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Zlatkovic J, Dalmau Gasull A, Hägg D, Font-Gironès F, Bellman J, Meister B, Palsdottir V, Ruud J, Ohlsson C, Dickson SL, Anesten F, Jansson JO. Reduction of body weight by increased loading is associated with activation of norepinephrine neurones in the medial nucleus of the solitary tract. J Neuroendocrinol 2023; 35:e13352. [PMID: 37885347 DOI: 10.1111/jne.13352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
We previously provided evidence supporting the existence of a novel leptin-independent body weight homeostat ("the gravitostat") that senses body weight and then initiates a homeostatic feed-back regulation of body weight. We, herein, hypothesize that this feed-back regulation involves a CNS mechanism. To identify populations of neurones of importance for the putative feed-back signal induced by increased loading, high-fat diet-fed rats or mice were implanted intraperitoneally or subcutaneously with capsules weighing ∼15% (Load) or ∼2.5% (Control) of body weight. At 3-5 days after implantation, neuronal activation was assessed in different parts of the brain/brainstem by immunohistochemical detection of FosB. Implantation of weighted capsules, both subcutaneous and intraperitoneal, induced FosB in specific neurones in the medial nucleus of the solitary tract (mNTS), known to integrate information about the metabolic status of the body. These neurones also expressed tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and dopamine-beta-hydroxylase (DbH), a pattern typical of norepinephrine neurones. In functional studies, we specifically ablated norepinephrine neurones in mNTS, which attenuated the feed-back regulation of increased load on body weight and food intake. In conclusion, increased load appears to reduce body weight and food intake via activation of norepinephrine neurones in the mNTS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jovana Zlatkovic
- Departement of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | | | - Daniel Hägg
- Departement of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ferran Font-Gironès
- Departement of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jakob Bellman
- Departement of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Björn Meister
- Institute of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Johan Ruud
- Departement of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Claes Ohlsson
- Center for Bone and Arthritis Research, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Suzanne L Dickson
- Departement of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Fredrik Anesten
- Departement of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - John-Olov Jansson
- Departement of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Lisco G, De Tullio A, Iovino M, Disoteo O, Guastamacchia E, Giagulli VA, Triggiani V. Dopamine in the Regulation of Glucose Homeostasis, Pathogenesis of Type 2 Diabetes, and Chronic Conditions of Impaired Dopamine Activity/Metabolism: Implication for Pathophysiological and Therapeutic Purposes. Biomedicines 2023; 11:2993. [PMID: 38001993 PMCID: PMC10669051 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11112993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Revised: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Dopamine regulates several functions, such as voluntary movements, spatial memory, motivation, sleep, arousal, feeding, immune function, maternal behaviors, and lactation. Less clear is the role of dopamine in the pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) and chronic complications and conditions frequently associated with it. This review summarizes recent evidence on the role of dopamine in regulating insular metabolism and activity, the pathophysiology of traditional chronic complications associated with T2D, the pathophysiological interconnection between T2D and chronic neurological and psychiatric disorders characterized by impaired dopamine activity/metabolism, and therapeutic implications. Reinforcing dopamine signaling is therapeutic in T2D, especially in patients with dopamine-related disorders, such as Parkinson's and Huntington's diseases, addictions, and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. On the other hand, although specific trials are probably needed, certain medications approved for T2D (e.g., metformin, pioglitazone, incretin-based therapy, and gliflozins) may have a therapeutic role in such dopamine-related disorders due to anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative effects, improvement in insulin signaling, neuroinflammation, mitochondrial dysfunction, autophagy, and apoptosis, restoration of striatal dopamine synthesis, and modulation of dopamine signaling associated with reward and hedonic eating. Last, targeting dopamine metabolism could have the potential for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes in chronic diabetes-related complications, such as diabetic retinopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Lisco
- Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Bari, 70124 Bari, Italy; (G.L.); (A.D.T.); (M.I.); (E.G.); (V.A.G.)
| | - Anna De Tullio
- Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Bari, 70124 Bari, Italy; (G.L.); (A.D.T.); (M.I.); (E.G.); (V.A.G.)
| | - Michele Iovino
- Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Bari, 70124 Bari, Italy; (G.L.); (A.D.T.); (M.I.); (E.G.); (V.A.G.)
| | - Olga Disoteo
- Diabetology Unit, ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, 20162 Milan, Italy;
| | - Edoardo Guastamacchia
- Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Bari, 70124 Bari, Italy; (G.L.); (A.D.T.); (M.I.); (E.G.); (V.A.G.)
| | - Vito Angelo Giagulli
- Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Bari, 70124 Bari, Italy; (G.L.); (A.D.T.); (M.I.); (E.G.); (V.A.G.)
| | - Vincenzo Triggiani
- Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Bari, 70124 Bari, Italy; (G.L.); (A.D.T.); (M.I.); (E.G.); (V.A.G.)
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Al‐Alsheikh AS, Alabdulkader S, Miras AD, Goldstone AP. Effects of bariatric surgery and dietary interventions for obesity on brain neurotransmitter systems and metabolism: A systematic review of positron emission tomography (PET) and single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) studies. Obes Rev 2023; 24:e13620. [PMID: 37699864 PMCID: PMC10909448 DOI: 10.1111/obr.13620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2022] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023]
Abstract
This systematic review collates studies of dietary or bariatric surgery interventions for obesity using positron emission tomography and single-photon emission computed tomography. Of 604 publications identified, 22 met inclusion criteria. Twelve studies assessed bariatric surgery (seven gastric bypass, five gastric bypass/sleeve gastrectomy), and ten dietary interventions (six low-calorie diet, three very low-calorie diet, one prolonged fasting). Thirteen studies examined neurotransmitter systems (six used tracers for dopamine DRD2/3 receptors: two each for 11 C-raclopride, 18 F-fallypride, 123 I-IBZM; one for dopamine transporter, 123 I-FP-CIT; one used tracer for serotonin 5-HT2A receptor, 18 F-altanserin; two used tracers for serotonin transporter, 11 C-DASB or 123 I-FP-CIT; two used tracer for μ-opioid receptor, 11 C-carfentanil; one used tracer for noradrenaline transporter, 11 C-MRB); seven studies assessed glucose uptake using 18 F-fluorodeoxyglucose; four studies assessed regional cerebral blood flow using 15 O-H2 O (one study also used arterial spin labeling); and two studies measured fatty acid uptake using 18 F-FTHA and one using 11 C-palmitate. The review summarizes findings and correlations with clinical outcomes, eating behavior, and mechanistic mediators. The small number of studies using each tracer and intervention, lack of dietary intervention control groups in any surgical studies, heterogeneity in time since intervention and degree of weight loss, and small sample sizes hindered the drawing of robust conclusions across studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alhanouf S. Al‐Alsheikh
- Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College LondonHammersmith HospitalLondonUK
- Department of Community Health Sciences, College of Applied Medical SciencesKing Saud UniversityRiyadhSaudi Arabia
| | - Shahd Alabdulkader
- Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College LondonHammersmith HospitalLondonUK
- Department of Health Sciences, College of Health and Rehabilitation SciencesPrincess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman UniversityRiyadhSaudi Arabia
| | - Alexander D. Miras
- Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College LondonHammersmith HospitalLondonUK
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Life and Health SciencesUlster UniversityLondonderryUK
| | - Anthony P. Goldstone
- PsychoNeuroEndocrinology Research Group, Division of Psychiatry, Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College LondonHammersmith HospitalLondonUK
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Zhao H, Shi H, Ren Z, He M, Cui L, Wang S, Zhao J, Li W, Wei Y, Zhang W, Chen Z, Liu H, Zhang X. Longitudinal relationship between body mass index and depressive symptoms among Chinese adults: The moderating roles of lifestyle factors and age. J Psychosom Res 2023; 170:111380. [PMID: 37244071 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychores.2023.111380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aims to verify the moderating roles of lifestyle factors and age between body mass index (BMI), BMI trajectory and depressive symptoms of Chinese adults through a prospective design. METHODS The participants who are 18 years old and above from the China Family Panel Studies (CFPS) were included in the 2016 baseline and 2018 follow-up research. BMI was calculated according to self-report weight (kilogram) and height (centimeter). Depressive symptoms were evaluated via the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression (CESD-20) scale. Inverse probability-of-censoring weighted estimation (IPCW) was used to check whether selection bias existed. Modified Poisson regression was performed to calculate prevalence and risk ratios as well as 95% confidence intervals. RESULTS After adjustment, it was found that the positive associations of persistent underweight (RR = 1.154, P < 0.001) and normal weight → underweight (RR = 1.143, P < 0.001) with 2018 depressive symptoms were significant among middle-aged people, while the negative association of persistent overweight/obesity (RR = 0.972, P < 0.001) was significant in young adults. Notably, smoking moderated the relationship between baseline BMI and subsequent depressive symptoms (interaction P = 0.028). Also, exercise regularly and exercise duration weekly moderated the relationships of baseline BMI (interaction P = 0.004 and 0.015) and trajectories of BMI (interaction P = 0.008 and 0.011) with depressive symptoms among Chinese adults, respectively. CONCLUSION Weight management strategies for underweight and normal weight → underweight adults should pay attention to the role of exercise in maintaining normal weight and improving depressive symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanfang Zhao
- Department of Social Medicine and Health Management, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Hong Shi
- Department of Social Medicine and Health Management, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Zheng Ren
- Department of Social Medicine and Health Management, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Minfu He
- Department of Social Medicine and Health Management, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Li Cui
- Department of Social Medicine and Health Management, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Shixun Wang
- Department of Social Medicine and Health Management, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jieyu Zhao
- Department of Social Medicine and Health Management, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Wenjun Li
- Department of Social Medicine and Health Management, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, China.
| | - Yachen Wei
- Department of Social Medicine and Health Management, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, China.
| | - Wenjing Zhang
- Department of Social Medicine and Health Management, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, China.
| | - Ziqiang Chen
- Department of Social Medicine and Health Management, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, China.
| | - Hongjian Liu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xiumin Zhang
- Department of Social Medicine and Health Management, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, China.
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Manco L, Machado-Rodrigues AM, Padez C. Association study of common functional genetic polymorphisms in SLC6A4 (5-HTT) and MAOA genes with obesity in portuguese children. Arch Physiol Biochem 2022; 128:1510-1515. [PMID: 32551914 DOI: 10.1080/13813455.2020.1779312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate the association of polymorphisms in SLC6A4 and MAOA genes with obesity indices in children. MATERIAL AND METHODS A total of 637 Portuguese children (317 girls; 320 boys) aged 3-11 years-old were genotyped for the SLC6A4 polymorphisms, 5-HTTLPR and STin2, and for a MAOA VNTR. Polymorphisms were analysed by PCR-based methods. RESULTS Although non-significant (p = .089), our study revealed the Stin2 10 minor allele with a marked higher frequency in girls with overweight/obesity (0.466) in comparison with controls (0.376). Combining the two SLC6A4 polymorphisms, haplotype S/12 revealed in girls significant or nominally significant protective effects against BMI (β = -0.615; p = .009), BMI Z-score (β = -0.251; p = .006), WC (β = -1.4; p = .02) and WHtR (β = -0.008; p = .04). CONCLUSIONS We found some evidences for the role of SLC6A4 gene in measures of childhood obesity, mainly in girls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Licínio Manco
- Research Centre for Anthropology and Health (CIAS), Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Aristides M Machado-Rodrigues
- Research Centre for Anthropology and Health (CIAS), Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- High School of Education, Polytechnic Institute of Viseu, Viseu, Portugal
| | - Cristina Padez
- Research Centre for Anthropology and Health (CIAS), Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
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Mavanji V, Pomonis B, Kotz CM. Orexin, serotonin, and energy balance. WIREs Mech Dis 2022; 14:e1536. [PMID: 35023323 PMCID: PMC9286346 DOI: 10.1002/wsbm.1536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
The lateral hypothalamus is critical for the control of ingestive behavior and spontaneous physical activity (SPA), as lesion or stimulation of this region alters these behaviors. Evidence points to lateral hypothalamic orexin neurons as modulators of feeding and SPA. These neurons affect a broad range of systems, and project to multiple brain regions such as the dorsal raphe nucleus, which contains serotoninergic neurons (DRN) important to energy homeostasis. Physical activity is comprised of intentional exercise and SPA. These are opposite ends of a continuum of physical activity intensity and structure. Non‐goal‐oriented behaviors, such as fidgeting, standing, and ambulating, constitute SPA in humans, and reflect a propensity for activity separate from intentional activity, such as high‐intensity voluntary exercise. In animals, SPA is activity not influenced by rewards such as food or a running wheel. Spontaneous physical activity in humans and animals burns calories and could theoretically be manipulated pharmacologically to expend calories and protect against obesity. The DRN neurons receive orexin inputs, and project heavily onto cortical and subcortical areas involved in movement, feeding and energy expenditure (EE). This review discusses the function of hypothalamic orexin in energy‐homeostasis, the interaction with DRN serotonin neurons, and the role of this orexin‐serotonin axis in regulating food intake, SPA, and EE. In addition, we discuss possible brain areas involved in orexin–serotonin cross‐talk; the role of serotonin receptors, transporters and uptake‐inhibitors in the pathogenesis and treatment of obesity; animal models of obesity with impaired serotonin‐function; single‐nucleotide polymorphisms in the serotonin system and obesity; and future directions in the orexin–serotonin field. This article is categorized under:Metabolic Diseases > Molecular and Cellular Physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijayakumar Mavanji
- Research Service, Minneapolis VA Health Care System, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Brianna Pomonis
- Research Service, Minneapolis VA Health Care System, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Catherine M Kotz
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA.,Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Minneapolis VA Health Care System, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
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Stabouli S, Erdine S, Suurorg L, Jankauskienė A, Lurbe E. Obesity and Eating Disorders in Children and Adolescents: The Bidirectional Link. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13124321. [PMID: 34959873 PMCID: PMC8705700 DOI: 10.3390/nu13124321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity, eating disorders and unhealthy dieting practices among children and adolescents are alarming health concerns due to their high prevalence and adverse effects on physical and psychosocial health. We present the evidence that eating disorders and obesity can be managed or prevented using the same interventions in the pediatric age. In the presence of obesity in the pediatric age, disordered eating behaviors are highly prevalent, increasing the risk of developing eating disorders. The most frequently observed in subjects with obesity are bulimia nervosa and binge-eating disorders, both of which are characterized by abnormal eating or weight-control behaviors. Various are the mechanisms overlying the interaction including environmental and individual ones, and different are the approaches to reduce the consequences. Evidence-based treatments for obesity and eating disorders in childhood include as first line approaches weight loss with nutritional management and lifestyle modification via behavioral psychotherapy, as well as treatment of psychiatric comorbidities if those are not a consequence of the eating disorder. Drugs and bariatric surgery need to be used in extreme cases. Future research is necessary for early detection of risk factors for prevention, more precise elucidation of the mechanisms that underpin these problems and, finally, in the cases requiring therapeutic intervention, to provide tailored and timely treatment. Collective efforts between the fields are crucial for reducing the factors of health disparity and improving public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stella Stabouli
- First Department of Pediatrics, Hipnmpokration Hospital, Aristotle University, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece;
| | - Serap Erdine
- Hypertension and Arteriosclerosis Research and Implementation Center, School of Medicine, Marmara University, Istanbul 34722, Turkey;
| | - Lagle Suurorg
- Tallinn Children’s Hospital, 2813419 Estonia, Estonia;
| | - Augustina Jankauskienė
- Pediatric Center, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Vilnius University, 01513 Vilnius, Lithuania;
| | - Empar Lurbe
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Valencia, 1346010 Valencia, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatologia Obesidad y Nutricion, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-96-3131800
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8
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Hanel V, Schalla MA, Stengel A. Irritable bowel syndrome and functional dyspepsia in patients with eating disorders - a systematic review. EUROPEAN EATING DISORDERS REVIEW 2021; 29:692-719. [PMID: 34086385 DOI: 10.1002/erv.2847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The prevalence of eating disorders is rising worldwide. The low body weight in anorexia nervosa as well as the increase in body mass index due to binge eating disorder are contributing to a strikingly high morbidity and mortality. In a similar pattern, the prevalence and burden of the disease of functional gastrointestinal disorders such as functional dyspepsia and irritable bowel syndrome is increasing. As gastrointestinal complaints are commonly reported by patients with eating disorders, the question arose whether there is a relationship between eating disorders and functional gastrointestinal disorders. METHODS To address the need to better understand the interplay between eating disorders and functional gastrointestinal disorders as well as factors that might influence this connection, the data bases Medline, Web of Science and Embase were systematically searched. RESULTS After removal of duplicates the search yielded 388 studies which were screened manually. As a result, 36 publications were selected for inclusion in this systematic review. CONCLUSION The occurrence of functional gastrointestinal disorders like irritable bowel syndrome and functional dyspepsia in patients with eating disorders is considerably high and often associated with psychological, hormonal and functional alterations. In the future, further research addressing the underlying mechanisms accounting for this relationship is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivien Hanel
- Charité Center for Internal Medicine and Dermatology, Department for Psychosomatic Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Martha A Schalla
- Charité Center for Internal Medicine and Dermatology, Department for Psychosomatic Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Stengel
- Charité Center for Internal Medicine and Dermatology, Department for Psychosomatic Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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9
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De la Fuente-Reynoso AL, Barrios De Tomasi E, Juárez J. Differential effects of citalopram on the intake of high fat or high carbohydrates diets in female and male rats. Nutr Neurosci 2021; 25:1477-1487. [PMID: 33427121 DOI: 10.1080/1028415x.2020.1870198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Chronic administration of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI), usually prescribed as antidepressants, decreases total energy intake; however, at present the differential effect on the intake of distinct macronutrients and on female vs. male organisms is not clear. On this basis, female and male adult Wistar rats were exposed to two types of diets: (1) a standard balanced diet (BD); or (2) two types of diets simultaneously, (a) one high in carbohydrates (HC); the other (b) high in fat (HF). Both study groups were given a dose of 10 mg/kg/day i.p. of citalopram or a vehicle for 21 days. Food and water consumption and body weight were recorded daily at baseline (BL), during treatment (TX), and post-treatment (PTx1-PTx2). The male rats exposed to BD reduced total energy consumption during treatment with citalopram, but body weight gain decreased both females and males compared to BL. During exposure to the two types of diets, citalopram treatment reduced fat consumption with respect to BL and PTx1 only in the male group. This group also decreased its total energy consumption during TX compared to PTx1. Finally, the females gained less body weight in TX than PTx1, while weight gain in the males during TX decreased with respect to BL and PTx1. Results show a differential effect of citalopram on females vs. males that was dependent on the type of macronutrient administered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amparo L De la Fuente-Reynoso
- Laboratorio de Farmacología y Conducta, Instituto de Neurociencias, CUCBA, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, México
| | - Eliana Barrios De Tomasi
- Laboratorio de Farmacología y Conducta, Instituto de Neurociencias, CUCBA, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, México
| | - Jorge Juárez
- Laboratorio de Farmacología y Conducta, Instituto de Neurociencias, CUCBA, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, México
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10
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Gómez-Canela C, Rovira García X, Martínez-Jerónimo F, Marcé RM, Barata C. Analysis of neurotransmitters in Daphnia magna affected by neuroactive pharmaceuticals using liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 254:113029. [PMID: 31454584 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Revised: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Neurotransmission plays an essential role during the central nervous system (CNS) development. During the last years, several studies based on the changes produced in neurotransmitters of aquatic organisms caused by pharmaceuticals have been reported. Daphnia magna, the aquatic ecotoxicological model organism, shares several of the neurotransmitters targeted by antidepressant and other neuro-active drugs with vertebrates. Therefore, a method based on liquid chromatography coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS) has been applied for the first time to study the levels of 41 neurotransmitters in Daphnia magna under the effect of four different neuro-active pharmaceuticals (sertraline, venlafaxine, duloxetine and fluoxetine). In addition, the performance of LC-HRMS was studied in terms of linearity, sensitivity, intra- and inter-day precision, and overall robustness. The developed analytical method using LC-HRMS is a new tool for neurotoxicology research using the Daphnia magna model. As a result, general differences on the concentrations of those neurotransmitters exposed to the mentioned pharmaceuticals were observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristian Gómez-Canela
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Organic Chemistry, Campus Sescelades, Faculty of Chemistry, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Marcel∙lí Domingo s/n, Tarragona, Catalonia, Spain.
| | - Xavier Rovira García
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | | | - Rosa María Marcé
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Organic Chemistry, Campus Sescelades, Faculty of Chemistry, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Marcel∙lí Domingo s/n, Tarragona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Carlos Barata
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
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11
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Yabut JM, Crane JD, Green AE, Keating DJ, Khan WI, Steinberg GR. Emerging Roles for Serotonin in Regulating Metabolism: New Implications for an Ancient Molecule. Endocr Rev 2019; 40:1092-1107. [PMID: 30901029 PMCID: PMC6624793 DOI: 10.1210/er.2018-00283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2018] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Serotonin is a phylogenetically ancient biogenic amine that has played an integral role in maintaining energy homeostasis for billions of years. In mammals, serotonin produced within the central nervous system regulates behavior, suppresses appetite, and promotes energy expenditure by increasing sympathetic drive to brown adipose tissue. In addition to these central circuits, emerging evidence also suggests an important role for peripheral serotonin as a factor that enhances nutrient absorption and storage. Specifically, glucose and fatty acids stimulate the release of serotonin from the duodenum, promoting gut peristalsis and nutrient absorption. Serotonin also enters the bloodstream and interacts with multiple organs, priming the body for energy storage by promoting insulin secretion and de novo lipogenesis in the liver and white adipose tissue, while reducing lipolysis and the metabolic activity of brown and beige adipose tissue. Collectively, peripheral serotonin acts as an endocrine factor to promote the efficient storage of energy by upregulating lipid anabolism. Pharmacological inhibition of serotonin synthesis or signaling in key metabolic tissues are potential drug targets for obesity, type 2 diabetes, and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD).
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian M Yabut
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.,Centre for Metabolism, Obesity and Diabetes Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Justin D Crane
- Department of Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Alexander E Green
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.,Centre for Metabolism, Obesity and Diabetes Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Damien J Keating
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia, Australia
| | - Waliul I Khan
- Centre for Metabolism, Obesity and Diabetes Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.,Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Gregory R Steinberg
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.,Centre for Metabolism, Obesity and Diabetes Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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12
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Noradrenaline transporter availability on [ 11C]MRB PET predicts weight loss success in highly obese adults. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2018; 45:1618-1625. [PMID: 29627935 DOI: 10.1007/s00259-018-4002-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Although the mechanisms by which the central noradrenaline (NA) system influences appetite and controls energy balance are quite well understood, its relationship to changes in body weight remains largely unknown. The main goal of this study was to further clarify whether the brain NA system is a stable trait or whether it can be altered by dietary intervention. METHODS We aimed to compare central NA transporter (NAT) availability in ten obese, otherwise healthy individuals with a body mass index (BMI) of 42.4 ± 3.7 kg/m2 (age 34 ± 9 years, four women) and ten matched non-obese, healthy controls (BMI 23.9 ± 2.5 kg/m2, age 33 ± 10 years, four women) who underwent PET with the NAT-selective radiotracer (S,S)-[11C]O-methylreboxetine (MRB) before and 6 months after dietary intervention. RESULTS MRI-based individual volume-of-interest analyses revealed an increase in binding potential (BPND) in the insula and the hippocampus of obese individuals, which correlated well with changes in BMI (-3.3 ± 5.3%; p = 0.03) following completion of the dietary intervention. Furthermore, voxel-wise regression analyses showed that lower BPND in these regions, but also in the midbrain and the prefrontal cortex, at baseline was associated with higher achieved weight loss (e.g., hippocampal area R2 = 0.80; p < 0.0001). No changes were observed in non-obese controls. CONCLUSION These first longitudinal interventional data on NAT availability in highly obese individuals indicate that the central NA system is modifiable. Our findings suggest that NAT availability before intervention could help predict the amount and success of weight loss in obese individuals and help adjust treatment options individually by allowing prediction of the benefit of a dietary intervention.
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13
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Bonnet G, Gómez-Abellán P, Vera B, Sánchez-Romera JF, Hernández-Martínez AM, Sookoian S, Pirola CJ, Garaulet M. Serotonin-transporter promoter polymorphism modulates the ability to control food intake: Effect on total weight loss. Mol Nutr Food Res 2017; 61. [PMID: 28766852 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201700494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2017] [Revised: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE The biggest challenge for losing weight is the ability to control the amount of food eaten; the tendency to overeat is called disinhibition. Our aims were to determine whether (a) the SLC6A4-promoter variant (5-HTTLPR) relates to disinhibition; (b) this association could affect total weight-loss during a behavioral/dietary treatment for obesity. METHODS AND RESULTS A total of 2961 subjects attended voluntarily five weight-loss clinics; a subsample (n = 624) was recruited for SLC6A4 genotyping. Total weight-loss, emotional-eating-score and disinhibition-score were examined. We observed that: (a) the reduced ability to control food intake (disinhibition) is implicated in the impairment to lose weight; (b) SLC6A4-promoter variant is implicated in disinhibition. S carriers (low-expressing) of the SLC6A4-promoter variant had a lower inhibition capacity and showed more failure (1.6 times) to control the amount of food eaten than LL (p < 0.05); other factors such as eating while bored, overeating after work at night, or craving for specific foods were associated to the SLC6A4 genotype (p < 0.05); (c) The combination of disinhibition (high disinhibition) and genetics (S carrier) had a higher impact on total weight loss than each factor separately. CONCLUSIONS SLC6A4-promoter variant is associated with the ability to control food intake and interacts with emotional eating to modulate total weight loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gemma Bonnet
- Department of Physiology, University of Murcia, IMIB, Murcia, Spain
| | | | - Beatriz Vera
- Department of Physiology, University of Murcia, IMIB, Murcia, Spain
| | | | | | - Silvia Sookoian
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Hepatology, Institute of Medical Research, A. Lanari-IDIM, University of Buenos Aires-CONCET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Carlos Jose Pirola
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Biology of Complex Diseases, Institute of Medical Research, A. Lanari-IDIM, University of Buenos Aires-CONCET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Marta Garaulet
- Department of Physiology, University of Murcia, IMIB, Murcia, Spain
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14
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Hunger and disinhibition but not cognitive restraint are associated with central norepinephrine transporter availability. Appetite 2017. [PMID: 28647385 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2017.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The relationship between food-intake related behaviours measured by the Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire (TFEQ) and in vivo norepinephrine transporter (NET) availability has not been explored yet. We investigated ten obese individuals (body mass index (BMI) 42.4 ± 3.7 kg/m2) and ten normal-weight healthy controls (HC, BMI 23.9 ± 2.5 kg/m2) with (S,S)-[11C]-O-methylreboxetine ([11C]MRB) positron emission tomography (PET). All participants completed the TFEQ, which measures cognitive restraint, disinhibition and hunger. Image analysis required magnetic resonance imaging data sets onto which volumes-of-interests were drawn. Tissue time activity curves (TACs) were obtained from the dynamic PET data followed by kinetic modeling of these regional brain TACs applying the multilinear reference tissue model (2 parameters) with the occipital cortex as reference region. Obese individuals scored significantly higher on the hunger subscale of the TFEQ. Correlative data analysis showed that a higher degree of hunger correlated negatively with the NET availability of the insular cortex in both obese individuals and HC; however, this finding was more pronounced in obesity. Further, for obese individuals, a negative correlation between disinhibition and NET BPND of the locus coeruleus was detected. In conclusion, these initial data provide in vivo imaging support for the involvement of the central NE system in maladaptive eating behaviors such as susceptibility to hunger.
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15
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Paeger L, Karakasilioti I, Altmüller J, Frommolt P, Brüning J, Kloppenburg P. Antagonistic modulation of NPY/AgRP and POMC neurons in the arcuate nucleus by noradrenalin. eLife 2017. [PMID: 28632132 PMCID: PMC5478265 DOI: 10.7554/elife.25770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus (ARH) satiety signaling (anorexigenic) pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC)-expressing and hunger signaling (orexigenic) agouti-related peptide (AgRP)-expressing neurons are key components of the neuronal circuits that control food intake and energy homeostasis. Here, we assessed whether the catecholamine noradrenalin directly modulates the activity of these neurons in mice. Perforated patch clamp recordings showed that noradrenalin changes the activity of these functionally antagonistic neurons in opposite ways, increasing the activity of the orexigenic NPY/AgRP neurons and decreasing the activity of the anorexigenic POMC neurons. Cell type-specific transcriptomics and pharmacological experiments revealed that the opposing effect on these neurons is mediated by the activation of excitatory α1A - and β- adrenergic receptors in NPY/AgRP neurons, while POMC neurons are inhibited via α2A – adrenergic receptors. Thus, the coordinated differential modulation of the key hypothalamic neurons in control of energy homeostasis assigns noradrenalin an important role to promote feeding. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.25770.001
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Paeger
- Biocenter, Institute for Zoology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging Associated Diseases, Cologne, Germany
| | - Ismene Karakasilioti
- Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging Associated Diseases, Cologne, Germany.,Max Planck Institute for Metabolism Research, Cologne, Germany.,Center of Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Center for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Preventive Medicine, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Janine Altmüller
- Center of Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Cologne Center for Genomics, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Peter Frommolt
- Bioinformatics Facility, Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging Associated Diseases, Cologne, Germany
| | - Jens Brüning
- Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging Associated Diseases, Cologne, Germany.,Max Planck Institute for Metabolism Research, Cologne, Germany.,Center of Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Center for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Preventive Medicine, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Peter Kloppenburg
- Biocenter, Institute for Zoology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging Associated Diseases, Cologne, Germany
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16
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Central noradrenaline transporter availability in highly obese, non-depressed individuals. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2017; 44:1056-1064. [PMID: 28066877 DOI: 10.1007/s00259-016-3590-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The brain noradrenaline (NA) system plays an important role in the central nervous control of energy balance and is thus implicated in the pathogenesis of obesity. The specific processes modulated by this neurotransmitter which lead to obesity and overeating are still a matter of debate. METHODS We tested the hypothesis that in vivo NA transporter (NAT) availability is changed in obesity by using positron emission tomography (PET) and S,S-[11C]O-methylreboxetine (MRB) in twenty subjects comprising ten highly obese (body mass index BMI > 35 kg/m2), metabolically healthy, non-depressed individuals and ten non-obese (BMI < 30 kg/m2) healthy controls. RESULTS Overall, we found no significant differences in binding potential (BPND) values between obese and non-obese individuals in the investigated brain regions, including the NAT-rich thalamus (0.40 ± 0.14 vs. 0.41 ± 0.18; p = 0.84) though additional discriminant analysis correctly identified individual group affiliation based on regional BPND in all but one (control) case. Furthermore, inter-regional correlation analyses indicated different BPND patterns between both groups but this did not survive testing for multiple comparions. CONCLUSIONS Our data do not find an overall involvement of NAT changes in human obesity. However, preliminary secondary findings of distinct regional and associative patterns warrant further investigation.
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17
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Fu C, Jiang Y, Guo J, Su Z. Natural Products with Anti-obesity Effects and Different Mechanisms of Action. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2016; 64:9571-9585. [PMID: 27931098 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.6b04468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Obesity, a primary influence on health condition, causes numerous comorbidities and complications and, therefore, pharmacotherapy is considered a strategy for its treatment. However, the adverse effects of most chemical drugs targeting weight loss complicate their approval by regulatory authorities. Recently, interest has increased in the development of ingredients from natural sources with fewer adverse effects for preventing and ameliorating obesity. This review provides an overview of current anti-obesity drugs and natural products with anti-obesity properties as well as their mechanisms of action, which include interfering with nutrient absorption, decreasing adipogenesis, increasing energy expenditure (thermogenesis), appetite suppression, modifying intestinal microbiota composition, and increasing fecal fat excretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuhan Fu
- Guangdong TCM Key Laboratory for Metabolic Diseases, Guangdong Metabolic Diseases Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University , Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Centre, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yao Jiang
- Guangdong TCM Key Laboratory for Metabolic Diseases, Guangdong Metabolic Diseases Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University , Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Centre, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Jiao Guo
- Guangdong TCM Key Laboratory for Metabolic Diseases, Guangdong Metabolic Diseases Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University , Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Centre, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Zhengquan Su
- Guangdong TCM Key Laboratory for Metabolic Diseases, Guangdong Metabolic Diseases Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University , Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Centre, Guangzhou 510006, China
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18
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Sookoian S, Pirola CJ. Review: Genetics of the cardiometabolic syndrome: new insights and therapeutic implications. Ther Adv Cardiovasc Dis 2016; 1:37-47. [DOI: 10.1177/1753944707082702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the definition of the phenotype is imprecise, cardiometabolic syndrome (CMS) includes a constellation of complex diseases such as type 2 diabetes, dislipidemias, central obesity and hypertension, proinflammatory and prothrombotic states, ovarian polycystosis and fatty liver. The genetics of each disease is complex in itself and varies in spectrum from monogenic and syndromic models of inheritance, usually rare, to the most common polygenic and multifactorial forms. In addition, human studies using the candidate-gene approach indicate that common genetic variants of several genes are associated with the development of CMS. Genome-wide scans have also provided several chromosomal regions associated with some of the components of CMS. In addition, through comparative genomics animal models can generate a map for candidate loci in humans and a promising approach is offered by bioinformatic tools for gene prioritization. Lastly, the involvement of genes whose products are already the targets for approved drugs, such as SLC6A4, PPARα and PPARγ , in the development of CMS suggests new avenues for CMS pharmacological treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Sookoian
- Departamento de Sustancias Vasoactivas y Cardiología Molecular, Instituto de Investigaciones A Lanari, Universidad de Buenos Aires-CONICET, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Carlos J. Pirola
- Departamento de Sustancias Vasoactivas y Cardiología Molecular, Instituto de Investigaciones A Lanari, Universidad de Buenos Aires-CONICET, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina, , pirola.carlos@lanari. fmed.uba.ar
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19
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Hesse S, Rullmann M, Luthardt J, Winter K, Hankir MK, Becker GA, Zientek F, Reissig G, Regenthal R, Drabe M, Schinke C, Bresch A, Arelin K, Lobsien D, Patt M, Meyer PM, Fasshauer M, Fenske WK, Blüher M, Stumvoll M, Sabri O. Central serotonin transporter availability in highly obese individuals compared with non-obese controls: A [(11)C] DASB positron emission tomography study. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2015; 43:1096-104. [PMID: 26577939 DOI: 10.1007/s00259-015-3243-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2015] [Accepted: 10/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The role of the central serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) system in feeding has been extensively studied in animals with the 5-HT family of transporters (5-HTT) being identified as key molecules in the regulation of satiety and body weight. Aberrant 5-HT transmission has been implicated in the pathogenesis of human obesity by in vivo positron emission tomography (PET) and single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) imaging techniques. However, results obtained thus far from studies of central 5-HTT availability have been inconsistent, which is thought to be brought about mainly by the low number of individuals with a high body mass index (BMI) previously used. The aim of this study was therefore to assess 5-HTT availability in the brains of highly obese otherwise healthy individuals compared with non-obese healthy controls. METHODS We performed PET using the 5-HTT selective radiotracer [(11)C] DASB on 30 highly obese (BMI range between 35 and 55 kg/m(2)) and 15 age- and sex-matched non-obese volunteers (BMI range between 19 and 27 kg/m(2)) in a cross-sectional study design. The 5-HTT binding potential (BPND) was used as the outcome parameter. RESULTS On a group level, there was no significant difference in 5-HTT BPND in various cortical and subcortical regions in individuals with the highest BMI compared with non-obese controls, while statistical models showed minor effects of age, sex, and the degree of depression on 5-HTT BPND. CONCLUSION The overall finding of a lack of significantly altered 5-HTT availability together with its high variance in obese individuals justifies the investigation of individual behavioral responses to external and internal cues which may further define distinct phenotypes and subgroups in human obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swen Hesse
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Leipzig, Liebigstraße 18, 04103, Leipzig, Germany.
- Integrated Research and Treatment Centre Adiposity Diseases Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Michael Rullmann
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Leipzig, Liebigstraße 18, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
- Integrated Research and Treatment Centre Adiposity Diseases Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Julia Luthardt
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Leipzig, Liebigstraße 18, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Karsten Winter
- Centre for Translational Regenerative Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics, and Epidemiology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Mohammed K Hankir
- Integrated Research and Treatment Centre Adiposity Diseases Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Georg-Alexander Becker
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Leipzig, Liebigstraße 18, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Franziska Zientek
- Integrated Research and Treatment Centre Adiposity Diseases Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Georg Reissig
- Integrated Research and Treatment Centre Adiposity Diseases Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ralf Regenthal
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Rudolf Boehm Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Mandy Drabe
- Integrated Research and Treatment Centre Adiposity Diseases Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | | | - Anke Bresch
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Leipzig, Liebigstraße 18, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Katrin Arelin
- Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Day Clinic for Cognitive Neurology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Donald Lobsien
- Department of Neuroradiology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Marianne Patt
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Leipzig, Liebigstraße 18, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Philipp M Meyer
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Leipzig, Liebigstraße 18, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Mathias Fasshauer
- Integrated Research and Treatment Centre Adiposity Diseases Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Medical Department III, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Wiebke K Fenske
- Integrated Research and Treatment Centre Adiposity Diseases Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Medical Department III, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Matthias Blüher
- Medical Department III, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Collaborative Research Centre 1052 Obesity Mechanisms, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Michael Stumvoll
- Integrated Research and Treatment Centre Adiposity Diseases Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Medical Department III, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Osama Sabri
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Leipzig, Liebigstraße 18, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
- Integrated Research and Treatment Centre Adiposity Diseases Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
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20
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Hesse S, van de Giessen E, Zientek F, Petroff D, Winter K, Dickson JC, Tossici-Bolt L, Sera T, Asenbaum S, Darcourt J, Akdemir UO, Knudsen GM, Nobili F, Pagani M, Vander Borght T, Van Laere K, Varrone A, Tatsch K, Sabri O, Booij J. Association of central serotonin transporter availability and body mass index in healthy Europeans. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2014; 24:1240-7. [PMID: 24976619 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2014.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2013] [Revised: 04/09/2014] [Accepted: 05/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Serotonin-mediated mechanisms, in particular via the serotonin transporter (SERT), are thought to have an effect on food intake and play an important role in the pathophysiology of obesity. However, imaging studies that examined the correlation between body mass index (BMI) and SERT are sparse and provided contradictory results. The aim of this study was to further test the association between SERT and BMI in a large cohort of healthy subjects. METHODS 127 subjects of the ENC DAT database (58 females, age 52 ± 18 years, range 20-83, BMI 25.2 ± 3.8 kg/m(2), range 18.2-41.1) were analysed using region-of-interest (ROI) and voxel-based approaches to calculate [(123)I]FP-CIT specific-to-nonspecific binding ratios (SBR) in the hypothalamus/thalamus and midbrain/brainstem as SERT-specific target regions. RESULTS In the voxel-based analysis, SERT availability and BMI were positively associated in the thalamus, but not in the midbrain. In the ROI-analysis, the interaction between gender and BMI showed a trend with higher correlation coefficient for men in the midbrain albeit not significant (0.033SBRm(2)/kg, p=0.1). CONCLUSIONS The data are in agreement with previous PET findings of an altered central serotonergic tone depending on BMI, as a probable pathophysiologic mechanism in obesity, and should encourage further clinical studies in obesity targeting the serotonergic system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swen Hesse
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany; Leipzig University Medical Center, Integrated Research and Treatment Centre (IFB) Adiposity Diseases, Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Elsmarieke van de Giessen
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Franziska Zientek
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - David Petroff
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany; Centre for Clinical Studies, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Karsten Winter
- Translational Centre for Regenerative Medicine (TRM) Leipzig, Germany
| | - John C Dickson
- Institute of Nuclear Medicine, University College London Hospital, London, UK
| | - Livia Tossici-Bolt
- Department of Medical Physics and Bioengineering, Southampton University Hospitals NHS Trust, Southampton, UK
| | - Terez Sera
- University of Szeged, Department of Nuclear Medicine and Euromedic Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Susanne Asenbaum
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Jacques Darcourt
- Nuclear Medicine Department, Centre Antoine Lacassagne, University of Nice-Sophia Antipolis, Nice, France
| | - Umit O Akdemir
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Gazi University, Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Gitte M Knudsen
- Neurobiology Research Unit, Rigshospitalet - University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Flavio Nobili
- Clinical Neurophysiology Unit, Department of Neuroscience, Ophthalmology and Genetics, San Martino Hospital, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Marco Pagani
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Institute of Cognitive Sciences and Technologies, CNR, Rome & Padua, Italy
| | - Thierry Vander Borght
- Nuclear Medicine Division, Université Catholique de Louvain, Mont-Godinne Medical Center, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Koen Van Laere
- Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital, K.U. Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Andrea Varrone
- Karolinska Institutet, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Klaus Tatsch
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Munich, Munich, Germany; Department of Nuclear Medicine, Municipal Hospital Karlsruhe Inc., Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Osama Sabri
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany; Leipzig University Medical Center, Integrated Research and Treatment Centre (IFB) Adiposity Diseases, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jan Booij
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Stidd DA, Vogelsang K, Krahl SE, Langevin JP, Fellous JM. Amygdala Deep Brain Stimulation Is Superior to Paroxetine Treatment in a Rat Model of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. Brain Stimul 2013; 6:837-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2013.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2012] [Revised: 05/21/2013] [Accepted: 05/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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Hur SJ, Kim DH, Chun SC, Lee SK. Effect of adenovirus and influenza virus infection on obesity. Life Sci 2013; 93:531-5. [PMID: 24007799 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2013.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2013] [Revised: 08/12/2013] [Accepted: 08/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this review is to provide an overview of the effects of adenovirus and influenza virus infections on obesity in various experimental models. We reviewed studies that were conducted within the past 10 years and were related to virus infection and obesity prevalence. Here, we discuss a different causal relationship between adenovirus and influenza infections with obesity. Adenovirus infection can cause obesity, whereas obesity can be a risk factor for increasing influenza virus infection and increases the risk of morbidity and mortality. The prevalence of obesity due to adenovirus infections may be due to an increase in glucose uptake and reduction in lipolysis caused by an increase in corticosterone secretion. Adenovirus infections may lead to increases in appetite by decreasing norepinephrine and leptin levels and also cause immune dysfunction. The relationship between obesity and influenza virus infection could be summarized by the following features: decreases in memory T-cell functionality and interferon (IFN)-α, IFN-β, and IFN-γ mRNA expression, increases in viral titer and infiltration, and impaired dendritic cell function in obese individuals. Moreover, leptin resistance may play an important role in increasing influenza virus infections in obese individuals. In conclusion, prevention of adenovirus infections could be a good approach for reducing obesity prevalence, and prevention of obesity could reduce influenza virus infections from the point of view of viral infections and obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun Jin Hur
- Department of Bioresources and Food Science, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 143-701, Republic of Korea
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de Boer A, Ter Horst GJ, Lorist MM. Physiological and psychosocial age-related changes associated with reduced food intake in older persons. Ageing Res Rev 2013; 12:316-28. [PMID: 22974653 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2012.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2012] [Revised: 08/02/2012] [Accepted: 08/29/2012] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Dietary intake changes during the course of aging. Normally an increase in food intake is observed around 55 years of age, which is followed by a reduction in food intake in individuals over 65 years of age. This reduction in dietary intake results in lowered levels of body fat and body weight, a phenomenon known as anorexia of aging. Anorexia of aging has a variety of consequences, including a decline in functional status, impaired muscle function, decreased bone mass, micronutrient deficiencies, reduced cognitive functions, increased hospital admission and even premature death. Several changes during lifetime have been implicated to play a role in the reduction in food intake and the development of anorexia of aging. These changes are both physiological, involving peripheral hormones, senses and central brain regulation and non-physiological, with differences in psychological and social factors. In the present review, we will focus on age-related changes in physiological and especially non-physiological factors, that play a role in the age-related changes in food intake and in the etiology of anorexia of aging. At the end we conclude with suggestions for future nutritional research to gain greater understanding of the development of anorexia of aging which could lead to earlier detection and better prevention.
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Arnold LM, Palmer RH, Hufford MR, Chen W. Effect of milnacipran on body weight in patients with fibromyalgia. Int J Gen Med 2012; 5:879-87. [PMID: 23109813 PMCID: PMC3479947 DOI: 10.2147/ijgm.s36444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of milnacipran on body weight in patients with fibromyalgia. METHODS ANALYSES WERE CONDUCTED IN THE FOLLOWING GROUPS: patients from three double-blind, placebo-controlled milnacipran trials (3 months, n = 2096; 6 months, n = 1008); 354 patients receiving milnacipran in placebo-controlled trials and double-blind extension studies (total ≥ 12 months of treatment); and 1227 patients in a long-term (up to 3.25 years) open-label milnacipran study. RESULTS In placebo-controlled trials, 77% of patients were overweight or obese at baseline (body mass index ≥ 25 kg/m(2)). Mean weight loss was found with milnacipran at 3 months (100 mg/day, -1.14 kg; 200 mg/day, -0.97 kg; placebo, -0.06 kg; P < 0.001) and 6 months (100 mg/day, -1.01 kg; 200 mg/day, -0.71 kg; placebo, -0.04 kg; P < 0.05). Approximately twice as many milnacipran-treated patients had ≥5% weight loss from baseline compared with placebo (3 and 6 months, P < 0.01). In extension studies, mean weight loss in patients receiving ≥12 months of milnacipran was -1.06 kg. In patients receiving ≥3 years of treatment in the open-label study, mean changes at 12, 24, 30, and 36-38 months were -1.16, -0.76, -0.19, and +0.11 kg, respectively. Among milnacipran-treated patients, rates of nausea (the most common adverse event) were lower among patients who lost weight than among those who did not (3 months, P = 0.02). CONCLUSION The majority of patients with fibromyalgia in the milnacipran studies were overweight or obese. Milnacipran was associated with mean weight loss at 3 and 6 months (P < 0.05 versus placebo) and at 12 and 24 months of treatment, with mean changes drifting back to baseline at 30 months (-0.19 kg) and 36-38 months (+0.11 kg, no placebo comparison).
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Affiliation(s)
- Lesley M Arnold
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Robert H Palmer
- Medical Affairs, Forest Research Institute Inc, Jersey City, NJ
| | | | - Wei Chen
- Medical Affairs, Forest Research Institute Inc, Jersey City, NJ
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Inhibitors of fatty acid synthesis in prokaryotes and eukaryotes as anti-infective, anticancer and anti-obesity drugs. Future Med Chem 2012; 4:1113-51. [PMID: 22709254 DOI: 10.4155/fmc.12.62] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a large range of diseases, such diabetes and cancer, which are connected to abnormal fatty acid metabolism in human cells. Therefore, inhibitors of human fatty acid synthase have great potential to manage or treat these diseases. In prokaryotes, fatty acid synthesis is important for signaling, as well as providing starting materials for the synthesis of phospholipids, which are required for the formation of the cell membrane. Recently, there has been renewed interest in the development of new molecules that target bacterial fatty acid synthases for the treatment of bacterial diseases. In this review, we look at the differences and similarities between fatty acid synthesis in humans and bacteria and highlight various small molecules that have been shown to inhibit either the mammalian or bacterial fatty acid synthase or both.
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Long term impact of prenatal exposure to SSRIs on growth and body weight in childhood: evidence from animal and human studies. Reprod Toxicol 2012; 34:101-9. [PMID: 22433946 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2012.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2011] [Revised: 03/01/2012] [Accepted: 03/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Prenatal exposure to SSRIs has the potential to alter fetal 5-HT signalling during critical periods of development: the long-term consequences of which have not been well studied. Of particular interest are the potential long-term effects of prenatal SSRI exposure on growth and body weight in later life, given the role of the serotonergic system in regulating food intake and body weight. Animal studies demonstrate that changes in 5-HT homeostasis during critical periods of fetal development can lead to sex-specific molecular and functional alterations in the serotonergic and HPA systems, leading to an increased risk of overweight in male, but not female, offspring in later life. This review highlights the evidence and the need for studies in humans to determine whether prenatal SSRI exposure is associated with alterations in child growth and body weight and the importance of delineating these effects from those of the underlying maternal illness.
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Janhunen SK, van der Zwaal EM, la Fleur SE, Adan RAH. Inverse agonism at α2A adrenoceptors augments the hypophagic effect of sibutramine in rats. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2011; 19:1979-86. [PMID: 21475142 DOI: 10.1038/oby.2011.51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Because the use of monoamine reuptake inhibitors as weight-reducing agents is limited by adverse effects, novel antiobesity drugs are needed. We studied acute effects of the noradrenaline (NA) and serotonin (5-HT) reuptake inhibitor sibutramine (SIB), alone and after pretreatment with α1- and α2-adrenoceptor (AR), and 5-HT1/2/7, 5-HT1B and 5-HT2C receptor antagonists in order to determine which ARs and 5-HT receptors act downstream of SIB on feeding and locomotion. Acute effects on caloric and water intake, meal microstructure and locomotion were assessed, using an automated weighing system and telemetry in male rats with restricted 18-h access to Western style diet. SIB 3 mg/kg reduced meal size and frequency, which suggests enhanced within- and postmeal satiety. Imiloxan (α2B-AR), WB4101 (α1-AR), SB-224289 (5-HT1B), and modestly BRL 44408 (α2A/D-AR) attenuated SIB's effect on meal size, suggesting that α2B- and α1-ARs and 5-HT1B receptors mediate within-meal satiety, with a modest role for α2A/D-ARs. Only prazosin (α1/2B/2C-AR) counteracted SIB's effect on meal frequency. At 3 mg/kg, SIB modestly increased locomotion. This effect was blocked by metergoline (5-HT1/2/7), WB4101 (α1-AR), and RX821002 (α2-AR). Interestingly, the α2-AR antagonists atipamezole and RX821002 enhanced SIB's effect on caloric intake, probably due to inverse agonistic actions at α2A-autoreceptors that further enhanced release of NA that regulates caloric intake. Thus, an inverse agonist of presynaptic α2A-ARs might beneficially enhance SIB's weight-reducing effect and offer novel treatment for obesity. All in all, the present data supports the ARs and 5-HT receptors involved in the effects of SIB on different aspects of caloric intake and locomotion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanna K Janhunen
- Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Dodd S, Malhi GS, Tiller J, Schweitzer I, Hickie I, Khoo JP, Bassett DL, Lyndon B, Mitchell PB, Parker G, Fitzgerald PB, Udina M, Singh A, Moylan S, Giorlando F, Doughty C, Davey CG, Theodoras M, Berk M. A consensus statement for safety monitoring guidelines of treatments for major depressive disorder. Aust N Z J Psychiatry 2011; 45:712-25. [PMID: 21888608 PMCID: PMC3190838 DOI: 10.3109/00048674.2011.595686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This paper aims to present an overview of screening and safety considerations for the treatment of clinical depressive disorders and make recommendations for safety monitoring. METHOD Data were sourced by a literature search using MEDLINE and a manual search of scientific journals to identify relevant articles. Draft guidelines were prepared and serially revised in an iterative manner until all co-authors gave final approval of content. RESULTS Screening and monitoring can detect medical causes of depression. Specific adverse effects associated with antidepressant treatments may be reduced or identified earlier by baseline screening and agent-specific monitoring after commencing treatment. CONCLUSION The adoption of safety monitoring guidelines when treating clinical depression is likely to improve overall physical health status and treatment outcome. It is important to implement these guidelines in the routine management of clinical depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seetal Dodd
- School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia; Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Gin S Malhi
- Discipline of Psychiatry, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - John Tiller
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Isaac Schweitzer
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ian Hickie
- Brain and Mind Research Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jon Paul Khoo
- Toowong Specialist Clinic, Level 2/54 Jephson St, Toowong, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Darryl L Bassett
- School of Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, University of Western Australia, Australia; School of Medicine, University of Notre Dame, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Bill Lyndon
- Discipline of Psychiatry, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Philip B Mitchell
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia; Black Dog Institute, Sydney, Australia
| | - Gordon Parker
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia; Black Dog Institute, Sydney, Australia
| | - Paul B Fitzgerald
- Monash Alfred Psychiatry Research Centre, Alfred and Monash University School of Psychology and Psychiatry, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Marc Udina
- Bipolar Disorders Program, Clinical Institute of Neuroscience, Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Ajeet Singh
- School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia; Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Steven Moylan
- School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Carolyn Doughty
- Child and Family Specialty Service, Canterbury District Health Board; Department of Public Health and General Practice, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | | | - Michael Theodoras
- Eating Disorders Program, New Farm Clinic, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Michael Berk
- School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria; Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne, Victoria; Mental Health Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria; Orygen Youth Health Research Centre, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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Kristensen AS, Andersen J, Jørgensen TN, Sørensen L, Eriksen J, Loland CJ, Strømgaard K, Gether U. SLC6 neurotransmitter transporters: structure, function, and regulation. Pharmacol Rev 2011; 63:585-640. [PMID: 21752877 DOI: 10.1124/pr.108.000869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 591] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The neurotransmitter transporters (NTTs) belonging to the solute carrier 6 (SLC6) gene family (also referred to as the neurotransmitter-sodium-symporter family or Na(+)/Cl(-)-dependent transporters) comprise a group of nine sodium- and chloride-dependent plasma membrane transporters for the monoamine neurotransmitters serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine), dopamine, and norepinephrine, and the amino acid neurotransmitters GABA and glycine. The SLC6 NTTs are widely expressed in the mammalian brain and play an essential role in regulating neurotransmitter signaling and homeostasis by mediating uptake of released neurotransmitters from the extracellular space into neurons and glial cells. The transporters are targets for a wide range of therapeutic drugs used in treatment of psychiatric diseases, including major depression, anxiety disorders, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and epilepsy. Furthermore, psychostimulants such as cocaine and amphetamines have the SLC6 NTTs as primary targets. Beginning with the determination of a high-resolution structure of a prokaryotic homolog of the mammalian SLC6 transporters in 2005, the understanding of the molecular structure, function, and pharmacology of these proteins has advanced rapidly. Furthermore, intensive efforts have been directed toward understanding the molecular and cellular mechanisms involved in regulation of the activity of this important class of transporters, leading to new methodological developments and important insights. This review provides an update of these advances and their implications for the current understanding of the SLC6 NTTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anders S Kristensen
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Can ÖD, Öztürk Y, Öztürk N, Sagratini G, Ricciutelli M, Vittori S, Maggi F. Effects of treatment with St. John's Wort on blood glucose levels and pain perceptions of streptozotocin-diabetic rats. Fitoterapia 2011; 82:576-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2011.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2010] [Revised: 01/04/2011] [Accepted: 01/17/2011] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Frassetto SS, Alves IO, Santos MM, Schmidt AES, Lopes JJ, Oliveira PA, Vinagre AS, Pereira P. Absence of sibutramine effect on spontaneous anxiety in rats. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 54:375-80. [PMID: 20625649 DOI: 10.1590/s0004-27302010000400006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2009] [Accepted: 01/20/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED INTRODUSTION: Sibutramine has been described as a drug recommended for treatment of obesity, since it has the ability to inhibit the reuptake of serotonin and noradrenaline in the central nervous system, thereby increasing energy expenditure. OBJECTIVE Investigate the anxiogenic and anxiolytic effects of acute and chronic treatment with sibutramine in rats submitted to the task of the elevated plus-maze. METHODS Diazepam was used as a positive control for the anxiolytic effect, and the task of the elevated plus-maze showed sensitivity to detect the effect. In the chronic treatment, sibutramine was ingested for a period of two months. RESULTS The acute and chronic treatments at the studied dose, which is described to produce a maximum effect of anti-obesity in rats, did not interfere with anxiety. CONCLUSIONS The acute and chronic administration of sibutramine is not related to anxiolytic or anxiogenic effects.
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Leventhal AM, Mickens L, Dunton GF, Sussman S, Riggs NR, Pentz MA. Tobacco use moderates the association between major depression and obesity. Health Psychol 2011; 29:521-8. [PMID: 20836607 DOI: 10.1037/a0020854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Based on a maladaptive coping explanation, the relationship between major depression (MD) and obesity could be strong among nonsmokers, who may engage in unhealthy eating and sedentary behavior to cope with depression. By contrast, the MD-obesity association could be weak among smokers, who can use tobacco (instead of food or sedentary behavior) to cope with mood symptoms. This study examined smoking status and tobacco dependence as moderators of the MD-obesity link. DESIGN Correlational, cross-sectional population-based survey of 41,654 U.S. adults. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Obesity (body mass index [BMI] ≥30 kg/m2) and quantitative BMI value. RESULTS Current smoking status moderated the association between past-year MD and current obesity, as well as the link between MD and BMI value (ps ≤ .0001). MD predicted obesity and BMI among nonsmokers (ps < .0001) but did not do so in smokers (ps ≥ .10). Similar findings emerged with tobacco dependence as the moderator. Each finding persisted after accounting for demographics, psychiatric variables, and potential confounds. CONCLUSION Tobacco use characteristics appear to moderate the MD-obesity association in the U.S. population. These findings may shed light on the mechanisms linking MD and obesity and have implications for identifying which individuals may benefit most from obesity interventions that target depressive symptoms. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam M Leventhal
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Division of Health Behavior Research, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, 2250 Alcazar Street, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA.
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Razquin C, Marti A, Martinez JA. Evidences on three relevant obesogenes: MC4R, FTO and PPARγ. Approaches for personalized nutrition. Mol Nutr Food Res 2010; 55:136-49. [PMID: 21207518 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201000445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2010] [Revised: 11/05/2010] [Accepted: 11/05/2010] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is a complex disease that results from the interaction between lifestyle (dietary patterns and sedentary habits) and genetic factors. The recognition of a genetic basis for human obesity has driven to identify putative causal genes to understand the pathways that control body mass and fat deposition in humans as well as to provide personalized treatments and prevention strategies to fight against obesity. More than 120 candidate genes have been associated with obesity-related traits. Genome-wide association study has so far identified over 20 novel loci convincingly associated with adiposity. This review is specifically focused on the study of the effects of melanocortin 4 receptor, Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ and fat mass and obesity associated (FTO) gene variants and their interactions with dietary intake, physical activity or drug administration on body weight control. The advances in this field are expected to open new ways in genome-customized diets for obesity prevention and therapy following personalized approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Razquin
- Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Physiology and Toxicology, University of Navarra, Irunlarrea 1, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain
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Oury F, Karsenty G. [Serotonin, two faces of a unique molecule in the regulation of bone mass]. Med Sci (Paris) 2010; 26:713-8. [PMID: 20819707 DOI: 10.1051/medsci/2010268-9713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
During the last 20 years, the emergence of sophisticated genetic tools has extraordinarily improved our understanding of a large number of physiological functions, among which the physiology of the skeleton. Bone, recently described as an endocrine organ, has the ability to constantly renew itself through bone remodeling, which requires a constant supply of energy. Hence, we hypothesized that there must be a coregulation of bone mass and energy metabolism, and focused on leptin, an adipocyte-derived hormone, which regulates both energy metabolism and bone remodeling through a central relay. Through a careful analysis of leptin neuronal targets, we unraveled that leptin regulation of bone mass occurs indirectly by inhibiting serotonin release and synthesis in neurons of the brainstem. Surprisingly, we observed that the other pool of serotonin, produced in enterochromaffin cells of the duodenum, negatively regulates bone mass accrual. Thus, serotonin is a molecule with two distinct functional identities depending on its site of synthesis. Finally, a recent study provides a proof of principle that inhibiting gut-derived serotonin (GDS) biosynthesis could become a new anabolic treatment for osteoporosis. double dagger.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franck Oury
- Columbia University, Department of Genetics and Development, New York, NY 10032, USA
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Variations in tryptophan hydroxylase 2 linked to decreased serotonergic activity are associated with elevated risk for metabolic syndrome in depression. Mol Psychiatry 2010; 15:736-47. [PMID: 19125159 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2008.142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Major depression and the metabolic syndrome (MetS) are interacting clinical conditions influenced by genetic susceptibility. For both disorders, impaired serotonergic neurotransmission in specific brain areas has been suggested. This led us to investigate whether variants in the gene coding for tryptophan hydroxylase 2 (TPH2), the brain-specific and rate-limiting enzyme for serotonin biosynthesis, might be predictive for an increased liability for the development of MetS in depressed patients. In a case-control study consisting of 988 patients with recurrent unipolar depression (RUD) and 1023 psychiatric healthy controls, MetS components were ascertained according to the International Diabetes Foundation criteria. A total of 41 single nucleotide polymorphisms fully covering the TPH2 gene region were genotyped in stage 1 (300 patients/300 controls), resulting in significant genetic associations of polymorphisms located in exon 7 and intron 8 of TPH2 and the occurrence of MetS in depressed patients after correction for age, gender and multiple testing (51 RUD-MetS/179 RUD-non-MetS). We were able to confirm the significant association of rs17110690 in stage 2 (688 patients/723 controls; 110 RUD-MetS/549 RUD-non-MetS) and to link risk-genotypes and risk-haplotypes for MetS to lower TPH2 mRNA expression and to lower 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid levels in cerebrospinal fluid previously reported in functional studies. Our findings suggest that TPH2 polymorphisms characterize a subgroup of depressed patients who are especially prone to develop metabolic disorders induced by a genotype-dependent impairment of serotonergic neurotransmission. Identifying depressed patients at high risk for MetS using genetic variants could have direct clinical impact on individualized disease management and prevention strategies.
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Dopamine and binge eating behaviors. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2010; 97:25-33. [PMID: 20417658 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2010.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2009] [Revised: 03/23/2010] [Accepted: 04/19/2010] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Central dopaminergic mechanisms are involved in the motivational aspects of eating and food choices. This review focuses on human and animal data investigating the importance of dopamine on binge eating behaviors. Early work examining dopamine metabolites in the cerebrospinal fluid and plasma of bulimic individuals suggested decreased dopamine turnover during the active phase of the illness. While neuroimaging studies of dopamine mechanisms in bulimia nervosa (BN) and binge eating disorder (BED) are limited, genetic studies in humans have implicated an increased frequency of dopamine transporter and associated D2 receptor polymorphisms with binge pathology. Recent studies in rodent models of dietary-induced binge eating (DIBE) have investigated plausible dopamine mechanisms involved in sustaining binge eating behaviors. In DIBE models, highly palatable foods (fats, sugars and their combination), as well as restricted access conditions appear to promote ingestive responses and result in sustained dopamine stimulation within the nucleus accumbens. Taken together with studies on the comorbidity of illicit drug use and eating disorders, the data reviewed here support a role for dopamine in perpetuating the compulsive feeding patterns of BN and BED. As such, we propose that sustained stimulation of the dopamine systems by bingeing promoted by preexisting conditions (e.g., genetic traits, dietary restraint, stress, etc.) results in progressive impairments of dopamine signaling. To disrupt this vicious cycle, novel research-based treatment options aiming at the neural substrates of compulsive eating patterns are necessary.
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Talbot PS, Bradley S, Clarke CP, Babalola KO, Philipp AW, Brown G, McMahon AW, Matthews JC. Brain serotonin transporter occupancy by oral sibutramine dosed to steady state: a PET study using (11)C-DASB in healthy humans. Neuropsychopharmacology 2010; 35:741-51. [PMID: 19890256 PMCID: PMC3055601 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2009.182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Sibutramine is a centrally acting monoamine reuptake inhibitor prescribed as an appetite suppressant in the management of obesity. Its effects are mostly attributable to serotonin and norepinephrine transporter (SERT and NET, respectively) inhibition by its potent metabolites mono-desmethylsibutramine (M1) and di-desmethylsibutramine (M2). However, there is a paucity of in vivo data in humans about mechanisms underlying both clinical efficacy and the dose-independent non-response observed in a minority of patients. Twelve healthy male patients (mean age 41 years) completed a double-blind, placebo-controlled, within-subject crossover investigation of brain SERT occupancy by sibutramine 15 mg daily at steady state. Correlations were measured between occupancy and (i) plasma concentrations of sibutramine, M1 and M2; (ii) appetite suppression. (11)C-DASB PET scans were performed on the HRRT camera. Binding potentials (BP(ND)) were calculated by the Logan reference tissue (cerebellum) method. SERT occupancy was modest (mean 30+/-10%), was similar across brain regions, but varied widely across subjects (15-46%). Occupancy was correlated positively (p=0.09) with M2 concentration, but not with sibutramine or M1. No significant appetite suppression was seen at <25% occupancy and greatest suppression was associated with highest occupancy (25-46%). However, several subjects with occupancy (36-39%) in the higher range had no appetite suppression. SERT occupancy by clinical doses of sibutramine is of modest magnitude and may be mediated predominantly by M2 in humans. 5-HT reuptake inhibition may be necessary but is not sufficient for sibutramine's efficacy in humans, supporting preclinical data suggesting that the hypophagic effect requires the co-inhibition of both SERT and NET.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter S Talbot
- Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
| | | | | | - Kola O Babalola
- Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Stopford Building, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | | | - Gavin Brown
- Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Adam W McMahon
- Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Julian C Matthews
- Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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da Silva CJ, dos Santos JE, Satie Takahashi C. An evaluation of the genotoxic and cytotoxic effects of the anti-obesity drugs sibutramine and fenproporex. Hum Exp Toxicol 2010; 29:187-97. [PMID: 20051455 DOI: 10.1177/0960327109358732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Anti-obesity medications deserve special considerations at the present time due to an increasing number of overweight and obese people who require these therapeutic alternatives. Obesity is positively associated with several chronic illnesses, including cancer. In this work, we evaluated the possible genotoxic and/or cytotoxic actions of two drugs, sibutramine and fenproporex, in the doses of 10, 20 and 40 mg/kg body weight (bw), administered intraperitoneally in male Swiss mice. The genotoxic effect was analyzed by comet assay and micronucleus test. We found that both drugs increased the frequency of genotoxic damage in Swiss mice, but did not present cytotoxic activities towards the polychromatic erythrocytes of the bone marrow of these animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiano José da Silva
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo University, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Giannaccini G, Betti L, Palego L, Schmid L, Fabbrini L, Pelosini C, Gargini C, Da Valle Y, Lanza M, Marsili A, Maffei M, Santini F, Vitti P, Pinchera A, Lucacchini A. Human serotonin transporter expression during megakaryocytic differentiation of MEG-01 cells. Neurochem Res 2009; 35:628-35. [PMID: 20041293 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-009-0112-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/12/2009] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The serotonin (5-HT) transporter (SERT) has been found altered in platelets of patients with genetically complex disorders, including mood-anxiety, pain and eating disorders. In this study, we used cell cultures of platelet precursors as models of investigation on mechanisms of SERT regulation: SERT expression was appraised during megakaryocytic differentiation of human megakaryoblastic MEG-01 cells. Cells were cultured for 8 days with 10(-7)M 4-beta-12-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (beta-TPA) in the presence of 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS) and SERT was assessed by real time PCR, immunofluorescence microscopy, Western blot and [(3)H]5-HT re-uptake. Results revealed that SERT is present in control-untreated MEG-01 cells. beta-TPA-differentiating MEG-01 cells showed a redistribution of SERT fluorescence, diffuse to cell bodies and blebs along with a 3-fold SERT mRNA increase and a moderate raise in SERT protein (1.5/1.4-fold) by immunoblot and re-uptake assays. In summary, we have shown herein that control megakaryoblasts express the SERT protein. SERT is modulated by differentiation events, implying that SERT density in platelets is under the control of megakaryocytopoiesis stages. Differentiation of MEG-01 cells can provide considerable insight into interactions between SERT genetics, transmitter-hormonal/homeostatic mechanisms and signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gino Giannaccini
- Department of Psychiatry, Neurobiology, Pharmacology and Biotechnology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.
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Bhuvaneswar CG, Baldessarini RJ, Harsh VL, Alpert JE. Adverse endocrine and metabolic effects of psychotropic drugs: selective clinical review. CNS Drugs 2009; 23:1003-21. [PMID: 19958039 DOI: 10.2165/11530020-000000000-00000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The article critically reviews selected, clinically significant, adverse endocrine and metabolic effects associated with psychotropic drug treatments, including hyperprolactinaemia, hyponatraemia, diabetes insipidus, hypothyroidism, hyperparathyroidism, sexual dysfunction and virilization, weight loss, weight gain and metabolic syndrome (type 2 diabetes mellitus, dyslipidaemia and hypertension). Such effects are prevalent and complex, but can be managed clinically when recognized. They encourage continued critical assessment of benefits versus risks of psychotropic drugs and underscore the importance of close coordination of psychiatric and general medical care to improve long-term health of psychiatric patients. Options for management of hyperprolactinaemia include lowering doses, switching to agents such as aripiprazole, clozapine or quetiapine, managing associated osteoporosis, carefully considering the use of dopamine receptor agonists and ruling out stress, oral contraceptive use and hypothyroidism as contributing factors. Disorders of water homeostasis may include syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH), managed by water restriction or slow replacement by hypertonic saline along with drug discontinuation. Safe management of diabetes insipidus, commonly associated with lithium, involves switching mood stabilizer and consideration of potassium-sparing diuretics. Clinical hypothyroidism may be a more useful marker than absolute cut-offs of hormone values, and may be associated with quetiapine, antidepressant and lithium use, and managed by thyroxine replacement. Hyper-parathyroidism requires comprehensive medical evaluation for occult tumours. Hypocalcaemia, along with multiple other psychiatric and medical causes, may result in decreased bone density and require evaluation and management. Strategies for reducing sexual dysfunction with psychotropics remain largely unsatisfactory. Finally, management strategies for obesity and metabolic syndrome are reviewed in light of the recent expert guidelines, including risk assessment and treatments, such as monoamine transport inhibitors, anticonvulsants and cannabinoid receptor antagonists, as well as lifestyle changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaya G Bhuvaneswar
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, 3535 Market Street, 2nd Floor, Outpatient Clinic of Hospital of University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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Corbalán MD, Morales EM, Canteras M, Espallardo A, Hernández T, Garaulet M. Effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral therapy based on the Mediterranean diet for the treatment of obesity. Nutrition 2009; 25:861-9. [PMID: 19539176 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2009.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2008] [Revised: 01/08/2009] [Accepted: 02/05/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The Mediterranean dietary pattern improves cardiovascular disease factors. More research is needed on the usefulness of a Mediterranean dietary pattern in terms of weight loss. The objective of this study was to assess the effectiveness of behavioral therapy based on the Mediterranean diet for the treatment of obesity and to determine the main obstacles to weight loss. METHODS A total of 1406 obese subjects (body mass index, 31+/-5kg/m(2)), aged 20-65 y, from a Mediterranean area in southeast Spain were subjected to a weight-reduction program. To evaluate effectiveness, weight loss, body fat distribution, biochemical variables, blood pressure changes, mean duration of treatment, percentage of attrition, and the ability to fulfill a Mediterranean diet pattern were assessed. To determine the main barriers to losing weight, a "Barriers to Weight Loss" checklist was completed. RESULTS The behavioral therapy program was effective for the treatment of obesity. The average weight loss was 7.7kg. The duration of treatment was 34 wk. Eighty-nine percent of subjects fulfilled the Mediterranean principles during the program, and all the variables studied were significantly improved. Attrition was 4-9%, with the main reason being stress (37%). Main obstacles to weight loss were "losing motivation," being "prone to stress-related eating," and being liable to eat when bored. Recording food intake and assisting group therapy were also important tools for losing weight (P< or =0.05). CONCLUSIONS Dietary/behavioral treatment based on Mediterranean dietary principles is effective in clinical practice. Nutrition professionals should encourage their patients to record food intake and to attend group therapy.
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Ledonne A, Sebastianelli L, Federici M, Bernardi G, Mercuri NB. The anorexic agents, sibutramine and fenfluramine, depress GABA(B)-induced inhibitory postsynaptic potentials in rat mesencephalic dopaminergic cells. Br J Pharmacol 2009; 156:962-9. [PMID: 19298257 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2008.00081.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Nutrition is the result of a complex interaction among environmental, homeostatic and reward-related processes. Accumulating evidence supports key roles for the dopaminergic neurons of the ventral midbrain in regulating feeding behaviour. For this reason, in the present study, we have investigated the electrophysiological effects of two centrally acting anorexic agents, fenfluramine and sibutramine, on these cells. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Rat midbrain slices were used to make intracellular recordings from dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra and the ventral tegmental area. Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-mediated synaptic transmission was assessed from the inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSPs) mediated by GABA(A) and GABA(B) receptors. KEY RESULTS Fenfluramine and sibutramine reduced, concentration-dependently, the GABA(B) IPSPs, without affecting the GABA(A)-mediated potentials. This effect is presynaptic, as postsynaptic membrane responses induced by application of a GABA(B) receptor agonist, baclofen, were not affected by the two drugs. Furthermore, the selective 5-hydroxytriptamine 1B (5-HT(1B)) receptor antagonist, SB216641, blocked the reduction of GABA(B) IPSPs caused by fenfluramine and sibutramine, indicating that the receptor mediating this effect is 5-HT(1B). CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Two anorexic agents, fenfluramine and sibutramine, induced the activation of 5-HT(1B) receptors located on presynaptic GABAergic terminals, thus reducing the release of GABA. This action can alter the strength of synaptic afferents that modify the activity of dopaminergic neurons, inducing neuronal excitation. Our results reveal an additional mechanism of action for fenfluramine and sibutramine that might contribute to reducing food intake, by influencing the pleasurable and motor aspects of feeding behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ada Ledonne
- Università della Calabria, Dipartimento Farmaco-Biologico, Arcavacata di Rende, Cosenza, Italy
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Andersen J, Kristensen AS, Bang-Andersen B, Strømgaard K. Recent advances in the understanding of the interaction of antidepressant drugs with serotonin and norepinephrine transporters. Chem Commun (Camb) 2009:3677-92. [PMID: 19557250 DOI: 10.1039/b903035m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The biogenic monoamine transporters are integral membrane proteins that perform active transport of extracellular dopamine, serotonin and norepinephrine into cells. These transporters are targets for therapeutic agents such as antidepressants, as well as addictive substances such as cocaine and amphetamine. Seminal advances in the understanding of the structure and function of this transporter family have recently been accomplished by structural studies of a bacterial transporter, as well as medicinal chemistry and pharmacological studies of mammalian transporters. This feature article focuses on antidepressant drugs that act on the serotonin and/or the norepinephrine transporters. Specifically, we focus on structure-activity relationships of these drugs with emphasis on relationships between their molecular properties and the current knowledge of transporter structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Andersen
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Lothe A, Boni C, Costes N, Gorwood P, Bouvard S, Le Bars D, Lavenne F, Ryvlin P. Association between triallelic polymorphism of the serotonin transporter and [18F]MPPF binding potential at 5-HT1A receptors in healthy subjects. Neuroimage 2009; 47:482-92. [PMID: 19409499 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2009.04.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2008] [Revised: 04/11/2009] [Accepted: 04/15/2009] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous [(11)C]WAY100-635 PET studies have demonstrated that the short (S) and long (L) alleles of the serotonin transporter gene-linked polymorphic region (5-HTTLPR) were associated with distinct patterns of 5-HT(1A) receptor distribution in human. However, these studies reported discordant findings and did not take into account the recent description of two functional variants of the L allele (L(A)/L(G)). To further explore this issue, we investigated the triallelic functional polymorphism of the 5-HTTLPR in 38 healthy volunteers who underwent a [(18)F]MPPF PET study of 5-HT1A receptors. We used a simplified reference tissue model to generate parametric images of [(18)F]MPPF binding potential (BP(ND)), and compared these data among the different genotypes using statistical parametric mapping and region of interest of the raphe nuclei. Homozygote carriers of the S allele demonstrated greater [(18)F]MPPF BP(ND) than carriers of the L(A) allele, but this association was only found in women. Differences in [(18)F]MPPF BP(ND) between women with and without L(A) allele were observed over large clusters encompassing the right and left temporal lobes, cingulate and perisylvian regions, as well as the right precuneus and frontal dorso-lateral cortex, and the left orbitofrontal cortex. In contrast, no difference was found between groups in the raphe nuclei. The greater [(18)F]MPPF BP(ND) observed in women homozygote carriers of the S allele could either reflect a greater 5-HT1A receptor density or a lower extracellular concentration of 5-HT. Our data suggest that any future PET studies of 5-HT1A receptors should incorporate the 5-HTTLPR polymorphism status of the population studied.
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Fuemmeler BF, Agurs-Collins T, McClernon FJ, Kollins SH, Garrett ME, Ashley-Koch AE. Interactions between genotype and depressive symptoms on obesity. Behav Genet 2009; 39:296-305. [PMID: 19337825 PMCID: PMC2884968 DOI: 10.1007/s10519-009-9266-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2008] [Accepted: 03/18/2009] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Depression and Genetic variation in serotonin and monoamine transmission have both been associated with body mass index (BMI), but their interaction effects are not well understood. We examined the interaction between depressive symptoms and functional polymorphisms of serotonin transporter (SLC6A4) and monoamine oxidase A (MAOA) on categories of BMI. Participants were from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health. Multiple logistic regression was used to investigate interactions between candidate genes and depression on risk of obesity (BMI > or = 30) or overweight + obese combined (BMI > or = 25). Males with an MAOA active allele with high depressive symptoms were at decreased risk of obesity (OR 0.22; 95% CI 0.06-0.78) and overweight + obesity (OR 0.48; 95% CI 0.26-0.89). No similar effect was observed among females. These findings highlight that the obesity-depression relationship may vary as a function of gender and genetic polymorphism, and suggest the need for further study.
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Deficit in BDNF does not increase vulnerability to stress but dampens antidepressant-like effects in the unpredictable chronic mild stress. Behav Brain Res 2009; 202:245-51. [PMID: 19463708 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2009.03.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2009] [Revised: 03/25/2009] [Accepted: 03/30/2009] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Despite growing evidences of an association between brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and antidepressant effects, the neurotrophic hypothesis of depression is challenged by the paucity of direct links between BDNF deficit and depressive-like behaviors. The unpredictable chronic mild stress (UCMS) paradigm might take our understanding a step further by examining whether a decrease in bdnf expression can lead to enhanced vulnerability to stress and prevent antidepressant efficacy in all or specific UCMS-induced alterations. Wild-type bdnf(+/+) and heterozygous bdnf(+/-) mice were exposed to an 8-week UCMS regimen and, from the third week onward, treated with either vehicle or imipramine (20mg/kg/day, ip). Physical, behavioral and biological (plasma corticosterone levels, bdnf expression in the dentate gyrus) measures were further analyzed regarding to the genotype and the treatment. Heterozygous bdnf(+/-) mice displayed hyperactivity and increase of body weight but no enhancement of the sensitivity to stress exposure in all the measures investigated here. In contrast, while imipramine treatment reduced anxiety-like behaviors in the novelty-suppressed feeding test in both genotypes, it decreased aggressiveness in the resident/intruder test and immobility in the tail suspension test in wild-type but not in heterozygous mice. Furthermore, imipramine induced a twofold increase of bdnf expression in the dentate gyrus in both genotypes, while bdnf(+/-) mice displayed roughly half-reduced level for the same treatment. In summary, we demonstrate here that depletion in BDNF dampened the antidepressant effects in several behaviors but failed to increase vulnerability to chronic stress exposure.
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47
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Jitomir J, Nassar E, Culbertson J, Moreillon J, Buford T, Hudson G, Cooke M, Kreider R, Willoughby DS. The acute effects of the thermogenic supplement Meltdown on energy expenditure, fat oxidation, and hemodynamic responses in young, healthy males. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2008; 5:23. [PMID: 19087290 PMCID: PMC2637826 DOI: 10.1186/1550-2783-5-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2008] [Accepted: 12/16/2008] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of a thermogenic supplement, Meltdown, on energy expenditure, fat oxidation, and hemodynamics before and after maximal treadmill exercise. In a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, cross-over design, 12 male participants underwent two testing sessions after consuming either the Meltdown or placebo supplement. While in a fasted state, participants rested for one hour, orally ingested either Meltdown or placebo and rested for another hour, performed a maximal treadmill exercise test, and then rested for another hour. Throughout the testing protocol, resting energy expenditure (REE) and respiratory exchange ratio (RER) were assessed. In addition, heart rate (HR) and blood pressure (BP) were assessed before and after exercise. Meltdown increased REE significantly more than placebo at 45 min (1.44 ± 0.25 vs. 1.28 ± 0.23 kcal/min; p = 0.003), 60 min (1.49 ± 0.28 vs. 1.30 ± 0.22 kcal/min; p = 0.025), and 120 min (1.51 ± 0.26 vs. 1.33 ± 0.27 kcals/min; p = 0.014) post-ingestion. Meltdown significantly decreased RER at 30 min (0.84 ± 0.03 vs. 0.91 ± 0.04; p = 0.022) and 45 min post-ingestion (0.82 ± 0.04 vs. 0.89 ± 0.05; p = 0.042), and immediately post-exercise (0.83 ± 0.05 vs. 0.90 ± 0.07; p = 0.009). Furthermore, over the course of the evaluation period, area under the curve assessment demonstrated that REE was significantly increased with Meltdown compared to placebo (992.5 ± 133.1 vs. 895.1 ± 296.1 kcals; p = 0.043), while RER was significantly less than placebo (5.55 ± 0.61 vs. 5.89 ± 0.44; p = 0.002) following ingestion. HR and BP were not significantly affected prior to exercise with either supplement (p > 0.05) and the exercise-induced increases for HR and BP decreased into recovery and were not different between supplements (p > 0.05). These data suggest that Meltdown enhances REE and fat oxidation more than placebo for several hours after ingestion in fully rested and post-exercise states without any adverse hemodynamic responses associated with maximal exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean Jitomir
- Department of Health, Human Performance, and Recreation, Baylor University, Box 97313, Waco, TX 76798, USA.
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Wöckel L, Zepf FD, Koch S, Meyer-Keitel AE, Schmidt MH. Serotonin-induced decrease of intracellular Ca(2+) release in platelets of bulimic patients normalizes during treatment. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2008; 116:89-95. [PMID: 19082524 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-008-0163-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2008] [Accepted: 11/18/2008] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Numerous symptoms related to eating disorders have been shown to be influenced by serotonergic (5-HT) functioning, with the 5-HT(2A) receptor subtype being one of the most relevant involved in the pathophysiology of bulimia nervosa (BN). In line with this, Ca(2+) mobilization as mediated by 5-HT(2) receptors in platelets was shown to serve as a peripheral model for central nervous 5-HT functioning. Here, the 5-HT-induced intracellular Ca(2+) mobilization in platelets was measured in 13 female normal weight bulimic patients (14-18 years) upon admission and at the end of inpatient treatment. Findings were compared to 21 age-matched healthy female adolescents. 5-HT-induced Ca(2+) release was significantly decreased in bulimic patients upon admission and normalized during inpatient treatment. Antidepressive medication caused a significant improvement. The data provide further evidence that altered 5-HT(2) receptor functioning is involved in the pathophysiological underpinnings in BN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Wöckel
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, RWTH Aachen University, Neuenhofer Weg 21, 52074, Aachen, Germany.
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Grudell AB, Sweetser S, Camilleri M, Eckert DJ, Vazquez-Roque MI, Carlson PJ, Burton DD, Braddock AE, Clark MM, Graszer KM, Kalsy SA, Zinsmeister AR. A controlled pharmacogenetic trial of sibutramine on weight loss and body composition in obese or overweight adults. Gastroenterology 2008; 135:1142-54. [PMID: 18725220 PMCID: PMC2629484 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2008.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2008] [Revised: 07/01/2008] [Accepted: 07/02/2008] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Weight loss in response to sibutramine is highly variable. We assessed the association of specific markers of polymorphisms of candidate alpha2A adrenoreceptor, 5-HT transporter, and GNbeta3 genes and weight loss with sibutramine. METHODS We conducted a randomized, double-blind, pharmacogenetic study of behavioral therapy and sibutramine (10 or 15 mg daily) or placebo for 12 weeks in 181 overweight or obese participants. We measured body weight, body mass index, body composition, gastric emptying, and genetic variation (alpha2A C1291G, 5-HTTLPR, and GNbeta3 C825T genotypes). Analysis of covariance was used to assess treatment effects on and associations of the specific markers of candidate genes with weight loss and body composition. RESULTS Sibutramine, 10 and 15 mg, caused weight loss (P = .009); there was a statistically significant gene by dose interaction for GNbeta3 genotype. For each candidate gene, significant treatment effects at 12 weeks were observed (P < .017) for all specific genotype variants (Delta weight loss in the 2 sibutramine doses vs placebo): alpha2A CC (Delta, approximately 5 kg), GNbeta3 TC/TT (Delta, approximately 6 kg), and 5-HTTLPR LS/SS (Delta, approximately 4.5 kg). Gene pairs resulted in significantly greater sibutramine treatment effects on weight (both P < .002): in participants with 5-HTTLPR LS/SS with GNbeta3 TC/TT; Delta, approximately 6 kg and those with alpha2A CC with GNbeta3 TC/TT; Delta, approximately 8 kg; however, effects were not synergistic. Treatment with sibutramine also resulted in significantly greater reduction of body fat for specific alpha2A CC and GNbeta3 TC/TT genotype variants individually (both P < .02). CONCLUSIONS Patient selection based on candidate genes may enhance response to multidimensional sibutramine and behavioral therapy for obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- April B.M. Grudell
- Clinical Enteric Neuroscience Translational and Epidemiological Research (CENTER), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Seth Sweetser
- Clinical Enteric Neuroscience Translational and Epidemiological Research (CENTER), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Michael Camilleri
- Clinical Enteric Neuroscience Translational and Epidemiological Research (CENTER), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Deborah J. Eckert
- Clinical Enteric Neuroscience Translational and Epidemiological Research (CENTER), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Maria I. Vazquez-Roque
- Clinical Enteric Neuroscience Translational and Epidemiological Research (CENTER), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Paula J. Carlson
- Clinical Enteric Neuroscience Translational and Epidemiological Research (CENTER), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Duane D. Burton
- Clinical Enteric Neuroscience Translational and Epidemiological Research (CENTER), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Autumn E. Braddock
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Matthew M. Clark
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Karen M. Graszer
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Sarah A. Kalsy
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Alan R. Zinsmeister
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Division of Biostatistics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
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Impairment of the serotonergic control of feeding in adult female rats exposed to intra-uterine malnutrition. Br J Nutr 2008; 101:1255-61. [PMID: 18786279 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114508061503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
We have previously shown that adult female rats exposed to intra-uterine malnutrition were normophagic, although obese and resistant to insulin-induced hypophagia. The present study aimed at examining aspects of another important catabolic component of energy homeostasis control, the hypothalamic serotonergic function, which inhibits feeding and stimulates energy expenditure. Pregnant dams were fed ad libitum or were restricted to 50 % of ad libitum intake during the first 2 weeks of pregnancy. Control and restricted 4-month-old progeny were studied. The restricted rats had increased body adiposity with normal daily food intake but failed to respond with hypophagia to an intracerebroventricular injection of serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine; 5-HT). Stimulation, by food ingestion, of extracellular levels of serotonin in medial hypothalamus microdialysates was more pronounced and lasted longer in the restricted than in the control rats. In the restricted group, hypothalamic levels of 5-HT 2C receptor protein tended to be reduced (P = 0.07) while the levels of 5-HT1B receptor and serotonin transporter proteins were significantly elevated (36 and 79 %, respectively). In conclusion, female rats undernourished in utero had normophagic obesity as adults but had an absence of serotonin-induced hypophagia and low hypothalamic levels of the 5-HT 2C receptor. Compensatory adaptations for the functional serotonergic impairment were evidenced, such as an enhanced release of serotonin in response to a meal allied to up-regulated hypothalamic 5-HT1B and transporter expression. Whether these compensations will persist in later life warrants further investigation. Moreover, it cannot be ruled out that the serotonergic component of energy expenditure was already impaired, thus contributing to the observed body-fat phenotype.
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