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The stress - Reproductive axis in fish: The involvement of functional neuroanatomical systems in the brain. J Chem Neuroanat 2020; 112:101904. [PMID: 33278567 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2020.101904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The neuroendocrine-stress axis of nonmammalian species is evolutionarily conserved, which makes them useful to serve as important model systems for elucidating the function of the vertebrate stress response. The involvement of hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis hormones in regulation of stress and reproduction is well described in different vertebrates. However, the stress response is a complex process, which appears to be controlled by a number of neurochemicals in association with hypothalamo-pituitary-interrenal (HPI) axis or independent of HPI axis in fish. In recent years, the participation of neurohormones other than HPI axis in regulation of stress and reproduction is gaining more attention. This review mainly focuses on the involvement of functional neuroanatomical systems such as the catecholaminergic neurotransmitter dopamine (DA) and opioid peptides in regulation of the stress-reproductive axis in fish. Occurrences of DA and opioid peptides like β-endorphin, enkephalins, dynorphin, and endomorphins have been demonstrated in fish brain, and diverse roles such as pain modulation, social behaviour and reproduction are implicated for these hormones. Neuroanatomical studies using retrograde tracing, immunohistochemical staining and lesion methods have demonstrated that the neurons originating in the preoptic region and the nucleus lateralis tuberis directly innervate the pituitary gland and, therefore, the hypophysiotrophic role of these hormones. In addition, heightened synthetic and secretory activity of the opioidergic and the dopaminergic neurons in hypothalamic areas of the brain during stress exposure suggest potentially intricate relationship with the stress-reproductive axis in fish. Current evidence in early vertebrates like fish provides a novel insight into the underlying neuroendocrine mechanisms as additional pathways along the stress-reproductive axis that seem to be conserved during the course of evolution.
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Huang AY, Taylor AMW, Ghogha A, Pribadi M, Wang Q, Kim TSJ, Cahill CM, Coppola G, Evans CJ. Genetic and functional analysis of a Pacific hagfish opioid system. J Neurosci Res 2020; 100:19-34. [PMID: 32830380 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Revised: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The actions of endogenous opioids and nociceptin/orphanin FQ are mediated by four homologous G protein-coupled receptors that constitute the opioid receptor family. However, little is known about opioid systems in cyclostomes (living jawless fish) and how opioid systems might have evolved from invertebrates. Here, we leveraged de novo transcriptome and low-coverage whole-genome assembly in the Pacific hagfish (Eptatretus stoutii) to identify and characterize the first full-length coding sequence for a functional opioid receptor in a cyclostome. Additionally, we define two novel endogenous opioid precursors in this species that predict several novel opioid peptides. Bioinformatic analysis shows no closely related opioid receptor genes in invertebrates with regard either to the genomic organization or to conserved opioid receptor-specific sequences that are common in all vertebrates. Furthermore, no proteins analogous to vertebrate opioid precursors could be identified by genomic searches despite previous claims of protein or RNA-derived sequences in several invertebrate species. The presence of an expressed orthologous receptor and opioid precursors in the Pacific hagfish confirms that a functional opioid system was likely present in the common ancestor of all extant vertebrates some 550 million years ago, earlier than all previous authenticated accounts. We discuss the premise that the cyclostome and vertebrate opioid systems evolved from invertebrate systems concerned with antimicrobial defense and speculate that the high concentrations of opioid precursors in tissues such as the testes, gut, and activated immune cells are key remnants of this evolutionary role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alden Y Huang
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Shirley and Stefan Hatos Center for Neuropharmacology, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Anna M W Taylor
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Shirley and Stefan Hatos Center for Neuropharmacology, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Atefeh Ghogha
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Shirley and Stefan Hatos Center for Neuropharmacology, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Mochtar Pribadi
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Shirley and Stefan Hatos Center for Neuropharmacology, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Qing Wang
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Shirley and Stefan Hatos Center for Neuropharmacology, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Tanya S J Kim
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Shirley and Stefan Hatos Center for Neuropharmacology, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Catherine M Cahill
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Shirley and Stefan Hatos Center for Neuropharmacology, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Giovanni Coppola
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Shirley and Stefan Hatos Center for Neuropharmacology, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Christopher J Evans
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Shirley and Stefan Hatos Center for Neuropharmacology, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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3
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Scanes CG, Pierzchala-Koziec K. Perspectives on Endogenous Opioids in Birds. Front Physiol 2019; 9:1842. [PMID: 30622479 PMCID: PMC6308189 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The present review summarizes the state of knowledge of endogenous opioids in birds. Endogenous opioid peptides acts in a neuromodulatory, hormonal and paracrine manner to mediate analgesic and other physiological functions. These peptides act through specific G-protein coupled receptors. Opioid receptors consist of a family of four closely-related proteins. The three types of opioid receptors are the mu (MOR or μ), delta (DOR or δ), and kappa (KOR or κ) opioid receptor proteins. The role of the fourth member of the opioid receptor family, the nociceptin or orphanin FQ receptor (ORL), is not clear. The ligands for opioid receptors are: β –endorphin (MOR), Met- enkephalin, Leu-enkephalin (DOR) and dynorphin (KOR), together with probably endomorphins 1 and 2. In spite of long history of research on endogenous opioid peptides, there are no studies of endogenous opioids per se in wild birds and few in poultry species. β-endorphin is present in all birds investigated and there is close agreement between the structures of β-endorphin in different birds. Plasma concentrations of β-endorphin are increased by ether stress in geese. There is evidence that β-endorphin plays a role in the control of luteinizing hormone release in chickens. Met-enkephalin is present in tissues such as the retina, hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and adrenals together with circulation of birds. Stresses such as crowding and withholding water increase circulating concentrations of Met-enkephalin in chickens. The structures of chicken dynorphin A and B have been deduced from cDNA. What is missing are comprehensive studies of plasma concentrations and expression of the full array of endogenous opioids in multiple avian species under different situations. Also, what is not known is the extent to which circulating or locally released or intra-cellular Met-enkephalin influence physiological process in birds. Thus, there is considerable scope for investigation of the physiology of endogenous opioids in birds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin G Scanes
- Center of Excellence in Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
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4
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Demin KA, Meshalkina DA, Kysil EV, Antonova KA, Volgin AD, Yakovlev OA, Alekseeva PA, Firuleva MM, Lakstygal AM, de Abreu MS, Barcellos LJG, Bao W, Friend AJ, Amstislavskaya TG, Rosemberg DB, Musienko PE, Song C, Kalueff AV. Zebrafish models relevant to studying central opioid and endocannabinoid systems. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2018; 86:301-312. [PMID: 29604314 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2018.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Revised: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The endocannabinoid and opioid systems are two interplaying neurotransmitter systems that modulate drug abuse, anxiety, pain, cognition, neurogenesis and immune activity. Although they are involved in such critical functions, our understanding of endocannabinoid and opioid physiology remains limited, necessitating further studies, novel models and new model organisms in this field. Zebrafish (Danio rerio) is rapidly emerging as one of the most effective translational models in neuroscience and biological psychiatry. Due to their high physiological and genetic homology to humans, zebrafish may be effectively used to study the endocannabinoid and opioid systems. Here, we discuss current models used to target the endocannabinoid and opioid systems in zebrafish, and their potential use in future translational research and high-throughput drug screening. Emphasizing the high degree of conservation of the endocannabinoid and opioid systems in zebrafish and mammals, we suggest zebrafish as an excellent model organism to study these systems and to search for the new drugs and therapies targeting their evolutionarily conserved mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantin A Demin
- Institute of Translational Biomedicine, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia; Institute of Experimental Medicine, Almazov National Medical Research Centre, St. Petersburg, Russia; Laboratory of Preclinical Bioscreening, Russian Research Center for Radiology and Surgical Technologies, Ministry of Health, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Darya A Meshalkina
- Institute of Translational Biomedicine, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia; Institute of Experimental Medicine, Almazov National Medical Research Centre, St. Petersburg, Russia; Laboratory of Preclinical Bioscreening, Russian Research Center for Radiology and Surgical Technologies, Ministry of Health, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Elana V Kysil
- Institute of Translational Biomedicine, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Kristina A Antonova
- Institute of Translational Biomedicine, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Andrey D Volgin
- Institute of Translational Biomedicine, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia; Medical Military Academy, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Oleg A Yakovlev
- Institute of Translational Biomedicine, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia; Medical Military Academy, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Polina A Alekseeva
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Almazov National Medical Research Centre, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Maria M Firuleva
- Institute of Translational Biomedicine, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Anton M Lakstygal
- Institute of Translational Biomedicine, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Murilo S de Abreu
- Bioscience Institute, University of Passo Fundo (UPF), Passo Fundo, RS, Brazil; Graduate Program in Pharmacology, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Leonardo J G Barcellos
- Graduate Program in Pharmacology, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil; Graduate Programs in Environmental Sciences, and Bio-Experimentation, University of Passo Fundo (UPF), Passo Fundo, Brazil; The International Zebrafish Neuroscience Research Consortium (ZNRC), Slidell, LA, USA
| | - Wandong Bao
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ashton J Friend
- The International Zebrafish Neuroscience Research Consortium (ZNRC), Slidell, LA, USA; Tulane University School of Science and Engineering, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Tamara G Amstislavskaya
- The International Zebrafish Neuroscience Research Consortium (ZNRC), Slidell, LA, USA; Laboratory of Translational Biopsychiatry, Research Institute of Physiology and Basic Medicine, Novosibirsk, Russia; Neuroscience Department, Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Denis B Rosemberg
- The International Zebrafish Neuroscience Research Consortium (ZNRC), Slidell, LA, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Pavel E Musienko
- Laboratory of Neuroprosthetics, Institute of Translational Biomedicine, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia; Laboratory of Motor Physiology, Pavlov Institute of Physiology RAS, St. Petersburg, Russia; Laboratory of Neurophysiology and Experimental Neurorehabilitation, St. Petersburg State Research Institute of Phthysiopulmonology, Ministry of Health, St. Petersburg, Russia; Russian Research Center of Radiology and Surgical Technologies, Ministry of Health, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Cai Song
- Research Institute for Marine Drugs and Nutrition, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China; Marine Medicine Research and Development Center, Shenzhen Institute of Guangdong Ocean University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Allan V Kalueff
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest University, Chongqing, China; Laboratory of Translational Biopsychiatry, Research Institute of Physiology and Basic Medicine, Novosibirsk, Russia; Neuroscience Department, Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia; ZENEREI Research Center, Slidell, LA, USA; Russian Research Center of Radiology and Surgical Technologies, Ministry of Health, St. Petersburg, Russia; Ural Federal University, Ekaterinburg, Russia; Aquatic Laboratory, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Almazov National Medical Research Centre, St. Petersburg, Russia.
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5
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Van Camp KA, Baggerman G, Blust R, Husson SJ. Peptidomics of the zebrafish Danio rerio : In search for neuropeptides. J Proteomics 2017; 150:290-296. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2016.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2016] [Revised: 09/07/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Bojnik E, Kleczkowska P, de Velasco EMF, Corbani M, Babos F, Lipkowski AW, Magyar A, Benyhe S. Bioactivity studies on atypical natural opioid hexapeptides processed from proenkephalin (PENK) precursor polypeptides. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2014; 174:29-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2014.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2014] [Revised: 06/02/2014] [Accepted: 06/06/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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7
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Leucine-enkephalin-like immunoreactivity is localized in luteinizing hormone-producing cells in the axolotl (Ambystoma mexicanum) pituitary. Tissue Cell 2014; 46:15-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2013.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2013] [Revised: 08/12/2013] [Accepted: 08/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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8
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Zhang Y, Xu J, Wang Z, Zhang X, Liang X, Civelli O. BmK-YA, an enkephalin-like peptide in scorpion venom. PLoS One 2012; 7:e40417. [PMID: 22792309 PMCID: PMC3392217 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0040417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2012] [Accepted: 06/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
By screening extracts of venom from the Asian scorpion Buthus martensii Karsch (BmK) for their abilities to activate opioid receptors, we have identified BmK-YA, an amidated peptide containing an enkephalin-like sequence. BmK-YA is encoded by a precursor that displays a signal sequence and contains four copies of BmK-YA sequences and four of His4-BmK-YA, all flanked by single amino acid residues. BmK-YA and His4-BmK-YA are amidated and thus fulfill the characteristics expected of bioactive peptides. BmK-YA can activate mammalian opioid receptors with selectivity for the δ subtype while His4-BmK-YA is inactive at opioid receptors. The discovery of BmK-YA suggests that scorpion venom may represent a novel source of bioactive molecules targeting G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) and reveal additional insights on the evolution of the opioid precursors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Junyan Xu
- Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, China
| | - Zhiwei Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Xiuli Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, China
| | - Xinmiao Liang
- Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, China
- * E-mail: (XL); (OC)
| | - Olivier Civelli
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
- * E-mail: (XL); (OC)
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9
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Komorowski LK, Lecaude SG, Westring CG, Danielson PB, Dores RM. Evolution of gnathostome prodynorphin and proenkephalin: characterization of a shark proenkephalin and prodynorphin cDNAs. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2012; 177:353-64. [PMID: 22210245 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2011.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2011] [Revised: 12/08/2011] [Accepted: 12/14/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Analyses of prodynorphin and proenkephalin cDNAs cloned from the central nervous system of the shark, Heterodontus portusjacksoni, provided additional evidence that these two opioid precursor-coding genes were most likely directly derived from a common ancestral gene. The two cDNAs could be aligned by inserting only seven gaps. The prodynorphin cDNA encodes five opioid sequences which could be aligned to opioid positions B through F in the proenkephalin cDNA. The sequence identity within the opioid positions was 59% at the amino acid level. Shark α-neo-endorphin, dynorphin A, and dynorphin B have amino acid motifs in common with shark met-enkephalin-8, and shark proenkephalin opioid positions E and F, respectively, which have not been observed in other gnathostome prodynorphin and proenkephalin precursor sequences. Shark prodynorphin encodes both kappa (α-neo-endorphin, dynorphin A, and dynorphin B) and delta (met-enkephalin and leu-enkephalin) opioid sequences. Mixed function prodynorphin precursors (encoding both enkephalins and dynorphins) are also found in representatives of the teleost fishes, lungfishes, and amphibians. It appears that only mammals evolved a prodynorphin precursor that exclusively encodes kappa opioid agonists (dynorphins).
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Affiliation(s)
- Leanne K Komorowski
- University of Denver, Department of Biological Sciences, Denver, CO 80210, USA
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10
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Vallarino M, d'Amora M, Dores RM. New insights into the neuroanatomical distribution and phylogeny of opioids and POMC-derived peptides in fish. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2012; 177:338-47. [PMID: 22575795 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2012.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2011] [Revised: 04/09/2012] [Accepted: 04/13/2012] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
This review re-evaluates the use of immunological probes to map enkephalinergic, dynorphinergic, and endorphinergic circuits in the CNS of lobe-finned fishes, ray-finned fishes, and cartilaginous fishes in light of the characterization of proenkephalin, prodynorphin, and POMC sequences from representatives of these groups of fish over the past 20 years. The use of α-MSH specific antisera is a reliable method for detecting POMC immunopositive cell bodies and fibers. Since α-MSH and β-endorphin are co-localized in the same neurons, these studies also reveal the distribution of endorphinergic networks. Met-enkephalin specific antisera can be used to detect enkephalinergic circuits in the CNS of gnathostomes because of the ubiquitous presence of this pentapeptide in the proenkephalin sequences of gnathostomes. However, the use of leu-enkephalin specific antisera to detect enkephalinergic networks is more problematic. While this immunological probe is appropriate for analyzing enkephalinergic networks in mammals and perhaps teleosts, for the lungfishes and cartilaginous fishes this probe is more likely able to detect dynorphinergic circuits. In this regard, there is a need to re-examine dynorphinergic networks in non-mammalian gnathostomes by using species specific antisera directed against dynorphin end-products.
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11
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Hoyle CH. Evolution of neuronal signalling: Transmitters and receptors. Auton Neurosci 2011; 165:28-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.autneu.2010.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2009] [Revised: 05/09/2010] [Accepted: 05/18/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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12
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Banerjee A, Strazza M, Wigdahl B, Pirrone V, Meucci O, Nonnemacher MR. Role of mu-opioids as cofactors in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 disease progression and neuropathogenesis. J Neurovirol 2011; 17:291-302. [PMID: 21735315 PMCID: PMC3757547 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-011-0037-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2011] [Revised: 05/01/2011] [Accepted: 05/09/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
About one third of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome cases in the USA have been attributed to the use of injected addictive drugs, frequently involving opioids like heroin and morphine, establishing them as significant predisposing risk factors for contracting human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). Accumulating evidence from in vitro and in vivo experimental systems indicates that opioids act in concert with HIV-1 proteins to exacerbate dysregulation of neural and immune cell function and survival through diverse molecular mechanisms. In contrast, the impact of opioid exposure and withdrawal on the viral life cycle and HIV-1 disease progression itself is unclear, with conflicting reports emerging from the simian immunodeficiency virus and simian-human immunodeficiency virus infection models. However, these studies suggest a potential role of opioids in elevated viral production. Because human microglia, astrocytes, CD4+ T lymphocytes, and monocyte-derived macrophages express opioid receptors, it is likely that intracellular signaling events triggered by morphine facilitate enhancement of HIV-1 infection in these target cell populations. This review highlights the biochemical changes that accompany prolonged exposure to and withdrawal from morphine that synergize with HIV-1 proteins to disrupt normal cellular physiological functions especially within the central nervous system. More importantly, it collates evidence from epidemiological studies, animal models, and heterologous cell systems to propose a mechanistic link between such physiological adaptations and direct modulation of HIV-1 production. Understanding the opioid-HIV-1 interface at the molecular level is vitally important in designing better treatment strategies for HIV-1-infected patients who abuse opioids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anupam Banerjee
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, 245 N. 15th St., Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA. Center for Molecular Virology and Translational Neuroscience, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, 245 N. 15th St., Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA. Center for Neuroimmunology and CNS Therapeutics, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, 245 N. 15th St., Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA
| | - Marianne Strazza
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, 245 N. 15th St., Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA. Center for Molecular Virology and Translational Neuroscience, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, 245 N. 15th St., Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA. Center for Neuroimmunology and CNS Therapeutics, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, 245 N. 15th St., Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA
| | - Brian Wigdahl
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, 245 N. 15th St., Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA. Center for Molecular Virology and Translational Neuroscience, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, 245 N. 15th St., Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA. Center for Neuroimmunology and CNS Therapeutics, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, 245 N. 15th St., Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA
| | - Vanessa Pirrone
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, 245 N. 15th St., Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA. Center for Molecular Virology and Translational Neuroscience, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, 245 N. 15th St., Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA. Center for Neuroimmunology and CNS Therapeutics, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, 245 N. 15th St., Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA
| | - Olimpia Meucci
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, 245 N. 15th St., Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA. Center for Molecular Virology and Translational Neuroscience, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, 245 N. 15th St., Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA. Center for Neuroimmunology and CNS Therapeutics, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, 245 N. 15th St., Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA
| | - Michael R. Nonnemacher
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, 245 N. 15th St., Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA. Center for Molecular Virology and Translational Neuroscience, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, 245 N. 15th St., Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA. Center for Neuroimmunology and CNS Therapeutics, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, 245 N. 15th St., Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA
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13
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Dores RM, Majeed Q, Komorowski L. Observations on the radiation of lobe-finned fishes, ray-finned fishes, and cartilaginous fishes: phylogeny of the opioid/orphanin gene family and the 2R hypothesis. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2011; 170:253-64. [PMID: 20937278 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2010.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2010] [Revised: 09/28/2010] [Accepted: 09/30/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
At the close of the Devonian Period the rapid decline in the diversity of the lobe-finned fishes was countered by the emergence and diversification of the ray-finned fishes and the cartilaginous fishes that now dominate marine and freshwater ecosystems. All of these jawed vertebrates were derived from the ancestral gnathostomes; a chordate lineage that had experienced two genome duplication events during the evolution of the phylum. This review analyzes trends in the phylogeny of the opioid/orphanin gene family (four prohormone/neuropeptide precursor-coding genes) in the major classes of gnathostomes that survived the extinction events at the close of the Devonian Period and focuses on some features of this gene family that appear to set the cartilaginous fishes (class Chondrichthyes) apart from class Sarcopterygii (lobe-finned fishes and tetrapods) and class Actinopterygii (the ray-finned fishes).
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert M Dores
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Denver, Denver, CO 80210, USA.
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Gallagher SK, Witkovsky P, Roux MJ, Low MJ, Otero-Corchon V, Hentges ST, Vigh J. beta-Endorphin expression in the mouse retina. J Comp Neurol 2010; 518:3130-48. [PMID: 20533364 PMCID: PMC3095846 DOI: 10.1002/cne.22387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Evidence showing expression of endogenous opioids in the mammalian retina is sparse. In the present study we examined a transgenic mouse line expressing an obligate dimerized form of Discosoma red fluorescent protein (DsRed) under the control of the pro-opiomelanocortin promoter and distal upstream regulatory elements to assess whether pro-opiomelanocortin peptide (POMC), and its opioid cleavage product, beta-endorphin, are expressed in the mouse retina. Using double label immunohistochemistry we found that DsRed fluorescence was restricted to a subset of GAD-67-positive cholinergic amacrine cells of both orthotopic and displaced subtypes. About 50% of cholinergic amacrine cells colocalized DsRed and a large fraction of DsRed-expressing amacrine cells was positive for beta-endorphin immunostaining, whereas beta-endorphin-immunoreactive neurons were absent in retinas of POMC null mice. Our findings contribute to a growing body of evidence demonstrating that opioid peptides are an integral component of vertebrate retinas, including those of mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon K. Gallagher
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Paul Witkovsky
- Department of Ophthalmology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Michel J. Roux
- Department of Neurobiology and Genetics, IGBMC, CNRS UMR 7104, Inserm U 964, Université de Strasbourg, F-67404 Illkirch, France
| | - Malcolm J. Low
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Veronica Otero-Corchon
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Shane T. Hentges
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Jozsef Vigh
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
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McClendon J, Lecaude S, Dores AR, Dores RM. Evolution of the opioid/ORL-1 receptor gene family. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2010; 1200:85-94. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2010.05515.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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16
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Sundström G, Dreborg S, Larhammar D. Concomitant duplications of opioid peptide and receptor genes before the origin of jawed vertebrates. PLoS One 2010; 5:e10512. [PMID: 20463905 PMCID: PMC2865548 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0010512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2010] [Accepted: 04/13/2010] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The opioid system is involved in reward and pain mechanisms and consists in mammals of four receptors and several peptides. The peptides are derived from four prepropeptide genes, PENK, PDYN, PNOC and POMC, encoding enkephalins, dynorphins, orphanin/nociceptin and beta-endorphin, respectively. Previously we have described how two rounds of genome doubling (2R) before the origin of jawed vertebrates formed the receptor family. Methodology/Principal Findings Opioid peptide gene family members were investigated using a combination of sequence-based phylogeny and chromosomal locations of the peptide genes in various vertebrates. Several adjacent gene families were investigated similarly. The results show that the ancestral peptide gene gave rise to two additional copies in the genome doublings. The fourth member was generated by a local gene duplication, as the genes encoding POMC and PNOC are located on the same chromosome in the chicken genome and all three teleost genomes that we have studied. A translocation has disrupted this synteny in mammals. The PDYN gene seems to have been lost in chicken, but not in zebra finch. Duplicates of some peptide genes have arisen in the teleost fishes. Within the prepropeptide precursors, peptides have been lost or gained in different lineages. Conclusions/Significance The ancestral peptide and receptor genes were located on the same chromosome and were thus duplicated concomitantly. However, subsequently genetic linkage has been lost. In conclusion, the system of opioid peptides and receptors was largely formed by the genome doublings that took place early in vertebrate evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Görel Sundström
- Department of Neuroscience, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Susanne Dreborg
- Department of Neuroscience, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Dan Larhammar
- Department of Neuroscience, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- * E-mail:
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17
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Bojnik E, Babos F, Magyar A, Borsodi A, Benyhe S. Bioinformatic and biochemical studies on the phylogenetic variability of proenkephalin-derived octapeptides. Neuroscience 2010; 165:542-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2009.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2009] [Revised: 09/09/2009] [Accepted: 10/03/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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18
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Remage-Healey L, Bass AH. Estradiol interacts with an opioidergic network to achieve rapid modulation of a vocal pattern generator. J Comp Physiol A Neuroethol Sens Neural Behav Physiol 2009; 196:137-46. [PMID: 20035335 PMCID: PMC2809949 DOI: 10.1007/s00359-009-0500-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2009] [Revised: 12/07/2009] [Accepted: 12/08/2009] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Estrogens rapidly regulate neuronal activity within seconds-to-minutes, yet it is unclear how estrogens interact with neural circuits to rapidly coordinate behavior. This study examines whether 17-beta-estradiol interacts with an opioidergic network to achieve rapid modulation of a vocal control circuit. Adult plainfin midshipman fish emit vocalizations that mainly differ in duration, and rhythmic activity of a hindbrain–spinal vocal pattern generator (VPG) directly establishes the temporal features of midshipman vocalizations. VPG activity is therefore predictive of natural calls, and ‘fictive calls’ can be elicited by electrical microstimulation of the VPG. Prior studies show that intramuscular estradiol injection rapidly (within 5 min) increases fictive call duration in midshipman. Here, we delivered opioid antagonists near the VPG prior to estradiol injection. Rapid estradiol actions on fictive calling were completely suppressed by the broad-spectrum opioid antagonist naloxone and the mu-opioid antagonist beta-funaltrexamine, but were unaffected by the kappa-opioid antagonist nor-binaltorphimine. Unexpectedly, prior to estradiol administration, all three opioid antagonists caused immediate, transient reductions in fictive call duration. Together, our results indicate that: (1) vocal activity is modulated by opioidergic networks, confirming hypotheses from birds and mammals, and (2) the rapid actions of estradiol on vocal patterning depend on interactions with a mu-opioid modulatory network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke Remage-Healey
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
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19
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Larhammar D, Dreborg S, Larsson TA, Sundström G. Early Duplications of Opioid Receptor and Peptide Genes in Vertebrate Evolution. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2009; 1163:451-3. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2008.03672.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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20
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Bojnik E, Magyar A, Tóth G, Bajusz S, Borsodi A, Benyhe S. Binding studies of novel, non-mammalian enkephalins, structures predicted from frog and lungfish brain cDNA sequences. Neuroscience 2008; 158:867-74. [PMID: 18977279 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2008.09.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2008] [Revised: 08/30/2008] [Accepted: 10/27/2008] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Leu- and Met-enkephalin were the first endogenous opioid peptides identified in different mammalian species including the human. Comparative biochemical and bioinformatic evidence indicates that enkephalins are not limited to mammals. Various prodynorphin (PDYN) sequences in lower vertebrates revealed the presence of other enkephalin fingerprints in these precursor polypeptides. Among the novel enkephalins Ile-enkephalin (Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe-Ile) was primarily observed in the African clawed frog (Xenopus laevis) PDYNs, while the structure of Phe-enkephalin (Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe-Phe) was predicted by analyzing brain cDNA sequences encoding a PDYN of the African lungfish (Protopterus annectens). Ile-enkephalin can also be found in the PDYNs of four other fish species including the eel, bichir, zebrafish and tilapia, but no further occurrence for the Phe-enkephalin motif is available as yet. Based on sequencing data, the biological relevance of Phe- and Ile-enkephalin is suggested, because both of them can arise by regular posttranslational enzymatic processing of the respective neuropeptide precursors. In various receptor binding assays performed on rat brain membrane preparations both of the new peptides turned out to be moderate affinity opioids with a weak preference for the delta-opioid receptor (DOP) sites. Phe-enkephalin of the lungfish displayed rather unexpectedly low affinities toward the mu-opioid receptor (MOP) and DOP, while exhibiting moderate affinity toward the kappa-opioid receptor (KOP). In receptor-mediated G-protein activation assays measured by the stimulation of [(35)S]GTPgammaS binding, Met-enkephalin produced the highest stimulation followed by Leu-enkephalin, Ile-enkephalin and Phe-enkephalin, whereas the least efficacious among these endogenous peptides was still more effective than the prototype opiate agonist morphine in these functional tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Bojnik
- Institute of Biochemistry, Biological Research Centre, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Temesvari krt 62, 6726 Szeged, Hungary.
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21
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Lee J, Alrubaian J, Dores RM. Are lungfish living fossils? Observation on the evolution of the opioid/orphanin gene family. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2006; 148:306-14. [PMID: 16930601 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2006.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2006] [Revised: 07/16/2006] [Accepted: 07/19/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
This minireview considers the possibility that there is a correlation between the slow rate of morphological change and speciation events that has been occurred within the lungfish lineage since the Permian period, and the apparent slow rate of divergence in the amino acid sequences of lungfish opioid precursor sequences. The status of lungfish as "living fossils" is considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Lee
- Division of Cardiology, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, CO 80262, USA
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22
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Alrubaian J, Lecaude S, Barba J, Szynskie L, Jacobs N, Bauer D, Brown C, Kaminer I, Bagrosky B, Dores RM. Trends in the evolution of the prodynorphin gene in teleosts: cloning of eel and tilapia prodynorphin cDNAs. Peptides 2006; 27:797-804. [PMID: 16274850 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2005.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2005] [Revised: 09/13/2005] [Accepted: 09/14/2005] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The detection of the prodynorphin gene in anuran amphibians and lungfishes may indicate that this gene arose as a result of the duplication of the proenkephalin gene early during the divergence of the Sarcopterygii, or that this gene may predate the divergence of the ray-finned fish and the lobe-finned fish. The cloning of prodynorphin-related genes from the pufferfish and zebrafish supports the latter hypothesis. This study analyzes trends in the radiation of the prodynorphin gene in teleosts. Prodynorphin cDNAs were cloned from the brain of the eel Anguilla rostrata and the Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus. These teleost prodynorphin sequences have distinct alpha-neoendorphin, dynorphin A, and dynorphin B sequences, and a novel opioid sequence, YGGFI. The relationship of these teleost prodynorphin sequences to other actinopterygian and sarcopterygian prodynorphin sequences will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasem Alrubaian
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Kuwait, Kuwait City 13060, Kuwait
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