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Jahan N, Cathcart-Rake E, Vierkant RA, Larson N, Loprinzi C, O'Sullivan CC, Faubion S, Kuhle C, Vencill JA, Couch F, Olson JE, Ruddy KJ. Sexual Dysfunction in Patients With Metastatic Breast Cancer. Clin Breast Cancer 2024; 24:72-78.e4. [PMID: 37867114 DOI: 10.1016/j.clbc.2023.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sexual well-being is a key determinant of quality of life. Sexual dysfunction in patients with metastatic breast cancer (MBC) is understudied. PATIENTS AND METHODS Patients were eligible for this study if they participated in the Mayo Clinic Breast Disease Registry (MCBDR), had a diagnosis of de novo MBC, and responded to a question about sexual dysfunction at the baseline MCBDR survey. Participants reported their sexual dysfunction on a scale of 0 (no dysfunction) to 10 (severe dysfunction) at baseline and then annually for 4 years. Participants answered additional sexual symptom questions in years 2 and 4. Associations between patient attributes and the presence and severity of sexual dysfunction, changes in sexual dysfunction from baseline to subsequent surveys, and associations between specific sexual symptoms and severity of sexual dysfunction were assessed. RESULTS One hundred three patients with de novo MBC answered the sexual dysfunction question at baseline. The prevalence of any sexual dysfunction (score of 1-10) was 56.3% at baseline (n = 103), 57.1 % at year 1 (n = 77), 80.4% at year 2 (n = 46), 65.8% at year 3 (n = 38), and 85% at year 4 (n = 20). Vaginal dryness was reported by approximately 49% and 39% of patients in years 2 and 4 respectively. Vaginal dryness was associated with higher severity of sexual dysfunction. CONCLUSIONS Self-reported sexual dysfunction is frequent in women with de novo MBC. Vaginal dryness is a frequently reported treatable symptom associated with higher severity of sexual dysfunction. Clinicians should assess patients with MBC for sexual dysfunction and discuss potential treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nusrat Jahan
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, University Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | | | - Robert A Vierkant
- Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Nicole Larson
- Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | | | | | | | - Carol Kuhle
- Department of General Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Jennifer A Vencill
- Department of General Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Fergus Couch
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Janet E Olson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
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Khan SA, Mi X, Xu Y, Blanco LZ, Akasha AM, Pilewskie M, Degnim AC, AlHilli Z, Amin AL, Hwang ES, Guenther JM, Kocherginsky M, Benante K, Zhang S, Helland T, Hustad SS, Gursel DB, Mellgren G, Dimond E, Perloff M, Heckman-Stoddard BM, Lee O. Presurgical Oral Tamoxifen vs Transdermal 4-Hydroxytamoxifen in Women With Ductal Carcinoma In Situ: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Surg 2023; 158:1265-1273. [PMID: 37870954 PMCID: PMC10594180 DOI: 10.1001/jamasurg.2023.5113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
Importance Oral tamoxifen citrate benefits women with ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS), but concern about toxic effects has limited acceptance. Previous pilot studies have suggested transdermal 4-hydroxytamoxifen gel has equivalent antiproliferative efficacy to oral tamoxifen, with low systemic exposure. Objective To demonstrate that 4-hydroxytamoxifen gel applied to the breast skin is noninferior to oral tamoxifen in its antiproliferative effect in DCIS lesions. Design, Setting, and Participants This randomized, double-blind, phase 2 preoperative window trial was performed at multicenter breast surgery referral practices from May 31, 2017, to January 27, 2021. Among 408 women with estrogen receptor-positive DCIS who were approached, 120 consented and 100 initiated study treatment. The most common reasons for nonparticipation were surgical delay, disinterest in research, and concerns about toxic effects. Data were analyzed from January 26, 2021, to October 5, 2022. Intervention Random assignment to oral tamoxifen citrate, 20 mg/d, and gel placebo or 4-hydroxytamoxifen gel, 2 mg/d per breast, and oral placebo, for 4 to 10 weeks, followed by DCIS resection. Main Outcomes and Measures The primary end point was absolute change in DCIS Ki-67 labeling index (Ki67-LI). Secondary end points included 12-gene DCIS Score, breast tissue tamoxifen metabolite concentrations, tamoxifen-responsive plasma protein levels, and patient-reported symptoms. Noninferiority of Ki67-LI reduction by 4-hydroxytamoxifen gel was tested using analysis of covariance; within- and between-arm comparisons were performed with paired t tests for mean values or the Wilcoxon rank sum test for medians. Results Of 90 participants completing treatment (mean [SD] age, 55 [11] years; 8 [8.9%] Asian, 16 [17.8%] Black, 8 [8.9%] Latina, and 53 [58.9%] White), 15 lacked residual DCIS in the surgical sample, leaving 75 evaluable for the primary end point analysis (40 in the oral tamoxifen group and 35 in the 4-hydroxytamoxifen gel group). Posttreatment Ki67-LI was 3.3% higher (80% CI, 2.1%-4.6%) in the 4-hydroxytamoxifen gel group compared with the oral tamoxifen group, exceeding the noninferiority margin (2.6%). The DCIS Score decreased more with oral tamoxifen treatment (-16 [95% CI, -22 to -9.4]) than with 4-hydroxytamoxifen gel (-1.8 [95% CI, -5.8 to 2.3]). The median 4-hydroxytamoxifen concentrations deep in the breast were nonsignificantly higher in the oral tamoxifen group (5.7 [IQR, 4.0-7.9] vs 3.8 [IQR, 1.3-7.9] ng/g), whereas endoxifen was abundant in the oral tamoxifen group and minimal in the 4-hydroxytamoxifen gel group (median, 13.0 [IQR, 8.9-20.6] vs 0.3 [IQR, 0-0.3] ng/g; P < .001). Oral tamoxifen caused expected adverse changes in plasma protein levels and vasomotor symptoms, with minimal changes in the transdermal group. Conclusions and Relevance In this randomized clinical trial, antiproliferative noninferiority of 4-hydroxytamoxifen gel to oral tamoxifen was not confirmed, potentially owing to endoxifen exposure differences. New transdermal approaches must deliver higher drug quantities and/or include the most potent metabolites. Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02993159.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seema A. Khan
- Department of Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Xinlei Mi
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Yanfei Xu
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Luis Z. Blanco
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Azza M. Akasha
- Department of Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | | | - Amy C. Degnim
- Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Zahraa AlHilli
- Department of Surgery, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Amanda L. Amin
- Department of Surgery, University Hospitals, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - E. Shelley Hwang
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | | | - Masha Kocherginsky
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Kelly Benante
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Shanshan Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Thomas Helland
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | | | - Demirkan B. Gursel
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Gunnar Mellgren
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Eileen Dimond
- Division of Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Institute Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Marjorie Perloff
- Division of Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Institute Bethesda, Maryland
| | | | - Oukseub Lee
- Department of Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
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Calsavara VF, Henry NL, Hays RD, Kim S, Luu M, Diniz MA, Gresham G, Cecchini RS, Yothers G, Ganz PA, Rogatko A, Tighiouart M. Dynamic Risk Prediction of Treatment Discontinuation Using Patient-Reported Outcomes Data in the Phase III NSABP B-35 Trial. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2023; 16:631-639. [PMID: 37756580 PMCID: PMC10618646 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-23-0216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Predicting an individual's risk of treatment discontinuation is critical for the implementation of precision chemoprevention. We developed partly conditional survival models to predict discontinuation of tamoxifen or anastrozole using patient-reported outcome (PRO) data from postmenopausal women with ductal carcinoma in situ enrolled in the NSABP B-35 clinical trial. In a secondary analysis of the NSABP B-35 clinical trial PRO data, we proposed two models for treatment discontinuation within each treatment arm (anastrozole or tamoxifen treated patients) using partly conditional Cox-type models with time-dependent covariates. A 70/30 split of the sample was used for the training and validation datasets. The predictive performance of the models was evaluated using calibration and discrimination measures based on the Brier score and AUC from time-dependent ROC curves. The predictive models stratified high-risk versus low-risk early discontinuation at a 6-month horizon. For anastrozole-treated patients, predictive factors included baseline body mass index (BMI) and longitudinal patient-reported symptoms such as insomnia, joint pain, hot flashes, headaches, gynecologic symptoms, and vaginal discharge, all collected up to 12 months [Brier score, 0.039; AUC, 0.76; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.57-0.95]. As for tamoxifen-treated patients, predictive factors included baseline BMI, and time-dependent covariates: cognitive problems, feelings of happiness, calmness, weight problems, and pain (Brier score, 0.032; AUC, 0.78; 95% CI, 0.65-0.91). A real-time calculator based on these models was developed in Shiny to create a web-based application with a future goal to aid healthcare professionals in decision-making. PREVENTION RELEVANCE The dynamic prediction provided by partly conditional models offers valuable insights into the treatment discontinuation risks using PRO data collected over time from clinical trial participants. This tool may benefit healthcare professionals in identifying patients at high risk of premature treatment discontinuation and support interventions to prevent potential discontinuation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Norah L. Henry
- University of Michigan Rogel Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Ron D. Hays
- University of California Los Angeles, Department of Medicine, Los Angeles, California
| | - Sungjin Kim
- Cedars-Sinai Cancer Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Michael Luu
- Cedars-Sinai Cancer Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Márcio A. Diniz
- Cedars-Sinai Cancer Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Gillian Gresham
- Cedars-Sinai Cancer Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | | | - Greg Yothers
- University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Patricia A. Ganz
- University of California Los Angeles Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - André Rogatko
- Cedars-Sinai Cancer Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Mourad Tighiouart
- Cedars-Sinai Cancer Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
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Hammarström M, Gabrielson M, Crippa A, Discacciati A, Eklund M, Lundholm C, Bäcklund M, Wengström Y, Borgquist S, Bergqvist J, Eriksson M, Tapia J, Czene K, Hall P. Side effects of low-dose tamoxifen: results from a six-armed randomised controlled trial in healthy women. Br J Cancer 2023:10.1038/s41416-023-02293-z. [PMID: 37149701 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-023-02293-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adherence to adjuvant tamoxifen therapy is suboptimal, and acceptance of tamoxifen for primary prevention is poor. Published results indicate effect of low-dose tamoxifen therapy. Using questionnaire data from a randomised controlled trial, we describe side effects of standard and low-dose tamoxifen in healthy women. METHODS In the KARISMA trial, 1440 healthy women were randomised to 6 months of daily intake of 20, 10, 5, 2.5, 1 mg of tamoxifen or placebo. Participants completed a 48-item, five-graded Likert score symptom questionnaire at baseline and follow-up. Linear regression models were used to identify significant changes in severity levels across doses and by menopausal status. RESULTS Out of 48 predefined symptoms, five were associated with tamoxifen exposure (hot flashes, night sweats, cold sweats, vaginal discharge and muscle cramps). When comparing these side effects in premenopausal women randomised to low doses (2.5, 5 mg) versus high doses (10, 20 mg), the mean change was 34% lower in the low-dose group. No dose-dependent difference was seen in postmenopausal women. CONCLUSIONS Symptoms related to tamoxifen therapy are influenced by menopausal status. Low-dose tamoxifen, in contrast to high-dose, was associated with less pronounced side effects, a finding restricted to premenopausal women. Our findings give new insights which may influence future dosing strategies of tamoxifen in both the adjuvant and preventive settings. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov ID: NCT03346200.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mattias Hammarström
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Marike Gabrielson
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Alessio Crippa
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Andrea Discacciati
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Martin Eklund
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Cecilia Lundholm
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Magnus Bäcklund
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Yvonne Wengström
- Department of Neurobiology, Care Science and Society, Division of Nursing and Theme Cancer, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Signe Borgquist
- Department of Oncology, Aarhus University Hospital and Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Oncology, Lund University and Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
| | - Jenny Bergqvist
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Oncology, Capio St Görans Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mikael Eriksson
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - José Tapia
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kamila Czene
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Per Hall
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Oncology, Södersjukhuset, Stockholm, Sweden
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Short-term changes in ultrasound tomography measures of breast density and treatment-associated endocrine symptoms after tamoxifen therapy. NPJ Breast Cancer 2023; 9:12. [PMID: 36922547 PMCID: PMC10017770 DOI: 10.1038/s41523-023-00511-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Although breast density decline with tamoxifen therapy is associated with greater therapeutic benefit, limited data suggest that endocrine symptoms may also be associated with improved breast cancer outcomes. However, it is unknown whether endocrine symptoms are associated with reductions in breast density after tamoxifen initiation. We evaluated treatment-associated endocrine symptoms and breast density change among 74 women prescribed tamoxifen in a 12-month longitudinal study. Treatment-associated endocrine symptoms and sound speed measures of breast density, assessed via novel whole breast ultrasound tomography (m/s), were ascertained before tamoxifen (T0) and at 1-3 (T1), 4-6 (T2), and 12 months (T3) after initiation. CYP2D6 status was genotyped, and tamoxifen metabolites were measured at T3. Using multivariable linear regression, we estimated mean change in breast density by treatment-associated endocrine symptoms adjusting for age, race, menopausal status, body mass index, and baseline density. Significant breast density declines were observed in women with treatment-associated endocrine symptoms (mean change (95% confidence interval) at T1:-0.26 m/s (-2.17,1.65); T2:-2.12 m/s (-4.02,-0.22); T3:-3.73 m/s (-5.82,-1.63); p-trend = 0.004), but not among women without symptoms (p-trend = 0.18) (p-interaction = 0.02). Similar declines were observed with increasing symptom frequency (p-trends for no symptoms = 0.91; low/moderate symptoms = 0.03; high symptoms = 0.004). Density declines remained among women with detectable tamoxifen metabolites or intermediate/efficient CYP2D6 metabolizer status. Emergent/worsening endocrine symptoms are associated with significant, early declines in breast density after tamoxifen initiation. Further studies are needed to assess whether these observations predict clinical outcomes. If confirmed, endocrine symptoms may be a proxy for tamoxifen response and useful for patients and providers to encourage adherence.
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Ergun MA, Hajjar A, Alagoz O, Rampurwala M. Optimal breast cancer risk reduction policies tailored to personal risk level. Health Care Manag Sci 2022; 25:363-388. [PMID: 35687269 PMCID: PMC10445480 DOI: 10.1007/s10729-022-09596-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Depending on personal and hereditary factors, each woman has a different risk of developing breast cancer, one of the leading causes of death for women. For women with a high-risk of breast cancer, their risk can be reduced by two main therapeutic approaches: 1) preventive treatments such as hormonal therapies (i.e., tamoxifen, raloxifene, exemestane); or 2) a risk reduction surgery (i.e., mastectomy). Existing national clinical guidelines either fail to incorporate or have limited use of the personal risk of developing breast cancer in their proposed risk reduction strategies. As a result, they do not provide enough resolution on the benefit-risk trade-off of an intervention policy as personal risk changes. In addressing this problem, we develop a discrete-time, finite-horizon Markov decision process (MDP) model with the objective of maximizing the patient's total expected quality-adjusted life years. We find several useful insights some of which contradict the existing national breast cancer risk reduction recommendations. For example, we find that mastectomy is the optimal choice for the border-line high-risk women who are between ages 22 and 38. Additionally, in contrast to the National Comprehensive Cancer Network recommendations, we find that exemestane is a plausible, in fact, the best, option for high-risk postmenopausal women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet A Ergun
- Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 3242 Mechanical Engineering Building, 1513 University Avenue, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
- Department of Industrial Engineering, Istanbul Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ali Hajjar
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, Boston, USA
- Massachusetts General Hospital Institute for Technology Assessment, Boston, USA
| | - Oguzhan Alagoz
- Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 3242 Mechanical Engineering Building, 1513 University Avenue, Madison, WI, 53706, USA.
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Hao Z, Xu J, Zhao H, Zhou W, Liu Z, He S, Yin X, Zhang B, Wang Z, Zhou X. The inhibition of tamoxifen on UGT2B gene expression and enzyme activity in rat liver contribute to the estrogen homeostasis dysregulation. BMC Pharmacol Toxicol 2022; 23:33. [PMID: 35642027 PMCID: PMC9158366 DOI: 10.1186/s40360-022-00574-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Tamoxifen treatment may induce dysregulation of estrogen homeostasis, leading to the occurrence of related adverse reactions. However, the potential mechanisms are still unclear. The purpose of the present study was to uncover whether tamoxifen treatment would act on estrogen metabolism-related biological enzymes and the regulatory effect on estrogen homeostasis to clarify the key factors and potential mechanisms of adverse reactions caused by long-term use of tamoxifen. Method Female SD rats were administrated with tamoxifen CMC-Na solution (p.o.) once daily for four weeks and then housed at room temperature. Serum, breast, liver, uterus, and ovarian tissues were obtained, and the effects of tamoxifen administration on estrogen homeostasis, the expression, and activity of estrogen metabolic enzyme were evaluated. Results Compared with the control group, the estrogen homeostasis was disturbed and the expression and activity of UGT2B1 (homology with human UGT2B7) were significantly reduced in the rats administrated with tamoxifen. The inhibitory effect of tamoxifen on UGT2B7 was dominated by hydrophobic and π-π stacking interactions, resulting in a concentration-dependent inhibition of UGT2B7 activity by tamoxifen and the imbalance of ligand-activated transcription factors, leading to abnormal regulation of UGT2B and disturbance of estrogen homeostasis, which in turn led to adverse reactions of tamoxifen. Conclusion We established links between estrogen metabolism and tamoxifen administration and we proposed that the UGT2B inhibition was involved in the disturbance of estrogen homeostasis and the occurrence of tamoxifen-related adverse reactions. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s40360-022-00574-6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhixiang Hao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, 209 Tongshan Road, Xuzhou, 221004, China.,Department of Pharmacy, Xuzhou First People's hospital, 221000, Xuzhou, China
| | - Jiahao Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, 209 Tongshan Road, Xuzhou, 221004, China
| | - Han Zhao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, 209 Tongshan Road, Xuzhou, 221004, China
| | - Wei Zhou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, 209 Tongshan Road, Xuzhou, 221004, China
| | - Zhao Liu
- Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, the Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Shiqing He
- Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, the Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Xiaoxing Yin
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, 209 Tongshan Road, Xuzhou, 221004, China
| | - Bei Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Xuzhou Central Hospital, Xuzhou Clinical School of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Zhongjian Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, 209 Tongshan Road, Xuzhou, 221004, China
| | - Xueyan Zhou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, 209 Tongshan Road, Xuzhou, 221004, China.
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Estrogen Receptors as Molecular Targets of Endocrine Therapy for Glioblastoma. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222212404. [PMID: 34830286 PMCID: PMC8626012 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222212404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Hormonal factors may participate in the development and progression of glioblastoma, the most aggressive primary tumor of the central nervous system. Many studies have been conducted on the possible involvement of estrogen receptors (ERs) in gliomas. Since there is a tendency for a reduced expression of ERs as the degree of malignancy of such tumors increases, it is important to understand the role of these receptors in the progression and treatment of this disease. ERs belong to the family of nuclear receptors, although they can also be in the plasmatic membrane, cytoplasm and mitochondria. They are classified as estrogen receptors alpha and beta (ER⍺ and ERβ), each with different isoforms that have a distinct function in the organism. ERs regulate multiple physiological and pathological processes through the activation of genomic and nongenomic pathways in the cell. Nevertheless, the role of each isoform in the development and progression of glioblastoma is not completely clear. Diverse in vitro and in vivo studies have shown encouraging results for endocrine therapy as a treatment for gliomas. At the same time, many questions have arisen concerning the nature of ERs as well as the mechanism of action of the proposed drugs. Hence, the aim of the current review is to describe the drugs that could possibly be utilized in endocrine therapy for the treatment of high-grade gliomas, analyze their interaction with ERs, and explore the involvement of these drugs and receptors in resistance to standard chemotherapy.
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Prescribing Tamoxifen in Patients With Mood Disorders: A Systematic Review of Potential Antimanic Versus Depressive Effects. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2021; 41:450-460. [PMID: 34166298 DOI: 10.1097/jcp.0000000000001412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE/BACKGROUND Tamoxifen is a selective estrogen receptor modulator widely used for treatment and prevention of estrogenic receptor-positive breast cancer. Tamoxifen is an object of growing interest in psychopharmacology as an antimanic drug, because it inhibits the protein kinase C, a molecular target of bipolar disorder. Consistently, the potential depressive effect of tamoxifen has been repeatedly reported. METHODS/PROCEDURES This article systematically reviews studies examining tamoxifen impact on mood, exploring either its potential therapeutic use as antimanic agent or its potential depressive effect. FINDINGS Eight studies explored tamoxifen antimanic properties, all, but one, reported a rapid and efficacious antimanic action. As to the depressive effect, 9 cohort studies emerged among which 4 pointed out an increased risk of depression. Seven case reports described the onset or exacerbation of depressive episodes besides 1 case series study reported a high rate of depressive symptoms. In addition, 1 case report study described a tamoxifen-induced manic episode. IMPLICATIONS/CONCLUSIONS The present review highlights tamoxifen treatment as a possible trigger of mood symptoms onset or exacerbation in vulnerable patients. Accordingly, patients with a history of mood disorders may require a close clinical surveillance during tamoxifen use. At the same time, the use of tamoxifen as an antimanic agent in psychiatric settings requires caution, as available evidence came from small-sample studies with short observation time. More studies are needed to define how long-term tamoxifen use may affect the course of bipolar disorder.
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Sheng JY, Santa-Maria CA, Blackford AL, Lim D, Carpenter A, Smith KL, Cohen GI, Coughlin J, Appel LJ, Stearns V, Snyder C. The impact of weight loss on physical function and symptoms in overweight or obese breast cancer survivors: results from POWER-remote. J Cancer Surviv 2021; 16:542-551. [PMID: 34018096 DOI: 10.1007/s11764-021-01049-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE In pre-planned observational analysis of the POWER-remote trial, we examined the impact of weight loss on patient-reported outcomes (PROs). We hypothesized a priori that survivors with ≥ 5% weight loss would have improved physical function (PF) at 6 months vs. those who did not. METHODS Patients with stage 0-III breast cancer who completed local therapy and chemotherapy with BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2 were randomized to POWER-remote (telephone coaching; diet/activity tracking) or self-directed weight loss (booklet). Participants completed PROs at baseline, 6, and 12 months: PROMIS PF, pain, fatigue, anxiety, depression, sleep; FACT-endocrine symptoms; MOS-sexual function. Changes in PROs among those with ≥ 5% weight loss vs. those with < 5% were tested with multivariable mixed effect models, across randomized groups. RESULTS Of 94 women who completed PROs, 84 and 69 participants were evaluable at 6 and 12 months, respectively. Regardless of intervention, PF improved in those with ≥ 5% weight loss vs. those with < 5% at 6 months (4.4 vs. 0.3 points; p = 0.02) and 12 months (3.6 vs. 0 points; p = 0.04). While endocrine symptoms, fatigue, and anxiety improved at 6 months in those who lost ≥ 5%, differences were not significant vs. those who lost < 5%. There was no significant change within or between groups in sexual function, depression, or sleep. Findings at 12 months were similar, except pain improved in those losing ≥ 5%. CONCLUSIONS These results support the benefits of weight loss in overweight/obese breast cancer survivors. IMPLICATIONS FOR CANCER SURVIVORS Weight management in breast cancer survivors may improve PF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Y Sheng
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA. .,Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, 1650 Orleans St, Cancer Research Building 1, Room 142, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA.
| | - Cesar A Santa-Maria
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Amanda L Blackford
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - David Lim
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ashley Carpenter
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Karen L Smith
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Gary I Cohen
- Great Baltimore Medical Center, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Janelle Coughlin
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Lawrence J Appel
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Division of General Internal Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Vered Stearns
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Claire Snyder
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Division of General Internal Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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11
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Abstract
Purpose: Breast cancer survivors may experience worse social, physical, and emotional function compared to the general population, although symptoms often improve over time. Data on problems in living can help to improve interventions and supportive care for breast cancer survivors. Symptoms such as fatigue, pain, difficulties with sleep, and sexual problems may have an adverse effect on the quality of life of breast cancer survivors. Methods: We examined problems in living using data from a survey of 164 breast cancer survivors who had completed primary therapy for the disease. Results: A total of 164 women completed the study questions (response rate 16.4%). The mean age of the women was 67 years. Among all participants, 66.7% were white, 29.5% were African-American, and the remainder were of other races. Almost all of the symptoms were more likely to be reported by participants who were < 55 years of age. Other important correlates of symptoms included non-white race, marital status, and having a household income of less than $50,000 per year. Conclusion: The results of this study highlight the need for caregivers to emphasize screening for and discussion of symptoms, including sleep difficulties, fatigue, loss of strength, aches and pains, and muscle or joint stiffness. Of particular concern are younger survivors and those who are African American or low-income.
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12
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Carmassi C, Pardini F, Dell'Oste V, Cordone A, Pedrinelli V, Simoncini M, Dell'Osso L. Suicidality and Illness Course Worsening in a Male Patient with Bipolar Disorder during Tamoxifen Treatment for ER+/HER2+ Breast Cancer. Case Rep Psychiatry 2021; 2021:5547649. [PMID: 33833890 PMCID: PMC8012138 DOI: 10.1155/2021/5547649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 03/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Tamoxifen is a selective estrogenic receptor modulator (SERM) drug. In addition to its common use in breast cancer ER+, Tamoxifen has been object of growing interest in psychiatry as antimanic drug. At the same time, clinical concerns about Tamoxifen's depressogenic effect have been repeatedly raised even without reaching univocal conclusions. We discuss the case of a 45-year-old-male with a diagnosis of Bipolar Disorder type II, treated with Tamoxifen as relapse prevention treatment after surgery for a ER+/HER2+ breast cancer. The patient required two psychiatric admissions in a few-month time span since he showed a progressive worsening of both depressive and anxiety symptoms, with the onset of delusional ideas of hopelessness and failure up to suicidal thoughts. The clinical picture showed poor response to treatment trials based on various associations of mood-stabilising, antidepressants, and antipsychotic drugs. During the second hospitalization, after a multidisciplinary evaluation, the oncologists agreed on Tamoxifen discontinuation upon the severity of the psychiatric condition. The patient underwent a close oncological and psychiatric follow-up during the following 12 months. METHODS Psychiatric assessments included the Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS), the Hamilton Depression Scale (HAM-D), the Columbia Suicide Severity Rating Scale (C-SSRS), and the Quality of Life Enjoyment and Satisfaction Questionnaire Short Form (Q-LES-Q-SF). All questionnaires were administered at the time of the second hospitalization and in a one-year follow-up. RESULTS Suicidal ideation fully remitted and depressive symptoms markedly and rapidly improved in the aftermath of Tamoxifen discontinuation. The symptomatological improvement remained stable across one-year follow-up. CONCLUSIONS Male patients with a mood disorder history constitute a high-risk group as to Tamoxifen psychiatric side effects. The onset or worsening of depressive symptoms or suicidality should be carefully addressed and promptly treated, and clinicians should be encouraged to consider the possibility of discontinue or reduce Tamoxifen therapy after a multidisciplinary evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Carmassi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Francesco Pardini
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Valerio Dell'Oste
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Annalisa Cordone
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Virginia Pedrinelli
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Marly Simoncini
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Liliana Dell'Osso
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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13
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Lee O, Pilewskie M, Karlan S, Tull MB, Benante K, Xu Y, Blanco L, Helenowski I, Kocherginsky M, Yadav S, Hosseini O, Hansen N, Bethke K, Muzzio M, Troester MA, Dimond E, Perloff M, Heckman-Stoddard B, Khan SA. Local Transdermal Delivery of Telapristone Acetate Through Breast Skin, Compared With Oral Treatment: A Randomized Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Phase II Trial. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2021; 109:728-738. [PMID: 32996592 PMCID: PMC8388824 DOI: 10.1002/cpt.2041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Oral breast cancer prevention medications entail systemic exposure, limiting acceptance by high-risk women. Delivery through the breast skin, although an attractive alternative, requires demonstration of drug distribution throughout the breast. We conducted a randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled phase II clinical trial comparing telapristone acetate, a progesterone receptor antagonist, administered orally (12 mg/day) or transdermally (12 mg/breast) for 4 ± 1 weeks to women planning mastectomy. Plasma and tissue concentrations, measured at five locations in the mastectomy specimen using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry were compared. In 60 evaluable subjects, median drug concentration (ng/g tissue) was 103 (interquartile range (IQR): 46.3-336) in the oral vs. 2.82 (IQR: 1.4-5.5) in the transdermal group. Despite poor dermal permeation, within-breast drug distribution pattern was identical in both groups (R2 = 0.88, P = 0.006), demonstrating that transdermally and orally delivered drug is distributed similarly through the breast, and is strongly influenced by tissue adiposity (P < 0.0001). Other skin-penetrant drugs should be tested for breast cancer prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oukseub Lee
- Department of Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Melissa Pilewskie
- Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Scott Karlan
- Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Mary B Tull
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Kelly Benante
- Department of Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Yanfei Xu
- Department of Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Luis Blanco
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Irene Helenowski
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Masha Kocherginsky
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Shivangi Yadav
- Department of Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Omid Hosseini
- Department of Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Nora Hansen
- Department of Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Kevin Bethke
- Department of Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Miguel Muzzio
- Analytical Chemistry Division, Illinois Institute of Technology Research Institute, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Melissa A Troester
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Eileen Dimond
- National Cancer Institute Division of Cancer Prevention, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Marjorie Perloff
- National Cancer Institute Division of Cancer Prevention, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Seema A Khan
- Department of Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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14
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Mueller-Schoell A, Klopp-Schulze L, Michelet R, van Dyk M, Mürdter TE, Schwab M, Joerger M, Huisinga W, Mikus G, Kloft C. Simulation-Based Assessment of the Impact of Non-Adherence on Endoxifen Target Attainment in Different Tamoxifen Dosing Strategies. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14020115. [PMID: 33546125 PMCID: PMC7913149 DOI: 10.3390/ph14020115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Tamoxifen is widely used in breast cancer treatment and minimum steady-state concentrations of its active metabolite endoxifen (CSS,min ENDX) above 5.97 ng/mL have been associated with favourable disease outcome. Yet, about 20% of patients do not reach target CSS,min ENDX applying conventional tamoxifen dosing. Moreover, 4-75% of patients are non-adherent, resulting in worse disease outcomes. Assuming complete adherence, we previously showed model-informed precision dosing (MIPD) to be superior to conventional and CYP2D6-guided dosing in minimising the proportion of patients with subtarget CSS,min ENDX. Given the high non-adherence rate in long-term tamoxifen therapy, this study investigated the impact of non-adherence on CSS,min ENDX target attainment in different dosing strategies. We show that MIPD allows to account for the expected level of non-adherence (here: up to 2 missed doses/week): increasing the MIPD target threshold from 5.97 ng/mL to 9 ng/mL (the lowest reported CSS,min ENDX in CYP2D6 normal metabolisers) as a safeguard resulted in the lowest interindividual variability and proportion of patients with subtarget CSS,min ENDX even in non-adherent patients. This is a significant improvement to conventional and CYP2D6-guided dosing. Adding a fixed increment to the originally selected dose is not recommended, since it inflates interindividual variability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Mueller-Schoell
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universitaet Berlin, 14163 Berlin, Germany; (A.M.-S.); (L.K.-S.); (R.M.); (G.M.)
- Graduate Research Training Program PharMetrX, 12169 Berlin, Germany
| | - Lena Klopp-Schulze
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universitaet Berlin, 14163 Berlin, Germany; (A.M.-S.); (L.K.-S.); (R.M.); (G.M.)
| | - Robin Michelet
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universitaet Berlin, 14163 Berlin, Germany; (A.M.-S.); (L.K.-S.); (R.M.); (G.M.)
| | - Madelé van Dyk
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA 5042, Australia;
| | - Thomas E. Mürdter
- Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart, and University Tübingen, 70376 Tübingen, Germany;
| | - Matthias Schwab
- Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, 70376 Stuttgart, Germany;
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Tübingen, German Cancer Research, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Departments of Clinical Pharmacology, Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Markus Joerger
- Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology, Cantonal Hospital, 9007 St. Gallen, Switzerland;
| | - Wilhelm Huisinga
- Institute of Mathematics, University of Potsdam, 14476 Potsdam, Germany;
| | - Gerd Mikus
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universitaet Berlin, 14163 Berlin, Germany; (A.M.-S.); (L.K.-S.); (R.M.); (G.M.)
| | - Charlotte Kloft
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universitaet Berlin, 14163 Berlin, Germany; (A.M.-S.); (L.K.-S.); (R.M.); (G.M.)
- Correspondence:
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15
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Carter J, Goldfarb S, Baser RE, Goldfrank DJ, Seidel B, Milli L, Saban S, Stabile C, Canty J, Gardner GJ, Jewell EL, Sonoda Y, Kollmeier MA, Alektiar KM. A single-arm clinical trial investigating the effectiveness of a non-hormonal, hyaluronic acid-based vaginal moisturizer in endometrial cancer survivors. Gynecol Oncol 2020; 158:366-374. [PMID: 32522420 PMCID: PMC7423634 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2020.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the efficacy of non-hormonal, hyaluronic acid (HLA)-based vaginal gel in improving vulvovaginal estrogen-deprivation symptoms in women with a history of endometrial cancer. METHODS For this single-arm, prospective, longitudinal trial, we enrolled disease-free women with a history of endometrial cancer who underwent surgery (total hysterectomy) and postoperative radiation. Participants used HLA daily for the first 2 weeks, and then 3×/week until weeks 12-14; dosage was then increased to 5×/week for non-responders. Vulvovaginal symptoms and pH were assessed at 4 time points (baseline [T1]; 4-6 weeks [T2]; 12-14 weeks [T3]; 22-24 weeks [T4]) with clinical evaluation, the Vaginal Assessment Scale (VAS), Vulvar Assessment Scale (VuAS), Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI), and Menopausal Symptom Checklist (MSCL). RESULTS Of 43 patients, mean age was 59 years (range, 38-78); 54% (23/43) were partnered; and 49% (21/43) were sexually active. VAS, VuAS, MSCL, and SAQ (Sexual Activity Questionnaire) scores significantly improved from baseline to each assessment point (all p < .002). FSFI total mean scores significantly increased from T1 to T2 (p < .05) and from T1 to T4 (p < .03). At T1, 41% (16/39) felt confident about future sexual activity compared to 68% (17/25) at T4 (p = .096). Severely elevated vaginal pH (>6.5) decreased from 30% (13/43) at T1 to 19% (5/26) at T4 (p = .41). CONCLUSION The HLA-based gel improved vulvovaginal health and sexual function of endometrial cancer survivors in perceived symptoms and clinical exam outcomes. HLA administration 1-2×/week is recommended for women in natural menopause; a 3-5×/week schedule appears more effective for symptom relief in cancer survivors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeanne Carter
- Gynecology Service, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, United States of America; Psychiatry Service, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, United States of America; Department of Psychology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, United States of America.
| | - Shari Goldfarb
- Breast Medicine Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, United States of America; Biostatistics Service, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, United States of America; Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Raymond E Baser
- Biostatistics Service, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Deborah J Goldfrank
- Gynecology Service, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, United States of America; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Barbara Seidel
- Nursing, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Lisania Milli
- Nursing, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Sally Saban
- Gynecology Service, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Cara Stabile
- Plastic and Reconstructive Service, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Jocelyn Canty
- Gynecology Service, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Ginger J Gardner
- Gynecology Service, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, United States of America; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth L Jewell
- Gynecology Service, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, United States of America; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Yukio Sonoda
- Gynecology Service, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, United States of America; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Marisa A Kollmeier
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Kaled M Alektiar
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, United States of America
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16
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Meattini I, Poortmans PMP, Marrazzo L, Desideri I, Brain E, Hamaker M, Lambertini M, Miccinesi G, Russell N, Saieva C, Strnad V, Visani L, Kaidar-Person O, Livi L. Exclusive endocrine therapy or partial breast irradiation for women aged ≥70 years with luminal A-like early stage breast cancer (NCT04134598 - EUROPA): Proof of concept of a randomized controlled trial comparing health related quality of life by patient reported outcome measures. J Geriatr Oncol 2020; 12:182-189. [PMID: 32739355 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgo.2020.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Revised: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Postoperative radiation therapy after breast conserving surgery in the older adult population is a matter of debate; although radiation therapy was shown to benefit these patients concerning local disease control, the absolute benefit was small and potentially negligible. Partial breast irradiation has been introduced as an alternative treatment approach for low-risk patients. Older adult patients with early breast cancer constitute a unique population with regards to prognosis and potential comorbidities, thus minimizing treatment to maintain health-related quality of life (HRQoL) without compromising survival is extremely important. Estimates of the patient's risk of benefit and/or harm with treatment should be performed together with an assessment of baseline comorbidities, life expectancy, and care preferences. Published data suggest that radiation therapy or endocrine therapy alone resulted in excellent disease control in older women with early breast cancer, and that the combination of both treatments has less incremental benefit than expected. Conversely, the toxicity profile of endocrine therapy is well known, often significantly impacting long term HRQoL of these potentially frail patients. METHODS Patients older than 70 years receiving breast conserving surgery with T1N0, Luminal A-like tumors will be randomized to receive partial breast irradiation-alone or endocrine therapy-alone. The main objectives are to determine patient reported outcome measures in terms of HRQoL, as assessed by the EORTC QLQ-C30 using the global health status of patients, and to demonstrate a non-inferior local control rate between arms. Secondary endpoints are represented by individual scales from QLQ-C30 and module QLQ-BR45 scores; ELD14 questionnaire; geriatric COre DatasEt assessment; distant control rate, adverse events rates, breast cancer specific, and overall survival. DISCUSSION The EUROPA trial is a new randomized trial focused on older adults (≥70 years) affected by good prognosis primary breast cancer. Our assumption is that postoperative radiation therapy-alone avoids the long-term toxicity of endocrine therapy and favorably impacts on HRQoL in this population. In the current report we present the trial's background and methods, focusing on perspectives in the field of precision medicine. TRIAL REGISTRATION The trial is registered with ClinicalTrial.gov Identifier NCT04134598 / EUROPA trial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Icro Meattini
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences "M. Serio", University of Florence, Florence, Italy; Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Careggi, Florence, Italy.
| | - Philip M P Poortmans
- Iridium Kankernetwerk, Wilrijk-Antwerp, Belgium; University of Antwerp, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Wilrijk-Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Livia Marrazzo
- Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Careggi, Florence, Italy
| | - Isacco Desideri
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences "M. Serio", University of Florence, Florence, Italy; Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Careggi, Florence, Italy
| | - Etienne Brain
- Institut Curie, Hopital René Huguenin, Saint-Cloud, France
| | | | - Matteo Lambertini
- Breast Unit, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy; Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties (DiMI), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Guido Miccinesi
- Istituto per lo Studio, la Prevenzione e la Rete Oncologica (ISPRO), Florence, Italy
| | - Nicola Russell
- The Netherland Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Calogero Saieva
- Istituto per lo Studio, la Prevenzione e la Rete Oncologica (ISPRO), Florence, Italy
| | | | - Luca Visani
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences "M. Serio", University of Florence, Florence, Italy; Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Careggi, Florence, Italy
| | | | - Lorenzo Livi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences "M. Serio", University of Florence, Florence, Italy; Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Careggi, Florence, Italy
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17
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Lazzeroni M, Puntoni M, Provinciali N, Webber TB, Briata IM, D'Amico M, Giuliano S, Siri G, Cagnacci S, DeCensi A. Estimating the magnitude of clinical benefit of systemic therapy in patients with DCIS or pre-invasive disease of the breast. Breast 2020; 48 Suppl 1:S39-S43. [PMID: 31839158 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-9776(19)31121-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The challenge of effective management of ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) and other pre-malignant disorders of the breast is to select patients who will not progress to invasive carcinoma from those at the highest risk who require radiotherapy and/or endocrine therapy to minimize the risk of a subsequent invasive recurrence. Although IBIS-II and NSABP-B35 DCIS phase III trials proved that tamoxifen 20 mg/day and anastrozole reduce the risk of ipsilateral and contralateral events, the toxicities of both drugs have hampered the drug uptake by high-risk women. We recently reported results of a 3-year placebo-controlled trial of low-dose (5 mg/d) tamoxifen in 500 women with intraepithelial neoplasia (70% DCIS). At a median follow-up of 5 years, women randomly assigned to low-dose tamoxifen had half the number of subsequent diagnoses of DCIS or invasive cancer compared with those randomly assigned to placebo but no increase in thromboembolic events or endometrial cancers. The 5-year number needed to treat was 22 (95% CI, 20-27). Our attention is now focused on prognostic and predictive markers to identify patients who can derive the greatest benefits from low dose tamoxifen, such as for instance the expression of 23 genes involved in cell cycle progression (CCP). In conclusion, we endorse an active treatment of DCIS as the standard of care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Lazzeroni
- Division of Cancer Prevention and Genetics, IEO European Institute of Oncology, IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Matteo Puntoni
- Clinical Trial Office, E.O. Ospedali Galliera, Genoa, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Mauro D'Amico
- Division of Medical Oncology, E.O. Ospedali Galliera, Genoa, Italy
| | - Silvia Giuliano
- Division of Medical Oncology, E.O. Ospedali Galliera, Genoa, Italy
| | - Giacomo Siri
- Clinical Trial Office, E.O. Ospedali Galliera, Genoa, Italy
| | - Sara Cagnacci
- Division of Cancer Prevention and Genetics, IEO European Institute of Oncology, IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea DeCensi
- Division of Medical Oncology, E.O. Ospedali Galliera, Genoa, Italy; Centre for Cancer Prevention, Wolfson Institute of Preventive Medicine, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, United Kingdom.
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18
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A single-arm, prospective trial investigating the effectiveness of a non-hormonal vaginal moisturizer containing hyaluronic acid in postmenopausal cancer survivors. Support Care Cancer 2020; 29:311-322. [PMID: 32358778 DOI: 10.1007/s00520-020-05472-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To assess the feasibility and efficacy of a non-hormonal hyaluronic acid (HLA) vaginal gel in improving vulvovaginal estrogen-deprivation symptoms in postmenopausal women with a history of hormone receptor-positive (HR+) cancer. METHODS For this single-arm, prospective longitudinal trial, we identified disease-free patients with a history of HR+ breast cancer treated with aromatase inhibitors or HR+ endometrial cancer treated with surgery and postoperative radiation. Participants used HLA daily for the first 2 weeks, and then 3×/week until weeks 12-14; dosage was then increased to 5×/week for non-responders. Vulvovaginal symptoms and pH were assessed at 4 time points (baseline [T1], 4-6 weeks [T2], 12-14 weeks [T3], 22-24 weeks [T4]) with clinical evaluation, the Vaginal Assessment Scale (VAS), Vulvar Assessment Scale (VuAS), Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI), and Menopausal Symptom Checklist (MSCL). RESULTS Of 101 patients, mean age was 55 years (range, 31-78), 68% (n = 69) were partnered, and 60% (n = 61) were sexually active. In linear mixed models, VAS/VuAS scores significantly improved at all assessment points (all p < 0.001). MSCL scores similarly improved (all p < 0.001). FSFI scores significantly improved from T1 to T2 (p < 0.03), T3 (p < 0.001), and T4 (p < 0.001). Severe vaginal pH (> 6.5) decreased from 26% at T1 to 19% at T4 (p = 0.18). CONCLUSIONS HLA moisturization improved vulvovaginal health/sexual function of cancer survivors. While HLA administration 1-2×/week is recommended for women in natural menopause, a 3-5×/week schedule appears to be more effective for symptom relief in cancer survivors.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE Gabapentin is used to treat vasomotor symptoms (VMS) in postmenopausal women with contraindications to hormonal therapy or who prefer alternatives. We investigated the efficacy and tolerability of gabapentin for treating menopausal hot flushes via a meta-analysis. METHODS We searched the PubMed, MEDLINE, EMBASE, and CENTRAL databases for English-language articles published until June, 2018. The following search terms were used: "menopause," "hot flushes," "vasomotor symptoms," "gabapentin," and "non-hormonal therapy." Primary outcomes were frequency, duration, and composite score of hot flushes. Secondary outcomes were adverse effects and dropout rate. We estimated the standardized mean difference (SMD) and combined odds ratio (OR) using fixed or random-effects models, depending on study heterogeneity. Subgroup and meta-regression analyses of gabapentin dosage were performed. RESULTS We included seven randomized controlled trials that compared single-agent gabapentin with placebo for treating hot flushes in the meta-analysis. Women who received gabapentin reported a significantly greater reduction in the frequency (SMD 2.99 [95% confidence interval 2.01-3.98], P < 0.001), duration (0.89 [0.49-1.30], P < 0.001), and composite score (2.31 [1.50-3.11], P < 0.001) of hot flushes. Adverse events were significantly more frequent among those taking gabapentin than among those taking the placebo (OR 1.58 [0.98-2.18], P < 0.001; and 1.19 [0.43-1.95], P = 0.002 for dizziness and unsteadiness, respectively). CONCLUSIONS Gabapentin could be used to treat VMS in postmenopausal women with contraindications to hormonal therapy. Future studies should investigate the lowest effective dose of gabapentin to minimize adverse effects. : Video Summary:http://links.lww.com/MENO/A521.
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Saleh L, Wilson C, Holen I. CDK4/6 inhibitors in breast cancer - from in vitro models to clinical trials. Acta Oncol 2020; 59:219-232. [PMID: 31671026 DOI: 10.1080/0284186x.2019.1684559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Background: Breast cancer (BC) is one of the leading causes of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Standard therapies aim to disrupt pathways that regulate the growth and survival of BC cells. Therapeutic agents such as endocrine therapy target hormone dependent cancer cells and have shown to be suitable approaches in BC treatment. However, in the case of metastatic BC, curative options are limited, thus strategies have been explored to improve survival and clinical benefit. In this review we provide an up to date overview of the development of anti-cancer agents, particularly the newly developed CDK4/6 inhibitors.Material and methods: A search of PubMed was conducted to identify preclinical data surrounding the development of endocrine therapy and CDK4/6 inhibitors in early and metastatic BC. Clinical data were also sought using PubMed and clinicaltrials.gov.Results: Agents targeting oestrogen and its receptor have demonstrated positive outcomes in clinical trial with improvements in objective responses and overall survival. However, patients do exhibit adverse effects and some will eventually fail to respond to endocrine therapy. Subsequently, the development and success of 3rd generation CDK4/6 inhibitors in preclinical studies has allowed their introduction in clinical studies. In patients with ER + BC, CDK4/6 have demonstrated dramatic improvements in progression free survival when used in combination with endocrine therapies. Similar findings were also observed in metastatic disease. Adverse effects were limited in CDK4/6 treated patients, demonstrating the safety of these agents.Conclusion: CDK4/6 inhibitors are highly specific making them a safe and viable therapeutic for BC and there is increasing evidence of their potential to improve survival, even in the metastatic setting. Although a number of trials have demonstrated this, as a lone therapy or in combination, optimisation of treatment scheduling are still required in further clinical investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lubaid Saleh
- Department of Oncology and Metabolism, Medical School, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Caroline Wilson
- Academic Unit of Clinical Oncology, Weston Park Hospital, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Ingunn Holen
- Department of Oncology and Metabolism, Medical School, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
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Sebaoun P, Frederic M, Weryha G, Hamdaoui SE, Salleron J, Lesur A. Tolérance du Tamoxifène en traitement adjuvant et devenir lointain de 55 femmes non ménopausées suivies à l’Institut de cancérologie de Lorraine, pour un cancer du sein. Bull Cancer 2019; 106:S75-S100. [DOI: 10.1016/s0007-4551(20)30050-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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22
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Powell CB, Alabaster A, Le A, Stoller N, Armstrong MA, Raine‐Bennett T. Sexual function, menopausal symptoms, depression and cancer worry in women with BRCA mutations. Psychooncology 2019; 29:331-338. [DOI: 10.1002/pon.5253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Revised: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C. Bethan Powell
- Kaiser Permanente Northern California Gynecologic Cancer Program California United States of America
- Division of Research Kaiser Permanente Northern California California United States of America
| | - Amy Alabaster
- Division of Research Kaiser Permanente Northern California California United States of America
| | - Amy Le
- Kaiser Permanente Ob/Gyn Residency Program California United States of America
| | - Nicole Stoller
- Division of Research Kaiser Permanente Northern California California United States of America
| | - Mary Anne Armstrong
- Division of Research Kaiser Permanente Northern California California United States of America
| | - Tina Raine‐Bennett
- Division of Research Kaiser Permanente Northern California California United States of America
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DeCensi A, Puntoni M, Guerrieri-Gonzaga A, Caviglia S, Avino F, Cortesi L, Taverniti C, Pacquola MG, Falcini F, Gulisano M, Digennaro M, Cariello A, Cagossi K, Pinotti G, Lazzeroni M, Serrano D, Branchi D, Campora S, Petrera M, Buttiron Webber T, Boni L, Bonanni B. Randomized Placebo Controlled Trial of Low-Dose Tamoxifen to Prevent Local and Contralateral Recurrence in Breast Intraepithelial Neoplasia. J Clin Oncol 2019; 37:1629-1637. [PMID: 30973790 PMCID: PMC6601429 DOI: 10.1200/jco.18.01779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Tamoxifen administered for 5 years at 20 mg/d is effective in breast cancer treatment and prevention, but toxicity has limited its broad use. Biomarker trials showed that 5 mg/d is not inferior to 20 mg/d in decreasing breast cancer proliferation. We hypothesized that a lower dose given for a shorter period could be as effective in preventing recurrence from breast intraepithelial neoplasia but have a lower toxicity than the standard dose. PATIENTS AND METHODS We conducted a multicenter randomized trial of tamoxifen, 5 mg/d or placebo administered for 3 years after surgery in women with hormone-sensitive or unknown breast intraepithelial neoplasia, including atypical ductal hyperplasia and lobular or ductal carcinoma in situ. The primary end point was the incidence of invasive breast cancer or ductal carcinoma in situ. RESULTS Five hundred women 75 years of age or younger were included. After a median follow-up of 5.1 years (interquartile range, 3.9-6.3 years), there were 14 neoplastic events with tamoxifen and 28 with placebo (11.6 v 23.9 per 1,000 person-years; hazard ratio, 0.48; 95% CI, 0.26 to 0.92; P = .02), which resulted in a 5-year number needed to treat of 22 (95% CI, 20 to 27). Tamoxifen decreased contralateral breast events by 75% (three v 12 events; hazard ratio, 0.25; 95% CI, 0.07 to 0.88; P = .02). Patient-reported outcomes were not different between arms except for a slight increase in frequency of daily hot flashes with tamoxifen (P = .02). There were 12 serious adverse events with tamoxifen and 16 with placebo, including one deep vein thrombosis and one stage I endometrial cancer with tamoxifen and one pulmonary embolism with placebo. CONCLUSION Tamoxifen at 5 mg/d for 3 years can halve the recurrence of breast intraepithelial neoplasia with a limited toxicity, which provides a new treatment option in these disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea DeCensi
- 1 Ente Ospedaliero Ospedali Galliera, Genoa, Italy.,2 Wolfson Institute of Preventive Medicine, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | | | | | | | - Franca Avino
- 4 Istituto Nazionale Tumori IRCCS Fondazione G. Pascale, Naples, Italy
| | - Laura Cortesi
- 5 Azienda Ospedaliera-Universitaria Policlinico di Modena, Modena, Italy
| | - Cristiana Taverniti
- 6 Azienda Ospedaliera-Universitaria Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, Turin, Italy
| | | | - Fabio Falcini
- 8 Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori IRCCS, Meldola, Italy
| | | | | | - Anna Cariello
- 11 Azienda Unità Sanitaria Locale della Romagna, Ravenna, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Sara Campora
- 1 Ente Ospedaliero Ospedali Galliera, Genoa, Italy
| | | | | | - Luca Boni
- 14 Azienda Ospedaliera-Universitaria Careggi, Florence, Italy
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Kim TH, Kang JW. Acupuncture for symptoms management in Korean breast cancer survivors: a prospective pilot study. Acupunct Med 2019; 37:164-174. [DOI: 10.1177/0964528419832610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background: There is an unmet need for effective treatment of the various treatment-related symptoms experienced by breast cancer survivors. These symptoms could be alleviated by acupuncture. Although several lines of evidence in Western countries suggest that acupuncture has a beneficial effect on symptoms in breast cancer survivors, few relevant studies have been conducted in Korean patients. This pilot study assessed the feasibility of acupuncture for a variety of treatment-related symptoms in Korean breast cancer survivors. Method: From October 2015 to March 2016, we recruited patients who had undergone treatment for breast cancer and subsequently reported symptoms, including aromatase inhibitor-related knee pain, vasomotor symptoms, insomnia, sexual dysfunction and post-mastectomy pain in the chest wall or shoulder. The women received 4 weeks of symptom-specific acupuncture followed by a further 4 weeks of follow-up to evaluate the feasibility of acupuncture for this indication, and its impact on common and symptom-specific outcome variables. Results: Eight study participants were recruited over a period of 6 months, six of whom completed the planned acupuncture treatment and follow-up assessments. A total of 78 acupuncture sessions were performed. We found that acupuncture was feasible, with only six minor self-limiting acupuncture-related adverse events. Most of the women felt that they had benefitted from participation in the study. The preliminary analysis indicated improvement in common symptom-specific outcomes. Conclusion: Our findings suggest that acupuncture is feasible, but low recruitment rates should be considered when considering future acupuncture research in Korean breast cancer survivors. Rigorous evaluation of this symptomatic treatment strategy is now needed in the Korean population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae-Hun Kim
- Korean Medicine Clinical Trial Center, Korean Medicine Hospital, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jung Won Kang
- Department of Acupuncture & Moxibustion, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
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von Hippel C, Rosenberg SM, Austin SB, Sprunck-Harrild K, Ruddy KJ, Schapira L, Come S, Borges VF, Partridge AH. Identifying distinct trajectories of change in young breast cancer survivors' sexual functioning. Psychooncology 2019; 28:1033-1040. [PMID: 30817075 DOI: 10.1002/pon.5047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Revised: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To identify and characterize distinct trajectories of change in young women's sexual functioning over the first 5 years following breast cancer diagnosis. METHODS Group-based trajectory modeling was applied to the sexual functioning of 896 women diagnosed with stage I-IV breast cancer at age 40 or younger. The Cancer Rehabilitation Evaluation System was used to evaluate women's symptoms of sexual dysfunction annually for 5 years. RESULTS Five distinct trajectories of sexual functioning were identified: one asymptomatic, one minimally symptomatic, two moderately symptomatic, and one severely symptomatic trajectory. Twelve percent of women were asymptomatic throughout follow-up. The plurality of women experienced stable mild symptoms (42%). Among those with moderate symptoms, some experienced improvement over time (22%) while others experienced deterioration (13%); 11% experienced stable severe symptoms that did not remit over time. Independent predictors of experiencing a symptomatic rather than asymptomatic trajectory (P < 0.05, two-sided) included diagnosis with stage 2 versus 1 disease, ER positive disease treated with oophorectomy or ovarian suppression, being partnered, having anxiety, poorer body image, and greater musculoskeletal pain. CONCLUSIONS We identified distinct trajectories that describe the reported sexual symptoms in this cohort of young breast cancer survivors. The majority of women reported various degrees of sexual dysfunction that remained stable over the study period. There is, however, potential for improvement of moderate and severe symptoms of sexual dysfunction in early survivorship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christiana von Hippel
- Division of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Shoshana M Rosenberg
- Division of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - S Bryn Austin
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Kim Sprunck-Harrild
- Division of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Kathryn J Ruddy
- Division of Medical Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Lidia Schapira
- Division of Medical Oncology, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, California
| | - Steven Come
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,Breast Cancer Program, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Virginia F Borges
- Division of Medical Oncology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Ann H Partridge
- Division of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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Samimi G, Heckman-Stoddard BM, Kay SS, Bloodgood B, Coa KI, Robinson JL, Tennant B, Ford LG, Szabo E, Minasian L. Acceptability of Localized Cancer Risk Reduction Interventions Among Individuals at Average or High Risk for Cancer. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2019; 12:271-282. [PMID: 30824471 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-18-0435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Revised: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Individuals at high risk for cancer, including those already diagnosed with premalignant lesions, can potentially benefit from chemopreventive interventions to reduce cancer risk. However, uptake and acceptability have been hindered due to the risk of systemic toxicity and other adverse effects. Locally delivered chemopreventive agents, where direct action on the primary organ may limit systemic toxicity, are emerging as an option for high-risk individuals. While a number of clinical trials support the development of chemopreventive agents, it is crucial to understand the factors and barriers that influence their acceptability and use. We conducted 36 focus groups with 198 individuals at average and high risk of breast/ovarian, gynecologic, and head/neck/oral and lung cancers to examine the perceptions and acceptability of chemopreventive agents. Participants' willingness to use chemopreventive agents was influenced by several factors, including perceived risk of cancer, skepticism around prevention, previous knowledge of chemopreventive agents, support from trusted sources of health information, participation in other cancer-related risk-reduction activities, previous experience with similar modalities, cost, regimen, side effects, and perceived effectiveness of the preventive intervention. Our findings indicate that individuals may be more receptive to locally delivered chemopreventive agents if they perceive themselves to be at high risk for cancer and are given the necessary information regarding regimen and side effects to make an informed decision. Clinical trials that collect additional patient-centered data including side effects and how these interventions fit into an individual's lifestyle are imperative to improve uptake of chemopreventive agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Goli Samimi
- Division of Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Leslie G Ford
- Division of Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Eva Szabo
- Division of Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Lori Minasian
- Division of Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
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Characteristics of adverse events of endocrine therapies among older patients with breast cancer. Support Care Cancer 2019; 27:3813-3822. [DOI: 10.1007/s00520-019-04674-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Chatsiproios D, Schmidts-Winkler IM, König L, Masur C, Abels C. Topical treatment of vaginal dryness with a non-hormonal cream in women undergoing breast cancer treatment - An open prospective multicenter study. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0210967. [PMID: 30677065 PMCID: PMC6345451 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0210967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 12/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
This open, prospective, multicenter, observational study was performed to investigate the efficacy and safety of a non-hormonal cream in women undergoing breast cancer treatment and experiencing vulvovaginal dryness symptoms. Overall, 128 patients from 22 study centers participated. The cream was applied to the vagina and vulva for 28 days. For the efficacy analysis, changes in subjective symptoms (feeling of dryness, itching, burning, pain independent of sexual intercourse, dyspareunia, urinary incontinence) were evaluated. Additionally, the following objective diagnostic findings were assessed by a physician: thinning of vaginal epithelium, redness, petechiae, and discharge. Safety and tolerability were assessed by evaluating type and frequency of adverse events, including adverse medical device-related effects. The frequency and intensity of all subjective symptoms significantly improved from baseline at 28 days (p<0.0001). Additionally, 21.4% of patients were completely free of symptoms (p<0.0001) and urinary incontinence was improved or eliminated in 30.8% of women. The overall sum score for all four objective findings was significantly improved from baseline at 28 days (p<0.0001). The frequency of petechial bleedings was significantly reduced (p<0.0001). Further, significant decreases in the severity of vaginal epithelium thinning, redness and petechiae were observed (p<0.0001). More than 88% of patients and investigators assessed the efficacy and tolerability as being good or very good. No serious adverse events were documented. This study demonstrates that the investigated cream is an effective and safe non-hormonal, topical option in the treatment of vulvovaginal dryness symptoms in patients undergoing breast cancer treatment for. However, the study duration and follow-up time of 4 weeks as well as the non-randomized trial design are limitations of the study.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Lisa König
- DR. AUGUST WOLFF GmbH & CO. KG–ARZNEIMITTEL, Bielefeld, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Clarissa Masur
- DR. AUGUST WOLFF GmbH & CO. KG–ARZNEIMITTEL, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Christoph Abels
- DR. AUGUST WOLFF GmbH & CO. KG–ARZNEIMITTEL, Bielefeld, Germany
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Kotsopoulos J. BRCA Mutations and Breast Cancer Prevention. Cancers (Basel) 2018; 10:E524. [PMID: 30572612 PMCID: PMC6315560 DOI: 10.3390/cancers10120524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Revised: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Women who inherit a deleterious BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation face substantially increased risks of developing breast cancer, which is estimated at 70%. Although annual screening with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and mammography promotes the earlier detection of the disease, the gold standard for the primary prevention of breast cancer remains bilateral mastectomy. In the current paper, I review the evidence regarding the management of healthy BRCA mutation carriers, including key risk factors and protective factors, and also discuss potential chemoprevention options. I also provide an overview of the key findings from the literature published to date, with a focus on data from studies that are well-powered, and preferably prospective in nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne Kotsopoulos
- Women's College Research Institute, Women's College Hospital, 76 Grenville Street, 6th Floor, Toronto, ON M5S 1B2, Canada.
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, 155 College St, Toronto, ON M5T 3M7, Canada.
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Mutschler NS, Scholz C, Friedl TW, Zwingers T, Fasching PA, Beckmann MW, Fehm T, Mohrmann S, Salmen J, Ziegler C, Jäger B, Widschwendter P, de Gregorio N, Schochter F, Mahner S, Harbeck N, Weissenbacher T, Jückstock J, Janni W, Rack B. Prognostic Impact of Weight Change During Adjuvant Chemotherapy in Patients With High-Risk Early Breast Cancer: Results From the ADEBAR Study. Clin Breast Cancer 2018; 18:175-183. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clbc.2018.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Revised: 12/23/2017] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Unger JM, Vaidya R, Gore JL. Key design and analysis principles for quality of life and patient-reported outcomes in clinical trials. Urol Oncol 2018; 37:324-330. [PMID: 29572075 DOI: 10.1016/j.urolonc.2018.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Revised: 02/16/2018] [Accepted: 02/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Advances in early detection and therapy have increased the number of prostate cancer survivors, leading to a greater emphasis on examining patient-reported outcomes (PROs). PROs augment clinical outcomes, providing a more comprehensive assessment of the patient experience, including symptoms and quality of life, that may impact the overall evaluation of new therapies. The successful incorporation of PROs into clinical trials requires adherence to key design and analysis principles. We present these principles and argue that adherence to these principles is vital to ensure valid interpretation of clinical trial findings, identify meaningful differences among investigational strategies, and better translate clinical trial results to diverse stakeholders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph M Unger
- SWOG Statistical Center, Seattle, WA; Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA.
| | - Riha Vaidya
- SWOG Statistical Center, Seattle, WA; Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA
| | - John L Gore
- Department of Urology, University of Washington, Seattle Cancer Care Alliance, Seattle, WA
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Hedges VL, Chen G, Yu L, Krentzel AA, Starrett JR, Zhu JN, Suntharalingam P, Remage-Healey L, Wang JJ, Ebner TJ, Mermelstein PG. Local Estrogen Synthesis Regulates Parallel Fiber-Purkinje Cell Neurotransmission Within the Cerebellar Cortex. Endocrinology 2018; 159:1328-1338. [PMID: 29381778 PMCID: PMC5839732 DOI: 10.1210/en.2018-00039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Accepted: 01/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Estrogens affect cerebellar activity and cerebellum-based behaviors. Within the adult rodent cerebellum, the best-characterized action of estradiol is to enhance glutamatergic signaling. However, the mechanisms by which estradiol promotes glutamatergic neurotransmission remain unknown. Within the mouse cerebellum, we found that estrogen receptor activation of metabotropic glutamate receptor type 1a strongly enhances neurotransmission at the parallel fiber-Purkinje cell synapse. The blockade of local estrogen synthesis within the cerebellum results in a diminution of glutamatergic neurotransmission. Correspondingly, decreased estrogen availability via gonadectomy or blockade of aromatase activity negatively affects locomotor performance. These data indicate that locally derived, and not just gonad-derived, estrogens affect cerebellar physiology and function. In addition, estrogens were found to facilitate parallel fiber-Purkinje cell synaptic transmission in both sexes. As such, the actions of estradiol to support cerebellar neurotransmission and cerebellum-based behaviors might be fundamental to understanding the normal processing of activity within the cerebellar cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie L. Hedges
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455
| | - Gang Chen
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455
| | - Lei Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Department of Biological Science and Technology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Amanda A. Krentzel
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003
| | - Joseph R. Starrett
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003
| | - Jing-Ning Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Department of Biological Science and Technology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | | | - Luke Remage-Healey
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003
| | - Jian-Jun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Department of Biological Science and Technology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Timothy J. Ebner
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455
| | - Paul G. Mermelstein
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455
- Correspondence: Paul G. Mermelstein, PhD, Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, 6-145 Jackson Hall, 321 Church Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455. E-mail:
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Kanatas A, Velikova G, Roe B, Horgan K, Ghazali N, Shaw RJ, Rogers SN. Patient-Reported Outcomes in Breast Oncology: A Review of Validated Outcome Instruments. TUMORI JOURNAL 2018; 98:678-88. [DOI: 10.1177/030089161209800602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Aims and background Patient-reported outcomes (PROs) include areas of health-related quality of life but also broader concepts such as patient satisfaction with care. The aim of this review is to give an account of all instruments with potential use in patients with a history of treatment for breast cancer (including surgery, chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy) with evidence of validation in the breast cancer population. Methods All instruments included in this review were identified as PRO measures measuring breast-related quality of life and/or satisfaction that had undergone development and validation with breast oncology patients. We specifically looked for PRO measures examining patient satisfaction and/or quality of life after breast cancer treatment. Following an evaluation of 323 papers, we identified 15 instruments that were able to satisfy our inclusion criteria. Results These instruments are the EORTC QOL-C30 and QLQ-BR23 (European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life Questionnaire-Breast Cancer Module), the FACT-B (Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-Breast Cancer), the SLDS-BC (Satisfaction with Life Domains Scale for Breast Cancer), the BIBCQ (Body Image after Breast Cancer Questionnaire), the HIBS (Hopwood Body Image Scale), the PBIS (Polivy Body Image Scale), the MBROS (Michigan Breast Reconstruction Outcomes Study) Satisfaction and Body Image Questionnaires, the BREAST-Q, the BCTOS (Breast Cancer Treatment Outcome Scale), the BCQ, the FACT-ES (Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-Endocrine System), the MAS (Mastectomy Attitude Scale), and the Breast Cancer Prevention Trial Symptom Checklist (BCPT). Conclusions Suggestions for future directions include (1) to use and utilize validated instruments tailored to clinical practice; (2) to develop a comprehensive measurement of surgical outcome requiring the combination of objective and subjective measures; (3) to aim for a compromise between these two competing considerations in the form of a scale incorporating both generalizability in cancer-related QOL and specificity in breast cancer issues.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Brenda Roe
- Edge Hill University, Ormskirk and University of Manchester, Manchester
| | - Kieran Horgan
- Breast Surgery Department, Leeds Teaching Hospitals, Leeds General Infirmary, Leeds
| | | | - Richard J Shaw
- Department of Molecular & Clinical Cancer Medicine, Liverpool CR-UK Centre, Liverpool
| | - Simon N Rogers
- Evidence-Based Practice Research Centre (EPRC), Faculty of Health, Edge Hill University, Ormskirk, and Regional Maxillofacial Unit, University Hospital Aintree, Liverpool, UK
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Alicikus ZA, Gorken IB, Sen RC, Kentli S, Kinay M, Alanyali H, Harmancioglu O. Psychosexual and Body Image Aspects of Quality of Life in Turkish Breast Cancer Patients: A Comparison of Breast Conserving Treatment and Mastectomy. TUMORI JOURNAL 2018; 95:212-8. [DOI: 10.1177/030089160909500213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Aims and background Assessing psychosexual and body image aspects of quality of life in Turkish breast cancer patients treated by either mastectomy or breast conserving treatment (BCT). Methods The study group consisted of 112 patients who had undergone all treatment at a single institution under the care of a multidisciplinary breast team. Following surgery all patients underwent adjuvant radiotherapy with or without chemotherapy and hormone therapy. At the time of this study all patients were disease free with at least 2 years' follow-up. Twenty percent of the patients were premenopausal and 80% postmenopausal. The patients completed a questionnaire consisting of 42 questions related to their sexual relations and body image. Results Forty-one percent of sexually active patients had experienced a deterioration of sexual functioning after treatment. This was mainly due to loss of libido (80%), loss of interest in partner (54%), and sexual dissatisfaction (59%). Problems tended to develop early in the course of treatment. Decreased sexual desire was significantly more frequent in patients undergoing mastectomy versus BCT (80% vs 61%; P = 0.043) and in premenopausal versus postmenopausal patients (P= 0.024). Although 80% of patients were satisfied with their apperance as a whole, only 54% liked their naked bodies. There was no significant difference in body image scores between patients undergoing mastectomy or BCT apart from a general feeling of physical unattractive-ness in mastectomy patients (3.4 vs 2.8; P = 0.03). Conclusions Significant, similar psychosexual and body image problems occur in patients treated for breast cancer with either mastectomy or BCT. Problems arise early in the course of the disease and therefore detection and treatment of these problems should be addressed during the patients' initial assessment and at the start of treatment. These findings are similar to those reported on similar groups of treated women in American and European populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zumre Arican Alicikus
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Dokuz Eylul University Medical School, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Ilknur Bilkay Gorken
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Dokuz Eylul University Medical School, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Rachel Cooper Sen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Dokuz Eylul University Medical School, Izmir, Turkey
- Leeds Cancer Centre, Cookridge Hospital, Leeds, West Yorkshire, United Kingdom
| | - Suleyman Kentli
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Dokuz Eylul University Medical School, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Munir Kinay
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Dokuz Eylul University Medical School, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Hilmi Alanyali
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Dokuz Eylul University Medical School, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Omer Harmancioglu
- Department of Surgery, Dokuz Eylul University Medical School, Izmir, Turkey
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Jewell EL, Aghajanian C, Montovano M, Lewin SN, Baser RE, Carter J. Association of ß-hCG Surveillance with Emotional, Reproductive, and Sexual Health in Women Treated for Gestational Trophoblastic Neoplasia. J Womens Health (Larchmt) 2017; 27:387-393. [PMID: 29267150 DOI: 10.1089/jwh.2016.6208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To assess the emotional, reproductive, sexual health, and relationship concerns of women treated for gestational trophoblastic neoplasia (GTN) and examine associations with ß-hCG surveillance. METHODS This institutional review board approved study surveyed GTN survivors (n = 51) who received treatment from 1996 to 2008. Fifty-one women, including those actively followed or formerly treated, were surveyed. The survey consisted of background/medical information, the Reproductive Concerns Scale, the Female Sexual Function Index, an item from the Abbreviated Dyadic Adjustment Scale, the Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression scale, the Menopausal Symptom Checklist, the Impact of Life Events Scale, and exploratory items. RESULTS Mean age at diagnosis was 37.1 years; 41.6 years at study enrollment. Twenty-seven patients (56%) expressed worry about treatment harm and 30 (60%) about recurrence. Twenty percent reported significant depressive symptomatology. Mild cancer-related distress, reproductive concerns, sexual dysfunction, and bothersome menopausal symptoms were noted. Nineteen patients (40%) rated their ß-hCG surveillance worry as "high." Among patients who attempted conception after treatment, 3 of 12 (25%) succeeded in the ß-hCG high-worry group versus 13 of 19 (68%) in the ß-hCG low-worry group. Survivors with high ß-hCG worry had greater reproductive concerns than those with low worry (p = 0.002) and reported less sexual desire (p = 0.025). There was no difference in the number of low-worry versus high-worry participants in active surveillance (p = 0.09). CONCLUSION Our study suggests that cancer-specific distress, sexual health, and reproductive concerns continue to impact women years after treatment. High worry about ß-hCG surveillance is negatively associated with the emotional well-being of GTN survivors and possibly influences reproductive attempts and success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth L Jewell
- 1 Gynecology Service, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center , New York, New York.,2 Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Weill Cornell Medical College , New York, New York
| | - Carol Aghajanian
- 3 Gynecologic Medical Oncology Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center , New York, New York.,4 Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College , New York, New York
| | - Margaret Montovano
- 1 Gynecology Service, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center , New York, New York
| | - Sharyn N Lewin
- 5 Gynecologic Oncology, Holy Name Medical Center , Teaneck, New Jersey
| | - Raymond E Baser
- 6 Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center , New York, New York
| | - Jeanne Carter
- 1 Gynecology Service, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center , New York, New York.,7 Psychiatry Service, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center , New York, New York.,8 Department of Psychiatry, Weill Cornell Medical College , New York, New York
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Liao KF, Lin CL, Lai SW. Nationwide Case-Control Study Examining the Association between Tamoxifen Use and Alzheimer's Disease in Aged Women with Breast Cancer in Taiwan. Front Pharmacol 2017; 8:612. [PMID: 28928665 PMCID: PMC5591818 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2017.00612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Little is known about the association between tamoxifen use and Alzheimer's disease in women with breast cancer. The study aimed to explore the association between tamoxifen use and Alzheimer's disease in aged women with breast cancer in Taiwan. Methods: We conducted a retrospective nationwide case-control study using the database of the Taiwan National Health Insurance Program. Totally, 173 female subjects with breast cancer aged ≥ 65 years with newly diagnosed Alzheimer's disease from 2000 to 2011 were identified as the cases. Additionally, 684 female subjects with breast cancer aged ≥ 65 years without any type of dementia were selected as the matched controls. The cases and the matched controls were matched with age and comorbidities. Ever use of tamoxifen was defined as subjects who had at least a prescription for tamoxifen before the index date. Never use of tamoxifen was defined as subjects who never had a prescription for tamoxifen before the index date. We used the logistic regression model to calculate the odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) of Alzheimer's disease associated with tamoxifen use. Results: The OR of Alzheimer's disease was 3.09 for subjects with ever use of tamoxifen (95% CI 2.10, 4.55), compared with never use. The OR of Alzheimer's disease was 1.23 for subjects with increasing cumulative duration of tamoxifen use for every 1 year (95% CI 1.13, 1.34), compared with never use. Conclusion: The increased odds of Alzheimer's disease associated with tamoxifen use may be due to the survival effect, not the toxic effect. That is, the longer the tamoxifen use, the longer the patients survive, and the greater the likelihood that she may have a chance to develop Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuan-Fu Liao
- College of Medicine, Tzu Chi UniversityHualien, Taiwan.,Department of Internal Medicine, Taichung Tzu Chi General HospitalTaichung, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Integrated Medicine, China Medical UniversityTaichung, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Li Lin
- College of Medicine, China Medical UniversityTaichung, Taiwan.,Management Office for Health Data, China Medical University HospitalTaichung, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Wei Lai
- College of Medicine, China Medical UniversityTaichung, Taiwan.,Department of Family Medicine, China Medical University HospitalTaichung, Taiwan
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Webber L, Anderson RA, Davies M, Janse F, Vermeulen N. HRT for women with premature ovarian insufficiency: a comprehensive review. Hum Reprod Open 2017; 2017:hox007. [PMID: 30895225 PMCID: PMC6276684 DOI: 10.1093/hropen/hox007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Revised: 04/24/2017] [Accepted: 06/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Premature ovarian insufficiency (POI), often and misleadingly referred to as ‘premature menopause’, is defined as a loss of ovarian activity before the age of 40 years and is characterized by irregular or absent periods and reduced fertility. Symptoms include those associated with the natural menopause (night sweats and vaginal dryness), and with the long-term adverse effects of estrogen deficiency (osteoporosis and cardiovascular disease): the latter is believed to explain the shorter life expectancy associated with POI. OBJECTIVE AND RATIONALE The objective of the current review was to collect all relevant studies supporting recommendations on the indications, treatment options, and risks of hormone replacement therapy (HRT) (estrogen, progestogens and androgens) for women with POI. SEARCH METHODS The current review was written based on the best available evidence on the topic collected for the recently published ESHRE guideline on the management of women with POI. PUBMED/MEDLINE and the Cochrane library were searched in a stepwise approach. Relevant references were summarized in evidence tables, with assessment of the quality. OUTCOMES HRT is strongly recommended for women with POI, mainly for vasomotor and genito-urinary symptom relief. In addition, HRT has been shown to have a role in bone protection and probably also in primary prevention of cardiovascular disease. There is little evidence on the optimal type, regimen and dose of HRT; patient preference for route and method of administration of each component of HRT must be considered when prescribing, as should contraceptive needs. In women with POI, physiological replacement of estrogen (and progesterone) is essential for their health, and the controversies that surround the use of HRT in postmenopausal women do not apply. LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION N/A. WIDER IMPLICATIONS New areas of study on HRT for women with POI should focus on life expectancy, quality of life and neurological function. Furthermore, randomized controlled trials comparing transdermal estradiol with oral estrogens with regard to efficacy, patient satisfaction and side effects are urgently needed. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTERESTS The authors received no funding for the review. The costs for the development of the ESHRE guideline were covered by ESHRE. The authors have no conflicts of interest to disclose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Webber
- Department of Women's Health, University College London Hospitals, London NW1 2PG, UK
| | - Richard A Anderson
- MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Melanie Davies
- Department of Women's Health, University College London Hospitals, London NW1 2PG, UK
| | - Femi Janse
- Department of Reproductive Medicine and Gynaecology, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht 3584 CX, The Netherlands
| | - Nathalie Vermeulen
- European Society of Human Reproduction and Embryology (ESHRE), Grimbergen B-1852, Belgium
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Karavites LC, Kane AK, Zaveri S, Xu Y, Helenowski I, Hansen N, Bethke KP, Rasmussen-Torvik LJ, Khan SA. Tamoxifen Acceptance and Adherence among Patients with Ductal Carcinoma In Situ (DCIS) Treated in a Multidisciplinary Setting. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2017; 10:389-397. [PMID: 28559459 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-17-0029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Revised: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 05/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Tamoxifen and other endocrine agents have proven benefits for women with ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS), but low patient acceptance is widely reported. We examined factors associated with tamoxifen acceptance and adherence among DCIS patients who received a recommendation for therapy in a multidisciplinary setting. Using our institutional database, we identified women diagnosed with DCIS, 1998 to 2009, who were offered tamoxifen. We recorded data on demographics, tumor and therapy variables, tamoxifen acceptance, and adherence to therapy for ≥4 years. Univariable and multivariable analyses were conducted using logistic regression to identify factors specific to each group that were related to acceptance and adherence. A total of 555 eligible women identified, of whom 369 were offered tamoxifen; 298 (81%) accepted, among whom 214 (72%) were adherent, 59 of 298 (20%) were nonadherent, and for 25 (8%), adherence was undetermined. After stepwise elimination in adjusted logistic regression models, acceptance of breast radiotherapy was associated with acceptance of tamoxifen [OR, 2.22; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.26-3.90; P < 0.01], as was a medical oncology consultation (OR, 1.76; 95% CI, 0.99-3.15; P = 0.05). Insured patients were more likely to adhere to tamoxifen (OR, 6.03; 95% CI, 2.60-13.98; P < 0.01). The majority of nonadherent women (n = 38/56, 68%) discontinued the drug during the first year of treatment with 48 (86%) citing adverse effect(s) as the reason. In a multidisciplinary, tertiary care setting, we observed relatively high rates of acceptance and adherence of tamoxifen. Acceptance of tamoxifen and radiotherapy were associated, and adherence was influenced by insurance status.Key Message: Tamoxifen acceptance and adherence following resection of DCIS of the breast is related to acceptance of radiotherapy and may be improved by confirmation of the recommendation by a medical oncologist. Despite the low cost of tamoxifen, adherence to therapy is significantly impacted by lack of insurance; those who discontinue therapy report adverse effects as a major reason. Cancer Prev Res; 10(7); 389-97. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsey C Karavites
- Department of Surgery, University of Illinois College of Medicine at Mt. Sinai Hospital, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Anna K Kane
- Department of Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Shruti Zaveri
- Department of Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Yanfei Xu
- Department of Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Irene Helenowski
- Department of Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Nora Hansen
- Department of Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Kevin P Bethke
- Department of Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Laura J Rasmussen-Torvik
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Seema A Khan
- Department of Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois.
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MacLeod AK, McLaughlin LA, Henderson CJ, Wolf CR. Application of Mice Humanized for CYP2D6 to the Study of Tamoxifen Metabolism and Drug-Drug Interaction with Antidepressants. Drug Metab Dispos 2017; 45:17-22. [PMID: 27756789 PMCID: PMC5193068 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.116.073437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2016] [Accepted: 10/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Tamoxifen is an estrogen receptor antagonist used in the treatment of breast cancer. It is a prodrug that is converted by several cytochrome P450 enzymes to a primary metabolite, N-desmethyltamoxifen (NDT), which is then further modified by CYP2D6 to a pharmacologically potent secondary metabolite, 4-hydroxy-N-desmethyltamoxifen (endoxifen). Antidepressants (ADs), which are often coprescribed to patients receiving tamoxifen, are also metabolized by CYP2D6 and evidence suggests that a drug-drug interaction between these agents adversely affects the outcome of tamoxifen therapy by inhibiting endoxifen formation. We evaluated this potentially important drug-drug interaction in vivo in mice humanized for CYP2D6 (hCYP2D6). The rate of conversion of NDT to endoxifen by hCYP2D6 mouse liver microsomes (MLMs) in vitro was similar to that of the most active members of a panel of 13 individual human liver microsomes. Coincubation with quinidine, a CYP2D6 inhibitor, ablated endoxifen generation by hCYP2D6 MLMs. The NDT-hydroxylation activity of wild-type MLMs was 7.4 times higher than that of hCYP2D6, whereas MLMs from Cyp2d knockout animals were inactive. Hydroxylation of NDT correlated with that of bufuralol, a CYP2D6 probe substrate, in the human liver microsome panel. In vitro, ADs of the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor class were, by an order of magnitude, more potent inhibitors of NDT hydroxylation by hCYP2D6 MLMs than were compounds of the tricyclic class. At a clinically relevant dose, paroxetine pretreatment inhibited the generation of endoxifen from NDT in hCYP2D6 mice in vivo. These data demonstrate the potential of ADs to affect endoxifen generation and, thereby, the outcome of tamoxifen therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Kenneth MacLeod
- Division of Cancer Research, Level 9, Jacqui Wood Cancer Centre, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 9SY, United Kingdom
| | - Lesley A McLaughlin
- Division of Cancer Research, Level 9, Jacqui Wood Cancer Centre, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 9SY, United Kingdom
| | - Colin J Henderson
- Division of Cancer Research, Level 9, Jacqui Wood Cancer Centre, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 9SY, United Kingdom
| | - C Roland Wolf
- Division of Cancer Research, Level 9, Jacqui Wood Cancer Centre, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 9SY, United Kingdom
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Graziottin A. Breast Cancer and Sexuality with Focus in Young Women: From Evidence-Based Data to Women’s Wording to Treatment Perspectives. Breast Cancer 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-48848-6_62] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Adverse effects of non-hormonal pharmacological interventions in breast cancer survivors, suffering from hot flashes: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2016; 160:223-236. [PMID: 27709351 PMCID: PMC5065610 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-016-4002-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Accepted: 09/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To access frequency and severity of adverse effects (AE) of non-hormonal drugs (NHD) for hot flashes in breast cancer survivors compared to controls and analyze adverse-effect risk by reviewing published randomized trials. METHODS Cochrane Central Register for Controlled Trials, Embase, Medline, PsycINFO and PubMed databases were searched. Trials were included where participants were survivors of breast cancer suffering from hot flashes, treatment included self-administered venlafaxine, gabapentin or clonidine, and AE were reported. AE frequency and severity were graded. A meta-analysis of ten trials with sub-group analyses was conducted. RESULTS Forty-nine studies were identified, and 12 were included. A total of 1467 participants experienced 772 adverse effects, 81 % (n = 627) in the treatment group and 19 % (n = 145) in the control group. Sixty-seven percent of AE was graded as mild and 33 % as moderate. The frequency of AE for NHD was overall significant compared to placebo. Sub-group analysis indicated that AE frequency and severity increased at higher doses of venlafaxine and gabapentin compared to placebo. CONCLUSION The odds for experiencing AE was significantly higher in patients randomized to high-dose NHD than those randomized to controls, including placebo, low-dose medication and acupuncture. These therapies should be considered as a potential treatment alternative.
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Tran G, Helm M, Litton J. Current Approach to Breast Cancer Risk Reduction for Women with Hereditary Predispositions to Breast Cancer. CURRENT BREAST CANCER REPORTS 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s12609-016-0220-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Hoerger M, Scherer LD, Fagerlin A. Affective forecasting and medication decision making in breast-cancer prevention. Health Psychol 2016; 35:594-603. [PMID: 26867042 PMCID: PMC4868645 DOI: 10.1037/hea0000324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Over 2 million American women at elevated risk for breast cancer are eligible to take chemoprevention medications such as tamoxifen and raloxifene, which can cut in half the risk of developing breast cancer, but which also have a number of side effects. Historically, very few at-risk women have opted to use chemoprevention medications. Affective forecasting theory suggests that people may avoid these medications if they expect taking them to increase their health-related stress. METHOD After receiving an individually tailored decision aid that provided personalized information about the risks and benefits of these medications, 661 women at elevated risk of breast cancer were asked to make 3 affective forecasts, predicting what their level of health-related stress would be if they took tamoxifen, raloxifene, or neither medication. They also completed measures of decisional preferences and intentions, and at a 3-month follow-up, reported on whether or not they had decided to use either medication. RESULTS On the affective forecasting items, very few women (<10%) expected the medications to reduce their health-related stress, relative to no medication at all. Participants with more negative affective forecasts about taking a chemoprevention medication expressed lower preferences and intentions for using the medications (Cohen's ds from 0.74 to 0.79) and were more likely to have opted against using medication at follow-up (OR range = 1.34-2.66). CONCLUSION These findings suggest that affective forecasting may explain avoidance of breast-cancer chemoprevention medications. They also highlight the need for more research aimed at integrating emotional content into decision aids. (PsycINFO Database Record
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Angela Fagerlin
- University of Michigan and Ann Arbor VA Center for Clinical Management Research
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Young women (<45 years of age) diagnosed with breast cancer face increased risk of sexual dysfunction as a result of their cancer-directed treatment. We will review the recent literature examining this critical challenge and discuss current efforts to address sexual dysfunction. RECENT FINDINGS In the period since 2013, the literature has focused on sexual issues that result from the premature onset of menopausal symptoms and changes in sexual health following breast surgery. The impact of premature menopause in young women with breast cancer is profound and can affect all aspects of the sexual experience, from desire to function, and quality of life. Furthermore, the surgical treatment of breast cancer also has significant implications with respect to sexual desire and body image. There is a paucity of sexual health intervention for this population, though recent efforts suggest that sexual health outcomes may be improved if women are offered the appropriate intervention opportunities. However, the sexual function of young breast cancer patients is an under-discussed and under-treated health issue that warrants greater research and clinical focus. SUMMARY Further intervention trials must be completed in this population of young women for whom sexual function plays such a critical role in their personal and relationship well being.
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Johns C, Seav SM, Dominick SA, Gorman JR, Li H, Natarajan L, Mao JJ, Irene Su H. Informing hot flash treatment decisions for breast cancer survivors: a systematic review of randomized trials comparing active interventions. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2016; 156:415-426. [PMID: 27015968 PMCID: PMC4838539 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-016-3765-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Patient-centered decision making about hot flash treatments often incorporates a balance of efficacy and side effects in addition to patient preference. This systematic review examines randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing at least two non-hormonal hot flash treatments in breast cancer survivors. In July 2015, PubMed, SCOPUS, CINAHL, Cochrane, and Web of Science databases were searched for RCTs comparing active, non-hormonal hot flash treatments in female breast cancer survivors. Thirteen trials were included after identifying 906 potential studies. Four trials were dose comparison studies of pharmacologic treatments citalopram, venlafaxine, gabapentin, and paroxetine. Hot flash reduction did not differ by tamoxifen or aromatase inhibitor use. Citalopram 10, 20, and 30 mg daily had comparable outcomes. Venlafaxine 75 mg daily improved hot flashes without additional side effects from higher dosing. Gabapentin 900 mg daily improved hot flashes more than 300 mg. Paroxetine 10 mg daily had fewer side effects than 20 mg. Among four trials comparing different pharmacologic treatments, venlafaxine alleviated hot flash symptoms faster than clonidine; participants preferred venlafaxine over gabapentin. Five trials compared pharmacologic to non-pharmacologic treatments. Acupuncture had similar efficacy to venlafaxine and gabapentin but may have longer durability after completing treatment and fewer side effects. We could not perform a pooled meta-analysis because outcomes were not reported in comparable formats. Clinical trial data on non-hormonal hot flash treatments provide comparisons of hot flash efficacy and other patient important outcomes to guide clinical management. Clinicians can use the information to help patients select hot flash interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Johns
- School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Ave, San Francisco, CA, 94143-0401, USA
| | - Susan M Seav
- School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, 3855 Health Sciences Drive #0901, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0901, USA
| | - Sally A Dominick
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, 3855 Health Sciences Drive #0901, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0901, USA
| | - Jessica R Gorman
- College of Public Health and Human Sciences, Oregon State University, 2250 SW Jefferson Way, Corvallis, OR, 97331-6406, USA
| | - Hongying Li
- Department of Biostatistics, Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, 3855 Health Sciences Drive #0901, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0901, USA
| | - Loki Natarajan
- Department of Family Medicine & Public Health, Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, 3855 Health Sciences Drive #0901, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0901, USA
| | - Jun James Mao
- The Bendheim Center for Integrative Medicine, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, 1429 First Avenue, New York City, NY, 10021, USA
| | - H Irene Su
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, 3855 Health Sciences Drive #0901, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0901, USA.
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Smith SG, Sestak I, Forster A, Partridge A, Side L, Wolf MS, Horne R, Wardle J, Cuzick J. Factors affecting uptake and adherence to breast cancer chemoprevention: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Oncol 2016; 27:575-90. [PMID: 26646754 PMCID: PMC4803450 DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdv590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2015] [Accepted: 11/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Preventive therapy is a risk reduction option for women who have an increased risk of breast cancer. The effectiveness of preventive therapy to reduce breast cancer incidence depends on adequate levels of uptake and adherence to therapy. We aimed to systematically review articles reporting uptake and adherence to therapeutic agents to prevent breast cancer among women at increased risk, and identify the psychological, clinical and demographic factors affecting these outcomes. DESIGN Searches were carried out in PubMed, CINAHL, EMBASE and PsychInfo, yielding 3851 unique articles. Title, abstract and full text screening left 53 articles, and a further 4 studies were identified from reference lists, giving a total of 57. This review was prospectively registered with PROSPERO (CRD42014014957). RESULTS Twenty-four articles reporting 26 studies of uptake in 21 423 women were included in a meta-analysis. The pooled uptake estimate was 16.3% [95% confidence interval (CI) 13.6-19.0], with high heterogeneity (I(2) = 98.9%, P < 0.001). Uptake was unaffected by study location or agent, but was significantly higher in trials [25.2% (95% CI 18.3-32.2)] than in non-trial settings [8.7% (95% CI 6.8-10.9)] (P < 0.001). Factors associated with higher uptake included having an abnormal biopsy, a physician recommendation, higher objective risk, fewer side-effect or trial concerns, and older age. Adherence (day-to-day use or persistence) over the first year was adequate. However, only one study reported a persistence of ≥ 80% by 5 years. Factors associated with lower adherence included allocation to tamoxifen (versus placebo or raloxifene), depression, smoking and older age. Risk of breast cancer was discussed in all qualitative studies. CONCLUSION Uptake of therapeutic agents for the prevention of breast cancer is low, and long-term persistence is often insufficient for women to experience the full preventive effect. Uptake is higher in trials, suggesting further work should focus on implementing preventive therapy within routine care.
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Affiliation(s)
- S G Smith
- Wolfson Institute of Preventive Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London Health Behaviour Research Centre, University College London, London, UK
| | - I Sestak
- Wolfson Institute of Preventive Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London
| | - A Forster
- Health Behaviour Research Centre, University College London, London, UK
| | - A Partridge
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, USA
| | - L Side
- Institute for Women's Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - M S Wolf
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, USA
| | - R Horne
- Centre for Behavioural Medicine, University College London, London, UK
| | - J Wardle
- Health Behaviour Research Centre, University College London, London, UK
| | - J Cuzick
- Wolfson Institute of Preventive Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London
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Ribi K, Luo W, Bernhard J, Francis PA, Burstein HJ, Ciruelos E, Bellet M, Pavesi L, Lluch A, Visini M, Parmar V, Tondini C, Kerbrat P, Perelló A, Neven P, Torres R, Lombardi D, Puglisi F, Karlsson P, Ruhstaller T, Colleoni M, Coates AS, Goldhirsch A, Price KN, Gelber RD, Regan MM, Fleming GF. Adjuvant Tamoxifen Plus Ovarian Function Suppression Versus Tamoxifen Alone in Premenopausal Women With Early Breast Cancer: Patient-Reported Outcomes in the Suppression of Ovarian Function Trial. J Clin Oncol 2016; 34:1601-10. [PMID: 27022111 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2015.64.8675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The Suppression of Ovarian Function trial showed improved disease control for tamoxifen plus ovarian function suppression (OFS) compared with tamoxifen alone for the cohort of premenopausal patients who received prior chemotherapy. We present the patient-reported outcomes. PATIENTS AND METHODS The quality-of-life (QoL) analysis includes 1,722 of 2,045 premenopausal patients with hormone receptor-positive breast cancer randomly assigned to receive adjuvant treatment with 5 years of tamoxifen plus OFS or tamoxifen alone. Chemotherapy use before enrollment was optional. Patients completed a QoL form consisting of global and symptom indicators at baseline, every 6 months for 24 months, and annually during years 3 to 6. Differences in the change of QoL from baseline between the two treatments were tested at 6, 24, and 60 months with mixed models for repeated measures with and without chemotherapy and overall. RESULTS Patients on tamoxifen plus OFS were more affected than patients on tamoxifen alone by hot flushes at 6 and 24 months, by loss of sexual interest and sleep disturbance at 6 months, and by vaginal dryness up to 60 months. Without prior chemotherapy, patients on tamoxifen alone reported more vaginal discharge over the 5 years than patients on tamoxifen plus OFS. Symptom-specific treatment differences at 6 months were less pronounced in patients with prior chemotherapy. Changes in global QoL indicators from baseline were small and similar between treatments over the whole treatment period. CONCLUSION Overall, OFS added to tamoxifen resulted in worse endocrine symptoms and sexual functioning during the first 2 years of treatment, with variable magnitudes of treatment differences. Short-term differences in symptom-specific QoL, treatment burden, and coping effort between treatment groups were less pronounced for patients with prior chemotherapy, the cohort that benefited most from OFS in terms of disease control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Ribi
- Karin Ribi, Aron Goldhirsch, and Jürg Bernhard, International Breast Cancer Study Group Coordinating Center; Jürg Bernhard, Bern University Hospital, Inselspital, Bern; Thomas Ruhstaller, Breast Center St Gallen, Swiss Group for Clinical Cancer Research, and International Breast Cancer Study Group, St Gallen, Switzerland; Weixiu Luo, Karen N. Price, Richard D. Gelber, and Meredith M. Regan, International Breast Cancer Study Group Statistical Center; Weixiu Luo, Harold J. Burstein, Richard D. Gelber, and Meredith M. Regan, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; Harold J. Burstein, Alliance for Clinical Trials in Oncology; Karen N. Price and Richard D. Gelber, Frontier Science and Technology Research Foundation; Richard D. Gelber and Meredith M. Regan, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Gini F. Fleming, The University of Chicago Medical Center and Alliance for Clinical Trials in Oncology, Chicago, IL; Prudence A. Francis, International Breast Cancer Study Group, Peter MacCallum Cancer Center, St Vincent's Hospital, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria; Australia and New Zealand Breast Cancer Trials Group, University of Newcastle, Newcastle; Alan S. Coates, International Breast Cancer Study Group and University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; Eva Ciruelos, University Hospital 12 de Octubre and SOLTI Group, Madrid; Meritxell Bellet, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, and SOLTI Group, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona; Ana Lluch, Hospital Clinico Universitario de Valencia, Incliva Biomedical Research Institute, University of Valencia and SOLTI Group, Valencia; Antonia Perelló, Hospital Universitari Son Espases and SOLTI Group, Palma de Mallorca, Spain; Lorenzo Pavesi, Salvatore Maugeri Foundation and International Breast Cancer Study Group, Pavia; Marilena Visini, Ospedale Civile di Lecco and International Breast Cancer Study Group, Lecco; Carlo Tondini, Ospedale Papa Giovanni XXIII and International Brea
| | - Weixiu Luo
- Karin Ribi, Aron Goldhirsch, and Jürg Bernhard, International Breast Cancer Study Group Coordinating Center; Jürg Bernhard, Bern University Hospital, Inselspital, Bern; Thomas Ruhstaller, Breast Center St Gallen, Swiss Group for Clinical Cancer Research, and International Breast Cancer Study Group, St Gallen, Switzerland; Weixiu Luo, Karen N. Price, Richard D. Gelber, and Meredith M. Regan, International Breast Cancer Study Group Statistical Center; Weixiu Luo, Harold J. Burstein, Richard D. Gelber, and Meredith M. Regan, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; Harold J. Burstein, Alliance for Clinical Trials in Oncology; Karen N. Price and Richard D. Gelber, Frontier Science and Technology Research Foundation; Richard D. Gelber and Meredith M. Regan, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Gini F. Fleming, The University of Chicago Medical Center and Alliance for Clinical Trials in Oncology, Chicago, IL; Prudence A. Francis, International Breast Cancer Study Group, Peter MacCallum Cancer Center, St Vincent's Hospital, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria; Australia and New Zealand Breast Cancer Trials Group, University of Newcastle, Newcastle; Alan S. Coates, International Breast Cancer Study Group and University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; Eva Ciruelos, University Hospital 12 de Octubre and SOLTI Group, Madrid; Meritxell Bellet, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, and SOLTI Group, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona; Ana Lluch, Hospital Clinico Universitario de Valencia, Incliva Biomedical Research Institute, University of Valencia and SOLTI Group, Valencia; Antonia Perelló, Hospital Universitari Son Espases and SOLTI Group, Palma de Mallorca, Spain; Lorenzo Pavesi, Salvatore Maugeri Foundation and International Breast Cancer Study Group, Pavia; Marilena Visini, Ospedale Civile di Lecco and International Breast Cancer Study Group, Lecco; Carlo Tondini, Ospedale Papa Giovanni XXIII and International Brea
| | - Jürg Bernhard
- Karin Ribi, Aron Goldhirsch, and Jürg Bernhard, International Breast Cancer Study Group Coordinating Center; Jürg Bernhard, Bern University Hospital, Inselspital, Bern; Thomas Ruhstaller, Breast Center St Gallen, Swiss Group for Clinical Cancer Research, and International Breast Cancer Study Group, St Gallen, Switzerland; Weixiu Luo, Karen N. Price, Richard D. Gelber, and Meredith M. Regan, International Breast Cancer Study Group Statistical Center; Weixiu Luo, Harold J. Burstein, Richard D. Gelber, and Meredith M. Regan, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; Harold J. Burstein, Alliance for Clinical Trials in Oncology; Karen N. Price and Richard D. Gelber, Frontier Science and Technology Research Foundation; Richard D. Gelber and Meredith M. Regan, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Gini F. Fleming, The University of Chicago Medical Center and Alliance for Clinical Trials in Oncology, Chicago, IL; Prudence A. Francis, International Breast Cancer Study Group, Peter MacCallum Cancer Center, St Vincent's Hospital, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria; Australia and New Zealand Breast Cancer Trials Group, University of Newcastle, Newcastle; Alan S. Coates, International Breast Cancer Study Group and University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; Eva Ciruelos, University Hospital 12 de Octubre and SOLTI Group, Madrid; Meritxell Bellet, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, and SOLTI Group, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona; Ana Lluch, Hospital Clinico Universitario de Valencia, Incliva Biomedical Research Institute, University of Valencia and SOLTI Group, Valencia; Antonia Perelló, Hospital Universitari Son Espases and SOLTI Group, Palma de Mallorca, Spain; Lorenzo Pavesi, Salvatore Maugeri Foundation and International Breast Cancer Study Group, Pavia; Marilena Visini, Ospedale Civile di Lecco and International Breast Cancer Study Group, Lecco; Carlo Tondini, Ospedale Papa Giovanni XXIII and International Brea
| | - Prudence A Francis
- Karin Ribi, Aron Goldhirsch, and Jürg Bernhard, International Breast Cancer Study Group Coordinating Center; Jürg Bernhard, Bern University Hospital, Inselspital, Bern; Thomas Ruhstaller, Breast Center St Gallen, Swiss Group for Clinical Cancer Research, and International Breast Cancer Study Group, St Gallen, Switzerland; Weixiu Luo, Karen N. Price, Richard D. Gelber, and Meredith M. Regan, International Breast Cancer Study Group Statistical Center; Weixiu Luo, Harold J. Burstein, Richard D. Gelber, and Meredith M. Regan, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; Harold J. Burstein, Alliance for Clinical Trials in Oncology; Karen N. Price and Richard D. Gelber, Frontier Science and Technology Research Foundation; Richard D. Gelber and Meredith M. Regan, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Gini F. Fleming, The University of Chicago Medical Center and Alliance for Clinical Trials in Oncology, Chicago, IL; Prudence A. Francis, International Breast Cancer Study Group, Peter MacCallum Cancer Center, St Vincent's Hospital, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria; Australia and New Zealand Breast Cancer Trials Group, University of Newcastle, Newcastle; Alan S. Coates, International Breast Cancer Study Group and University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; Eva Ciruelos, University Hospital 12 de Octubre and SOLTI Group, Madrid; Meritxell Bellet, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, and SOLTI Group, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona; Ana Lluch, Hospital Clinico Universitario de Valencia, Incliva Biomedical Research Institute, University of Valencia and SOLTI Group, Valencia; Antonia Perelló, Hospital Universitari Son Espases and SOLTI Group, Palma de Mallorca, Spain; Lorenzo Pavesi, Salvatore Maugeri Foundation and International Breast Cancer Study Group, Pavia; Marilena Visini, Ospedale Civile di Lecco and International Breast Cancer Study Group, Lecco; Carlo Tondini, Ospedale Papa Giovanni XXIII and International Brea
| | - Harold J Burstein
- Karin Ribi, Aron Goldhirsch, and Jürg Bernhard, International Breast Cancer Study Group Coordinating Center; Jürg Bernhard, Bern University Hospital, Inselspital, Bern; Thomas Ruhstaller, Breast Center St Gallen, Swiss Group for Clinical Cancer Research, and International Breast Cancer Study Group, St Gallen, Switzerland; Weixiu Luo, Karen N. Price, Richard D. Gelber, and Meredith M. Regan, International Breast Cancer Study Group Statistical Center; Weixiu Luo, Harold J. Burstein, Richard D. Gelber, and Meredith M. Regan, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; Harold J. Burstein, Alliance for Clinical Trials in Oncology; Karen N. Price and Richard D. Gelber, Frontier Science and Technology Research Foundation; Richard D. Gelber and Meredith M. Regan, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Gini F. Fleming, The University of Chicago Medical Center and Alliance for Clinical Trials in Oncology, Chicago, IL; Prudence A. Francis, International Breast Cancer Study Group, Peter MacCallum Cancer Center, St Vincent's Hospital, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria; Australia and New Zealand Breast Cancer Trials Group, University of Newcastle, Newcastle; Alan S. Coates, International Breast Cancer Study Group and University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; Eva Ciruelos, University Hospital 12 de Octubre and SOLTI Group, Madrid; Meritxell Bellet, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, and SOLTI Group, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona; Ana Lluch, Hospital Clinico Universitario de Valencia, Incliva Biomedical Research Institute, University of Valencia and SOLTI Group, Valencia; Antonia Perelló, Hospital Universitari Son Espases and SOLTI Group, Palma de Mallorca, Spain; Lorenzo Pavesi, Salvatore Maugeri Foundation and International Breast Cancer Study Group, Pavia; Marilena Visini, Ospedale Civile di Lecco and International Breast Cancer Study Group, Lecco; Carlo Tondini, Ospedale Papa Giovanni XXIII and International Brea
| | - Eva Ciruelos
- Karin Ribi, Aron Goldhirsch, and Jürg Bernhard, International Breast Cancer Study Group Coordinating Center; Jürg Bernhard, Bern University Hospital, Inselspital, Bern; Thomas Ruhstaller, Breast Center St Gallen, Swiss Group for Clinical Cancer Research, and International Breast Cancer Study Group, St Gallen, Switzerland; Weixiu Luo, Karen N. Price, Richard D. Gelber, and Meredith M. Regan, International Breast Cancer Study Group Statistical Center; Weixiu Luo, Harold J. Burstein, Richard D. Gelber, and Meredith M. Regan, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; Harold J. Burstein, Alliance for Clinical Trials in Oncology; Karen N. Price and Richard D. Gelber, Frontier Science and Technology Research Foundation; Richard D. Gelber and Meredith M. Regan, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Gini F. Fleming, The University of Chicago Medical Center and Alliance for Clinical Trials in Oncology, Chicago, IL; Prudence A. Francis, International Breast Cancer Study Group, Peter MacCallum Cancer Center, St Vincent's Hospital, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria; Australia and New Zealand Breast Cancer Trials Group, University of Newcastle, Newcastle; Alan S. Coates, International Breast Cancer Study Group and University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; Eva Ciruelos, University Hospital 12 de Octubre and SOLTI Group, Madrid; Meritxell Bellet, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, and SOLTI Group, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona; Ana Lluch, Hospital Clinico Universitario de Valencia, Incliva Biomedical Research Institute, University of Valencia and SOLTI Group, Valencia; Antonia Perelló, Hospital Universitari Son Espases and SOLTI Group, Palma de Mallorca, Spain; Lorenzo Pavesi, Salvatore Maugeri Foundation and International Breast Cancer Study Group, Pavia; Marilena Visini, Ospedale Civile di Lecco and International Breast Cancer Study Group, Lecco; Carlo Tondini, Ospedale Papa Giovanni XXIII and International Brea
| | - Meritxell Bellet
- Karin Ribi, Aron Goldhirsch, and Jürg Bernhard, International Breast Cancer Study Group Coordinating Center; Jürg Bernhard, Bern University Hospital, Inselspital, Bern; Thomas Ruhstaller, Breast Center St Gallen, Swiss Group for Clinical Cancer Research, and International Breast Cancer Study Group, St Gallen, Switzerland; Weixiu Luo, Karen N. Price, Richard D. Gelber, and Meredith M. Regan, International Breast Cancer Study Group Statistical Center; Weixiu Luo, Harold J. Burstein, Richard D. Gelber, and Meredith M. Regan, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; Harold J. Burstein, Alliance for Clinical Trials in Oncology; Karen N. Price and Richard D. Gelber, Frontier Science and Technology Research Foundation; Richard D. Gelber and Meredith M. Regan, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Gini F. Fleming, The University of Chicago Medical Center and Alliance for Clinical Trials in Oncology, Chicago, IL; Prudence A. Francis, International Breast Cancer Study Group, Peter MacCallum Cancer Center, St Vincent's Hospital, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria; Australia and New Zealand Breast Cancer Trials Group, University of Newcastle, Newcastle; Alan S. Coates, International Breast Cancer Study Group and University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; Eva Ciruelos, University Hospital 12 de Octubre and SOLTI Group, Madrid; Meritxell Bellet, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, and SOLTI Group, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona; Ana Lluch, Hospital Clinico Universitario de Valencia, Incliva Biomedical Research Institute, University of Valencia and SOLTI Group, Valencia; Antonia Perelló, Hospital Universitari Son Espases and SOLTI Group, Palma de Mallorca, Spain; Lorenzo Pavesi, Salvatore Maugeri Foundation and International Breast Cancer Study Group, Pavia; Marilena Visini, Ospedale Civile di Lecco and International Breast Cancer Study Group, Lecco; Carlo Tondini, Ospedale Papa Giovanni XXIII and International Brea
| | - Lorenzo Pavesi
- Karin Ribi, Aron Goldhirsch, and Jürg Bernhard, International Breast Cancer Study Group Coordinating Center; Jürg Bernhard, Bern University Hospital, Inselspital, Bern; Thomas Ruhstaller, Breast Center St Gallen, Swiss Group for Clinical Cancer Research, and International Breast Cancer Study Group, St Gallen, Switzerland; Weixiu Luo, Karen N. Price, Richard D. Gelber, and Meredith M. Regan, International Breast Cancer Study Group Statistical Center; Weixiu Luo, Harold J. Burstein, Richard D. Gelber, and Meredith M. Regan, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; Harold J. Burstein, Alliance for Clinical Trials in Oncology; Karen N. Price and Richard D. Gelber, Frontier Science and Technology Research Foundation; Richard D. Gelber and Meredith M. Regan, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Gini F. Fleming, The University of Chicago Medical Center and Alliance for Clinical Trials in Oncology, Chicago, IL; Prudence A. Francis, International Breast Cancer Study Group, Peter MacCallum Cancer Center, St Vincent's Hospital, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria; Australia and New Zealand Breast Cancer Trials Group, University of Newcastle, Newcastle; Alan S. Coates, International Breast Cancer Study Group and University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; Eva Ciruelos, University Hospital 12 de Octubre and SOLTI Group, Madrid; Meritxell Bellet, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, and SOLTI Group, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona; Ana Lluch, Hospital Clinico Universitario de Valencia, Incliva Biomedical Research Institute, University of Valencia and SOLTI Group, Valencia; Antonia Perelló, Hospital Universitari Son Espases and SOLTI Group, Palma de Mallorca, Spain; Lorenzo Pavesi, Salvatore Maugeri Foundation and International Breast Cancer Study Group, Pavia; Marilena Visini, Ospedale Civile di Lecco and International Breast Cancer Study Group, Lecco; Carlo Tondini, Ospedale Papa Giovanni XXIII and International Brea
| | - Ana Lluch
- Karin Ribi, Aron Goldhirsch, and Jürg Bernhard, International Breast Cancer Study Group Coordinating Center; Jürg Bernhard, Bern University Hospital, Inselspital, Bern; Thomas Ruhstaller, Breast Center St Gallen, Swiss Group for Clinical Cancer Research, and International Breast Cancer Study Group, St Gallen, Switzerland; Weixiu Luo, Karen N. Price, Richard D. Gelber, and Meredith M. Regan, International Breast Cancer Study Group Statistical Center; Weixiu Luo, Harold J. Burstein, Richard D. Gelber, and Meredith M. Regan, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; Harold J. Burstein, Alliance for Clinical Trials in Oncology; Karen N. Price and Richard D. Gelber, Frontier Science and Technology Research Foundation; Richard D. Gelber and Meredith M. Regan, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Gini F. Fleming, The University of Chicago Medical Center and Alliance for Clinical Trials in Oncology, Chicago, IL; Prudence A. Francis, International Breast Cancer Study Group, Peter MacCallum Cancer Center, St Vincent's Hospital, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria; Australia and New Zealand Breast Cancer Trials Group, University of Newcastle, Newcastle; Alan S. Coates, International Breast Cancer Study Group and University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; Eva Ciruelos, University Hospital 12 de Octubre and SOLTI Group, Madrid; Meritxell Bellet, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, and SOLTI Group, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona; Ana Lluch, Hospital Clinico Universitario de Valencia, Incliva Biomedical Research Institute, University of Valencia and SOLTI Group, Valencia; Antonia Perelló, Hospital Universitari Son Espases and SOLTI Group, Palma de Mallorca, Spain; Lorenzo Pavesi, Salvatore Maugeri Foundation and International Breast Cancer Study Group, Pavia; Marilena Visini, Ospedale Civile di Lecco and International Breast Cancer Study Group, Lecco; Carlo Tondini, Ospedale Papa Giovanni XXIII and International Brea
| | - Marilena Visini
- Karin Ribi, Aron Goldhirsch, and Jürg Bernhard, International Breast Cancer Study Group Coordinating Center; Jürg Bernhard, Bern University Hospital, Inselspital, Bern; Thomas Ruhstaller, Breast Center St Gallen, Swiss Group for Clinical Cancer Research, and International Breast Cancer Study Group, St Gallen, Switzerland; Weixiu Luo, Karen N. Price, Richard D. Gelber, and Meredith M. Regan, International Breast Cancer Study Group Statistical Center; Weixiu Luo, Harold J. Burstein, Richard D. Gelber, and Meredith M. Regan, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; Harold J. Burstein, Alliance for Clinical Trials in Oncology; Karen N. Price and Richard D. Gelber, Frontier Science and Technology Research Foundation; Richard D. Gelber and Meredith M. Regan, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Gini F. Fleming, The University of Chicago Medical Center and Alliance for Clinical Trials in Oncology, Chicago, IL; Prudence A. Francis, International Breast Cancer Study Group, Peter MacCallum Cancer Center, St Vincent's Hospital, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria; Australia and New Zealand Breast Cancer Trials Group, University of Newcastle, Newcastle; Alan S. Coates, International Breast Cancer Study Group and University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; Eva Ciruelos, University Hospital 12 de Octubre and SOLTI Group, Madrid; Meritxell Bellet, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, and SOLTI Group, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona; Ana Lluch, Hospital Clinico Universitario de Valencia, Incliva Biomedical Research Institute, University of Valencia and SOLTI Group, Valencia; Antonia Perelló, Hospital Universitari Son Espases and SOLTI Group, Palma de Mallorca, Spain; Lorenzo Pavesi, Salvatore Maugeri Foundation and International Breast Cancer Study Group, Pavia; Marilena Visini, Ospedale Civile di Lecco and International Breast Cancer Study Group, Lecco; Carlo Tondini, Ospedale Papa Giovanni XXIII and International Brea
| | - Vani Parmar
- Karin Ribi, Aron Goldhirsch, and Jürg Bernhard, International Breast Cancer Study Group Coordinating Center; Jürg Bernhard, Bern University Hospital, Inselspital, Bern; Thomas Ruhstaller, Breast Center St Gallen, Swiss Group for Clinical Cancer Research, and International Breast Cancer Study Group, St Gallen, Switzerland; Weixiu Luo, Karen N. Price, Richard D. Gelber, and Meredith M. Regan, International Breast Cancer Study Group Statistical Center; Weixiu Luo, Harold J. Burstein, Richard D. Gelber, and Meredith M. Regan, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; Harold J. Burstein, Alliance for Clinical Trials in Oncology; Karen N. Price and Richard D. Gelber, Frontier Science and Technology Research Foundation; Richard D. Gelber and Meredith M. Regan, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Gini F. Fleming, The University of Chicago Medical Center and Alliance for Clinical Trials in Oncology, Chicago, IL; Prudence A. Francis, International Breast Cancer Study Group, Peter MacCallum Cancer Center, St Vincent's Hospital, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria; Australia and New Zealand Breast Cancer Trials Group, University of Newcastle, Newcastle; Alan S. Coates, International Breast Cancer Study Group and University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; Eva Ciruelos, University Hospital 12 de Octubre and SOLTI Group, Madrid; Meritxell Bellet, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, and SOLTI Group, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona; Ana Lluch, Hospital Clinico Universitario de Valencia, Incliva Biomedical Research Institute, University of Valencia and SOLTI Group, Valencia; Antonia Perelló, Hospital Universitari Son Espases and SOLTI Group, Palma de Mallorca, Spain; Lorenzo Pavesi, Salvatore Maugeri Foundation and International Breast Cancer Study Group, Pavia; Marilena Visini, Ospedale Civile di Lecco and International Breast Cancer Study Group, Lecco; Carlo Tondini, Ospedale Papa Giovanni XXIII and International Brea
| | - Carlo Tondini
- Karin Ribi, Aron Goldhirsch, and Jürg Bernhard, International Breast Cancer Study Group Coordinating Center; Jürg Bernhard, Bern University Hospital, Inselspital, Bern; Thomas Ruhstaller, Breast Center St Gallen, Swiss Group for Clinical Cancer Research, and International Breast Cancer Study Group, St Gallen, Switzerland; Weixiu Luo, Karen N. Price, Richard D. Gelber, and Meredith M. Regan, International Breast Cancer Study Group Statistical Center; Weixiu Luo, Harold J. Burstein, Richard D. Gelber, and Meredith M. Regan, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; Harold J. Burstein, Alliance for Clinical Trials in Oncology; Karen N. Price and Richard D. Gelber, Frontier Science and Technology Research Foundation; Richard D. Gelber and Meredith M. Regan, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Gini F. Fleming, The University of Chicago Medical Center and Alliance for Clinical Trials in Oncology, Chicago, IL; Prudence A. Francis, International Breast Cancer Study Group, Peter MacCallum Cancer Center, St Vincent's Hospital, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria; Australia and New Zealand Breast Cancer Trials Group, University of Newcastle, Newcastle; Alan S. Coates, International Breast Cancer Study Group and University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; Eva Ciruelos, University Hospital 12 de Octubre and SOLTI Group, Madrid; Meritxell Bellet, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, and SOLTI Group, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona; Ana Lluch, Hospital Clinico Universitario de Valencia, Incliva Biomedical Research Institute, University of Valencia and SOLTI Group, Valencia; Antonia Perelló, Hospital Universitari Son Espases and SOLTI Group, Palma de Mallorca, Spain; Lorenzo Pavesi, Salvatore Maugeri Foundation and International Breast Cancer Study Group, Pavia; Marilena Visini, Ospedale Civile di Lecco and International Breast Cancer Study Group, Lecco; Carlo Tondini, Ospedale Papa Giovanni XXIII and International Brea
| | - Pierre Kerbrat
- Karin Ribi, Aron Goldhirsch, and Jürg Bernhard, International Breast Cancer Study Group Coordinating Center; Jürg Bernhard, Bern University Hospital, Inselspital, Bern; Thomas Ruhstaller, Breast Center St Gallen, Swiss Group for Clinical Cancer Research, and International Breast Cancer Study Group, St Gallen, Switzerland; Weixiu Luo, Karen N. Price, Richard D. Gelber, and Meredith M. Regan, International Breast Cancer Study Group Statistical Center; Weixiu Luo, Harold J. Burstein, Richard D. Gelber, and Meredith M. Regan, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; Harold J. Burstein, Alliance for Clinical Trials in Oncology; Karen N. Price and Richard D. Gelber, Frontier Science and Technology Research Foundation; Richard D. Gelber and Meredith M. Regan, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Gini F. Fleming, The University of Chicago Medical Center and Alliance for Clinical Trials in Oncology, Chicago, IL; Prudence A. Francis, International Breast Cancer Study Group, Peter MacCallum Cancer Center, St Vincent's Hospital, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria; Australia and New Zealand Breast Cancer Trials Group, University of Newcastle, Newcastle; Alan S. Coates, International Breast Cancer Study Group and University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; Eva Ciruelos, University Hospital 12 de Octubre and SOLTI Group, Madrid; Meritxell Bellet, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, and SOLTI Group, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona; Ana Lluch, Hospital Clinico Universitario de Valencia, Incliva Biomedical Research Institute, University of Valencia and SOLTI Group, Valencia; Antonia Perelló, Hospital Universitari Son Espases and SOLTI Group, Palma de Mallorca, Spain; Lorenzo Pavesi, Salvatore Maugeri Foundation and International Breast Cancer Study Group, Pavia; Marilena Visini, Ospedale Civile di Lecco and International Breast Cancer Study Group, Lecco; Carlo Tondini, Ospedale Papa Giovanni XXIII and International Brea
| | - Antonia Perelló
- Karin Ribi, Aron Goldhirsch, and Jürg Bernhard, International Breast Cancer Study Group Coordinating Center; Jürg Bernhard, Bern University Hospital, Inselspital, Bern; Thomas Ruhstaller, Breast Center St Gallen, Swiss Group for Clinical Cancer Research, and International Breast Cancer Study Group, St Gallen, Switzerland; Weixiu Luo, Karen N. Price, Richard D. Gelber, and Meredith M. Regan, International Breast Cancer Study Group Statistical Center; Weixiu Luo, Harold J. Burstein, Richard D. Gelber, and Meredith M. Regan, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; Harold J. Burstein, Alliance for Clinical Trials in Oncology; Karen N. Price and Richard D. Gelber, Frontier Science and Technology Research Foundation; Richard D. Gelber and Meredith M. Regan, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Gini F. Fleming, The University of Chicago Medical Center and Alliance for Clinical Trials in Oncology, Chicago, IL; Prudence A. Francis, International Breast Cancer Study Group, Peter MacCallum Cancer Center, St Vincent's Hospital, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria; Australia and New Zealand Breast Cancer Trials Group, University of Newcastle, Newcastle; Alan S. Coates, International Breast Cancer Study Group and University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; Eva Ciruelos, University Hospital 12 de Octubre and SOLTI Group, Madrid; Meritxell Bellet, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, and SOLTI Group, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona; Ana Lluch, Hospital Clinico Universitario de Valencia, Incliva Biomedical Research Institute, University of Valencia and SOLTI Group, Valencia; Antonia Perelló, Hospital Universitari Son Espases and SOLTI Group, Palma de Mallorca, Spain; Lorenzo Pavesi, Salvatore Maugeri Foundation and International Breast Cancer Study Group, Pavia; Marilena Visini, Ospedale Civile di Lecco and International Breast Cancer Study Group, Lecco; Carlo Tondini, Ospedale Papa Giovanni XXIII and International Brea
| | - Patrick Neven
- Karin Ribi, Aron Goldhirsch, and Jürg Bernhard, International Breast Cancer Study Group Coordinating Center; Jürg Bernhard, Bern University Hospital, Inselspital, Bern; Thomas Ruhstaller, Breast Center St Gallen, Swiss Group for Clinical Cancer Research, and International Breast Cancer Study Group, St Gallen, Switzerland; Weixiu Luo, Karen N. Price, Richard D. Gelber, and Meredith M. Regan, International Breast Cancer Study Group Statistical Center; Weixiu Luo, Harold J. Burstein, Richard D. Gelber, and Meredith M. Regan, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; Harold J. Burstein, Alliance for Clinical Trials in Oncology; Karen N. Price and Richard D. Gelber, Frontier Science and Technology Research Foundation; Richard D. Gelber and Meredith M. Regan, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Gini F. Fleming, The University of Chicago Medical Center and Alliance for Clinical Trials in Oncology, Chicago, IL; Prudence A. Francis, International Breast Cancer Study Group, Peter MacCallum Cancer Center, St Vincent's Hospital, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria; Australia and New Zealand Breast Cancer Trials Group, University of Newcastle, Newcastle; Alan S. Coates, International Breast Cancer Study Group and University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; Eva Ciruelos, University Hospital 12 de Octubre and SOLTI Group, Madrid; Meritxell Bellet, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, and SOLTI Group, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona; Ana Lluch, Hospital Clinico Universitario de Valencia, Incliva Biomedical Research Institute, University of Valencia and SOLTI Group, Valencia; Antonia Perelló, Hospital Universitari Son Espases and SOLTI Group, Palma de Mallorca, Spain; Lorenzo Pavesi, Salvatore Maugeri Foundation and International Breast Cancer Study Group, Pavia; Marilena Visini, Ospedale Civile di Lecco and International Breast Cancer Study Group, Lecco; Carlo Tondini, Ospedale Papa Giovanni XXIII and International Brea
| | - Roberto Torres
- Karin Ribi, Aron Goldhirsch, and Jürg Bernhard, International Breast Cancer Study Group Coordinating Center; Jürg Bernhard, Bern University Hospital, Inselspital, Bern; Thomas Ruhstaller, Breast Center St Gallen, Swiss Group for Clinical Cancer Research, and International Breast Cancer Study Group, St Gallen, Switzerland; Weixiu Luo, Karen N. Price, Richard D. Gelber, and Meredith M. Regan, International Breast Cancer Study Group Statistical Center; Weixiu Luo, Harold J. Burstein, Richard D. Gelber, and Meredith M. Regan, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; Harold J. Burstein, Alliance for Clinical Trials in Oncology; Karen N. Price and Richard D. Gelber, Frontier Science and Technology Research Foundation; Richard D. Gelber and Meredith M. Regan, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Gini F. Fleming, The University of Chicago Medical Center and Alliance for Clinical Trials in Oncology, Chicago, IL; Prudence A. Francis, International Breast Cancer Study Group, Peter MacCallum Cancer Center, St Vincent's Hospital, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria; Australia and New Zealand Breast Cancer Trials Group, University of Newcastle, Newcastle; Alan S. Coates, International Breast Cancer Study Group and University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; Eva Ciruelos, University Hospital 12 de Octubre and SOLTI Group, Madrid; Meritxell Bellet, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, and SOLTI Group, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona; Ana Lluch, Hospital Clinico Universitario de Valencia, Incliva Biomedical Research Institute, University of Valencia and SOLTI Group, Valencia; Antonia Perelló, Hospital Universitari Son Espases and SOLTI Group, Palma de Mallorca, Spain; Lorenzo Pavesi, Salvatore Maugeri Foundation and International Breast Cancer Study Group, Pavia; Marilena Visini, Ospedale Civile di Lecco and International Breast Cancer Study Group, Lecco; Carlo Tondini, Ospedale Papa Giovanni XXIII and International Brea
| | - Davide Lombardi
- Karin Ribi, Aron Goldhirsch, and Jürg Bernhard, International Breast Cancer Study Group Coordinating Center; Jürg Bernhard, Bern University Hospital, Inselspital, Bern; Thomas Ruhstaller, Breast Center St Gallen, Swiss Group for Clinical Cancer Research, and International Breast Cancer Study Group, St Gallen, Switzerland; Weixiu Luo, Karen N. Price, Richard D. Gelber, and Meredith M. Regan, International Breast Cancer Study Group Statistical Center; Weixiu Luo, Harold J. Burstein, Richard D. Gelber, and Meredith M. Regan, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; Harold J. Burstein, Alliance for Clinical Trials in Oncology; Karen N. Price and Richard D. Gelber, Frontier Science and Technology Research Foundation; Richard D. Gelber and Meredith M. Regan, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Gini F. Fleming, The University of Chicago Medical Center and Alliance for Clinical Trials in Oncology, Chicago, IL; Prudence A. Francis, International Breast Cancer Study Group, Peter MacCallum Cancer Center, St Vincent's Hospital, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria; Australia and New Zealand Breast Cancer Trials Group, University of Newcastle, Newcastle; Alan S. Coates, International Breast Cancer Study Group and University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; Eva Ciruelos, University Hospital 12 de Octubre and SOLTI Group, Madrid; Meritxell Bellet, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, and SOLTI Group, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona; Ana Lluch, Hospital Clinico Universitario de Valencia, Incliva Biomedical Research Institute, University of Valencia and SOLTI Group, Valencia; Antonia Perelló, Hospital Universitari Son Espases and SOLTI Group, Palma de Mallorca, Spain; Lorenzo Pavesi, Salvatore Maugeri Foundation and International Breast Cancer Study Group, Pavia; Marilena Visini, Ospedale Civile di Lecco and International Breast Cancer Study Group, Lecco; Carlo Tondini, Ospedale Papa Giovanni XXIII and International Brea
| | - Fabio Puglisi
- Karin Ribi, Aron Goldhirsch, and Jürg Bernhard, International Breast Cancer Study Group Coordinating Center; Jürg Bernhard, Bern University Hospital, Inselspital, Bern; Thomas Ruhstaller, Breast Center St Gallen, Swiss Group for Clinical Cancer Research, and International Breast Cancer Study Group, St Gallen, Switzerland; Weixiu Luo, Karen N. Price, Richard D. Gelber, and Meredith M. Regan, International Breast Cancer Study Group Statistical Center; Weixiu Luo, Harold J. Burstein, Richard D. Gelber, and Meredith M. Regan, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; Harold J. Burstein, Alliance for Clinical Trials in Oncology; Karen N. Price and Richard D. Gelber, Frontier Science and Technology Research Foundation; Richard D. Gelber and Meredith M. Regan, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Gini F. Fleming, The University of Chicago Medical Center and Alliance for Clinical Trials in Oncology, Chicago, IL; Prudence A. Francis, International Breast Cancer Study Group, Peter MacCallum Cancer Center, St Vincent's Hospital, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria; Australia and New Zealand Breast Cancer Trials Group, University of Newcastle, Newcastle; Alan S. Coates, International Breast Cancer Study Group and University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; Eva Ciruelos, University Hospital 12 de Octubre and SOLTI Group, Madrid; Meritxell Bellet, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, and SOLTI Group, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona; Ana Lluch, Hospital Clinico Universitario de Valencia, Incliva Biomedical Research Institute, University of Valencia and SOLTI Group, Valencia; Antonia Perelló, Hospital Universitari Son Espases and SOLTI Group, Palma de Mallorca, Spain; Lorenzo Pavesi, Salvatore Maugeri Foundation and International Breast Cancer Study Group, Pavia; Marilena Visini, Ospedale Civile di Lecco and International Breast Cancer Study Group, Lecco; Carlo Tondini, Ospedale Papa Giovanni XXIII and International Brea
| | - Per Karlsson
- Karin Ribi, Aron Goldhirsch, and Jürg Bernhard, International Breast Cancer Study Group Coordinating Center; Jürg Bernhard, Bern University Hospital, Inselspital, Bern; Thomas Ruhstaller, Breast Center St Gallen, Swiss Group for Clinical Cancer Research, and International Breast Cancer Study Group, St Gallen, Switzerland; Weixiu Luo, Karen N. Price, Richard D. Gelber, and Meredith M. Regan, International Breast Cancer Study Group Statistical Center; Weixiu Luo, Harold J. Burstein, Richard D. Gelber, and Meredith M. Regan, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; Harold J. Burstein, Alliance for Clinical Trials in Oncology; Karen N. Price and Richard D. Gelber, Frontier Science and Technology Research Foundation; Richard D. Gelber and Meredith M. Regan, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Gini F. Fleming, The University of Chicago Medical Center and Alliance for Clinical Trials in Oncology, Chicago, IL; Prudence A. Francis, International Breast Cancer Study Group, Peter MacCallum Cancer Center, St Vincent's Hospital, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria; Australia and New Zealand Breast Cancer Trials Group, University of Newcastle, Newcastle; Alan S. Coates, International Breast Cancer Study Group and University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; Eva Ciruelos, University Hospital 12 de Octubre and SOLTI Group, Madrid; Meritxell Bellet, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, and SOLTI Group, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona; Ana Lluch, Hospital Clinico Universitario de Valencia, Incliva Biomedical Research Institute, University of Valencia and SOLTI Group, Valencia; Antonia Perelló, Hospital Universitari Son Espases and SOLTI Group, Palma de Mallorca, Spain; Lorenzo Pavesi, Salvatore Maugeri Foundation and International Breast Cancer Study Group, Pavia; Marilena Visini, Ospedale Civile di Lecco and International Breast Cancer Study Group, Lecco; Carlo Tondini, Ospedale Papa Giovanni XXIII and International Brea
| | - Thomas Ruhstaller
- Karin Ribi, Aron Goldhirsch, and Jürg Bernhard, International Breast Cancer Study Group Coordinating Center; Jürg Bernhard, Bern University Hospital, Inselspital, Bern; Thomas Ruhstaller, Breast Center St Gallen, Swiss Group for Clinical Cancer Research, and International Breast Cancer Study Group, St Gallen, Switzerland; Weixiu Luo, Karen N. Price, Richard D. Gelber, and Meredith M. Regan, International Breast Cancer Study Group Statistical Center; Weixiu Luo, Harold J. Burstein, Richard D. Gelber, and Meredith M. Regan, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; Harold J. Burstein, Alliance for Clinical Trials in Oncology; Karen N. Price and Richard D. Gelber, Frontier Science and Technology Research Foundation; Richard D. Gelber and Meredith M. Regan, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Gini F. Fleming, The University of Chicago Medical Center and Alliance for Clinical Trials in Oncology, Chicago, IL; Prudence A. Francis, International Breast Cancer Study Group, Peter MacCallum Cancer Center, St Vincent's Hospital, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria; Australia and New Zealand Breast Cancer Trials Group, University of Newcastle, Newcastle; Alan S. Coates, International Breast Cancer Study Group and University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; Eva Ciruelos, University Hospital 12 de Octubre and SOLTI Group, Madrid; Meritxell Bellet, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, and SOLTI Group, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona; Ana Lluch, Hospital Clinico Universitario de Valencia, Incliva Biomedical Research Institute, University of Valencia and SOLTI Group, Valencia; Antonia Perelló, Hospital Universitari Son Espases and SOLTI Group, Palma de Mallorca, Spain; Lorenzo Pavesi, Salvatore Maugeri Foundation and International Breast Cancer Study Group, Pavia; Marilena Visini, Ospedale Civile di Lecco and International Breast Cancer Study Group, Lecco; Carlo Tondini, Ospedale Papa Giovanni XXIII and International Brea
| | - Marco Colleoni
- Karin Ribi, Aron Goldhirsch, and Jürg Bernhard, International Breast Cancer Study Group Coordinating Center; Jürg Bernhard, Bern University Hospital, Inselspital, Bern; Thomas Ruhstaller, Breast Center St Gallen, Swiss Group for Clinical Cancer Research, and International Breast Cancer Study Group, St Gallen, Switzerland; Weixiu Luo, Karen N. Price, Richard D. Gelber, and Meredith M. Regan, International Breast Cancer Study Group Statistical Center; Weixiu Luo, Harold J. Burstein, Richard D. Gelber, and Meredith M. Regan, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; Harold J. Burstein, Alliance for Clinical Trials in Oncology; Karen N. Price and Richard D. Gelber, Frontier Science and Technology Research Foundation; Richard D. Gelber and Meredith M. Regan, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Gini F. Fleming, The University of Chicago Medical Center and Alliance for Clinical Trials in Oncology, Chicago, IL; Prudence A. Francis, International Breast Cancer Study Group, Peter MacCallum Cancer Center, St Vincent's Hospital, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria; Australia and New Zealand Breast Cancer Trials Group, University of Newcastle, Newcastle; Alan S. Coates, International Breast Cancer Study Group and University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; Eva Ciruelos, University Hospital 12 de Octubre and SOLTI Group, Madrid; Meritxell Bellet, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, and SOLTI Group, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona; Ana Lluch, Hospital Clinico Universitario de Valencia, Incliva Biomedical Research Institute, University of Valencia and SOLTI Group, Valencia; Antonia Perelló, Hospital Universitari Son Espases and SOLTI Group, Palma de Mallorca, Spain; Lorenzo Pavesi, Salvatore Maugeri Foundation and International Breast Cancer Study Group, Pavia; Marilena Visini, Ospedale Civile di Lecco and International Breast Cancer Study Group, Lecco; Carlo Tondini, Ospedale Papa Giovanni XXIII and International Brea
| | - Alan S Coates
- Karin Ribi, Aron Goldhirsch, and Jürg Bernhard, International Breast Cancer Study Group Coordinating Center; Jürg Bernhard, Bern University Hospital, Inselspital, Bern; Thomas Ruhstaller, Breast Center St Gallen, Swiss Group for Clinical Cancer Research, and International Breast Cancer Study Group, St Gallen, Switzerland; Weixiu Luo, Karen N. Price, Richard D. Gelber, and Meredith M. Regan, International Breast Cancer Study Group Statistical Center; Weixiu Luo, Harold J. Burstein, Richard D. Gelber, and Meredith M. Regan, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; Harold J. Burstein, Alliance for Clinical Trials in Oncology; Karen N. Price and Richard D. Gelber, Frontier Science and Technology Research Foundation; Richard D. Gelber and Meredith M. Regan, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Gini F. Fleming, The University of Chicago Medical Center and Alliance for Clinical Trials in Oncology, Chicago, IL; Prudence A. Francis, International Breast Cancer Study Group, Peter MacCallum Cancer Center, St Vincent's Hospital, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria; Australia and New Zealand Breast Cancer Trials Group, University of Newcastle, Newcastle; Alan S. Coates, International Breast Cancer Study Group and University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; Eva Ciruelos, University Hospital 12 de Octubre and SOLTI Group, Madrid; Meritxell Bellet, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, and SOLTI Group, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona; Ana Lluch, Hospital Clinico Universitario de Valencia, Incliva Biomedical Research Institute, University of Valencia and SOLTI Group, Valencia; Antonia Perelló, Hospital Universitari Son Espases and SOLTI Group, Palma de Mallorca, Spain; Lorenzo Pavesi, Salvatore Maugeri Foundation and International Breast Cancer Study Group, Pavia; Marilena Visini, Ospedale Civile di Lecco and International Breast Cancer Study Group, Lecco; Carlo Tondini, Ospedale Papa Giovanni XXIII and International Brea
| | - Aron Goldhirsch
- Karin Ribi, Aron Goldhirsch, and Jürg Bernhard, International Breast Cancer Study Group Coordinating Center; Jürg Bernhard, Bern University Hospital, Inselspital, Bern; Thomas Ruhstaller, Breast Center St Gallen, Swiss Group for Clinical Cancer Research, and International Breast Cancer Study Group, St Gallen, Switzerland; Weixiu Luo, Karen N. Price, Richard D. Gelber, and Meredith M. Regan, International Breast Cancer Study Group Statistical Center; Weixiu Luo, Harold J. Burstein, Richard D. Gelber, and Meredith M. Regan, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; Harold J. Burstein, Alliance for Clinical Trials in Oncology; Karen N. Price and Richard D. Gelber, Frontier Science and Technology Research Foundation; Richard D. Gelber and Meredith M. Regan, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Gini F. Fleming, The University of Chicago Medical Center and Alliance for Clinical Trials in Oncology, Chicago, IL; Prudence A. Francis, International Breast Cancer Study Group, Peter MacCallum Cancer Center, St Vincent's Hospital, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria; Australia and New Zealand Breast Cancer Trials Group, University of Newcastle, Newcastle; Alan S. Coates, International Breast Cancer Study Group and University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; Eva Ciruelos, University Hospital 12 de Octubre and SOLTI Group, Madrid; Meritxell Bellet, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, and SOLTI Group, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona; Ana Lluch, Hospital Clinico Universitario de Valencia, Incliva Biomedical Research Institute, University of Valencia and SOLTI Group, Valencia; Antonia Perelló, Hospital Universitari Son Espases and SOLTI Group, Palma de Mallorca, Spain; Lorenzo Pavesi, Salvatore Maugeri Foundation and International Breast Cancer Study Group, Pavia; Marilena Visini, Ospedale Civile di Lecco and International Breast Cancer Study Group, Lecco; Carlo Tondini, Ospedale Papa Giovanni XXIII and International Brea
| | - Karen N Price
- Karin Ribi, Aron Goldhirsch, and Jürg Bernhard, International Breast Cancer Study Group Coordinating Center; Jürg Bernhard, Bern University Hospital, Inselspital, Bern; Thomas Ruhstaller, Breast Center St Gallen, Swiss Group for Clinical Cancer Research, and International Breast Cancer Study Group, St Gallen, Switzerland; Weixiu Luo, Karen N. Price, Richard D. Gelber, and Meredith M. Regan, International Breast Cancer Study Group Statistical Center; Weixiu Luo, Harold J. Burstein, Richard D. Gelber, and Meredith M. Regan, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; Harold J. Burstein, Alliance for Clinical Trials in Oncology; Karen N. Price and Richard D. Gelber, Frontier Science and Technology Research Foundation; Richard D. Gelber and Meredith M. Regan, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Gini F. Fleming, The University of Chicago Medical Center and Alliance for Clinical Trials in Oncology, Chicago, IL; Prudence A. Francis, International Breast Cancer Study Group, Peter MacCallum Cancer Center, St Vincent's Hospital, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria; Australia and New Zealand Breast Cancer Trials Group, University of Newcastle, Newcastle; Alan S. Coates, International Breast Cancer Study Group and University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; Eva Ciruelos, University Hospital 12 de Octubre and SOLTI Group, Madrid; Meritxell Bellet, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, and SOLTI Group, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona; Ana Lluch, Hospital Clinico Universitario de Valencia, Incliva Biomedical Research Institute, University of Valencia and SOLTI Group, Valencia; Antonia Perelló, Hospital Universitari Son Espases and SOLTI Group, Palma de Mallorca, Spain; Lorenzo Pavesi, Salvatore Maugeri Foundation and International Breast Cancer Study Group, Pavia; Marilena Visini, Ospedale Civile di Lecco and International Breast Cancer Study Group, Lecco; Carlo Tondini, Ospedale Papa Giovanni XXIII and International Brea
| | - Richard D Gelber
- Karin Ribi, Aron Goldhirsch, and Jürg Bernhard, International Breast Cancer Study Group Coordinating Center; Jürg Bernhard, Bern University Hospital, Inselspital, Bern; Thomas Ruhstaller, Breast Center St Gallen, Swiss Group for Clinical Cancer Research, and International Breast Cancer Study Group, St Gallen, Switzerland; Weixiu Luo, Karen N. Price, Richard D. Gelber, and Meredith M. Regan, International Breast Cancer Study Group Statistical Center; Weixiu Luo, Harold J. Burstein, Richard D. Gelber, and Meredith M. Regan, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; Harold J. Burstein, Alliance for Clinical Trials in Oncology; Karen N. Price and Richard D. Gelber, Frontier Science and Technology Research Foundation; Richard D. Gelber and Meredith M. Regan, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Gini F. Fleming, The University of Chicago Medical Center and Alliance for Clinical Trials in Oncology, Chicago, IL; Prudence A. Francis, International Breast Cancer Study Group, Peter MacCallum Cancer Center, St Vincent's Hospital, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria; Australia and New Zealand Breast Cancer Trials Group, University of Newcastle, Newcastle; Alan S. Coates, International Breast Cancer Study Group and University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; Eva Ciruelos, University Hospital 12 de Octubre and SOLTI Group, Madrid; Meritxell Bellet, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, and SOLTI Group, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona; Ana Lluch, Hospital Clinico Universitario de Valencia, Incliva Biomedical Research Institute, University of Valencia and SOLTI Group, Valencia; Antonia Perelló, Hospital Universitari Son Espases and SOLTI Group, Palma de Mallorca, Spain; Lorenzo Pavesi, Salvatore Maugeri Foundation and International Breast Cancer Study Group, Pavia; Marilena Visini, Ospedale Civile di Lecco and International Breast Cancer Study Group, Lecco; Carlo Tondini, Ospedale Papa Giovanni XXIII and International Brea
| | - Meredith M Regan
- Karin Ribi, Aron Goldhirsch, and Jürg Bernhard, International Breast Cancer Study Group Coordinating Center; Jürg Bernhard, Bern University Hospital, Inselspital, Bern; Thomas Ruhstaller, Breast Center St Gallen, Swiss Group for Clinical Cancer Research, and International Breast Cancer Study Group, St Gallen, Switzerland; Weixiu Luo, Karen N. Price, Richard D. Gelber, and Meredith M. Regan, International Breast Cancer Study Group Statistical Center; Weixiu Luo, Harold J. Burstein, Richard D. Gelber, and Meredith M. Regan, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; Harold J. Burstein, Alliance for Clinical Trials in Oncology; Karen N. Price and Richard D. Gelber, Frontier Science and Technology Research Foundation; Richard D. Gelber and Meredith M. Regan, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Gini F. Fleming, The University of Chicago Medical Center and Alliance for Clinical Trials in Oncology, Chicago, IL; Prudence A. Francis, International Breast Cancer Study Group, Peter MacCallum Cancer Center, St Vincent's Hospital, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria; Australia and New Zealand Breast Cancer Trials Group, University of Newcastle, Newcastle; Alan S. Coates, International Breast Cancer Study Group and University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; Eva Ciruelos, University Hospital 12 de Octubre and SOLTI Group, Madrid; Meritxell Bellet, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, and SOLTI Group, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona; Ana Lluch, Hospital Clinico Universitario de Valencia, Incliva Biomedical Research Institute, University of Valencia and SOLTI Group, Valencia; Antonia Perelló, Hospital Universitari Son Espases and SOLTI Group, Palma de Mallorca, Spain; Lorenzo Pavesi, Salvatore Maugeri Foundation and International Breast Cancer Study Group, Pavia; Marilena Visini, Ospedale Civile di Lecco and International Breast Cancer Study Group, Lecco; Carlo Tondini, Ospedale Papa Giovanni XXIII and International Brea
| | - Gini F Fleming
- Karin Ribi, Aron Goldhirsch, and Jürg Bernhard, International Breast Cancer Study Group Coordinating Center; Jürg Bernhard, Bern University Hospital, Inselspital, Bern; Thomas Ruhstaller, Breast Center St Gallen, Swiss Group for Clinical Cancer Research, and International Breast Cancer Study Group, St Gallen, Switzerland; Weixiu Luo, Karen N. Price, Richard D. Gelber, and Meredith M. Regan, International Breast Cancer Study Group Statistical Center; Weixiu Luo, Harold J. Burstein, Richard D. Gelber, and Meredith M. Regan, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; Harold J. Burstein, Alliance for Clinical Trials in Oncology; Karen N. Price and Richard D. Gelber, Frontier Science and Technology Research Foundation; Richard D. Gelber and Meredith M. Regan, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Gini F. Fleming, The University of Chicago Medical Center and Alliance for Clinical Trials in Oncology, Chicago, IL; Prudence A. Francis, International Breast Cancer Study Group, Peter MacCallum Cancer Center, St Vincent's Hospital, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria; Australia and New Zealand Breast Cancer Trials Group, University of Newcastle, Newcastle; Alan S. Coates, International Breast Cancer Study Group and University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; Eva Ciruelos, University Hospital 12 de Octubre and SOLTI Group, Madrid; Meritxell Bellet, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, and SOLTI Group, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona; Ana Lluch, Hospital Clinico Universitario de Valencia, Incliva Biomedical Research Institute, University of Valencia and SOLTI Group, Valencia; Antonia Perelló, Hospital Universitari Son Espases and SOLTI Group, Palma de Mallorca, Spain; Lorenzo Pavesi, Salvatore Maugeri Foundation and International Breast Cancer Study Group, Pavia; Marilena Visini, Ospedale Civile di Lecco and International Breast Cancer Study Group, Lecco; Carlo Tondini, Ospedale Papa Giovanni XXIII and International Brea
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Ganz PA, Cecchini RS, Julian TB, Margolese RG, Costantino JP, Vallow LA, Albain KS, Whitworth PW, Cianfrocca ME, Brufsky AM, Gross HM, Soori GS, Hopkins JO, Fehrenbacher L, Sturtz K, Wozniak TF, Seay TE, Mamounas EP, Wolmark N. Patient-reported outcomes with anastrozole versus tamoxifen for postmenopausal patients with ductal carcinoma in situ treated with lumpectomy plus radiotherapy (NSABP B-35): a randomised, double-blind, phase 3 clinical trial. Lancet 2016; 387:857-65. [PMID: 26686960 PMCID: PMC4792658 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(15)01169-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The NSABP B-35 trial compared 5 years of treatment with anastrozole versus tamoxifen for reducing subsequent occurrence of breast cancer in postmenopausal patients with ductal carcinoma in situ. This report assesses the effect of these drugs on quality of life and symptoms. METHODS The study was done at 333 hospitals in North America. Postmenopausal women with hormone-positive ductal carcinoma in situ treated by lumpectomy with clear resection margins and whole breast irradiation were randomly assigned to receive either tamoxifen (20 mg/day) or anastrazole (1 mg/day) for 5 years, stratified by age (<60 years vs ≥60 years). Patients and investigators were masked to treatment allocation. Patients completed questionnaires at baseline and every 6 months thereafter for 6 years. The primary outcomes were SF-12 physical and mental health component scale scores, and vasomotor symptoms (as per the BCPT symptom scale). Secondary outcomes were vaginal symptoms and sexual functioning. Exploratory outcomes were musculoskeletal pain, bladder symptoms, gynaecological symptoms, cognitive symptoms, weight problems, vitality, and depression. We did the analyses by intention to treat, including patients who completed questionnaires at baseline and at least once during follow-up. This study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT00053898. FINDINGS Between Jan 6, 2003, and June 15, 2006, 3104 patients were enrolled in the study, of whom 1193 were included in the quality-of-life substudy: 601 assigned to tamoxifen and 592 assigned to anastrozole. We detected no significant difference between treatment groups for: physical health scores (mean severity score 46·72 for tamoxifen vs 45·85 for anastrozole; p=0·20), mental health scores (52·38 vs 51·48; p=0·38), energy and fatigue (58·34 vs 57·54; p=0·86), or symptoms of depression (6·19 vs 6·39; p=0·46) over 5 years. Vasomotor symptoms (1·33 vs 1·17; p=0·011), difficulty with bladder control (0·96 vs 0·80; p=0·0002), and gynaecological symptoms (0·29 vs 0·18; p<0·0001) were significantly more severe in the tamoxifen group than in the anastrozole group. Musculoskeletal pain (1·50 vs 1·72; p=0·0006) and vaginal symptoms (0·76 vs 0·86; p=0·035) were significantly worse in the anastrozole group than in the tamoxifen group. Sexual functioning did not differ significantly between the two treatments (43·65 vs 45·29; p=0·56). Younger age was significantly associated with more severe vasomotor symptoms (mean severity score 1·45 for age <60 years vs 0·65 for age ≥60 years; p=0·0006), vaginal symptoms (0·98 vs 0·65; p<0·0001), weight problems (1·32 vs 1·02; p<0·0001), and gynaecological symptoms (0·26 vs 0·22; p=0·014). INTERPRETATION Given the similar efficacy of tamoxifen and anastrozole for women older than age 60 years, decisions about treatment should be informed by the risk for serious adverse health effects and the symptoms associated with each drug. For women younger than 60 years old, treatment decisions might be driven by efficacy (favouring anastrozole); however, if the side-effects of anastrozole are intolerable, then switching to tamoxifen is a good alternative. FUNDING US National Cancer Institute, AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia A Ganz
- NRG Oncology/National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Reena S Cecchini
- NRG Oncology, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Biostatistics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Thomas B Julian
- NRG Oncology/National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Surgical Oncology, Allegheny Cancer Center at Allegheny General Hospital, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Richard G Margolese
- NRG Oncology/National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; The Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Joseph P Costantino
- NRG Oncology, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Biostatistics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Laura A Vallow
- NRG Oncology/National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Kathy S Albain
- NRG Oncology/National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Southwest Oncology Group, San Antonio, TX, USA; Department of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago Stritch School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Patrick W Whitworth
- NRG Oncology/National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Alliance for Clinical Trials in Oncology/American College of Surgeons Oncology Group, Chicago, IL, USA; Nashville Breast Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Mary E Cianfrocca
- NRG Oncology/National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Southwest Oncology Group, San Antonio, TX, USA; Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group/American College of Radiology Imaging Network, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Department of Hematology/Oncology, Banner MD Anderson Cancer Center, Gilbert, AZ, USA
| | - Adam M Brufsky
- NRG Oncology/National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Hematology/Oncology, Magee Womens Hospital/University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Howard M Gross
- NRG Oncology/National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Dayton Physicians, Dayton, OH, USA
| | - Gamini S Soori
- NRG Oncology/National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Missouri Valley Cancer Consortium, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Judith O Hopkins
- NRG Oncology/National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Southeast Clinical Oncology Research Consortium National Cancer Institute Community Oncology Research Program, Winston Salem, NC, USA; Department of Hematology/Oncology, Forsyth Regional Cancer Center, Winston Salem, NC, USA
| | - Louis Fehrenbacher
- NRG Oncology/National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Medical Oncology, Kaiser Permanente, Northern California Vallejo, CA, USA
| | - Keren Sturtz
- NRG Oncology/National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Medical Oncology Colorado Cancer Research Program, Denver, CO, USA
| | - Timothy F Wozniak
- NRG Oncology/National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Community Clinical Oncology Program, Christiana Care Health Systems, Wilmington, DE, USA
| | - Thomas E Seay
- NRG Oncology/National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Atlanta Regional Community Clinical Oncology Program, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Eleftherios P Mamounas
- NRG Oncology/National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; UF Health Cancer Center at Orlando Health, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Norman Wolmark
- NRG Oncology/National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Surgical Oncology, Allegheny Cancer Center at Allegheny General Hospital, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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Lee O, Khan SA. Novel routes for administering chemoprevention: local transdermal therapy to the breasts. Semin Oncol 2016; 43:107-115. [DOI: 10.1053/j.seminoncol.2015.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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50
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Tamoxifen promotes differentiation of oligodendrocyte progenitors in vitro. Neuroscience 2016; 319:146-54. [PMID: 26820594 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2016.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Revised: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 01/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The most promising therapeutic approach to finding the cure for devastating demyelinating conditions is the identification of clinically safe pharmacological agents that can promote differentiation of endogenous oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs). Here we show that the breast cancer medication tamoxifen (TMX), with well-documented clinical safety and confirmed beneficial effects in various models of demyelinating conditions, stimulates differentiation of rat glial progenitors to mature oligodendrocytes in vitro. Clinically applicable doses of TMX significantly increased both the number of CNPase-positive oligodendrocytes and protein levels of myelin basic protein, measured with Western blots. Furthermore, we also found that OPC differentiation was stimulated, not only by the pro-drug TMX-citrate (TMXC), but also by two main TMX metabolites, 4-hydroxy-TMX and endoxifen. Differentiating effects of TMXC and its metabolites were completely abolished in the presence of estrogen receptor (ER) antagonist, ICI182780. In contrast to TMXC and 4-hydroxy-TMX, endoxifen also induced astrogliogenesis, but independent of the ER activation. In sum, we showed that the TMX prodrug and its two main metabolites (4-hydroxy-TMX and endoxifen) promote ER-dependent oligodendrogenesis in vitro, not reported before. Given that differentiating effects of TMX were achieved with clinically safe doses, TMX is likely one of the most promising FDA-approved drugs for the possible treatment of demyelinating diseases.
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