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Brath MSG, Sahakyan M, Mark EB, Rasmussen HH, Østergaard LR, Frøkjær JB, Weinreich UM, Jørgensen ME. Ethnic differences in CT derived abdominal body composition measures: a comparative retrospect pilot study between European and Inuit study population. Int J Circumpolar Health 2024; 83:2312663. [PMID: 38314517 PMCID: PMC10846476 DOI: 10.1080/22423982.2024.2312663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/28/2024] [Indexed: 02/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Understanding ethnic variations in body composition is crucial for assessing health risks. Universal models may not suit all ethnicities, and there is limited data on the Inuit population. This study aimed to compare body composition between Inuit and European adults using computed tomography (CT) scans and to investigate the influence of demographics on these measurements. A retrospective analysis was conducted on 50 adults (29 Inuit and 21 European) who underwent standard trauma CT scans. Measurements focused on skeletal muscle index (SMI), various fat indices, and densities at the third lumbar vertebra level, analyzed using the Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney test and multiple linear regression. Inuit women showed larger fat tissue indices and lower muscle and fat densities than European women. Differences in men were less pronouncehd, with only Intramuscular fat density being lower among Inuit men. Regression indicated that SMI was higher among men, and skeletal muscle density decreased with Inuit ethnicity and age, while visceral fat index was positively associated with age. This study suggests ethnic differences in body composition measures particularly among women, and indicates the need for Inuit-specific body composition models. It higlights the importance of further research into Inuit-specific body composition measurements for better health risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mia Solholt Godthaab Brath
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
- Respiratory Research Aalborg, Reaal, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Marina Sahakyan
- Department of Radiology, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Esben Bolvig Mark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
- Mech-Sense, Department. of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Henrik Højgaard Rasmussen
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
- Danish Nutrition Science Center, Department. of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
- Center for Nutrition and Intestinal Failure, Department. of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
- The Dietitians and Nutritional Research Unit, EATEN, Copenhagen University Hospital - Herlev and Gentofte, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lasse Riis Østergaard
- Medical Informatics group, Department. of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Jens Brøndum Frøkjær
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
- Department of Radiology, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Ulla Møller Weinreich
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
- Respiratory Research Aalborg, Reaal, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Marit Eika Jørgensen
- Clinical Epidemiology, Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Gentofte, Denmark
- Institute of Health and Nature, University of Greenland, Nuuk, Greenland
- Steno Diabetes Center Greenland, Queen Ingrid’s Hospital, Nuuk, Greenland
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Malyarchuk BA. Genetic Features of Lipid and Carbohydrate Metabolism in Arctic Peoples. BIOCHEMISTRY. BIOKHIMIIA 2024; 89:1192-1201. [PMID: 39218018 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297924070034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Revised: 05/16/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Prolonged adaptation of ancestors of indigenous peoples of the Far North of Asia and America to extreme natural and climatic conditions of the Arctic has resulted in changes in genes controlling various metabolic processes. However, most genetic variability observed in the Eskimo and Paleoasians (the Chukchi and Koryaks) is related to adaptation to the traditional Arctic diet, which is rich in lipids and proteins but extremely poor in plant carbohydrates. The results of population genetic studies have demonstrated that specific polymorphic variants in genes related to lipid metabolism (CPT1A, FADS1, FADS2, and CYB5R2) and carbohydrate metabolism (AMY1, AMY2A, and SI) are prevalent in the Eskimo and Paleoasian peoples. When individuals deviate from their traditional dietary patterns, the aforementioned variants of genetic polymorphism can lead to the development of metabolic disorders. American Eskimo-specific variants in genes related to glucose metabolism (TBC1D and ADCY) significantly increase the risk of developing type 2 diabetes. These circumstances indicate the necessity for a large-scale genetic testing of indigenous population of the Far North and the need to study the biochemical and physiological consequences of genetically determined changes in the activity of enzymes of lipid and carbohydrate metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris A Malyarchuk
- Institute of Biological Problems of the North, Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Magadan, 685000, Russia.
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3
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Helgudóttir SS, Mørkholt AS, Lichota J, Bruun-Nyzell P, Andersen MC, Kristensen NMJ, Johansen AK, Zinn MR, Jensdóttir HM, Nieland JDV. Rethinking neurodegenerative diseases: neurometabolic concept linking lipid oxidation to diseases in the central nervous system. Neural Regen Res 2024; 19:1437-1445. [PMID: 38051885 PMCID: PMC10883494 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.387965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Currently, there is a lack of effective medicines capable of halting or reversing the progression of neurodegenerative disorders, including amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis, or Alzheimer's disease. Given the unmet medical need, it is necessary to reevaluate the existing paradigms of how to target these diseases. When considering neurodegenerative diseases from a systemic neurometabolic perspective, it becomes possible to explain the shared pathological features. This innovative approach presented in this paper draws upon extensive research conducted by the authors and researchers worldwide. In this review, we highlight the importance of metabolic mitochondrial dysfunction in the context of neurodegenerative diseases. We provide an overview of the risk factors associated with developing neurodegenerative disorders, including genetic, epigenetic, and environmental factors. Additionally, we examine pathological mechanisms implicated in these diseases such as oxidative stress, accumulation of misfolded proteins, inflammation, demyelination, death of neurons, insulin resistance, dysbiosis, and neurotransmitter disturbances. Finally, we outline a proposal for the restoration of mitochondrial metabolism, a crucial aspect that may hold the key to facilitating curative therapeutic interventions for neurodegenerative disorders in forthcoming advancements.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jacek Lichota
- Molecular Pharmacology Group, Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | | | - Mads Christian Andersen
- Molecular Pharmacology Group, Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Nanna Marie Juhl Kristensen
- Molecular Pharmacology Group, Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Amanda Krøger Johansen
- Molecular Pharmacology Group, Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Mikela Reinholdt Zinn
- Molecular Pharmacology Group, Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Hulda Maria Jensdóttir
- Molecular Pharmacology Group, Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - John Dirk Vestergaard Nieland
- 2N Pharma ApS, NOVI Science Park, Aalborg, Denmark
- Molecular Pharmacology Group, Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
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4
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Beans JA, Trinidad SB, Shane AL, Wark KA, Avey JP, Apok C, Guinn T, Robler SK, Hirschfeld M, Koeller DM, Dillard DA. The CPT1A Arctic variant: perspectives of community members and providers in two Alaska tribal health settings. J Community Genet 2023; 14:613-620. [PMID: 37847346 PMCID: PMC10725401 DOI: 10.1007/s12687-023-00684-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Newborn screening in Alaska includes screening for carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1A (CPT1A) deficiency. The CPT1A Arctic variant is a variant highly prevalent among Indigenous peoples in the Arctic. In this study, we sought to elicit Alaska Native (AN) community member and AN-serving healthcare providers' knowledge and perspectives on the CPT1A Arctic variant. Focus groups with community members and healthcare providers were held in two regions of Alaska between October 2018 and January 2019. Thematic analysis was used to identify recurring constructs. Knowledge and understanding about the CPT1A Arctic variant and its health impact varied, and participants were interested in learning more about it. Additional education for healthcare professionals was recommended to improve providers' ability to communicate with family caregivers about the Arctic variant. Engagement with AN community members identified opportunities to improve educational outreach via multiple modalities for providers and caregivers on the Arctic variant, which could help to increase culturally relevant guidance and avoid stigmatization, undue worry, and unnecessary intervention. Education and guidance on the care of infants and children homozygous for the CPT1A Arctic variant could improve care and reduce negative psychosocial effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie A Beans
- Research and Data Services Department, Southcentral Foundation, Anchorage, AK, USA.
| | - Susan Brown Trinidad
- Department of Bioethics & Humanities, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Aliassa L Shane
- Research and Data Services Department, Southcentral Foundation, Anchorage, AK, USA
| | - Kyle A Wark
- Research and Data Services Department, Southcentral Foundation, Anchorage, AK, USA
| | - Jaedon P Avey
- Research and Data Services Department, Southcentral Foundation, Anchorage, AK, USA
| | | | - Tiffany Guinn
- Research and Data Services Department, Southcentral Foundation, Anchorage, AK, USA
| | | | - Matthew Hirschfeld
- Maternal Child Health Services, Alaska Native Medical Center, Anchorage, AK, USA
| | - David M Koeller
- Department of Molecular & Medical Genetics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Denise A Dillard
- Research and Data Services Department, Southcentral Foundation, Anchorage, AK, USA
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Liang K. Mitochondrial CPT1A: Insights into structure, function, and basis for drug development. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1160440. [PMID: 37033619 PMCID: PMC10076611 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1160440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Carnitine Palmitoyl-Transferase1A (CPT1A) is the rate-limiting enzyme in the fatty acid β-oxidation, and its deficiency or abnormal regulation can result in diseases like metabolic disorders and various cancers. Therefore, CPT1A is a desirable drug target for clinical therapy. The deep comprehension of human CPT1A is crucial for developing the therapeutic inhibitors like Etomoxir. CPT1A is an appealing druggable target for cancer therapies since it is essential for the survival, proliferation, and drug resistance of cancer cells. It will help to lower the risk of cancer recurrence and metastasis, reduce mortality, and offer prospective therapy options for clinical treatment if the effects of CPT1A on the lipid metabolism of cancer cells are inhibited. Targeted inhibition of CPT1A can be developed as an effective treatment strategy for cancers from a metabolic perspective. However, the pathogenic mechanism and recent progress of CPT1A in diseases have not been systematically summarized. Here we discuss the functions of CPT1A in health and diseases, and prospective therapies targeting CPT1A. This review summarizes the current knowledge of CPT1A, hoping to prompt further understanding of it, and provide foundation for CPT1A-targeting drug development.
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Neutrophil trafficking to the site of infection requires Cpt1a-dependent fatty acid β-oxidation. Commun Biol 2022; 5:1366. [PMID: 36513703 PMCID: PMC9747976 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-04339-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular metabolism influences immune cell function, with mitochondrial fatty acid β-oxidation and oxidative phosphorylation required for multiple immune cell phenotypes. Carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1a (Cpt1a) is considered the rate-limiting enzyme for mitochondrial metabolism of long-chain fatty acids, and Cpt1a deficiency is associated with infant mortality and infection risk. This study was undertaken to test the hypothesis that impairment in Cpt1a-dependent fatty acid oxidation results in increased susceptibility to infection. Screening the Cpt1a gene for common variants predicted to affect protein function revealed allele rs2229738_T, which was associated with pneumonia risk in a targeted human phenome association study. Pharmacologic inhibition of Cpt1a increases mortality and impairs control of the infection in a murine model of bacterial pneumonia. Susceptibility to pneumonia is associated with blunted neutrophilic responses in mice and humans that result from impaired neutrophil trafficking to the site of infection. Chemotaxis responsible for neutrophil trafficking requires Cpt1a-dependent mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation for amplification of chemoattractant signals. These findings identify Cpt1a as a potential host determinant of infection susceptibility and demonstrate a requirement for mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation in neutrophil biology.
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Lund AM, Wibrand F, Skogstrand K, Bækvad-Hansen M, Gregersen N, Andresen BS, Hougaard DM, Dunø M, Olsen RKJ. Use of Molecular Genetic Analyses in Danish Routine Newborn Screening. Int J Neonatal Screen 2021; 7:ijns7030050. [PMID: 34449524 PMCID: PMC8395600 DOI: 10.3390/ijns7030050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Historically, the analyses used for newborn screening (NBS) were biochemical, but increasingly, molecular genetic analyses are being introduced in the workflow. We describe the application of molecular genetic analyses in the Danish NBS programme and show that second-tier molecular genetic testing is useful to reduce the false positive rate while simultaneously providing information about the precise molecular genetic variant and thus informing therapeutic strategy and easing providing information to parents. When molecular genetic analyses are applied as second-tier testing, valuable functional data from biochemical methods are available and in our view, such targeted NGS technology should be implemented when possible in the NBS workflow. First-tier NGS technology may be a promising future possibility for disorders without a reliable biomarker and as a general approach to increase the adaptability of NBS for a broader range of genetic diseases, which is important in the current landscape of quickly evolving new therapeutic possibilities. However, studies on feasibility, sensitivity, and specificity are needed as well as more insight into what views the general population has towards using genetic analyses in NBS. This may be sensitive to some and could have potentially negative consequences for the NBS programme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allan Meldgaard Lund
- Center for Inherited Metabolic Disorders, Departments of Clinical Genetics and Pediatrics, Copenhagen University Hospital, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
- Correspondence: ; Fax: +45-35454072
| | - Flemming Wibrand
- Metabolic Laboratory, Department of Clinical Genetics, Copenhagen University Hospital, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark;
| | - Kristin Skogstrand
- Center for Neonatal Screening, Department for Congenital Disorders, Statens Serum Institute, 2300 Copenhagen, Denmark; (K.S.); (M.B.-H.); (D.M.H.)
| | - Marie Bækvad-Hansen
- Center for Neonatal Screening, Department for Congenital Disorders, Statens Serum Institute, 2300 Copenhagen, Denmark; (K.S.); (M.B.-H.); (D.M.H.)
| | - Niels Gregersen
- Research Unit for Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University and Aarhus University Hospital, 8200 Aarhus, Denmark; (N.G.); (R.K.J.O.)
| | - Brage Storstein Andresen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, 5230 Odense, Denmark;
| | - David M. Hougaard
- Center for Neonatal Screening, Department for Congenital Disorders, Statens Serum Institute, 2300 Copenhagen, Denmark; (K.S.); (M.B.-H.); (D.M.H.)
| | - Morten Dunø
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Department of Clinical Genetics, Copenhagen University Hospital, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark;
| | - Rikke Katrine Jentoft Olsen
- Research Unit for Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University and Aarhus University Hospital, 8200 Aarhus, Denmark; (N.G.); (R.K.J.O.)
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Senftleber NK, Overvad M, Dahl-Petersen IK, Bjerregaard P, Jørgensen ME. Diet and physical activity in Greenland: genetic interactions and associations with obesity and diabetes. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2021; 46:849-855. [PMID: 34107227 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2021-0020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The Inuit in Greenland have gone through dramatic lifestyle changes during the last half century. More time is spent being sedentary and imported foods replaces traditional foods like seal and whale. The population has also experienced a rapid growth in obesity and metabolic disturbances and diabetes is today common despite being almost unknown few decades ago. In this paper, we describe and discuss the role of lifestyle changes and genetics for Inuit metabolic health. Novelty: Cardiometabolic disease risk has increased in Greenland. Lifestyle changes and possibly gene-lifestyle interactions play a role.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Peter Bjerregaard
- National Institute of Public Health, Southern Denmark University, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Marit Eika Jørgensen
- Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Gentofte, Denmark.,National Institute of Public Health, Southern Denmark University, Copenhagen, Denmark.,University of Greenland, Nuuk, Greenland
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9
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Malyarchuk BA. [Genetic markers on the distribution of ancient marine hunters in Priokhotye]. Vavilovskii Zhurnal Genet Selektsii 2021; 24:539-544. [PMID: 33659839 PMCID: PMC7716533 DOI: 10.18699/vj20.646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Представлен обзор сведений о генетическом полиморфизме современного и древнего населения
Севера Азии и Америки с целью реконструкции истории миграций древних морских охотников в Охотоморском
регионе. Проанализированы данные о полиморфизме митохондриальной ДНК и распространенности «арктиче-
ской» мутации – варианта rs80356779-A гена CPT1A. Известно, что «арктический» вариант гена CPT1A с высокой
частотой распространен в современных популяциях эскимосов, чукчей, коряков и других народов Охотоморско-
го региона, хозяйственный уклад которых связан с морским зверобойным промыслом. Согласно палеогеномным
данным, самые ранние находки «арктического» варианта гена CPT1A обнаружены у гренландских и канадских па-
леоэскимосов (4 тыс. лет назад), представителей токаревской культуры Северного Приохотья (3 тыс. лет назад) и
носителей культуры позднего дзёмона острова Хоккайдо (3.5–3.8 тыс. лет назад). Результаты анализа позволили
выявить несколько миграционных событий, связанных с распространением морских охотников в Охотоморском
регионе. Самая поздняя миграция, оставившая следы у носителей культуры эпи-дзёмон (2.0–2.5 тыс. лет назад),
привнесла с севера Приохотья на Хоккайдо и соседние территории Приамурья митохондриальную гаплогруппу
G1b и «арктический» вариант гена CPT1A. Следы более ранней миграции, также привнесшей «арктическую» мута-
цию, зарегистрированы у населения позднего дзёмона Хоккайдо (3.5–3.8 тыс. лет назад). Проведен филогенети-
ческий анализ митохондриальных геномов, относящихся к редкой гаплогруппе C1a, встречающейся у населения
Дальнего Востока и Японии, но в филогенетическом отношении родственной C1-гаплогруппам американских
индейцев. Результаты показали, что дивергенция митохондриальных линий в пределах гаплогруппы C1a проис-
ходила в диапазоне от 7.9 до 6.6 тыс. лет назад, а возраст японской ветви гаплогруппы C1a составляет ~5.2 тыс.
лет. Пока неизвестно, связана ли эта миграция с распространением «арктического» варианта гена CPT1A или же
присутствие C1a-гаплотипов у населения островов Японии маркирует собой еще один, более ранний, эпизод
миграционной истории, связывающей население северо-западной Пацифики и Северной Америки.
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Affiliation(s)
- B A Malyarchuk
- Institute of Biological Problems of the North of the Far-East Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Magadan, Russia
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10
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Collins SA, Edmunds S, Akearok GH, Thompson JR, Erickson AC, Hildes-Ripstein E, Miners A, Somerville M, Goldfarb DM, Rockman-Greenberg C, Arbour L. Association of the CPT1A p.P479L Metabolic Gene Variant With Childhood Respiratory and Other Infectious Illness in Nunavut. Front Pediatr 2021; 9:678553. [PMID: 34295859 PMCID: PMC8290072 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2021.678553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: Infectious illness, including lower respiratory tract infection (LRTI), is a leading cause of childhood morbidity and infant mortality in Inuit children in Nunavut Canada. The carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1A (CPT1A) p.P479L variant is common in arctic Indigenous populations of Alaska, Canada, and Greenland. CPT1A is a fatty acid oxidation enzyme expressed in the liver, immunocytes and other tissues, and is needed to use fats for energy during fasting. Previous association of the variant with early childhood infectious illness and infant death has been challenged because of sample size and limited adjustment for confounders. We evaluated whether the p.P479L variant is associated with infectious illness in Inuit children of Nunavut, Canada. Methods: We conducted a retrospective clinical chart review of 2,225 Inuit children (0-5 years) for infectious illness (including otitis media, gastroenteritis, and hospital admission for LRTI), prenatal, perinatal, and socioeconomic indicators, subsequently linking to CPT1A genotype. Multivariable logistic regression adjusted for birth characteristics, breastfeeding, maternal smoking, food insecurity, and socioeconomic indicators. Results: Overall, 27% of children were hospitalized for LRTI, 86% had otitis media and 50% had gastroenteritis. The p.P479L allele frequency was 0.82. In multivariable analysis, p.P479L homozygosity was associated with LRTI admission (aOR:2.88 95%CI:1.46-5.64), otitis media (aOR:1.83, 95%CI:1.05-3.21), and gastroenteritis (aOR:1.74, 95%CI:1.09-2.77), compared to non-carriers. Conclusion: Children homozygous for the p.P479L variant were more likely to experience infectious illness than non-carriers, including hospitalization for respiratory tract infections. Given the role of CPT1A in immunocytes, our findings indicate that more study is needed to determine if there is a role of the variant in immune response. Continued Inuit involvement is essential when considering next steps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sorcha A Collins
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Sharon Edmunds
- Department of Research, Monitoring, and Evaluation, Nunavut Tunngavik Inc., Iqaluit, NU, Canada
| | | | | | - Anders C Erickson
- School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Elske Hildes-Ripstein
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Amber Miners
- Department of Health, Government of Nunavut, Iqaluit, NU, Canada
| | - Martin Somerville
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - David M Goldfarb
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | | | - Laura Arbour
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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11
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Aronica L, Volek J, Poff A, D'agostino DP. Genetic variants for personalised management of very low carbohydrate ketogenic diets. BMJ Nutr Prev Health 2020; 3:363-373. [PMID: 33521546 PMCID: PMC7841814 DOI: 10.1136/bmjnph-2020-000167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The ketogenic diet (KD) is a low-carbohydrate, high-fat, adequate-protein diet proven to be effective for the reversal of obesity, metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes, and holding therapeutic potential for the prevention and treatment of other chronic diseases. Genetic and dynamic markers of KD response may help to identify individuals most likely to benefit from KD and point to individuals at higher risk for adverse health outcomes. Here, we provide a clinician-friendly review of state-of-the-art research on biomarkers of KD response for a variety of outcomes including weight loss, body composition and cognitive performance drawing data from both intervention trials and case reports of rare inborn errors of metabolism. We also present a selection of the most promising candidate genes to evaluate in future studies and discuss key aspects of study design and variant interpretation that may help accelerate the implementation of these biomarkers in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Aronica
- Nutrition Science, Metagenics Inc, Gig Harbor, Washington, USA.,Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Jeff Volek
- Human Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Angela Poff
- Medicine Molecular Pharmacology & Physiology, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Dominic P D'agostino
- Medicine Molecular Pharmacology & Physiology, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
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Senftleber N, Jørgensen ME, Jørsboe E, Imamura F, Forouhi NG, Larsen CL, Bjerregaard P, Hansen T, Albrechtsen A. Genetic study of the Arctic CPT1A variant suggests that its effect on fatty acid levels is modulated by traditional Inuit diet. Eur J Hum Genet 2020; 28:1592-1601. [PMID: 32561900 PMCID: PMC7576585 DOI: 10.1038/s41431-020-0674-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Several recent studies have found signs of recent selection on the carnitine palmitoyl-transferase 1A (CPT1A) gene in the ancestors of Arctic populations likely as a result of their traditional diet. CPT1A is involved in fatty acid transportation and is known to affect circulating fatty acid profiles in Inuit as does the unique traditional diet rich in marine animals. We aimed to assess which fatty acids may have driven the selection of rs80356779, a c.1436C>T (p.(Pro479Leu)) variant in CPT1A, by analyzing a potential interaction between the variant and traditional Inuit diet. We included 3005 genome-wide genotyped individuals living in Greenland, who had blood cell membrane fatty acid levels measured. Consumption of 25 traditional food items was expressed as percentage of total energy intake. We tested for CPT1A × traditional diet interaction while taking relatedness and admixture into account. Increasing intakes of traditional diet was estimated to attenuate the effect of 479L on 20:3 omega-6 levels (p = 0.000399), but increase the effect of the variant on 22:5 omega-3 levels (p = 0.000963). The 479L effect on 22:5 omega-3 more than doubled in individuals with a high intake of traditional diet (90% percentile) compared with individuals with a low intake (10% percentile). Similar results were found when assessing interactions with marine foods. Our results suggest that the association between traditional diet and blood cell fatty acid composition is affected by the CPT1A genotype, or other variants in linkage disequilibrium, and support the hypothesis that omega-3 fatty acids may have been important for adaptation to the Arctic diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ninna Senftleber
- Department of Biology, Bioinformatics Centre, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
- Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Gentofte, Denmark.
- Medical Research Council Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, UK.
| | | | - Emil Jørsboe
- Department of Biology, Bioinformatics Centre, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Fumiaki Imamura
- Medical Research Council Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, UK
| | - Nita Gandhi Forouhi
- Medical Research Council Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Peter Bjerregaard
- National Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Torben Hansen
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Anders Albrechtsen
- Department of Biology, Bioinformatics Centre, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Dysregulation of metabolic pathways by carnitine palmitoyl-transferase 1 plays a key role in central nervous system disorders: experimental evidence based on animal models. Sci Rep 2020; 10:15583. [PMID: 32973137 PMCID: PMC7519132 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-72638-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The etiology of CNS diseases including multiple sclerosis, Parkinson’s disease and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis remains elusive despite decades of research resulting in treatments with only symptomatic effects. In this study, we provide evidence that a metabolic shift from glucose to lipid is a key mechanism in neurodegeneration. We show that, by downregulating the metabolism of lipids through the key molecule carnitine palmitoyl transferase 1 (CPT1), it is possible to reverse or slowdown disease progression in experimental models of autoimmune encephalomyelitis-, SOD1G93A and rotenone models, mimicking these CNS diseases in humans. The effect was seen both when applying a CPT1 blocker or by using a Cpt1a P479L mutant mouse strain. Furthermore, we show that diet, epigenetics, and microbiota are key elements in this metabolic shift. Finally, we present a systemic model for understanding the complex etiology of neurodegeneration and how different regulatory systems are interconnected through a central metabolic pathway that becomes deregulated under specific conditions.
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Kim HI, Ye B, Gosalia N, Köroğlu Ç, Hanson RL, Hsueh WC, Knowler WC, Baier LJ, Bogardus C, Shuldiner AR, Van Hout CV, Van Hout CV. Characterization of Exome Variants and Their Metabolic Impact in 6,716 American Indians from the Southwest US. Am J Hum Genet 2020; 107:251-264. [PMID: 32640185 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2020.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Applying exome sequencing to populations with unique genetic architecture has the potential to reveal novel genes and variants associated with traits and diseases. We sequenced and analyzed the exomes of 6,716 individuals from a Southwestern American Indian (SWAI) population with well-characterized metabolic traits. We found that the SWAI population has distinct allelic architecture compared to populations of European and East Asian ancestry, and there were many predicted loss-of-function (pLOF) and nonsynonymous variants that were highly enriched or private in the SWAI population. We used pLOF and nonsynonymous variants in the SWAI population to evaluate gene-burden associations of candidate genes from European genome-wide association studies (GWASs) for type 2 diabetes, body mass index, and four major plasma lipids. We found 19 significant gene-burden associations for 11 genes, providing additional evidence for prioritizing candidate effector genes of GWAS signals. Interestingly, these associations were mainly driven by pLOF and nonsynonymous variants that are unique or highly enriched in the SWAI population. Particularly, we found four pLOF or nonsynonymous variants in APOB, APOE, PCSK9, and TM6SF2 that are private or enriched in the SWAI population and associated with low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol levels. Their large estimated effects on LDL cholesterol levels suggest strong impacts on protein function and potential clinical implications of these variants in cardiovascular health. In summary, our study illustrates the utility and potential of exome sequencing in genetically unique populations, such as the SWAI population, to prioritize candidate effector genes within GWAS loci and to find additional variants in known disease genes with potential clinical impact.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Cristopher V Van Hout
- Regeneron Genetics Center, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc., Tarrytown, NY 10591, USA.
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15
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Collins SA, Hildes-Ripstein GE, Thompson JR, Edmunds S, Miners A, Rockman-Greenberg C, Arbour L. Neonatal hypoglycemia and the CPT1A P479L variant in term newborns: A retrospective cohort study of Inuit newborns from Kivalliq Nunavut. Paediatr Child Health 2020; 26:218-227. [PMID: 34131458 DOI: 10.1093/pch/pxaa039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Neonatal hypoglycemia (NH) in the first days of life can largely be prevented by recognizing those at risk and managing accordingly. The CPT1A P479L variant is prevalent in northern Indigenous populations and is a possible risk factor for hypoglycemia. We report on NH incidence in the Kivalliq region of Nunavut, where all Inuit newborns are screened for NH. Methods We reviewed clinical charts of 728 Inuit newborns from Kivalliq (January 1, 2010 to December 31, 2013) for blood glucose (BG) levels and infant/maternal characteristics, linking to CPT1A genotype; 616 newborns had BG data from 2 to 48 hours of life. NH was defined using Canadian Paediatric Society guidelines (≤2.0 mmol/L at 2 hours, <2.6 mmol/L at 2 to 48 hours). Results NH was documented in 21.4% overall, 24.4% of at-risk newborns and 19.5% of term newborns with no risk factors (≥37 weeks gestation, term-NRF). NH was documented in 22.0% of CPT1A P479L homozygous, 19.8% of P479L heterozygous and 4.8% of noncarrier term-NRF newborns. With multivariable logistic regression, the adjusted ORs for developing NH in term-NRF newborns was 4.97 for CPT1A P479L homozygotes (95% confidence interval [CI]:0.65-38.35, P=0.19) and 4.71 for P479L heterozygotes (95% CI:0.57-37.89, P=0.15). Conclusion Term-NRF newborns had a higher NH incidence than previously reported, similar to that for at-risk newborns, possibly due to the CPT1A P479L variant. Since only Inuit newborns from Kivalliq are screened for NH, further study of long-term outcomes of NH in this population and the role of the P479L variant are warranted to determine if neonatal BG screening is indicated in all Inuit newborns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sorcha A Collins
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Victoria, British Columbia
| | | | | | - Sharon Edmunds
- Department of Social and Cultural Development, Nunavut Tunngavik Inc., Iqaluit, Nunavut
| | - Amber Miners
- Department of Health, Government of Nunavut, Iqaluit, Nunavut
| | | | - Laura Arbour
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Victoria, British Columbia
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Hale N. Inuit metabolism revisited: what drove the selective sweep of CPT1a L479? Mol Genet Metab 2020; 129:255-271. [PMID: 32088118 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2020.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
This article reassesses historical studies of Inuit metabolism in light of recent developments in evolutionary genetics. It discusses the possible selective advantage of a variant of CPT1a, which encodes the rate limiting enzyme in hepatic fatty acid oxidation. The L479 variant of CPT1a underwent one of the strongest known selective sweeps in human history and is specific to Inuit and Yu'pik populations. Recent hypotheses predict that this variant may have been selected in response to possible detrimental effects of chronic ketosis in communities with very low carbohydrate consumption. Assessing these hypotheses alongside several alternative explanations of the selective sweep, this article challenges the notion that the selection of L479 is linked to predicted detrimental effects of ketosis. Bringing together for the first time data from biochemical, metabolic, and physiological studies inside and outside the Inuit sphere, it aims to provide a broader interpretative framework and a more comprehensive way to understand the selective sweep. It suggests that L479 may have provided a selective advantage in glucose conservation as part of a metabolic adaptation to very low carbohydrate and high protein consumption, but not necessarily a ketogenic state, in an extremely cold environment. A high intake of n-3 fatty acids may be linked to selection through the mitigation of a detrimental effect of the mutation that arises in the fasted state. The implications of these conclusions for our broader understanding of very low carbohydrate metabolism, and for dietary recommendations for Inuit and non-Inuit populations, are discussed.
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Schlaepfer IR, Joshi M. CPT1A-mediated Fat Oxidation, Mechanisms, and Therapeutic Potential. Endocrinology 2020; 161:5695911. [PMID: 31900483 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqz046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 319] [Impact Index Per Article: 79.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 12/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Energy homeostasis during fasting or prolonged exercise depends on mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation (FAO). This pathway is crucial in many tissues with high energy demand and its disruption results in inborn FAO deficiencies. More than 15 FAO genetic defects have been currently described, and pathological variants described in circumpolar populations provide insights into its critical role in metabolism. The use of fatty acids as energy requires more than 2 dozen enzymes and transport proteins, which are involved in the activation and transport of fatty acids into the mitochondria. As the key rate-limiting enzyme of FAO, carnitine palmitoyltransferase I (CPT1) regulates FAO and facilitates adaptation to the environment, both in health and in disease, including cancer. The CPT1 family of proteins contains 3 isoforms: CPT1A, CPT1B, and CPT1C. This review focuses on CPT1A, the liver isoform that catalyzes the rate-limiting step of converting acyl-coenzyme As into acyl-carnitines, which can then cross membranes to get into the mitochondria. The regulation of CPT1A is complex and has several layers that involve genetic, epigenetic, physiological, and nutritional modulators. It is ubiquitously expressed in the body and associated with dire consequences linked with genetic mutations, metabolic disorders, and cancers. This makes CPT1A an attractive target for therapeutic interventions. This review discusses our current understanding of CPT1A expression, its role in heath and disease, and the potential for therapeutic opportunities targeting this enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel R Schlaepfer
- University of Colorado School of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, Aurora
| | - Molishree Joshi
- University of Colorado School of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, Aurora, Colorado
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Mørkholt AS, Trabjerg MS, Oklinski MKE, Bolther L, Kroese LJ, Pritchard CEJ, Huijbers IJ, Nieland JDV. CPT1A plays a key role in the development and treatment of multiple sclerosis and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Sci Rep 2019; 9:13299. [PMID: 31527712 PMCID: PMC6746708 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-49868-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Human mutations in carnitine palmitoyl transferase 1A (CPT1A) are correlated with a remarkably low prevalence of multiple sclerosis (MS) in Inuits (P479L) and Hutterites (G710E). To elucidate the role of CPT1A, we established a Cpt1a P479L mouse strain and evaluated its sensitivity to experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) induction. Since CPT1a is a key molecule in lipid metabolism, we compared the effects of a high-fat diet (HFD) and normal diet (ND) on disease progression. The disease severity increased significantly in WT mice compared to that in Cpt1 P479L mice. In addition, WT mice receiving HFD showed markedly exacerbated disease course when compared either with Cpt1a P479L mice receiving HFD or WT control group receiving ND. Induction of EAE caused a significant decrease of myelin basic protein expression in the hindbrain of disease affected WT mice in comparison to Cpt1a P479L mice. Further, WT mice showed increased expression of oxidative stress markers like Nox2 and Ho-1, whereas expression of mitochondrial antioxidants regulator Pgc1α was increased in Cpt1a P479L mice. Our results suggest that, lipids metabolism play an important role in EAE, as shown by the higher severity of disease progression in both WT EAE and WT EAF HFD-fed mice in contrast to their counterpart Cpt1a P479L mutant mice. Interestingly, mice with downregulated lipid metabolism due to the Cpt1a P479L mutation showed resistance to EAE induction. These findings support a key role for CPT1A in the development of EAE and could be a promising target in MS treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Skøttrup Mørkholt
- Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Fredrik Bajers Vej 7, 9220, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Michael Sloth Trabjerg
- Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Fredrik Bajers Vej 7, 9220, Aalborg, Denmark
| | | | - Luise Bolther
- Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Fredrik Bajers Vej 7, 9220, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Lona John Kroese
- Mouse Clinic for Cancer and Aging Research, Transgenic Facility, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Colin Eliot Jason Pritchard
- Mouse Clinic for Cancer and Aging Research, Transgenic Facility, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Ivo Johan Huijbers
- Mouse Clinic for Cancer and Aging Research, Transgenic Facility, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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19
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Szpak M, Xue Y, Ayub Q, Tyler‐Smith C. How well do we understand the basis of classic selective sweeps in humans? FEBS Lett 2019; 593:1431-1448. [DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Revised: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Yali Xue
- The Wellcome Sanger Institute Hinxton UK
| | - Qasim Ayub
- School of Science Monash University Malaysia Bandar Sunway Malaysia
- Tropical Medicine and Biology Multidisciplinary Platform Monash University Malaysia Genomics Facility Bandar Sunway Malaysia
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20
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Barroso I, McCarthy MI. The Genetic Basis of Metabolic Disease. Cell 2019; 177:146-161. [PMID: 30901536 PMCID: PMC6432945 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2019.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Revised: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Recent developments in genetics and genomics are providing a detailed and systematic characterization of the genetic underpinnings of common metabolic diseases and traits, highlighting the inherent complexity within systems for homeostatic control and the many ways in which that control can fail. The genetic architecture underlying these common metabolic phenotypes is complex, with each trait influenced by hundreds of loci spanning a range of allele frequencies and effect sizes. Here, we review the growing appreciation of this complexity and how this has fostered the implementation of genome-scale approaches that deliver robust mechanistic inference and unveil new strategies for translational exploitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inês Barroso
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK.
| | - Mark I McCarthy
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK; Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Old Road, Headington, Oxford OX3 7LJ, UK; Oxford NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Churchill Hospital, Old Road, Headington, Oxford OX3 7LJ, UK
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KANZAWA-KIRIYAMA HIDEAKI, JINAM TIMOTHYA, KAWAI YOSUKE, SATO TAKEHIRO, HOSOMICHI KAZUYOSHI, TAJIMA ATSUSHI, ADACHI NOBORU, MATSUMURA HIROFUMI, KRYUKOV KIRILL, SAITOU NARUYA, SHINODA KENICHI. Late Jomon male and female genome sequences from the Funadomari site in Hokkaido, Japan. ANTHROPOL SCI 2019. [DOI: 10.1537/ase.190415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - TIMOTHY A. JINAM
- Division of Population Genetics, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima
| | - YOSUKE KAWAI
- Department of Human Genetics, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo
| | - TAKEHIRO SATO
- Department of Bioinformatics and Genomics, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa
| | - KAZUYOSHI HOSOMICHI
- Department of Bioinformatics and Genomics, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa
| | - ATSUSHI TAJIMA
- Department of Bioinformatics and Genomics, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa
| | - NOBORU ADACHI
- Department of Legal Medicine, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, University of Yamanashi, Chuo
| | - HIROFUMI MATSUMURA
- Second Division of Physical Therapy, School of Health Sciences, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo
| | - KIRILL KRYUKOV
- Department of Molecular Life Science, School of Medicine, Tokai University, Isehara
| | - NARUYA SAITOU
- Division of Population Genetics, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima
| | - KEN-ICHI SHINODA
- Department of Anthropology, National Museum of Nature and Science, Tsukuba
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22
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Andersen MK, Hansen T. Genetics of metabolic traits in Greenlanders: lessons from an isolated population. J Intern Med 2018; 284:464-477. [PMID: 30101502 DOI: 10.1111/joim.12814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In this review, we describe the extraordinary population of Greenland, which differs from large outbred populations of Europe and Asia, both in terms of population history and living conditions. Many years in isolation, small population size and an extreme environment have shaped the genetic composition of the Greenlandic population. The unique genetic background combined with the transition from a traditional Inuit lifestyle and diet, to a more Westernized lifestyle, has led to an increase in the prevalence of metabolic conditions like obesity, where the prevalence from 1993 to 2010 has increased from 16.4% to 19.4% among men, and from 13.0% to 25.4% among women, type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. The genetic susceptibility to metabolic conditions has been explored in Greenlanders, as well as other isolated populations, taking advantage of population-genetic properties of these populations. During the last 10 years, these studies have provided examples of loci showing evidence of positive selection, due to adaption to Arctic climate and Inuit diet, including TBC1D4 and FADS/CPT1A, and have facilitated the discovery of several loci associated with metabolic phenotypes. Most recently, the c.2433-1G>A loss-of-function variant in ADCY3 associated with obesity and type 2 diabetes was described. This locus has provided novel biological insights, as it has been shown that reduced ADCY3 function causes obesity through disrupted function in primary cilia. Future studies of isolated populations will likely provide further genetic as well as biological insights.
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Affiliation(s)
- M K Andersen
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - T Hansen
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Sinclair G, Collins S, Arbour L, Vallance H. The p.P479L variant in CPT1A is associated with infectious disease in a BC First Nation. Paediatr Child Health 2018; 24:e111-e115. [PMID: 30996616 DOI: 10.1093/pch/pxy106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The hepatic carnitine palmitoyltransferase I (CPT1A) p.P479L variant is common in Aboriginal populations across coastal British Columbia, Alaska, the Canadian North, and Greenland. While the high frequency of this variant suggests positive selection, other studies have shown an association with sudden unexpected death in infancy and infection. We utilized administrative health data to evaluate hospitalizations for a single year cohort of children of First Nations descent genotyped for the variant and, matched for location of birth. Seven years of data were reviewed for 150 children split evenly between CPT1A genotypes (homozyous, heterozygous, and noncarrier of the p.P479L variant). Results Children homozygous for the p.P479L allele had a higher rate of hospital admissions at 2.6 per individual as compared to noncarriers at 0.86. Heterozygous children also showed a significant increase at 1.9 per person. Length of stay per admission was increased for both p.P479L homozygotes and heterozygotes. The odds ratio (OR) for at least one hospitalization for any reason was increased for p.P479L homozygotes relative to noncarriers (OR=10.2, confidence interval [CI] 3.5 to 30.0) as were admissions for dental caries (OR=3.4, CI 1.5 to 7.8), acute lower respiratory tract infections (OR=6.0, CI 1.6 to 22.4), and otitis media (OR=13.5, CI 1.7 to 109.4). Conclusions The CPT1A p.P479L variant is associated with an increased rate of hospitalization for those homozygous, primarily for infectious disease causes. Heterozygotes also showed a small but significant increase in hospitalization rates suggesting some dosage effect. Functional studies will be required to identify the underlying pathological mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graham Sinclair
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, BC Children's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia
| | - Sorcha Collins
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia
| | - Laura Arbour
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia
| | - Hilary Vallance
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, BC Children's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia
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Skotte L, Koch A, Yakimov V, Zhou S, Søborg B, Andersson M, Michelsen SW, Navne JE, Mistry JM, Dion PA, Pedersen ML, Børresen ML, Rouleau GA, Geller F, Melbye M, Feenstra B. CPT1A Missense Mutation Associated With Fatty Acid Metabolism and Reduced Height in Greenlanders. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 10:CIRCGENETICS.116.001618. [PMID: 28611031 DOI: 10.1161/circgenetics.116.001618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2016] [Accepted: 04/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inuit have lived for thousands of years in an extremely cold environment on a diet dominated by marine-derived fat. To investigate how this selective pressure has affected the genetic regulation of fatty acid metabolism, we assessed 233 serum metabolic phenotypes in a population-based sample of 1570 Greenlanders. METHODS AND RESULTS Using array-based and targeted genotyping, we found that rs80356779, a p.Pro479Leu variant in CPT1A, was strongly associated with markers of n-3 fatty acid metabolism, including degree of unsaturation (P=1.16×10-34), levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids, n-3 fatty acids, and docosahexaoenic acid relative to total fatty acid levels (P=2.35×10-15, P=4.02×10-19, and P=7.92×10-27). The derived allele (L479) occurred at a frequency of 76.2% in our sample while being absent in most other populations, and we found strong signatures of positive selection at the locus. Furthermore, we found that each copy of L479 reduced height by an average of 2.1 cm (P=1.04×10-9). In exome sequencing data from a sister population, the Nunavik Inuit, we found no other likely causal candidate variant than rs80356779. CONCLUSION Our study shows that a common CPT1A missense mutation is strongly associated with a range of metabolic phenotypes and reduced height in Greenlanders. These findings are important from a public health perspective and highlight the usefulness of complex trait genetic studies in isolated populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Line Skotte
- From the Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark (L.S., A.K., V.Y., B.S., M.A., S.W.M., J.E.N., J.M.M., M.L.B., F.G., M.M., B.F.); Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (S.Z., P.A.D., G.A.R.); Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (P.A.D., G.A.R.); Département de Médecine, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Quebec, Canada (S.Z.); Greenland Center for Health Research, Institute of Nursing and Health Science, University of Greenland, Nuuk, Greenland (M.L.P.); Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Denmark (M.M.); and Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, California (M.M.).
| | - Anders Koch
- From the Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark (L.S., A.K., V.Y., B.S., M.A., S.W.M., J.E.N., J.M.M., M.L.B., F.G., M.M., B.F.); Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (S.Z., P.A.D., G.A.R.); Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (P.A.D., G.A.R.); Département de Médecine, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Quebec, Canada (S.Z.); Greenland Center for Health Research, Institute of Nursing and Health Science, University of Greenland, Nuuk, Greenland (M.L.P.); Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Denmark (M.M.); and Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, California (M.M.)
| | - Victor Yakimov
- From the Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark (L.S., A.K., V.Y., B.S., M.A., S.W.M., J.E.N., J.M.M., M.L.B., F.G., M.M., B.F.); Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (S.Z., P.A.D., G.A.R.); Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (P.A.D., G.A.R.); Département de Médecine, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Quebec, Canada (S.Z.); Greenland Center for Health Research, Institute of Nursing and Health Science, University of Greenland, Nuuk, Greenland (M.L.P.); Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Denmark (M.M.); and Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, California (M.M.)
| | - Sirui Zhou
- From the Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark (L.S., A.K., V.Y., B.S., M.A., S.W.M., J.E.N., J.M.M., M.L.B., F.G., M.M., B.F.); Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (S.Z., P.A.D., G.A.R.); Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (P.A.D., G.A.R.); Département de Médecine, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Quebec, Canada (S.Z.); Greenland Center for Health Research, Institute of Nursing and Health Science, University of Greenland, Nuuk, Greenland (M.L.P.); Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Denmark (M.M.); and Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, California (M.M.)
| | - Bolette Søborg
- From the Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark (L.S., A.K., V.Y., B.S., M.A., S.W.M., J.E.N., J.M.M., M.L.B., F.G., M.M., B.F.); Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (S.Z., P.A.D., G.A.R.); Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (P.A.D., G.A.R.); Département de Médecine, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Quebec, Canada (S.Z.); Greenland Center for Health Research, Institute of Nursing and Health Science, University of Greenland, Nuuk, Greenland (M.L.P.); Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Denmark (M.M.); and Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, California (M.M.)
| | - Mikael Andersson
- From the Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark (L.S., A.K., V.Y., B.S., M.A., S.W.M., J.E.N., J.M.M., M.L.B., F.G., M.M., B.F.); Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (S.Z., P.A.D., G.A.R.); Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (P.A.D., G.A.R.); Département de Médecine, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Quebec, Canada (S.Z.); Greenland Center for Health Research, Institute of Nursing and Health Science, University of Greenland, Nuuk, Greenland (M.L.P.); Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Denmark (M.M.); and Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, California (M.M.)
| | - Sascha W Michelsen
- From the Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark (L.S., A.K., V.Y., B.S., M.A., S.W.M., J.E.N., J.M.M., M.L.B., F.G., M.M., B.F.); Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (S.Z., P.A.D., G.A.R.); Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (P.A.D., G.A.R.); Département de Médecine, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Quebec, Canada (S.Z.); Greenland Center for Health Research, Institute of Nursing and Health Science, University of Greenland, Nuuk, Greenland (M.L.P.); Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Denmark (M.M.); and Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, California (M.M.)
| | - Johan E Navne
- From the Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark (L.S., A.K., V.Y., B.S., M.A., S.W.M., J.E.N., J.M.M., M.L.B., F.G., M.M., B.F.); Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (S.Z., P.A.D., G.A.R.); Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (P.A.D., G.A.R.); Département de Médecine, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Quebec, Canada (S.Z.); Greenland Center for Health Research, Institute of Nursing and Health Science, University of Greenland, Nuuk, Greenland (M.L.P.); Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Denmark (M.M.); and Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, California (M.M.)
| | - Jacqueline M Mistry
- From the Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark (L.S., A.K., V.Y., B.S., M.A., S.W.M., J.E.N., J.M.M., M.L.B., F.G., M.M., B.F.); Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (S.Z., P.A.D., G.A.R.); Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (P.A.D., G.A.R.); Département de Médecine, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Quebec, Canada (S.Z.); Greenland Center for Health Research, Institute of Nursing and Health Science, University of Greenland, Nuuk, Greenland (M.L.P.); Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Denmark (M.M.); and Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, California (M.M.)
| | - Patrick A Dion
- From the Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark (L.S., A.K., V.Y., B.S., M.A., S.W.M., J.E.N., J.M.M., M.L.B., F.G., M.M., B.F.); Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (S.Z., P.A.D., G.A.R.); Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (P.A.D., G.A.R.); Département de Médecine, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Quebec, Canada (S.Z.); Greenland Center for Health Research, Institute of Nursing and Health Science, University of Greenland, Nuuk, Greenland (M.L.P.); Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Denmark (M.M.); and Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, California (M.M.)
| | - Michael L Pedersen
- From the Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark (L.S., A.K., V.Y., B.S., M.A., S.W.M., J.E.N., J.M.M., M.L.B., F.G., M.M., B.F.); Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (S.Z., P.A.D., G.A.R.); Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (P.A.D., G.A.R.); Département de Médecine, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Quebec, Canada (S.Z.); Greenland Center for Health Research, Institute of Nursing and Health Science, University of Greenland, Nuuk, Greenland (M.L.P.); Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Denmark (M.M.); and Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, California (M.M.)
| | - Malene L Børresen
- From the Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark (L.S., A.K., V.Y., B.S., M.A., S.W.M., J.E.N., J.M.M., M.L.B., F.G., M.M., B.F.); Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (S.Z., P.A.D., G.A.R.); Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (P.A.D., G.A.R.); Département de Médecine, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Quebec, Canada (S.Z.); Greenland Center for Health Research, Institute of Nursing and Health Science, University of Greenland, Nuuk, Greenland (M.L.P.); Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Denmark (M.M.); and Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, California (M.M.)
| | - Guy A Rouleau
- From the Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark (L.S., A.K., V.Y., B.S., M.A., S.W.M., J.E.N., J.M.M., M.L.B., F.G., M.M., B.F.); Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (S.Z., P.A.D., G.A.R.); Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (P.A.D., G.A.R.); Département de Médecine, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Quebec, Canada (S.Z.); Greenland Center for Health Research, Institute of Nursing and Health Science, University of Greenland, Nuuk, Greenland (M.L.P.); Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Denmark (M.M.); and Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, California (M.M.)
| | - Frank Geller
- From the Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark (L.S., A.K., V.Y., B.S., M.A., S.W.M., J.E.N., J.M.M., M.L.B., F.G., M.M., B.F.); Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (S.Z., P.A.D., G.A.R.); Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (P.A.D., G.A.R.); Département de Médecine, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Quebec, Canada (S.Z.); Greenland Center for Health Research, Institute of Nursing and Health Science, University of Greenland, Nuuk, Greenland (M.L.P.); Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Denmark (M.M.); and Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, California (M.M.)
| | - Mads Melbye
- From the Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark (L.S., A.K., V.Y., B.S., M.A., S.W.M., J.E.N., J.M.M., M.L.B., F.G., M.M., B.F.); Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (S.Z., P.A.D., G.A.R.); Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (P.A.D., G.A.R.); Département de Médecine, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Quebec, Canada (S.Z.); Greenland Center for Health Research, Institute of Nursing and Health Science, University of Greenland, Nuuk, Greenland (M.L.P.); Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Denmark (M.M.); and Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, California (M.M.)
| | - Bjarke Feenstra
- From the Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark (L.S., A.K., V.Y., B.S., M.A., S.W.M., J.E.N., J.M.M., M.L.B., F.G., M.M., B.F.); Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (S.Z., P.A.D., G.A.R.); Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (P.A.D., G.A.R.); Département de Médecine, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Quebec, Canada (S.Z.); Greenland Center for Health Research, Institute of Nursing and Health Science, University of Greenland, Nuuk, Greenland (M.L.P.); Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Denmark (M.M.); and Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, California (M.M.).
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25
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Health effects of the CPT1A P479L variant: responsible public health policy. Genet Med 2017; 19:S1098-3600(21)04767-5. [DOI: 10.1038/gim.2017.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
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26
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McGarrah RW. Metabolic Anthropology: Selection Pressure Shapes Fatty Acid Metabolism in Greenlandic Inuit Populations. CIRCULATION. CARDIOVASCULAR GENETICS 2017; 10:CIRCGENETICS.117.001802. [PMID: 28611035 DOI: 10.1161/circgenetics.117.001802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert W McGarrah
- From the Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC.
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27
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Blocking of carnitine palmitoyl transferase 1 potently reduces stress-induced depression in rat highlighting a pivotal role of lipid metabolism. Sci Rep 2017; 7:2158. [PMID: 28526869 PMCID: PMC5438386 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-02343-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Major depressive disorder is a complex and common mental disease, for which the pathology has not been elucidated. The purpose of this study is to provide knowledge about the importance of mitochondrial dysfunction, dysregulated lipid metabolism and inflammation. Mitochondrial carnitine palmitoyl transferase 1a (CPT1a) is a key molecule involved in lipid metabolism and mutations in CPT1a causing reduced function is hypothesized to have a protective role in the development of depression. Moreover, CPT1a is found to be upregulated in suicide patients with history of depression. Therefore, we hypothesized that inhibition of CPT1a activity can be developed as an innovative treatment strategy for depression. Stress exposure combined with different pharmacological treatment regimens; Etomoxir, CPT1 blocker, and Escitalopram, a favoured antidepressant drug, was applied in state-of-the-art chronic mild stress model. Etomoxir treatment induced statistical significant reduction of anhedonic behavior compared to vehicle treatment (p < 0.0001) and reversed depression-like phenotype in 90% of the rats (p = 0.0007), whereas Escitalopram only proved 57% efficacy. Moreover, Etomoxir revealed downregulation of interferon-γ, interleukin-17α and tumor necrosis factor-α. This indicate that alteration in metabolism is pivotal in the pathogenesis of depression, since CPT1 blockage is highly efficient in treating anhedonia and inflammation, thereby opening up for a novel class of antidepressant medication.
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28
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Carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1A P479L and infant death: policy implications of emerging data. Genet Med 2017; 19:851-857. [PMID: 28125087 DOI: 10.1038/gim.2016.202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 isoform A (CPT1A) is a crucial enzyme for the transport of long-chain fatty acids into the mitochondria. The CPT1A p.P479L variant is found in high frequencies among indigenous populations residing on the west and north coasts of Alaska and Canada and in northeast Siberia and Greenland. Epidemiological studies have reported a statistical association between P479L homozygosity and infant death in Alaska Native and Canadian Inuit populations. Here, we review the available evidence about the P479L variant and apply to these data the epidemiological criteria for assessing causal associations. We found insufficient evidence to support a causal association with infant death and, further, that if a causal association is present, then the genotype is likely to be only one of a complex set of factors contributing to an increased risk of infant death. We conclude that additional research is needed to clarify the observed association and to inform effective preventative measures for infant death. In light of these findings, we discuss the policy implications for public health efforts because policies based on the observed association between P479L homozygosity and infant death data are premature.Genet Med advance online publication 26 January 2017.
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29
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Gessner BD, Wood T, Johnson MA, Richards CS, Koeller DM. Evidence for an association between infant mortality and homozygosity for the arctic variant of carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1A. Genet Med 2016; 18:933-9. [PMID: 26820065 PMCID: PMC4965343 DOI: 10.1038/gim.2015.197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2015] [Accepted: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Infant mortality in Alaska is highest among Alaska Native people from western/northern Alaska, a population with a high prevalence of a genetic variant (c.1436C>T; the arctic variant) of carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1A (CPT1A). METHODS We performed an unmatched case-control study to determine the relationship between the arctic variant and infant mortality. The cases were 110 Alaska Native infant deaths from 2006 to 2010 and the controls were 395 Alaska Native births from the same time period. In addition to the overall analysis, we conducted two subanalyses, one limited to subjects from western/northern Alaska and one limited to infants heterozygous or homozygous for the arctic variant. RESULTS Among western/northern Alaska residents, 66% of cases and 61% of controls were homozygous (adjusted odds ratio (aOR): 2.5; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.3, 5.0). Among homozygous or heterozygous infants, 58% of cases and 44% of controls were homozygous (aOR: 2.3; 95% CI: 1.3, 4.0). Deaths associated with infection were more likely to be homozygous (OR: 2.9; 95% CI: 1.0-8.0). Homozygosity was strongly associated with a premorbid history of pneumonia, sepsis, or meningitis. CONCLUSION Homozygosity for the arctic variant is associated with increased risk of infant mortality, which may be mediated in part by an increase in infectious disease risk. Further studies are needed to determine whether the association we report represents a causal association between the CPT1A arctic variant and infectious disease-specific mortality.Genet Med 18 9, 933-939.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradford D Gessner
- Alaska Division of Public Health, Anchorage, Alaska, USA
- Present address: EpiVac Consulting, Anchorage, Alaska, USA
| | - Thalia Wood
- Alaska Division of Public Health, Anchorage, Alaska, USA
- Present address: EpiVac Consulting, Anchorage, Alaska, USA
| | - Monique A Johnson
- Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Carolyn Sue Richards
- Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - David M Koeller
- Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
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30
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Andersen MK, Jørsboe E, Sandholt CH, Grarup N, Jørgensen ME, Færgeman NJ, Bjerregaard P, Pedersen O, Moltke I, Hansen T, Albrechtsen A. Identification of Novel Genetic Determinants of Erythrocyte Membrane Fatty Acid Composition among Greenlanders. PLoS Genet 2016; 12:e1006119. [PMID: 27341449 PMCID: PMC4920407 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1006119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Accepted: 05/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Fatty acids (FAs) are involved in cellular processes important for normal body function, and perturbation of FA balance has been linked to metabolic disturbances, including type 2 diabetes. An individual’s level of FAs is affected by diet, lifestyle, and genetic variation. We aimed to improve the understanding of the mechanisms and pathways involved in regulation of FA tissue levels, by identifying genetic loci associated with inter-individual differences in erythrocyte membrane FA levels. We assessed the levels of 22 FAs in the phospholipid fraction of erythrocyte membranes from 2,626 Greenlanders in relation to single nucleotide polymorphisms genotyped on the MetaboChip or imputed. We identified six independent association signals. Novel loci were identified on chromosomes 5 and 11 showing strongest association with oleic acid (rs76430747 in ACSL6, beta (SE): -0.386% (0.034), p = 1.8x10-28) and docosahexaenoic acid (rs6035106 in DTD1, 0.137% (0.025), p = 6.4x10-8), respectively. For a missense variant (rs80356779) in CPT1A, we identified a number of novel FA associations, the strongest with 11-eicosenoic acid (0.473% (0.035), p = 2.6x10-38), and for variants in FADS2 (rs174570), LPCAT3 (rs2110073), and CERS4 (rs11881630) we replicated known FA associations. Moreover, we observed metabolic implications of the ACSL6 (rs76430747) and CPT1A (rs80356779) variants, which both were associated with altered HbA1c (0.051% (0.013), p = 5.6x10-6 and -0.034% (0.016), p = 3.1x10-4, respectively). The latter variant was also associated with reduced insulin resistance (HOMA-IR, -0.193 (0.050), p = 3.8x10-6), as well as measures of smaller body size, including weight (-2.676 kg (0.523), p = 2.4x10-7), lean mass (-1.200 kg (0.271), p = 1.7x10-6), height (-0.966 cm (0.230), p = 2.0x10-5), and BMI (-0.638 kg/m2 (0.181), p = 2.8x10-4). In conclusion, we have identified novel genetic determinants of FA composition in phospholipids in erythrocyte membranes, and have shown examples of links between genetic variants associated with altered FA membrane levels and changes in metabolic traits. Disruption of fatty-acid balance has in several previous studies been linked to human health conditions, including the metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes, and insulin resistance. Composition of fatty acids in lipid membranes is influenced, not only by diet and lifestyle, but also by genetic variation. By identifying genes linked to changes in the level of specific fatty acids, it may be possible to identify biological mechanisms and pathways central to regulation of fatty-acid composition in lipid membranes. We therefore aimed at finding such genes by studying Greenlanders. We identified six genomic regions harboring variants, which were associated with the level of at least one of 22 assessed erythrocyte membrane fatty acids, including two novel regions not previously linked to fatty acid levels. Moreover, we showed that two of the identified variants were associated with altered levels of glycosylated hemoglobin, and one of these variants was associated with reduced insulin resistance and decreased measures of body size. These results contribute to our understanding of fatty acid metabolism, and support a link between fatty acid balance and metabolic health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mette Korre Andersen
- Section for Metabolic Genetics, The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Emil Jørsboe
- The Bioinformatics Centre, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Camilla Helene Sandholt
- Section for Metabolic Genetics, The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Niels Grarup
- Section for Metabolic Genetics, The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Nils Joakim Færgeman
- Villum Center for Bioanalytical Sciences, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Peter Bjerregaard
- National Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Greenland Centre for Health Research, University of Greenland, Nuuk, Greenland
| | - Oluf Pedersen
- Section for Metabolic Genetics, The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ida Moltke
- The Bioinformatics Centre, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- * E-mail: (IM); (TH); (AA)
| | - Torben Hansen
- Section for Metabolic Genetics, The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- * E-mail: (IM); (TH); (AA)
| | - Anders Albrechtsen
- The Bioinformatics Centre, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- * E-mail: (IM); (TH); (AA)
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31
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Chen R, Shi L, Hakenberg J, Naughton B, Sklar P, Zhang J, Zhou H, Tian L, Prakash O, Lemire M, Sleiman P, Cheng WY, Chen W, Shah H, Shen Y, Fromer M, Omberg L, Deardorff MA, Zackai E, Bobe JR, Levin E, Hudson TJ, Groop L, Wang J, Hakonarson H, Wojcicki A, Diaz GA, Edelmann L, Schadt EE, Friend SH. Analysis of 589,306 genomes identifies individuals resilient to severe Mendelian childhood diseases. Nat Biotechnol 2016; 34:531-8. [PMID: 27065010 DOI: 10.1038/nbt.3514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 209] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Accepted: 02/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Genetic studies of human disease have traditionally focused on the detection of disease-causing mutations in afflicted individuals. Here we describe a complementary approach that seeks to identify healthy individuals resilient to highly penetrant forms of genetic childhood disorders. A comprehensive screen of 874 genes in 589,306 genomes led to the identification of 13 adults harboring mutations for 8 severe Mendelian conditions, with no reported clinical manifestation of the indicated disease. Our findings demonstrate the promise of broadening genetic studies to systematically search for well individuals who are buffering the effects of rare, highly penetrant, deleterious mutations. They also indicate that incomplete penetrance for Mendelian diseases is likely more common than previously believed. The identification of resilient individuals may provide a first step toward uncovering protective genetic variants that could help elucidate the mechanisms of Mendelian diseases and new therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Chen
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA.,Icahn Institute for Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Lisong Shi
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA.,Icahn Institute for Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Jörg Hakenberg
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA.,Icahn Institute for Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | | | - Pamela Sklar
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA.,Icahn Institute for Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA.,Friedman Brain Institute and Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | | | | | - Lifeng Tian
- Center for Applied Genomics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Om Prakash
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Diabetes &Endocrinology, Lund University Diabetes Center, Skåne University Hospital, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Mathieu Lemire
- Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Patrick Sleiman
- Center for Applied Genomics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Wei-Yi Cheng
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA.,Icahn Institute for Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | | | - Hardik Shah
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA.,Icahn Institute for Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | | | - Menachem Fromer
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA.,Icahn Institute for Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA.,Friedman Brain Institute and Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | | | - Matthew A Deardorff
- Center for Applied Genomics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Elaine Zackai
- Center for Applied Genomics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jason R Bobe
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA.,Icahn Institute for Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Elissa Levin
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA.,Icahn Institute for Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Thomas J Hudson
- Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Leif Groop
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Diabetes &Endocrinology, Lund University Diabetes Center, Skåne University Hospital, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | | | - Hakon Hakonarson
- Center for Applied Genomics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | - George A Diaz
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA.,Icahn Institute for Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Lisa Edelmann
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA.,Icahn Institute for Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Eric E Schadt
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA.,Icahn Institute for Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Stephen H Friend
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA.,Icahn Institute for Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA.,Sage Bionetworks, Seattle, Washington, USA
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Tereshchenko SY, Smolnikova MV. A pilot study of inherited carnitine palmitoyltransferase deficiency as an ethnogenetic risk factor of infant mortality in indigenous populations of the Far North. HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.1134/s0362119716020158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Arbour L, Asuri S, Whittome B, Polanco F, Hegele RA. The Genetics of Cardiovascular Disease in Canadian and International Aboriginal Populations. Can J Cardiol 2015; 31:1094-115. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cjca.2015.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2015] [Revised: 07/08/2015] [Accepted: 07/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
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Zhou S, Xiong L, Xie P, Ambalavanan A, Bourassa CV, Dionne-Laporte A, Spiegelman D, Turcotte Gauthier M, Henrion E, Diallo O, Dion PA, Rouleau GA. Increased missense mutation burden of Fatty Acid metabolism related genes in nunavik inuit population. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0128255. [PMID: 26010953 PMCID: PMC4444093 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0128255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2014] [Accepted: 04/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Nunavik Inuit (northern Quebec, Canada) reside along the arctic coastline where for generations their daily energy intake has mainly been derived from animal fat. Given this particular diet it has been hypothesized that natural selection would lead to population specific allele frequency differences and unique variants in genes related to fatty acid metabolism. A group of genes, namely CPT1A, CPT1B, CPT1C, CPT2, CRAT and CROT, encode for three carnitine acyltransferases that are important for the oxidation of fatty acids, a critical step in their metabolism. Methods Exome sequencing and SNP array genotyping were used to examine the genetic variations in the six genes encoding for the carnitine acyltransferases in 113 Nunavik Inuit individuals. Results Altogether ten missense variants were found in genes CPT1A, CPT1B, CPT1C, CPT2 and CRAT, including three novel variants and one Inuit specific variant CPT1A p.P479L (rs80356779). The latter has the highest frequency (0.955) compared to other Inuit populations. We found that by comparison to Asians or Europeans, the Nunavik Inuit have an increased mutation burden in CPT1A, CPT2 and CRAT; there is also a high level of population differentiation based on carnitine acyltransferase gene variations between Nunavik Inuit and Asians. Conclusion The increased number and frequency of deleterious variants in these fatty acid metabolism genes in Nunavik Inuit may be the result of genetic adaptation to their diet and/or the extremely cold climate. In addition, the identification of these variants may help to understand some of the specific health risks of Nunavik Inuit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sirui Zhou
- Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University, Montréal (Que), Canada
- Département de médecine, Faculté de médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal (Que), Canada
| | - Lan Xiong
- Département de psychiatrie, Faculté de médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal (Que), Canada
- Centre de recherche, Institut universitaire en santé mentale de Montréal (Que), Canada
| | - Pingxing Xie
- Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University, Montréal (Que), Canada
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montréal (Que), Canada
| | - Amirthagowri Ambalavanan
- Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University, Montréal (Que), Canada
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montréal (Que), Canada
| | - Cynthia V. Bourassa
- Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University, Montréal (Que), Canada
| | | | - Dan Spiegelman
- Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University, Montréal (Que), Canada
| | | | - Edouard Henrion
- Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University, Montréal (Que), Canada
| | - Ousmane Diallo
- Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University, Montréal (Que), Canada
| | - Patrick A. Dion
- Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University, Montréal (Que), Canada
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montréal (Que), Canada
| | - Guy A. Rouleau
- Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University, Montréal (Que), Canada
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montréal (Que), Canada
- * E-mail:
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Clemente F, Cardona A, Inchley C, Peter B, Jacobs G, Pagani L, Lawson D, Antão T, Vicente M, Mitt M, DeGiorgio M, Faltyskova Z, Xue Y, Ayub Q, Szpak M, Mägi R, Eriksson A, Manica A, Raghavan M, Rasmussen M, Rasmussen S, Willerslev E, Vidal-Puig A, Tyler-Smith C, Villems R, Nielsen R, Metspalu M, Malyarchuk B, Derenko M, Kivisild T. A Selective Sweep on a Deleterious Mutation in CPT1A in Arctic Populations. Am J Hum Genet 2014; 95:584-589. [PMID: 25449608 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2014.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2014] [Accepted: 09/29/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Arctic populations live in an environment characterized by extreme cold and the absence of plant foods for much of the year and are likely to have undergone genetic adaptations to these environmental conditions in the time they have been living there. Genome-wide selection scans based on genotype data from native Siberians have previously highlighted a 3 Mb chromosome 11 region containing 79 protein-coding genes as the strongest candidates for positive selection in Northeast Siberians. However, it was not possible to determine which of the genes might be driving the selection signal. Here, using whole-genome high-coverage sequence data, we identified the most likely causative variant as a nonsynonymous G>A transition (rs80356779; c.1436C>T [p.Pro479Leu] on the reverse strand) in CPT1A, a key regulator of mitochondrial long-chain fatty-acid oxidation. Remarkably, the derived allele is associated with hypoketotic hypoglycemia and high infant mortality yet occurs at high frequency in Canadian and Greenland Inuits and was also found at 68% frequency in our Northeast Siberian sample. We provide evidence of one of the strongest selective sweeps reported in humans; this sweep has driven this variant to high frequency in circum-Arctic populations within the last 6-23 ka despite associated deleterious consequences, possibly as a result of the selective advantage it originally provided to either a high-fat diet or a cold environment.
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Irvin MR, Zhi D, Joehanes R, Mendelson M, Aslibekyan S, Claas SA, Thibeault KS, Patel N, Day K, Jones LW, Liang L, Chen BH, Yao C, Tiwari HK, Ordovas JM, Levy D, Absher D, Arnett DK. Epigenome-wide association study of fasting blood lipids in the Genetics of Lipid-lowering Drugs and Diet Network study. Circulation 2014; 130:565-72. [PMID: 24920721 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.114.009158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genetic research regarding blood lipids has largely focused on DNA sequence variation; few studies have explored epigenetic effects. Genome-wide surveys of DNA methylation may uncover epigenetic factors influencing lipid metabolism. METHODS AND RESULTS To identify whether differential methylation of cytosine-(phosphate)-guanine dinucleotides (CpGs) correlated with lipid phenotypes, we isolated DNA from CD4+ T cells and quantified the proportion of sample methylation at >450 000 CpGs by using the Illumina Infinium HumanMethylation450 Beadchip in 991 participants of the Genetics of Lipid Lowering Drugs and Diet Network. We modeled the percentage of methylation at individual CpGs as a function of fasting very-low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and triglycerides (TGs) by using mixed linear regression adjusted for age, sex, study site, cell purity, and family structure. Four CpGs (cg00574958, cg17058475, cg01082498, and cg09737197) in intron 1 of carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1A (CPT1A) were strongly associated with very-low low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (P=1.8×10(-21) to 1.6×10(-8)) and TG (P=1.6×10(-26) to 1.5×10(-9)). Array findings were validated by bisulfite sequencing. We performed quantitative polymerase chain reaction experiments demonstrating that methylation of the top CpG (cg00574958) was correlated with CPT1A expression. The association of cg00574958 with TG and CPT1A expression were replicated in the Framingham Heart Study (P=4.1×10(-14) and 3.1×10(-13), respectively). DNA methylation at CPT1A cg00574958 explained 11.6% and 5.5% of the variation in TG in the discovery and replication cohorts, respectively. CONCLUSIONS This genome-wide epigenomic study identified CPT1A methylation as strongly and robustly associated with fasting very-low low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and TG. Identifying novel epigenetic contributions to lipid traits may inform future efforts to identify new treatment targets and biomarkers of disease risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marguerite R Irvin
- From the Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL (M.R.I., S.A., S.A.C., D.K.A.); Department of Biostatistics, Section on Statistical Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL (D.Z., H.K.T.); Population Sciences Branch National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (R.J., M.M., L.L., B.H.C., C.Y., D.L.); Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA (R.J., M.M., L.L., B.H.C., C.Y., D.L.); Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA (M.M.); Hudson Alpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, AL (K.S.T, N.P., K.D., L.W.J., D.A.); Departments of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA (L.L.); and Nutrition and Genomics Laboratory, Jean Mayer-USDA-Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA (J.M.O.).
| | - Degui Zhi
- From the Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL (M.R.I., S.A., S.A.C., D.K.A.); Department of Biostatistics, Section on Statistical Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL (D.Z., H.K.T.); Population Sciences Branch National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (R.J., M.M., L.L., B.H.C., C.Y., D.L.); Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA (R.J., M.M., L.L., B.H.C., C.Y., D.L.); Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA (M.M.); Hudson Alpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, AL (K.S.T, N.P., K.D., L.W.J., D.A.); Departments of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA (L.L.); and Nutrition and Genomics Laboratory, Jean Mayer-USDA-Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA (J.M.O.)
| | - Roby Joehanes
- From the Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL (M.R.I., S.A., S.A.C., D.K.A.); Department of Biostatistics, Section on Statistical Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL (D.Z., H.K.T.); Population Sciences Branch National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (R.J., M.M., L.L., B.H.C., C.Y., D.L.); Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA (R.J., M.M., L.L., B.H.C., C.Y., D.L.); Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA (M.M.); Hudson Alpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, AL (K.S.T, N.P., K.D., L.W.J., D.A.); Departments of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA (L.L.); and Nutrition and Genomics Laboratory, Jean Mayer-USDA-Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA (J.M.O.)
| | - Michael Mendelson
- From the Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL (M.R.I., S.A., S.A.C., D.K.A.); Department of Biostatistics, Section on Statistical Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL (D.Z., H.K.T.); Population Sciences Branch National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (R.J., M.M., L.L., B.H.C., C.Y., D.L.); Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA (R.J., M.M., L.L., B.H.C., C.Y., D.L.); Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA (M.M.); Hudson Alpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, AL (K.S.T, N.P., K.D., L.W.J., D.A.); Departments of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA (L.L.); and Nutrition and Genomics Laboratory, Jean Mayer-USDA-Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA (J.M.O.)
| | - Stella Aslibekyan
- From the Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL (M.R.I., S.A., S.A.C., D.K.A.); Department of Biostatistics, Section on Statistical Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL (D.Z., H.K.T.); Population Sciences Branch National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (R.J., M.M., L.L., B.H.C., C.Y., D.L.); Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA (R.J., M.M., L.L., B.H.C., C.Y., D.L.); Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA (M.M.); Hudson Alpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, AL (K.S.T, N.P., K.D., L.W.J., D.A.); Departments of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA (L.L.); and Nutrition and Genomics Laboratory, Jean Mayer-USDA-Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA (J.M.O.)
| | - Steven A Claas
- From the Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL (M.R.I., S.A., S.A.C., D.K.A.); Department of Biostatistics, Section on Statistical Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL (D.Z., H.K.T.); Population Sciences Branch National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (R.J., M.M., L.L., B.H.C., C.Y., D.L.); Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA (R.J., M.M., L.L., B.H.C., C.Y., D.L.); Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA (M.M.); Hudson Alpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, AL (K.S.T, N.P., K.D., L.W.J., D.A.); Departments of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA (L.L.); and Nutrition and Genomics Laboratory, Jean Mayer-USDA-Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA (J.M.O.)
| | - Krista S Thibeault
- From the Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL (M.R.I., S.A., S.A.C., D.K.A.); Department of Biostatistics, Section on Statistical Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL (D.Z., H.K.T.); Population Sciences Branch National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (R.J., M.M., L.L., B.H.C., C.Y., D.L.); Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA (R.J., M.M., L.L., B.H.C., C.Y., D.L.); Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA (M.M.); Hudson Alpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, AL (K.S.T, N.P., K.D., L.W.J., D.A.); Departments of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA (L.L.); and Nutrition and Genomics Laboratory, Jean Mayer-USDA-Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA (J.M.O.)
| | - Nikita Patel
- From the Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL (M.R.I., S.A., S.A.C., D.K.A.); Department of Biostatistics, Section on Statistical Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL (D.Z., H.K.T.); Population Sciences Branch National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (R.J., M.M., L.L., B.H.C., C.Y., D.L.); Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA (R.J., M.M., L.L., B.H.C., C.Y., D.L.); Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA (M.M.); Hudson Alpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, AL (K.S.T, N.P., K.D., L.W.J., D.A.); Departments of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA (L.L.); and Nutrition and Genomics Laboratory, Jean Mayer-USDA-Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA (J.M.O.)
| | - Kenneth Day
- From the Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL (M.R.I., S.A., S.A.C., D.K.A.); Department of Biostatistics, Section on Statistical Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL (D.Z., H.K.T.); Population Sciences Branch National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (R.J., M.M., L.L., B.H.C., C.Y., D.L.); Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA (R.J., M.M., L.L., B.H.C., C.Y., D.L.); Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA (M.M.); Hudson Alpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, AL (K.S.T, N.P., K.D., L.W.J., D.A.); Departments of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA (L.L.); and Nutrition and Genomics Laboratory, Jean Mayer-USDA-Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA (J.M.O.)
| | - Lindsay Waite Jones
- From the Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL (M.R.I., S.A., S.A.C., D.K.A.); Department of Biostatistics, Section on Statistical Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL (D.Z., H.K.T.); Population Sciences Branch National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (R.J., M.M., L.L., B.H.C., C.Y., D.L.); Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA (R.J., M.M., L.L., B.H.C., C.Y., D.L.); Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA (M.M.); Hudson Alpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, AL (K.S.T, N.P., K.D., L.W.J., D.A.); Departments of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA (L.L.); and Nutrition and Genomics Laboratory, Jean Mayer-USDA-Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA (J.M.O.)
| | - Liming Liang
- From the Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL (M.R.I., S.A., S.A.C., D.K.A.); Department of Biostatistics, Section on Statistical Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL (D.Z., H.K.T.); Population Sciences Branch National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (R.J., M.M., L.L., B.H.C., C.Y., D.L.); Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA (R.J., M.M., L.L., B.H.C., C.Y., D.L.); Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA (M.M.); Hudson Alpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, AL (K.S.T, N.P., K.D., L.W.J., D.A.); Departments of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA (L.L.); and Nutrition and Genomics Laboratory, Jean Mayer-USDA-Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA (J.M.O.)
| | - Brian H Chen
- From the Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL (M.R.I., S.A., S.A.C., D.K.A.); Department of Biostatistics, Section on Statistical Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL (D.Z., H.K.T.); Population Sciences Branch National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (R.J., M.M., L.L., B.H.C., C.Y., D.L.); Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA (R.J., M.M., L.L., B.H.C., C.Y., D.L.); Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA (M.M.); Hudson Alpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, AL (K.S.T, N.P., K.D., L.W.J., D.A.); Departments of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA (L.L.); and Nutrition and Genomics Laboratory, Jean Mayer-USDA-Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA (J.M.O.)
| | - Chen Yao
- From the Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL (M.R.I., S.A., S.A.C., D.K.A.); Department of Biostatistics, Section on Statistical Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL (D.Z., H.K.T.); Population Sciences Branch National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (R.J., M.M., L.L., B.H.C., C.Y., D.L.); Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA (R.J., M.M., L.L., B.H.C., C.Y., D.L.); Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA (M.M.); Hudson Alpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, AL (K.S.T, N.P., K.D., L.W.J., D.A.); Departments of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA (L.L.); and Nutrition and Genomics Laboratory, Jean Mayer-USDA-Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA (J.M.O.)
| | - Hemant K Tiwari
- From the Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL (M.R.I., S.A., S.A.C., D.K.A.); Department of Biostatistics, Section on Statistical Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL (D.Z., H.K.T.); Population Sciences Branch National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (R.J., M.M., L.L., B.H.C., C.Y., D.L.); Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA (R.J., M.M., L.L., B.H.C., C.Y., D.L.); Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA (M.M.); Hudson Alpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, AL (K.S.T, N.P., K.D., L.W.J., D.A.); Departments of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA (L.L.); and Nutrition and Genomics Laboratory, Jean Mayer-USDA-Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA (J.M.O.)
| | - Jose M Ordovas
- From the Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL (M.R.I., S.A., S.A.C., D.K.A.); Department of Biostatistics, Section on Statistical Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL (D.Z., H.K.T.); Population Sciences Branch National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (R.J., M.M., L.L., B.H.C., C.Y., D.L.); Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA (R.J., M.M., L.L., B.H.C., C.Y., D.L.); Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA (M.M.); Hudson Alpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, AL (K.S.T, N.P., K.D., L.W.J., D.A.); Departments of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA (L.L.); and Nutrition and Genomics Laboratory, Jean Mayer-USDA-Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA (J.M.O.)
| | - Daniel Levy
- From the Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL (M.R.I., S.A., S.A.C., D.K.A.); Department of Biostatistics, Section on Statistical Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL (D.Z., H.K.T.); Population Sciences Branch National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (R.J., M.M., L.L., B.H.C., C.Y., D.L.); Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA (R.J., M.M., L.L., B.H.C., C.Y., D.L.); Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA (M.M.); Hudson Alpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, AL (K.S.T, N.P., K.D., L.W.J., D.A.); Departments of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA (L.L.); and Nutrition and Genomics Laboratory, Jean Mayer-USDA-Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA (J.M.O.)
| | - Devin Absher
- From the Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL (M.R.I., S.A., S.A.C., D.K.A.); Department of Biostatistics, Section on Statistical Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL (D.Z., H.K.T.); Population Sciences Branch National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (R.J., M.M., L.L., B.H.C., C.Y., D.L.); Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA (R.J., M.M., L.L., B.H.C., C.Y., D.L.); Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA (M.M.); Hudson Alpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, AL (K.S.T, N.P., K.D., L.W.J., D.A.); Departments of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA (L.L.); and Nutrition and Genomics Laboratory, Jean Mayer-USDA-Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA (J.M.O.)
| | - Donna K Arnett
- From the Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL (M.R.I., S.A., S.A.C., D.K.A.); Department of Biostatistics, Section on Statistical Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL (D.Z., H.K.T.); Population Sciences Branch National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (R.J., M.M., L.L., B.H.C., C.Y., D.L.); Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA (R.J., M.M., L.L., B.H.C., C.Y., D.L.); Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA (M.M.); Hudson Alpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, AL (K.S.T, N.P., K.D., L.W.J., D.A.); Departments of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA (L.L.); and Nutrition and Genomics Laboratory, Jean Mayer-USDA-Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA (J.M.O.)
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Irvin MR, Aslibekyan S, Hidalgo B, Arnett D. CPT1A: the future of heart disease detection and personalized medicine? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 9:9-12. [PMID: 25774225 DOI: 10.2217/clp.13.75] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M Ryan Irvin
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham
| | | | - Bertha Hidalgo
- Department of Biostatistics, Section on Statistical Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham
| | - Donna Arnett
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham
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Abstract
Congenital deficiency of carnitine palmitoyltransferase (CPT) II is a disease with an autosomal recessive inheritance of phenotypic variability which depends on age at the onset of symptoms. Three entities associated with deficiency of CPT II are known: the perinatal, the infantile and the adult form. The perinatal disease is the most severe form and is invariably fatal. On the other hand, the adult CPT II clinical phenotype is benign and requires additional external triggers such as high-intensity exercise to provoke myopathic symptoms. We report a case of adult CPT II deficiency presenting with the subtle symptoms of myopathy. A 32-year-old man was admitted to the hospital complaining of muscle pain after exercise. Athletic appearance drew attention, because the patient denied practicing sport. Neurological examination revealed marked tiredness during the single-leg hop test without other abnormalities. Electromyography (EMG) and serum biochemistry were not typical for myopathy. Routine histopathological examination did not reveal any abnormalities of structure of muscle fibers. Diagnosis was established after ultrastructural and biochemical analysis which revealed changes typical for CPT II deficiency.
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Collins SA, Surmala P, Osborne G, Greenberg C, Bathory LW, Edmunds-Potvin S, Arbour L. Causes and risk factors for infant mortality in Nunavut, Canada 1999-2011. BMC Pediatr 2012; 12:190. [PMID: 23231747 PMCID: PMC3534516 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2431-12-190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2012] [Accepted: 12/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The northern territory Nunavut has Canada's largest jurisdictional land mass with 33,322 inhabitants, of which 85% self-identify as Inuit. Nunavut has rates of infant mortality, postneonatal mortality and hospitalisation of infants for respiratory infections that greatly exceed those for the rest of Canada. The infant mortality rate in Nunavut is 3 times the national average, and twice that of the neighbouring territory, the Northwest Territories. Nunavut has the largest Inuit population in Canada, a population which has been identified as having high rates of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) and infant deaths due to infections. METHODS To determine the causes and potential risk factors of infant mortality in Nunavut, we reviewed all infant deaths (<1 yr) documented by the Nunavut Chief Coroner's Office and the Nunavut Bureau of Statistics (n=117; 1999-2011). Rates were compared to published data for Canada. RESULTS Sudden death in infancy (SIDS/SUDI; 48%) and infection (21%) were the leading causes of infant death, with rates significantly higher than for Canada (2003-2007). Of SIDS/SUDI cases with information on sleep position (n=42) and bed-sharing (n=47), 29 (69%) were sleeping non-supine and 33 (70%) were bed-sharing. Of those bed-sharing, 23 (70%) had two or more additional risk factors present, usually non-supine sleep position. CPT1A P479L homozygosity, which has been previously associated with infant mortality in Alaska Native and British Columbia First Nations populations, was associated with unexpected infant death (SIDS/SUDI, infection) throughout Nunavut (OR:3.43, 95% CI:1.30-11.47). CONCLUSION Unexpected infant deaths comprise the majority of infant deaths in Nunavut. Although the CPT1A P479L variant was associated with unexpected infant death in Nunavut as a whole, the association was less apparent when population stratification was considered. Strategies to promote safe sleep practices and further understand other potential risk factors for infant mortality (P479L variant, respiratory illness) are underway with local partners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sorcha A Collins
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia Island Medical Program, University of Victoria, PO Box 1700 STN CSC, Victoria, BC, V8W 2Y2, Canada
| | - Padma Surmala
- Court Services Division, Department of Justice, Government of Nunavut, Iqaluit, NU, Canada
| | - Geraldine Osborne
- Department of Health and Social Services, Government of Nunavut, Iqaluit, NU, Canada
| | - Cheryl Greenberg
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | | | | | - Laura Arbour
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia Island Medical Program, University of Victoria, PO Box 1700 STN CSC, Victoria, BC, V8W 2Y2, Canada
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Sinclair GB, Collins S, Popescu O, McFadden D, Arbour L, Vallance HD. Carnitine palmitoyltransferase I and sudden unexpected infant death in British Columbia First Nations. Pediatrics 2012; 130:e1162-9. [PMID: 23090344 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2011-2924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Infant mortality in British Columbia (BC) First Nations remains elevated relative to other residents. The p.P479L (c.1436C>T) variant of carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 (CPT1A) is frequent in some aboriginal populations and may be associated with increased infant deaths. This work was initiated to determine the performance of acylcarnitine profiling for detecting this variant, to determine its frequency in BC, and to determine if it is associated with sudden infant deaths in this population. METHODS Newborn screening cards from all BC First Nations infants in 2004 and all sudden unexpected deaths in BC First Nations infants (1999-2009) were genotyped for the CPT1A p.P479L variant and linked to archival acylcarnitine data. RESULTS The CPT1A p.P479L variant is frequent in BC First Nations but is not evenly distributed, with higher rates in coastal regions (up to 25% homozygosity) with historically increased infant mortality. There is also an overrepresentation of p.P479L homozygotes in unexpected infant deaths from these regions, with an odds ratio of 3.92 (95% confidence interval: 1.69-9.00). Acylcarnitine profiling will identify p.P479L homozygotes with a 94% sensitivity and specificity. CONCLUSIONS The CPT1A p.P479L variant is common to some coastal BC First Nations, and homozygosity for this variant is associated with unexpected death in infancy. The high frequency of this variant in a wide range of coastal aboriginal communities, however, suggests a selective advantage, raising the possibility that this variant may have differing impacts on health depending on the environmental or developmental context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graham B Sinclair
- Departmens of aPathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia.
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Voruganti VS, Higgins PB, Ebbesson SOE, Kennish J, Göring HHH, Haack K, Laston S, Drigalenko E, Wenger CR, Harris WS, Fabsitz RR, Devereux RB, Maccluer JW, Curran JE, Carless MA, Johnson MP, Moses EK, Blangero J, Umans JG, Howard BV, Cole SA, Comuzzie AG. Variants in CPT1A, FADS1, and FADS2 are Associated with Higher Levels of Estimated Plasma and Erythrocyte Delta-5 Desaturases in Alaskan Eskimos. Front Genet 2012; 3:86. [PMID: 22701466 PMCID: PMC3371589 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2012.00086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2012] [Accepted: 04/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The delta-5 and delta-6 desaturases (D5D and D6D), encoded by fatty acid desaturase 1 (FADS1) and 2 (FADS2) genes, respectively, are rate-limiting enzymes in the metabolism of ω-3 and ω-6 fatty acids. The objective of this study was to identify genes influencing variation in estimated D5D and D6D activities in plasma and erythrocytes in Alaskan Eskimos (n = 761) participating in the genetics of coronary artery disease in Alaska Natives (GOCADAN) study. Desaturase activity was estimated by product: precursor ratio of polyunsaturated fatty acids. We found evidence of linkage for estimated erythrocyte D5D (eD5D) on chromosome 11q12-q13 (logarithm of odds score = 3.5). The confidence interval contains candidate genes FADS1, FADS2, 7-dehydrocholesterol reductase (DHCR7), and carnitine palmitoyl transferase 1A, liver (CPT1A). Measured genotype analysis found association between CPT1A, FADS1, and FADS2 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and estimated eD5D activity (p-values between 10−28 and 10−5). A Bayesian quantitative trait nucleotide analysis showed that rs3019594 in CPT1A, rs174541 in FADS1, and rs174568 in FADS2 had posterior probabilities > 0.8, thereby demonstrating significant statistical support for a functional effect on eD5D activity. Highly significant associations of FADS1, FADS2, and CPT1A transcripts with their respective SNPs (p-values between 10−75 and 10−7) in Mexican Americans of the San Antonio Family Heart Study corroborated our results. These findings strongly suggest a functional role for FADS1, FADS2, and CPT1A SNPs in the variation in eD5D activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Saroja Voruganti
- Department of Genetics, Texas Biomedical Research Institute San Antonio, TX, USA
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Gillingham MB, Hirschfeld M, Lowe S, Matern D, Shoemaker J, Lambert WE, Koeller DM. Impaired fasting tolerance among Alaska native children with a common carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1A sequence variant. Mol Genet Metab 2011; 104:261-4. [PMID: 21763168 PMCID: PMC3197793 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2011.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2011] [Revised: 06/21/2011] [Accepted: 06/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A high prevalence of the sequence variant c.1436C→T in the CPT1A gene has been identified among Alaska Native newborns but the clinical implications of this variant are unknown. We conducted medically supervised fasts in 5 children homozygous for the c.1436C→T variant. Plasma free fatty acids increased normally in these children but their long-chain acylcarnitine and ketone production was significantly blunted. The fast was terminated early in two subjects due to symptoms of hypoglycemia. Homozygosity for the c.1436C→T sequence variant of CPT1A impairs fasting ketogenesis, and can cause hypoketotic hypoglycemia in young children. Trial registration www.clinical trials.gov NCT00653666 "Metabolic Consequences of CPT1A Deficiency"
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie B Gillingham
- Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA.
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Lemas DJ, Wiener HW, O'Brien DM, Hopkins S, Stanhope KL, Havel PJ, Allison DB, Fernandez JR, Tiwari HK, Boyer BB. Genetic polymorphisms in carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1A gene are associated with variation in body composition and fasting lipid traits in Yup'ik Eskimos. J Lipid Res 2011; 53:175-84. [PMID: 22045927 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.p018952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Variants of carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1A (CPT1A), a key hepatic lipid oxidation enzyme, may influence how fatty acid oxidation contributes to obesity and metabolic outcomes. CPT1A is regulated by diet, suggesting interactions between gene variants and diet may influence outcomes. The objective of this study was to test the association of CPT1A variants with body composition and lipids, mediated by consumption of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). Obesity phenotypes and fasting lipids were measured in a cross-sectional sample of Yup'ik Eskimo individuals (n = 1141) from the Center of Alaska Native Health Research (CANHR) study. Twenty-eight tagging CPT1A SNPs were evaluated with outcomes of interest in regression models accounting for family structure. Several CPT1A polymorphisms were associated with HDL-cholesterol and obesity phenotypes. The P479L (rs80356779) variant was associated with all obesity-related traits and fasting HDL-cholesterol. Interestingly, the association of P479L with HDL-cholesterol was still significant after correcting for body mass index (BMI), percentage body fat (PBF), or waist circumference (WC). Our findings are consistent with the hypothesis that the L479 allele of the CPT1A P479L variant confers a selective advantage that is both cardioprotective (through increased HDL-cholesterol) and associated with reduced adiposity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominick J Lemas
- Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK 99775, USA
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Tan L, Narayan SB, Chen J, Meyers GD, Bennett MJ. PTC124 improves readthrough and increases enzymatic activity of the CPT1A R160X nonsense mutation. J Inherit Metab Dis 2011; 34:443-7. [PMID: 21253826 DOI: 10.1007/s10545-010-9265-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2010] [Revised: 12/13/2010] [Accepted: 12/23/2010] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Deficiency of carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1A (CPT1A) results in impaired hepatic long-chain fatty acid oxidation and ketogenesis. We have previously described a patient with a severe CPT1A phenotype who is homozygous for the nonsense mutation 478 C > T (R160X). It has been known for some time that gentamicin can promote readthrough of nonsense codons. Recently, a new compound (PTC124) with less clinical toxicity than gentamicin has been indicated as a therapy for patients with nonsense mutations for multiple genetic diseases. The study is designed to investigate whether PTC124 can promote readthrough of the R160X CPT1A mutation and increase normal sized CPT1 protein expression and activity in the patient's skin fibroblasts. Our study demonstrated that after both PTC 124 and gentamicin treatment, there was an increase in CPT1 activity in patient fibroblasts to levels that are similar to that of the mild Inuit P479L variant. Our results provide additional evidence for proof of principle that PTC124 is a potential therapeutic agent for treating patients with any genetic condition that results from a nonsense mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Tan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Gessner BD, Gillingham MB, Birch S, Wood T, Koeller DM. Evidence for an association between infant mortality and a carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1A genetic variant. Pediatrics 2010; 126:945-51. [PMID: 20937660 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2010-0687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Alaska Native and other circumpolar indigenous populations have historically experienced high infant mortality rates, for unknown reasons. Through routine newborn screening, Alaskan and Canadian indigenous infants have been found to have a high frequency of a single sequence variant (c.1436C→T) in the gene coding for carnitine palmitoyltransferase type 1A (CPT1A). We sought to determine whether these 2 findings were related. METHODS As part of a quality control exercise at the Alaskan Newborn Metabolic Screening Program, we conducted genotyping for 616 consecutively born, Alaska Native infants and reviewed their medical records. We conducted an ecological analysis comparing Census area-level variant CPT1A allele frequency and historical Alaska Native infant, postneonatal, and neonatal mortality rates. RESULTS Infant death was identified for 5 of 152 infants homozygous for the c.1436C→T sequence variant (33 deaths per 1000 live births), 2 of 219 heterozygous infants (9 deaths per 1000 live births), and 0 of 245 infants carrying no copies of the variant allele (χ(2) = 9.2; P = .01). All 7 cases of infant death had some evidence of an infectious process at the time of death, including 5 with respiratory infections. Census areas with the highest frequency of the variant allele had the highest historical infant, postneonatal, and neonatal mortality rates. CONCLUSIONS Our data provide preliminary evidence that a highly prevalent CPT1A variant found among Alaska Native and other indigenous circumpolar populations may help explain historically high infant mortality rates. Larger definitive studies are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradford D Gessner
- Alaska Division of Public Health, PO Box 240249, Suite 354, Anchorage, AK 99524, USA.
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Collins SA, Sinclair G, McIntosh S, Bamforth F, Thompson R, Sobol I, Osborne G, Corriveau A, Santos M, Hanley B, Greenberg CR, Vallance H, Arbour L. Carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1A (CPT1A) P479L prevalence in live newborns in Yukon, Northwest Territories, and Nunavut. Mol Genet Metab 2010; 101:200-4. [PMID: 20696606 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2010.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2010] [Revised: 07/19/2010] [Accepted: 07/20/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1A (CPT1A), encoded by the gene CPT1A, is the hepatic isoform of CPT1 and is a major regulatory point in long-chain fatty acid oxidation. CPT1A deficiency confers risk for hypoketotic hypoglycaemia, hepatic encephalopathy, seizures, and sudden unexpected death in infancy (SUDI). It remains controversial whether the CPT1A gene variant, c.1436C>T (p.P479L), identified in Inuit, First Nations, and Alaska Native infants, causes susceptibility to decompensation, in particular during times of fever and intercurrent illness. Although newborn screening for the P479L variant occurs in some jurisdictions, background knowledge about the presence of the variant in Canadian Aboriginal populations is lacking. In an effort to understand the population implications of the variant in northern Canada, overall frequencies of the variant were assessed. Further studies are underway to determine associated risk. Ethics approval was obtained from university REBs, local research institutes, and with consultation with territorial Aboriginal groups. Newborn screening blood spots from all infants born in 2006 in the three territories were genotyped for the p.P479L variant. p.P479L (c.1436C>T) allele frequencies in the three territories were 0.02, 0.08, and 0.77 in Yukon (n=325), Northwest Territories (n=564), and Nunavut (n=695), respectively. Homozygosity rates were 0%, 3%, and 64%. Aboriginal status was available only in NWT, with allele frequencies of 0.04, 0.44, 0.00, and 0.01 for First Nations, Inuvialuit/Inuit, Métis, and non-Aboriginal populations. Although individual blood spots were not identified for Aboriginal ethnicity in Nunavut infants, ~90% of infants in Nunavut are born to Inuit women. The allele frequency and rate of homozygosity for the CPT1A P479L variant were high in Inuit and Inuvialuit who reside in northern coastal regions. The variant is present at a low frequency in First Nations populations, who reside in areas less coastal than the Inuit or Inuvialuit in the two western territories. The significance of the population and geographic distribution remains unclear, but the high population frequencies of the variant suggest a historically low penetrance for adverse outcomes. Further evidence is needed to determine if there is an increased risk for infant mortality and morbidity and whether newborn screening will be indicated on a population basis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sorcha A Collins
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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Johansen CT, Gallinger ZR, Wang J, Ban MR, Young TK, Bjerregaard P, Hegele RA. Rare ATGL haplotypes are associated with increased plasma triglyceride concentrations in the Greenland Inuit. Int J Circumpolar Health 2010; 69:3-12. [PMID: 20167152 DOI: 10.3402/ijch.v69i1.17427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To genotype common genetic variants found in the adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL) gene and test them for association with cardiovascular disease risk factors in the Greenland Inuit. STUDY DESIGN Candidate gene association study of discrete and quantitative traits related to cardiovascular health. METHODS ATGL was sequenced in 10 European subjects to identify DNA sequence variants. The identified polymorphisms were subsequently genotyped in a population-based cohort of 1,218 unrelated Greenland Inuit subjects, ascertained from the Greenland Population Study. Genotypes and reconstructed haplotypes were tested for association with cardiovascular disease risk factors using additive, dominant or recessive models, corrected for age, sex and body mass index. RESULTS Five single nucleotide polymorphisms and one 4-base pair deletion were identified in the European sample and were similarly polymorphic in the Greenland Inuit. Independently, variants were not associated with any cardiovascular traits. However, reconstructed rare ATGL haplotypes were associated with increased plasma triglyceride (TG) concentrations compared to the major haplotype under a dominant model (1.21+/-0.7 mmol/L and 1.11+/-0.6 mmol/L, respectively, p=0.006). CONCLUSIONS Rare ATGL haplotypes are associated with increased plasma TG concentrations in the Greenland Inuit.
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