelets of 23 patients with schizophrenia and 27 age-matched controls. RESULTS Plasma levels of both choline and ethanolamine plasmalogens were decreased by 23 to 45% in patients with schizophrenia. In platelets, from patients with schizophrenia, ethanolamine plasmalogens also were decreased while choline plasmalogen levels were increased. Levels of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) were decreased by approximately 30% both in plasma and platelets. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that alterations in lipid transport or lipid remodeling/metabolism of plasmalogens are present in schizophrenia and that changes in the steady-state levels of these complex lipid pools may be involved in altered neuronal function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul L Wood
- DeBusk College of Osteopathic Medicine, Lincoln Memorial University, 6965 Cumberland Gap Parkway, Harrogate, TN 37752, United States.
| | - Greg Unfried
- Southwestern Behavioral Healthcare, 415 Mulberry St., Evansville, IN 47713, United States
| | - Willard Whitehead
- Southwestern Behavioral Healthcare, 415 Mulberry St., Evansville, IN 47713, United States
| | - Aaron Phillipps
- DeBusk College of Osteopathic Medicine, Lincoln Memorial University, 6965 Cumberland Gap Parkway, Harrogate, TN 37752, United States
| | - Julie A Wood
- Southwestern Behavioral Healthcare, 415 Mulberry St., Evansville, IN 47713, United States
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Maeba R, Nishimukai M, Sakasegawa SI, Sugimori D, Hara H. Plasma/Serum Plasmalogens: Methods of Analysis and Clinical Significance. Adv Clin Chem 2015; 70:31-94. [PMID: 26231485 DOI: 10.1016/bs.acc.2015.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Age-related diseases, such as atherosclerosis and dementia, are associated with oxidative stress and chronic inflammation. Peroxisome dysfunction may be related to aging and age-related pathologies, possibly through the derangement of redox homeostasis. The biosyntheses of plasmalogens (Pls), a subclass of glycerophospholipids, are primarily regulated by peroxisomes. Thus, plasma Pls may reflect the systemic functional activity of peroxisomes and serve as potential biomarkers for diseases related to oxidative stress and aging. Recently, we have established three promising analytical methods for plasma/serum Pls using high-performance liquid chromatography with radioactive iodine, liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, and enzymatic assay. These methods were validated and used to obtain detailed molecular information regarding these molecules. In cross-sectional studies on asymptomatic, coronary artery disease, and elderly dementia individuals, we found that serum choline Pls, particularly those containing oleic and linoleic acid in the sn-2 position of the glycerol backbone, may serve as reliable antiatherogenic biomarkers. Furthermore, we also found that serum ethanolamine Pls were effective in discriminating cognitive impairment. These results support our hypothesis and further studies are clearly needed to elucidate Pls pathophysiologic significance.
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Nishimukai M, Maeba R, Ikuta A, Asakawa N, Kamiya K, Yamada S, Yokota T, Sakakibara M, Tsutsui H, Sakurai T, Takahashi Y, Hui SP, Chiba H, Okazaki T, Hara H. Serum choline plasmalogens—those with oleic acid in sn− 2—are biomarkers for coronary artery disease. Clin Chim Acta 2014; 437:147-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2014.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2014] [Revised: 07/07/2014] [Accepted: 07/17/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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