1
|
Liu J, Xia S, Zhang B, Mohammed DM, Yang X, Zhu Y, Jiang X. Small molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitors approved for systemic therapy of advanced hepatocellular carcinoma: recent advances and future perspectives. Discov Oncol 2024; 15:259. [PMID: 38960980 PMCID: PMC11222362 DOI: 10.1007/s12672-024-01110-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Liver cancer is the sixth most commonly diagnosed cancer and the third leading cause of cancer death in the world, and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common form of liver cancer. More than half of the HCC patients are diagnosed at an advanced stage and often require systemic therapy. Dysregulation of the activity of receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) is involved in the development and progress of HCC, RTKs are therefore the potential targets for systemic therapy of advanced HCC (aHCC). Currently, a total of six small molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) have been approved for aHCC, including first-line sorafenib, lenvatinib, and donafenib, and second-line regorafenib, cabozantinib, and apatinib. These TKIs improved patients survival, which are associated with disease stage, etiology, liver function, tumor burden, baseline levels of alpha-fetoprotein, and treatment history. This review focuses on the clinical outcomes of these TKIs in key clinical trials, retrospective and real-world studies and discusses the future perspectives of TKIs for aHCC, with an aim to provide up-to-date evidence for decision-making in the treatment of aHCC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jianzhong Liu
- Clinical Laboratory, Wuhan No.7 Hospital, Zhong Nan 2nd Road, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Shuai Xia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Jining Medical University, Jining, 272067, Shandong, China
| | - Baoyi Zhang
- National Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, Hubei, China
| | - Dina Mostafa Mohammed
- Nutrition and Food Sciences Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Xiangliang Yang
- National Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, Hubei, China
| | - Yanhong Zhu
- National Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, Hubei, China
| | - Xinnong Jiang
- National Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, Hubei, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Younis MA, Harashima H. Understanding Gene Involvement in Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Implications for Gene Therapy and Personalized Medicine. Pharmgenomics Pers Med 2024; 17:193-213. [PMID: 38737776 PMCID: PMC11088404 DOI: 10.2147/pgpm.s431346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the dominant type of liver cancers and is one of the deadliest health threats globally. The conventional therapeutic options for HCC are hampered by low efficiency and intolerable side effects. Gene therapy, however, now offers hope for the treatment of many disorders previously considered incurable, and gene therapy is beginning to address many of the shortcomings of conventional therapies. Herein, we summarize the involvement of genes in the pathogenesis and prognosis of HCC, with a special focus on dysregulated signaling pathways, genes involved in immune evasion, and non-coding RNAs as novel two-edged players, which collectively offer potential targets for the gene therapy of HCC. Herein, the opportunities and challenges of HCC gene therapy are discussed. These include innovative therapies such as genome editing and cell therapies. Moreover, advanced gene delivery technologies that recruit nanomedicines for use in gene therapy for HCC are highlighted. Finally, suggestions are offered for improved clinical translation and future directions in this area of endeavor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud A Younis
- Laboratory of Innovative Nanomedicine, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0812, Japan
- Department of Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Assiut University, Assiut, 71526, Egypt
| | - Hideyoshi Harashima
- Laboratory of Innovative Nanomedicine, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0812, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Zhang S, Jia X, Dai H, Zhu X, Song W, Bian S, Wu H, Chen S, Tang Y, Chen J, Jin C, Zhou M, Xie H, Zheng S, Song P. SERPINE2 promotes liver cancer metastasis by inhibiting c-Cbl-mediated EGFR ubiquitination and degradation. Cancer Commun (Lond) 2024; 44:384-407. [PMID: 38407942 PMCID: PMC10958675 DOI: 10.1002/cac2.12527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 02/03/2024] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Liver cancer is a malignancy with high morbidity and mortality rates. Serpin family E member 2 (SERPINE2) has been reported to play a key role in the metastasis of many tumors. In this study, we aimed to investigate the potential mechanism of SERPINE2 in liver cancer metastasis. METHODS The Cancer Genome Atlas database (TCGA), including DNA methylation and transcriptome sequencing data, was utilized to identify the crucial oncogene associated with DNA methylation and cancer progression in liver cancer. Data from the TCGA and RNA sequencing for 94 pairs of liver cancer tissues were used to explore the correlation between SERPINE2 expression and clinical parameters of patients. DNA methylation sequencing was used to detect the DNA methylation levels in liver cancer tissues and cells. RNA sequencing, cytokine assays, immunoprecipitation (IP) and mass spectrometry (MS) assays, protein stability assays, and ubiquitination assays were performed to explore the regulatory mechanism of SERPINE2 in liver cancer metastasis. Patient-derived xenografts and tumor organoid models were established to determine the role of SERPINE2 in the treatment of liver cancer using sorafenib. RESULTS Based on the public database screening, SERPINE2 was identified as a tumor promoter regulated by DNA methylation. SERPINE2 expression was significantly higher in liver cancer tissues and was associated with the dismal prognosis in patients with liver cancer. SERPINE2 promoted liver cancer metastasis by enhancing cell pseudopodia formation, cell adhesion, cancer-associated fibroblast activation, extracellular matrix remodeling, and angiogenesis. IP/MS assays confirmed that SERPINE2 activated epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and its downstream signaling pathways by interacting with EGFR. Mechanistically, SERPINE2 inhibited EGFR ubiquitination and maintained its protein stability by competing with the E3 ubiquitin ligase, c-Cbl. Additionally, EGFR was activated in liver cancer cells after sorafenib treatment, and SERPINE2 knockdown-induced EGFR downregulation significantly enhanced the therapeutic efficacy of sorafenib against liver cancer. Furthermore, we found that SERPINE2 knockdown also had a sensitizing effect on lenvatinib treatment. CONCLUSIONS SERPINE2 promoted liver cancer metastasis by preventing EGFR degradation via c-Cbl-mediated ubiquitination, suggesting that inhibition of the SERPINE2-EGFR axis may be a potential target for liver cancer treatment.
Collapse
|
4
|
Huo D, Sun Z, Wang M, Yan A. Ligand and structure based hierarchical virtual screening cascade for finding novel epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitors. Chem Biol Drug Des 2024; 103:e14375. [PMID: 37849030 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.14375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023]
Abstract
The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase plays an important role in tumor formation and growth by mediating cell growth and other physiological processes. Therefore, EGFR is a promising target for the treatment of cancer. In this work, we combined ligand-based and structure-based virtual screening methods to identify novel EGFR inhibitors from a library of more than 103 thousand compounds. We first obtained hundreds of compounds with similar physiochemical properties through 3D molecular shape and electrostatic similarity screening with potent inhibitors AEE788 and Afatinib as queries. Next, we identified compounds with strong binding affinities to the EGFR pocket through molecular docking, which makes good use of the structure information of the receptor. After molecular scaffold analysis, our bioassay confirmed 13 compounds with EGFR inhibitory activity and three compounds had IC50 values below 1000 nM. In addition, we collected 5371 EGFR inhibitors from online databases, and clustered them into 7 groups by K-means method using their ECFP4 fingerprints as input. Each cluster had typical molecular fragments and corresponding activity characteristics, which could guide the design of EGFR inhibitors, and we concluded that the fragments from some of the hits are indicated in the highly active scaffolds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Donghui Huo
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
- Dalian (Fushun) Research Institute of Petroleum and Petrochemicals, China Petroleum & Chemical Corporation (SINOPEC), Dalian, China
| | - Zhiqi Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Maolin Wang
- Clinical Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shenzhen University Health Sciences Center, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Aixia Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Hadfield MJ, DeCarli K, Bash K, Sun G, Almhanna K. Current and Emerging Therapeutic Targets for the Treatment of Cholangiocarcinoma: An Updated Review. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 25:543. [PMID: 38203714 PMCID: PMC10779232 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25010543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Cholangiocarcinoma is a malignancy of the bile ducts that is often associated with late diagnosis, poor overall survival, and limited treatment options. The standard of care therapy for cholangiocarcinoma has been cytotoxic chemotherapy with modest improvements in overall survival with the addition of immune checkpoint inhibitors. The discovery of actionable mutations has led to the advent of targeted therapies against FGFR and IDH-1, which has expanded the treatment landscape for this patient population. Significant efforts have been made in the pre-clinical space to explore novel immunotherapeutic approaches, as well as antibody-drug conjugates. This review provides an overview of the current landscape of treatment options, as well as promising future therapeutic targets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J. Hadfield
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, The Warren Alpert School of Medicine of Brown University, Providence, RI 02806, USA; (M.J.H.); (G.S.)
| | - Kathryn DeCarli
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, The Warren Alpert School of Medicine of Brown University, Providence, RI 02806, USA; (M.J.H.); (G.S.)
| | - Kinan Bash
- Department of Graduate Studies, University of New England, Biddeford, ME 04005, USA;
| | - Grace Sun
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, The Warren Alpert School of Medicine of Brown University, Providence, RI 02806, USA; (M.J.H.); (G.S.)
| | - Khaldoun Almhanna
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, The Warren Alpert School of Medicine of Brown University, Providence, RI 02806, USA; (M.J.H.); (G.S.)
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Magdy Eldaly S, Salama Zakaria D, Hanafy Metwally N. Design, Synthesis, Anticancer Evaluation and Molecular Modeling Studies of New Thiazolidinone-Benzoate Scaffold as EGFR Inhibitors, Cell Cycle Interruption and Apoptosis Inducers in HepG2. Chem Biodivers 2023; 20:e202300138. [PMID: 37695095 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202300138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
Synthesis of new anticancer candidates with protein kinases inhibitory potency is a major goal of pharmaceutical science and synthetic research. This current work represents the synthesis of a series of substituted benzoate-thiazolidinones. Most prepared thiazolidinones were evaluated in vitro for their potential anticancer activity against three cell lines by MTT assay, and they found to be more effective against cancer cell lines with no harm toward normal cells. Thiazolidinones 5 c and 5 h were further evaluated to be kinase inhibitors against EGFR showing effective inhibitory impact (with IC50 value; 0.2±0.009 and 0.098±0.004 μM, for 5 c and 5 h, respectively). Furthermore, 5 c and 5 h have effects on cell cycle and apoptosis induction capability in HepG2 cell lines by DNA-flow cytometry analysis and annexin V-FITC apoptosis assay, respectively. The results showed that they have effect of disrupting the cell cycle and causing cell mortality by apoptosis in the treated cells. Moreover, molecular docking studies showed better binding patterns for 5 c and 5 h with the active site of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) protein kinase (PDB code 1M17). Finally, toxicity risk and physicochemical characterization by Osiris method was performed on most of the compounds, revealing excellent properties as possible drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Salwa Magdy Eldaly
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, 12613, Giza, Egypt
| | - Dalia Salama Zakaria
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, 12613, Giza, Egypt
| | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Kumar S, Pandey AK. Potential Molecular Targeted Therapy for Unresectable Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Curr Oncol 2023; 30:1363-1380. [PMID: 36826066 PMCID: PMC9955633 DOI: 10.3390/curroncol30020105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most prevalent and lethal cancers, representing a serious worldwide health concern. The recurrence incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) following surgery or ablation is as high as 70%. Thus, the clinical applicability of standard surgery and other locoregional therapy to improve the outcomes of advanced HCC is restricted and far from ideal. The registered trials did not identify a treatment that prolonged recurrence-free survival, the primary outcome of the majority of research. Several investigator-initiated trials have demonstrated that various treatments extend patients' recurrence-free or overall survival after curative therapies. In the past decade, targeted therapy has made significant strides in the treatment of advanced HCC. These targeted medicines produce antitumour effects via specific signals, such as anti-angiogenesis or advancement of the cell cycle. As a typical systemic treatment option, it significantly improves the prognosis of this fatal disease. In addition, the combination of targeted therapy with an immune checkpoint inhibitor is redefining the paradigm of advanced HCC treatment. In this review, we focused on the role of approved targeted medicines and potential therapeutic targets in unresectable HCC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shashank Kumar
- Molecular Signaling & Drug Discovery Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Central University of Punjab, Guddha, Bathinda 151401, Punjab, India
- Correspondence: (S.K.); (A.K.P.)
| | - Abhay Kumar Pandey
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Allahabad, University Road, Prayagraj 211002, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Correspondence: (S.K.); (A.K.P.)
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Targeted Therapy for Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Old and New Opportunities. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14164028. [PMID: 36011021 PMCID: PMC9406380 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14164028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most frequent primitive cancer of the liver, accounting for 90% of all recorded cases. HCC is the third most common cause of cancer-related death, with a 5-year survival rate of just 3%. In terms of the advanced stages, systemic treatments have allowed patients to achieve clinical benefits, although the prognosis remains very poor. In the past few decades, new molecular targeted therapies have been developed and clinically evaluated with interesting results. However, on the basis of the poor prognoses and the meager benefits deriving from the available systemic therapies, research into new treatments is extremely necessary. In this review, we focus on the available systemic therapies for advanced HCC, with a look toward the future. Abstract Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most frequent primitive cancer of the liver, accounting for 90% of all recorded cases. HCC is the third most common cause of cancer-related death, with a 5-year survival rate of just 3%. In the advanced stages, systemic treatments allow doctors to obtain clinical benefits, although the prognosis remains very poor. In the past few decades, new molecular targeted therapies against receptor tyrosine kinases have been developed and clinically evaluated. Sorafenib was the first oral tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) approved for the treatment of advanced HCC in 2007. Subsequently, other TKIs, including Cabozantinib, Regorafenib, Lenvatinib, and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR) inhibitors such as Ramucirumab and VEGF inhibitors such as Bevacizumab have been approved as first- or second-line treatments. More recently, the combination of immune checkpoint inhibitors and VEGF inhibitors (Atezolizumab plus Bevacizumab) have been analyzed and approved for the treatment of advanced HCC. On the basis of the poor prognoses and the meager benefits deriving from the available systemic therapies, research into new treatments is extremely necessary. In this review, we focus on the available systemic therapies for advanced HCC, with a look toward the future.
Collapse
|
9
|
Fan Y, Xue H, Zheng H. Systemic Therapy for Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Current Updates and Outlook. J Hepatocell Carcinoma 2022; 9:233-263. [PMID: 35388357 PMCID: PMC8977221 DOI: 10.2147/jhc.s358082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has emerged the culprit of cancer-related mortality worldwide with its dismal prognosis climbing. In recent years, ground-breaking progress has been made in systemic therapy for HCC. Targeted therapy based on specific signaling molecules, including sorafenib, lenvatinib, regorafenib, cabozantinib, and ramucirumab, has been widely used for advanced HCC (aHCC). Immunotherapies such as pembrolizumab and nivolumab greatly improve the survival of aHCC patients. More recently, synergistic combination therapy has boosted first-line (atezolizumab in combination with bevacizumab) and second-line (ipilimumab in combination with nivolumab) therapeutic modalities for aHCC. This review aims to summarize recent updates of systemic therapy relying on the biological mechanisms of HCC, particularly highlighting the approved agents for aHCC. Adjuvant and neoadjuvant therapy, as well as a combination with locoregional therapies (LRTs), are also discussed. Additionally, we describe the promising effect of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) as systemic therapy on HCC. In this setting, the challenges and future directions of systemic therapy for HCC are also explored.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yinjie Fan
- College of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110847, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Oncology and Experimental Center, the Affiliated Hospital of Chengde Medical University, Chengde, Hebei, 067000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hang Xue
- Department of Oncology and Experimental Center, the Affiliated Hospital of Chengde Medical University, Chengde, Hebei, 067000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Huachuan Zheng
- Department of Oncology and Experimental Center, the Affiliated Hospital of Chengde Medical University, Chengde, Hebei, 067000, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence: Huachuan Zheng, Department of Oncology and Experimental Center, the Affiliated Hospital of Chengde Medical University, Chengde, Hebei, 067000, People’s Republic of China, Tel +86-0314-2279458, Fax +86-0314-2279458, Email
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Combining structure-based and 3D QSAR pharmacophore models to discover diverse ligands against EGFR in oral cancer. Future Med Chem 2022; 14:463-478. [PMID: 35167330 DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2021-0205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Epidermal growth factor receptor-tyrosine kinase (EGFR-TK) is a well-known hallmark of oral and oropharyngeal cancers, as its overexpression leads to poor prognosis and malignancy. The activating EGFR mutations (particularly T790M and L858R double mutant) are a major challenge causing drug resistance, especially in the treatment of oral cancers. Methodology: This paper is an effort to exploit both structure-based and ligand-based pharmacophore modeling to discover EGFR-TK inhibitors, which show inhibition of proliferation of erlotinib-resistant FaDu and Cal27 oral cancer cells. Interestingly, the hit compound H2 also showed an effect on the downstream glucose and lactate metabolism pathways. Conclusion: The results indicate the potential of H2 to be developed as an EGFR-based metabolic inhibitor for oral cancer treatment.
Collapse
|
11
|
Natu A, Singh A, Gupta S. Hepatocellular carcinoma: Understanding molecular mechanisms for defining potential clinical modalities. World J Hepatol 2021; 13:1568-1583. [PMID: 34904030 PMCID: PMC8637668 DOI: 10.4254/wjh.v13.i11.1568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Liver cancer is the sixth most commonly occurring cancer and costs millions of lives per year. The diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has relied on scanning techniques and serum-based markers such as α-fetoprotein. These measures have limitations due to their detection limits and asymptomatic conditions during the early stages, resulting in late-stage cancer diagnosis where targeted chemotherapy or systemic treatment with sorafenib is offered. However, the aid of conventional therapy for patients in the advanced stage of HCC has limited outcomes. Thus, it is essential to seek a new treatment strategy and improve the diagnostic techniques to manage the disease. Researchers have used the omics profile of HCC patients for sub-classification of tissues into different groups, which has helped us with prognosis. Despite these efforts, a promising target for treatment has not been identified. The hurdle in this situation is genetic and epigenetic variations in the tumor, leading to disparities in response to treatment. Understanding reversible epigenetic changes along with clinical traits help to define new markers for patient categorization and design personalized therapy. Many clinical trials of inhibitors of epigenetic modifiers (also known as epi-drugs) are in progress. Epi-drugs like azacytidine or belinostat are already approved for other cancer treatments. Furthermore, epigenetic changes have also been observed in drug-resistant HCC tumors. In such cases, combinatorial treatment of epi-drugs with systemic therapy or trans-arterial chemoembolization might re-sensitize resistant cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abhiram Natu
- Epigenetics and Chromatin Biology Group, Gupta Laboratory, Cancer Research Institute, Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer, Tata Memorial Centre, Kharghar, Navi Mumbai 410210, Maharashtra, India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Training School Complex, Anushakti Nagar, Mumbai 400085, Maharashtra, India
| | - Anjali Singh
- Epigenetics and Chromatin Biology Group, Gupta Laboratory, Cancer Research Institute, Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer, Tata Memorial Centre, Kharghar, Navi Mumbai 410210, Maharashtra, India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Training School Complex, Anushakti Nagar, Mumbai 400085, Maharashtra, India
| | - Sanjay Gupta
- Epigenetics and Chromatin Biology Group, Gupta Laboratory, Cancer Research Institute, Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer, Tata Memorial Centre, Kharghar, Navi Mumbai 410210, Maharashtra, India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Training School Complex, Anushakti Nagar, Mumbai 400085, Maharashtra, India
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Building 2D classification models and 3D CoMSIA models on small-molecule inhibitors of both wild-type and T790M/L858R double-mutant EGFR. Mol Divers 2021; 26:1715-1730. [PMID: 34636023 DOI: 10.1007/s11030-021-10300-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) has received widespread attention because it is an important target for anticancer drug design. Mutations in the EGFR, especially the T790M/L858R double mutation, have made cancer treatment more difficult. We herein built the structure-activity relationship models of small-molecule inhibitors on wild-type and T790M/L858R double-mutant EGFR with a whole dataset of 379 compounds. For 2D classification models, we used ECFP4 fingerprints to build support vector machine and random forest models and used SMILES to build self-attention recurrent neural network models. Each of all six models resulted in an accuracy of above 0.87 and the Matthews correlation coefficient value of above 0.76 on the test set, respectively. We concluded that inhibitors containing anilinoquinoline and methoxy or fluoro phenyl are highly active against wild EGFR. Substructures such as anilinopyrimidine, acrylamide, amino phenyl, methoxy phenyl, and thienopyrimidinyl amide appeared more in highly active inhibitors against double-mutant EGFR. We also used self-organizing map to cluster the inhibitors into six subsets based on ECFP4 fingerprints and analyzed the activity characteristics of different scaffolds in each subset. Among them, three datasets, which are based on pteridin, anilinopyrimidine, and anilinoquinoline scaffold, were selected to build 3D comparative molecular similarity analysis models individually. Models with the leave-one-out coefficient of determination (q2) above 0.65 were selected, and five descriptor types (steric, electrostatic, hydrophobic, donor, and acceptor) were used to study the effects of side chains of inhibitors on the activity against wild-type and mutant-type EGFR.
Collapse
|
13
|
Anti-Hepatocellular Carcinoma Biomolecules: Molecular Targets Insights. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms221910774. [PMID: 34639131 PMCID: PMC8509806 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 09/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
This report explores the available curative molecules directed against hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Limited efficiency as well as other drawbacks of existing molecules led to the search for promising potential alternatives. Understanding of the cell signaling mechanisms propelling carcinogenesis and driven by cell proliferation, invasion, and angiogenesis can offer valuable information for the investigation of efficient treatment strategies. The complexity of the mechanisms behind carcinogenesis inspires researchers to explore the ability of various biomolecules to target specific pathways. Natural components occurring mainly in food and medicinal plants, are considered an essential resource for discovering new and promising therapeutic molecules. Novel biomolecules normally have an advantage in terms of biosafety. They are also widely diverse and often possess potent antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-cancer properties. Based on quantitative structure-activity relationship studies, biomolecules can be used as templates for chemical modifications that improve efficiency, safety, and bioavailability. In this review, we focus on anti-HCC biomolecules that have their molecular targets partially or completely characterized as well as having anti-cancer molecular mechanisms that are fairly described.
Collapse
|
14
|
Hu CT, Mandal JP, Wu WS. Regulation on tumor metastasis by Raf kinase inhibitory protein: New insight with reactive oxygen species signaling. Tzu Chi Med J 2021; 33:332-338. [PMID: 34760627 PMCID: PMC8532577 DOI: 10.4103/tcmj.tcmj_296_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Targeted therapy aiming at the metastatic signal pathway, such as that triggered by receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK), for the prevention of tumor progression is promising. However, RTK-based targeted therapy frequently suffered from drug resistance due to the co-expression of multiple growth factor receptors that may raise compensatory secondary signaling and acquired mutations after treatment. One alternative strategy is to manipulate the common negative regulators of the RTK signaling. Among them, Raf kinase inhibitory protein (RKIP) is highlighted and focused on this review. RKIP can associate with Raf-1, thus suppressing the downstream mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascade. RKIP also negatively regulates other metastatic signal molecules including NF-κB, STAT3, and NOTCH1. In general, RKIP achieves this task via associating and blocking the activity of the critical molecules on upstream of the aforementioned pathways. One novel RKIP-related signaling involves reactive oxygen species (ROS). In our recent report, we found that PKCδ-mediated ROS generation may interfere with the association of RKIP with heat shock protein 60 (HSP60)/MAPK complex via oxidation of HSP60 triggered by the tumor promoter 12-O-tetradecanoyl-phorbol-13-acetate. The departure of RKIP may impact the downstream MAPK in two aspects. One is to trigger the Mt→cytosol translocation of HSP60 coupled with MAPKs. The other is to change the conformation of HSP60, favoring more efficient activation of the associated MAPK by upstream kinases in cytosol. It is worthy of investigating whether various RTKs capable of generating ROS can drive metastatic signaling via affecting RKIP in the same manner.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Tan Hu
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien, Taiwan
- Research Centre for Hepatology, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
| | | | - Wen-Sheng Wu
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
- Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien, Taiwan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, College of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Niu M, Yi M, Li N, Wu K, Wu K. Advances of Targeted Therapy for Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Front Oncol 2021; 11:719896. [PMID: 34381735 PMCID: PMC8350567 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.719896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the common and fatal malignancies, which is a significant global health problem. The clinical applicability of traditional surgery and other locoregional therapies is limited, and these therapeutic strategies are far from satisfactory in improving the outcomes of advanced HCC. In the past decade, targeted therapy had made a ground-breaking progress in advanced HCC. Those targeted therapies exert antitumor effects through specific signals, including anti-angiogenesis or cell cycle progression. As a standard systemic therapy option, it tremendously improves the survival of this devastating disease. Moreover, the combination of targeted therapy with immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) has demonstrated more potent anticancer effects and becomes the hot topic in clinical studies. The combining medications bring about a paradigm shift in the treatment of advanced HCC. In this review, we presented all approved targeted agents for advanced HCC with an emphasis on their clinical efficacy, summarized the advances of multi-target drugs in research for HCC and potential therapeutic targets for drug development. We also discussed the exciting results of the combination between targeted therapy and ICI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mengke Niu
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ming Yi
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ning Li
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Kongju Wu
- Department of Nursing, Medical School of Pingdingshan University, Pingdingshan, China
| | - Kongming Wu
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
EGFR activation limits the response of liver cancer to lenvatinib. Nature 2021; 595:730-734. [PMID: 34290403 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-021-03741-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 63.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC)-the most common form of liver cancer-is an aggressive malignancy with few effective treatment options1. Lenvatinib is a small-molecule inhibitor of multiple receptor tyrosine kinases that is used for the treatment of patients with advanced HCC, but this drug has only limited clinical benefit2. Here, using a kinome-centred CRISPR-Cas9 genetic screen, we show that inhibition of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is synthetic lethal with lenvatinib in liver cancer. The combination of the EGFR inhibitor gefitinib and lenvatinib displays potent anti-proliferative effects in vitro in liver cancer cell lines that express EGFR and in vivo in xenografted liver cancer cell lines, immunocompetent mouse models and patient-derived HCC tumours in mice. Mechanistically, inhibition of fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) by lenvatinib treatment leads to feedback activation of the EGFR-PAK2-ERK5 signalling axis, which is blocked by EGFR inhibition. Treatment of 12 patients with advanced HCC who were unresponsive to lenvatinib treatment with the combination of lenvatinib plus gefitinib (trial identifier NCT04642547) resulted in meaningful clinical responses. The combination therapy identified here may represent a promising strategy for the approximately 50% of patients with advanced HCC who have high levels of EGFR.
Collapse
|
17
|
Zheng S, Ni J, Li Y, Lu M, Yao Y, Guo H, Jiao M, Jin T, Zhang H, Yuan A, Wang Z, Yang Y, Chen Z, Wu H, Hu W. 2-Methoxyestradiol synergizes with Erlotinib to suppress hepatocellular carcinoma by disrupting the PLAGL2-EGFR-HIF-1/2α signaling loop. Pharmacol Res 2021; 169:105685. [PMID: 34022398 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2021.105685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Erlotinib, an EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor has been introduced into cancer chemotherapy. However, the therapeutic effects of erlotinib in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remain vaguely understood. Our previous study found that a hypoxia-mediated PLAGL2-EGFR-HIF-1/2α signaling loop in HCC decreased response to erlotinib. The current study has demonstrated that the combination of erlotinib and 2ME2 exerted synergistic antitumor effects against HCC. Further investigation showed that erlotinib increased the expression level of EGFR, HIF-2α, and PLAGL2, which contributes to the insensitivity of hypoxic HCC cells to erlotinib. The simultaneous exposure to 2ME2 effectively inhibited the expression level of EGFR, HIF-2α, and PLAGL2 that was induced by erlotinib. This contributes to the synergistic effect of the two therapeutic agents. Furthermore, the combination of erlotinib and 2ME2 induced apoptosis and inhibited the stemness of hypoxic HCC cells. Our findings potentially explain the mechanism of HCC insensitivity to erlotinib and provide a new strategy of combining EGFR and HIF1/2α inhibitors for HCC treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shufang Zheng
- Center for New Drug Safety Evaluation and Research, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China; College of Pharmacy, Pharmacy Experimental Center, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Jiaping Ni
- Center for New Drug Safety Evaluation and Research, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Ying Li
- Center for New Drug Safety Evaluation and Research, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Mingying Lu
- Center for New Drug Safety Evaluation and Research, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Yuchen Yao
- Center for New Drug Safety Evaluation and Research, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Haixin Guo
- Center for New Drug Safety Evaluation and Research, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Meng Jiao
- College of Pharmacy, Pharmacy Experimental Center, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Tianle Jin
- College of Pharmacy, Pharmacy Experimental Center, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Haoying Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, Pharmacy Experimental Center, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Ansheng Yuan
- College of Pharmacy, Pharmacy Experimental Center, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Zhuo Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yong Yang
- Center for New Drug Safety Evaluation and Research, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Zhen Chen
- College of Pharmacy, Pharmacy Experimental Center, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, Jiangsu Province, China.
| | - Hongxi Wu
- College of Pharmacy, Pharmacy Experimental Center, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, Jiangsu Province, China.
| | - Weiwei Hu
- Center for New Drug Safety Evaluation and Research, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Moon H, Ro SW. MAPK/ERK Signaling Pathway in Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:3026. [PMID: 34204242 PMCID: PMC8234271 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13123026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a major health concern worldwide, and its incidence is increasing steadily. Recently, the MAPK/ERK signaling pathway in HCC has gained renewed attention from basic and clinical researchers. The MAPK/ERK signaling pathway is activated in more than 50% of human HCC cases; however, activating mutations in RAS and RAF genes are rarely found in HCC, which are major genetic events leading to the activation of the MAPK/ERK signaling pathway in other cancers. This suggests that there is an alternative mechanism behind the activation of the signaling pathway in HCC. Here, we will review recent advances in understanding the cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in the activation of the MAPK/ERK signaling pathway and discuss potential therapeutic strategies targeting the signaling pathway in the context of HCC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Simon Weonsang Ro
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si 17104, Gyeonggi-do, Korea;
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Wang T, Zhang Q, Wang N, Liu Z, Zhang B, Zhao Y. Research Progresses of Targeted Therapy and Immunotherapy for Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Curr Med Chem 2021; 28:3107-3146. [PMID: 33050856 DOI: 10.2174/0929867327666201013162144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common malignant tumors worldwide, with nearly one million new cases and deaths every year. Owing to the complex pathogenesis, hidden early symptoms, rapidly developing processes, and poor prognosis, the morbidity and mortality of HCC are increasing yearly. With the progress being made in modern medicine, the treatment of HCC is no longer limited to traditional methods. Targeted therapy and immunotherapy have emerged to treat advanced and metastatic HCC in recent years. Since Sorafenib is the first molecular targeting drug against angiogenesis, targeted drugs for HCC are continually emerging. Moreover, immunotherapy plays a vital role in clinical trials. In particular, the application of immune checkpoint inhibitors, which have received increasing attention in the field of cancer treatment, is a possible research path. Interestingly, these two therapies generally complement each other at some stages of HCC, bringing new hope for patients with advanced HCC. In this paper, we discuss the research progress of targeted therapy and immunotherapy for HCC in recent years, which will provide a reference for the further development of drugs for HCC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tao Wang
- Institute of Drug Discovery Technology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China
| | - Qiting Zhang
- Institute of Drug Discovery Technology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China
| | - Ning Wang
- Institute of Drug Discovery Technology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China
| | - Ziqi Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, the PLA Rocket Force Characteristic Medical Center, Beijing 100088, China
| | - Bin Zhang
- Li Dak Sum Yip Yio Chin Kenneth Li Marine Biopharmaceutical Research Center, Department of Marine Pharmacy, College of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China
| | - Yufen Zhao
- Institute of Drug Discovery Technology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Du X, Yang B, An Q, Assaraf YG, Cao X, Xia J. Acquired resistance to third-generation EGFR-TKIs and emerging next-generation EGFR inhibitors. Innovation (N Y) 2021; 2:100103. [PMID: 34557754 PMCID: PMC8454558 DOI: 10.1016/j.xinn.2021.100103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The discovery that mutations in the EGFR gene are detected in up to 50% of lung adenocarcinoma patients, along with the development of highly efficacious epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs), has revolutionized the treatment of this frequently occurring lung malignancy. Indeed, the clinical success of these TKIs constitutes a critical milestone in targeted cancer therapy. Three generations of EGFR-TKIs are currently approved for the treatment of EGFR mutation-positive non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). The first-generation TKIs include erlotinib, gefitinib, lapatinib, and icotinib; the second-generation ErbB family blockers include afatinib, neratinib, and dacomitinib; whereas osimertinib, approved by the FDA on 2015, is a third-generation TKI targeting EGFR harboring specific mutations. Compared with the first- and second-generation TKIs, third-generation EGFR inhibitors display a significant advantage in terms of patient survival. For example, the median overall survival in NSCLC patients receiving osimertinib reached 38.6 months. Unfortunately, however, like other targeted therapies, new EGFR mutations, as well as additional drug-resistance mechanisms emerge rapidly after treatment, posing formidable obstacles to cancer therapeutics aimed at surmounting this chemoresistance. In this review, we summarize the molecular mechanisms underlying resistance to third-generation EGFR inhibitors and the ongoing efforts to address and overcome this chemoresistance. We also discuss the current status of fourth-generation EGFR inhibitors, which are of great value in overcoming resistance to EGFR inhibitors that appear to have greater therapeutic benefits in the clinic. EGFR gene mutations are detected in about 50% of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients worldwide The three generations of EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) are critical milestones for NSCLC patients Like other targeted therapies, new EGFR mutations and coupled drug resistances emerge rapidly after TKI treatment, posing formidable obstacles to cancer management The investigational fourth-generation EGFR inhibitors are of great promise, through a number of novel mechanisms, in overcoming these resistances after third-generation TKI treatment, and will bring more benefits to NSCLC patients
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojing Du
- Institute of Clinical Science, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.,Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.,Institute of Fudan-Minhang Academic Health System, Minhang Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 201199, China
| | - Biwei Yang
- Institute of Clinical Science, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.,Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Quanlin An
- Institute of Clinical Science, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yehuda G Assaraf
- The Fred Wyszkowski Cancer Research Lab, Department of Biology, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200000, Israel
| | - Xin Cao
- Institute of Clinical Science, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Jinglin Xia
- Institute of Clinical Science, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.,Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.,Institute of Fudan-Minhang Academic Health System, Minhang Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 201199, China.,The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Yu AT, Berasain C, Bhatia S, Rivera K, Liu B, Rigo F, Pappin DJ, Spector DL. PHAROH lncRNA regulates Myc translation in hepatocellular carcinoma via sequestering TIAR. eLife 2021; 10:68263. [PMID: 34002693 PMCID: PMC8163507 DOI: 10.7554/elife.68263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma, the most common type of liver malignancy, is one of the most lethal forms of cancer. We identified a long non-coding RNA, Gm19705, that is overexpressed in hepatocellular carcinoma and mouse embryonic stem cells. We named this RNA Pluripotency and Hepatocyte Associated RNA Overexpressed in HCC, or PHAROH. Depletion of PHAROH impacts cell proliferation and migration, which can be rescued by ectopic expression of PHAROH. RNA-seq analysis of PHAROH knockouts revealed that a large number of genes with decreased expression contain a Myc motif in their promoter. MYC is decreased in knockout cells at the protein level, but not the mRNA level. RNA-antisense pulldown identified nucleolysin TIAR, a translational repressor, to bind to a 71-nt hairpin within PHAROH, sequestration of which increases MYC translation. In summary, our data suggest that PHAROH regulates MYC translation by sequestering TIAR and as such represents a potentially exciting diagnostic or therapeutic target in hepatocellular carcinoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Allen T Yu
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, United States.,Genetics Program, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, United States
| | - Carmen Berasain
- Hepatology Program, Cima, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,Instituto de Investigaciones Sanitarias de Navarra-IdiSNA, Pamplona, Spain.,CIBERehd, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sonam Bhatia
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, United States
| | - Keith Rivera
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, United States
| | - Bodu Liu
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, United States
| | - Frank Rigo
- Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Carlsbad, United States
| | - Darryl J Pappin
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, United States
| | - David L Spector
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, United States.,Genetics Program, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, United States
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Lee SR, Lee JG, Heo JH, Jo SL, Ryu J, Kim G, Yon JM, Lee MS, Lee GS, An BS, Shin HJ, Woo DC, Baek IJ, Hong EJ. Loss of PGRMC1 Delays the Progression of Hepatocellular Carcinoma via Suppression of Pro-Inflammatory Immune Responses. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13102438. [PMID: 34069911 PMCID: PMC8157610 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13102438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Progesterone receptor membrane component 1 (PGRMC1) and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) are highly expressed in various cancers. Here, we first analyzed two sets of clinical data and found that the levels of PGRMC1 and EGFR in hepatocellular carcinomas (HCCs) were both inversely correlated with the survival of HCC patients. Accordingly, by using a carcinogen-induced mouse model of HCC, we found that Pgrmc1 knockout suppressed HCC development and extended the lifespan of HCC-bearing mice. In the acute setting of high-dose carcinogen administration, Pgrmc1 knockout was associated with increases in hepatic necrosis and decreases in the production of the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-6. Indeed, silencing of Pgrmc1 in murine macrophages suppressed IL-6 production and NF-κB activity, and this process was significantly mediated by EGFR. Our study shows that Pgrmc1 affects the development of HCCs by regulating the EGFR-mediated inflammatory responses. Pgrmc1 may serve as a biomarker and a therapeutic target of HCC. Abstract Pgrmc1 is a non-canonical progesterone receptor related to the lethality of various types of cancer. PGRMC1 has been reported to exist in co-precipitated protein complexes with epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), which is considered a useful therapeutic target in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Here, we investigated whether Pgrmc1 is involved in HCC progression. In clinical datasets, PGRMC1 transcription level was positively correlated with EGFR levels; importantly, PGRMC1 level was inversely correlated with the survival duration of HCC patients. In a diethylnitrosamine (DEN)-induced murine model of HCC, the global ablation of Pgrmc1 suppressed the development of HCC and prolonged the survival of HCC-bearing mice. We further found that increases in hepatocyte death and suppression of compensatory proliferation in the livers of DEN-injured Pgrmc1-null mice were concomitant with decreases in nuclear factor κB (NF-κB)-dependent production of interleukin-6 (IL-6). Indeed, silencing of Pgrmc1 in murine macrophages led to reductions in NF-κB activity and IL-6 production. We found that the anti-proinflammatory effect of Pgrmc1 loss was mediated by reductions in EGFR level and its effect was not observed after exposure of the EGFR inhibitor erlotinib. This study reveals a novel cooperative role of Pgrmc1 in supporting the EGFR-mediated development of hepatocellular carcinoma, implying that pharmacological suppression of Pgrmc1 may be a useful strategy in HCC treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sang R. Lee
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea; (S.R.L.); (J.H.H.); (S.L.J.); (J.R.); (H.-J.S.)
| | - Jong Geol Lee
- Department of Convergence Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Korea; (J.G.L.); (G.K.); (J.-M.Y.); (D.-C.W.)
| | - Jun H. Heo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea; (S.R.L.); (J.H.H.); (S.L.J.); (J.R.); (H.-J.S.)
| | - Seong Lae Jo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea; (S.R.L.); (J.H.H.); (S.L.J.); (J.R.); (H.-J.S.)
| | - Jihoon Ryu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea; (S.R.L.); (J.H.H.); (S.L.J.); (J.R.); (H.-J.S.)
| | - Globinna Kim
- Department of Convergence Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Korea; (J.G.L.); (G.K.); (J.-M.Y.); (D.-C.W.)
| | - Jung-Min Yon
- Department of Convergence Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Korea; (J.G.L.); (G.K.); (J.-M.Y.); (D.-C.W.)
| | - Myeong Sup Lee
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Korea;
| | - Geun-Shik Lee
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon 24341, Korea;
| | - Beum-Soo An
- Department of Biomaterials Science, College of Natural Resources & Life Science, Pusan National University, Miryang, Gyeongsangnam 50463, Korea;
| | - Hyun-Jin Shin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea; (S.R.L.); (J.H.H.); (S.L.J.); (J.R.); (H.-J.S.)
| | - Dong-Cheol Woo
- Department of Convergence Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Korea; (J.G.L.); (G.K.); (J.-M.Y.); (D.-C.W.)
| | - In-Jeoung Baek
- Department of Convergence Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Korea; (J.G.L.); (G.K.); (J.-M.Y.); (D.-C.W.)
- Correspondence: (I.-J.B.); (E.-J.H.); Tel.: +82-2-3010-2798 (I.-J.B.); +82-42-821-6781 (E.-J.H.); Fax: +82-2-3010-4197 (I.-J.B.); +82-42-821-8903 (E.-J.H.)
| | - Eui-Ju Hong
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea; (S.R.L.); (J.H.H.); (S.L.J.); (J.R.); (H.-J.S.)
- Correspondence: (I.-J.B.); (E.-J.H.); Tel.: +82-2-3010-2798 (I.-J.B.); +82-42-821-6781 (E.-J.H.); Fax: +82-2-3010-4197 (I.-J.B.); +82-42-821-8903 (E.-J.H.)
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Gallage S, García-Beccaria M, Szydlowska M, Rahbari M, Mohr R, Tacke F, Heikenwalder M. The therapeutic landscape of hepatocellular carcinoma. MED 2021; 2:505-552. [DOI: 10.1016/j.medj.2021.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
|
24
|
Molecularly targeted therapy for advanced gastrointestinal noncolorectal cancer treatment: how to choose? Past, present, future. Anticancer Drugs 2021; 32:593-601. [PMID: 33929995 DOI: 10.1097/cad.0000000000001071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Gastrointestinal cancer is a leading cause of death worldwide. Conventional cytotoxic chemotherapy has been the backbone of advanced gastrointestinal cancer treatment for decades and still represents a key element of the therapeutic armamentarium. However, only small increments in survival outcomes have been reached. New clinical trials are designed, including classic chemotherapy in association with either small-molecule inhibitors or mAb. During the past few years, remarkable progress in molecular biology of gastrointestinal noncolorectal cancers, the discovery of specific targets and the resulting development of systemic drugs that block critical kinases and several molecular pathways have all contributed to progress. New biological agents with molecularly targeted therapies are now available or currently included in clinical trials (EGFR inhibitors (i), antiangiogenic agents, c-METi, IDHi, FGFR2i, BRAFi, Pi3Ki/AKTi/mTORi, NTRKi). When we focus on the current state of precision medicine for gastrointestinal malignancies, it becomes apparent that there is a mixed history of success and failure. The aim of this review is to focus on the studies that have been completed to date with target therapies and to understand which of these are currently the accepted choice in clinical practice and which need further confirmation and approval for inclusion in guidelines. All these findings will enable to guide clinical practice for oncologists in the design of the next round of clinical trials.
Collapse
|
25
|
Okuda K, Umemura A, Umemura S, Kataoka S, Taketani H, Seko Y, Nishikawa T, Yamaguchi K, Moriguchi M, Kanbara Y, Arbiser JL, Shima T, Okanoue T, Karin M, Itoh Y. Honokiol Prevents Non-Alcoholic Steatohepatitis-Induced Liver Cancer via EGFR Degradation through the Glucocorticoid Receptor-MIG6 Axis. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13071515. [PMID: 33806040 PMCID: PMC8037653 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13071515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) has become a serious public health problem associated with metabolic syndrome. The mechanisms by which NASH induces hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remain unknown. There are no approved drugs for treating NASH or preventing NASH-induced HCC. We used a genetic mouse model in which HCC was induced via high-fat diet feeding. This mouse model strongly resembles human NASH-induced HCC. The natural product honokiol (HNK) was tested for its preventative effects against NASH progression to HCC. Then, to clarify the mechanisms underlying HCC development, human HCC cells were treated with HNK. Human clinical specimens were also analyzed to explore this study's clinical relevance. We found that epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signaling was hyperactivated in the livers of mice with NASH and human HCC specimens. Inhibition of EGFR signaling by HNK drastically attenuated HCC development in the mouse model. Mechanistically, HNK accelerated the nuclear translocation of glucocorticoid receptor (GR) and promoted mitogen-inducible gene 6 (MIG6)/ERBB receptor feedback inhibitor 1 (ERRFI1) expression, leading to EGFR degradation and thereby resulting in robust tumor suppression. In human samples, EGFR-positive HCC tissues and their corresponding non-tumor tissues exhibited decreased ERRFI1 mRNA expression. Additionally, GR-positive non-tumor liver tissues displayed lower EGFR expression. Livers from patients with advanced NASH exhibited decreased ERRFI1 expression. EGFR degradation or inactivation represents a novel approach for NASH-HCC treatment and prevention, and the GR-MIG6 axis is a newly defined target that can be activated by HNK and related compounds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Keiichiro Okuda
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajii-cho, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan; (K.O.); (S.K.); (H.T.); (Y.S.); (T.N.); (K.Y.); (M.M.); (Y.I.)
| | - Atsushi Umemura
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajii-cho, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan; (K.O.); (S.K.); (H.T.); (Y.S.); (T.N.); (K.Y.); (M.M.); (Y.I.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-75-251-5519; Fax: +81-75-251-0710
| | - Shiori Umemura
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajii-cho, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan;
| | - Seita Kataoka
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajii-cho, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan; (K.O.); (S.K.); (H.T.); (Y.S.); (T.N.); (K.Y.); (M.M.); (Y.I.)
| | - Hiroyoshi Taketani
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajii-cho, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan; (K.O.); (S.K.); (H.T.); (Y.S.); (T.N.); (K.Y.); (M.M.); (Y.I.)
| | - Yuya Seko
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajii-cho, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan; (K.O.); (S.K.); (H.T.); (Y.S.); (T.N.); (K.Y.); (M.M.); (Y.I.)
| | - Taichiro Nishikawa
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajii-cho, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan; (K.O.); (S.K.); (H.T.); (Y.S.); (T.N.); (K.Y.); (M.M.); (Y.I.)
| | - Kanji Yamaguchi
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajii-cho, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan; (K.O.); (S.K.); (H.T.); (Y.S.); (T.N.); (K.Y.); (M.M.); (Y.I.)
| | - Michihisa Moriguchi
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajii-cho, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan; (K.O.); (S.K.); (H.T.); (Y.S.); (T.N.); (K.Y.); (M.M.); (Y.I.)
| | - Yoshihiro Kanbara
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Saiseikai Suita Hospital, Suita 564-0013, Japan; (Y.K.); (T.S.); (T.O.)
| | - Jack L. Arbiser
- Department of Dermatology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA;
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, GA 30322, USA
| | - Toshihide Shima
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Saiseikai Suita Hospital, Suita 564-0013, Japan; (Y.K.); (T.S.); (T.O.)
| | - Takeshi Okanoue
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Saiseikai Suita Hospital, Suita 564-0013, Japan; (Y.K.); (T.S.); (T.O.)
| | - Michael Karin
- Laboratory of Gene Regulation and Signal Transduction, Departments of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, San Diego, CA 92093, USA;
- Departments of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Yoshito Itoh
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajii-cho, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan; (K.O.); (S.K.); (H.T.); (Y.S.); (T.N.); (K.Y.); (M.M.); (Y.I.)
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Moon H, Ro SW. Ras Mitogen-activated Protein Kinase Signaling and Kinase Suppressor of Ras as Therapeutic Targets for Hepatocellular Carcinoma. JOURNAL OF LIVER CANCER 2021; 21:1-11. [PMID: 37384270 PMCID: PMC10035721 DOI: 10.17998/jlc.21.1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a high incidence cancer and a major health concern worldwide. Among the many molecular signaling pathways that are dysregulated in HCC, the Ras mitogen-activated protein kinase (Ras/Raf/MAPK) signaling pathway has gained renewed attention from basic and clinical researchers. Mutations in Ras and Raf genes which are known to activate the Ras/Raf/MAPK signaling pathway have been infrequently detected in human HCC; however, the Ras/Raf/MAPK signaling pathway is activated in more than 50% of HCC cases, suggesting an alternative mechanism for the activation of the signaling pathway. Kinase suppressor of Ras acts as a molecular scaffold for facilitating the assembly of Ras/Raf/MAPK signaling pathway components and has been implicated in the regulation of this signaling pathway. In this review, we provide important insights into the cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in the activation of the Ras/Raf/MAPK signaling pathway and discuss potential therapeutic strategies for HCC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hyuk Moon
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Kyung Hee University College of Life Sciences, Yongin, Korea
| | - Simon Weonsang Ro
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Kyung Hee University College of Life Sciences, Yongin, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Sun X, Xu S, Yang Z, Zheng P, Zhu W. Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitors for the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer: a patent review (2014-present). Expert Opin Ther Pat 2020; 31:223-238. [PMID: 33315482 DOI: 10.1080/13543776.2021.1860210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: EGFR is the receptor for epidermal growth factor (EGF) and belongs to the protein tyrosine kinase (PTK) receptor. It is closely related to the inhibition of tumor cell proliferation, invasion, and apoptosis. Overexpression or mutation activation of EGFR is involved in the development of many human malignancies, especially non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). At present, numerous small molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) have been developed to target the ATP-binding region of EGFR, aiming to develop selective and effective inhibitors for the treatment of NSCLC against EGFR mutants.Areas covered: This review covers the latest progress in the patented EGFR inhibitors and the inhibition activity against NSCLC from 2014 to present.Expert opinion: EGFR is an important anti-tumor target, and small molecule inhibitors targeting EGFR have become important biologically active compounds for the treatment of cancer, especially against NSCLC. Among the recent patents available, great majority of them focus on selective inhibitors of EGFR mutants. Although great achievements have been made in the development of selective EGFR inhibitors, there is still an urgent need to discover new EGFR inhibitors which are safe, efficient, selective, and low-toxic to avoid the adverse pharmacokinetics caused by wild-type EGFR feature.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Sun
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Jiangxi Science & Technology Normal University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Shan Xu
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Jiangxi Science & Technology Normal University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Zunhua Yang
- College of Pharmacy, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China
| | - Pengwu Zheng
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Jiangxi Science & Technology Normal University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Wufu Zhu
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Jiangxi Science & Technology Normal University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Houron C, Danielou M, Mir O, Fromenty B, Perlemuter G, Voican CS. Multikinase inhibitor-induced liver injury in patients with cancer: A review for clinicians. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2020; 157:103127. [PMID: 33161366 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2020.103127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multikinase inhibitors (MKI) are targeted molecular agents that have revolutionized cancer management. However, there is a paucity of data concerning MKI-related liver injury risk and clinical guidelines for the management of liver toxicity in patients receiving MKI for cancer are scarce. DESIGN We conducted a PubMed search of articles in English published from January 2000 to December 2018 related to hepatotoxicity of the 29 FDA-approved MKIs at doses used in clinical practice. The search terms were the international non-proprietary name of each agent cross-referenced with «hepatotoxicity», «hepatitis», «hepatic adverse event», or «liver failure», and «phase II clinical trial», «phase III clinical trial», or «case report». RESULTS Following this search, 140 relevant studies and 99 case reports were considered. Although asymptomatic elevation of aminotransferase levels has been frequently observed in MKI clinical trials, clinically significant hepatotoxicity is a rare event. In most cases, the interval between treatment initiation and the onset of liver injury is between one week and two months. Liver toxicity is often hepatocellular and less frequently mixed. Life-threatening MKI-induced hepatic injury has been described, involving fulminant liver failure or death. Starting from existing data, a description of MKI-related liver events, grading of hepatotoxicity risk, and recommendations for management are also given for various MKI molecules. CONCLUSION All MKIs can potentially cause liver injury, which is sometimes irreversible. As there is still no strategy available to prevent MKI-related hepatotoxicity, early detection remains crucial. The surveillance of liver function during treatment may help in the early detection of hepatotoxicity. Furthermore, the exclusion of potential causes of hepatic injury is essential to avoid unnecessary MKI withdrawal.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Camille Houron
- Faculté de Médecine Paris-Saclay, Université Paris-Saclay, F-94276, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France; INSERM U996, DHU Hepatinov, Labex LERMIT, F-92140, Clamart, France
| | - Marie Danielou
- Faculté de Médecine Paris-Saclay, Université Paris-Saclay, F-94276, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France; Service d'Hépato-Gastroentérologie et Nutrition, Hôpital Antoine-Béclère, AP-HP, Université Paris-Saclay, F-92140, Clamart, France
| | - Olivier Mir
- Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Department of Ambulatory Care, F-94805, Villejuif, France
| | - Bernard Fromenty
- INSERM, INRAE, Univ Rennes, Institut NUMECAN (Nutrition Metabolisms and Cancer), UMR_A 1341, UMR_S 1241, F-35000, Rennes, France
| | - Gabriel Perlemuter
- Faculté de Médecine Paris-Saclay, Université Paris-Saclay, F-94276, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France; INSERM U996, DHU Hepatinov, Labex LERMIT, F-92140, Clamart, France; Service d'Hépato-Gastroentérologie et Nutrition, Hôpital Antoine-Béclère, AP-HP, Université Paris-Saclay, F-92140, Clamart, France.
| | - Cosmin Sebastian Voican
- Faculté de Médecine Paris-Saclay, Université Paris-Saclay, F-94276, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France; INSERM U996, DHU Hepatinov, Labex LERMIT, F-92140, Clamart, France; Service d'Hépato-Gastroentérologie et Nutrition, Hôpital Antoine-Béclère, AP-HP, Université Paris-Saclay, F-92140, Clamart, France
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Prince D, Liu K, Xu W, Chen M, Sun JY, Lu XJ, Ji J. Management of patients with intermediate stage hepatocellular carcinoma. Ther Adv Med Oncol 2020; 12:1758835920970840. [PMID: 33224278 PMCID: PMC7649909 DOI: 10.1177/1758835920970840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) causes a significant health burden globally and its impact is expected to increase in the coming years. Intermediate stage HCC, as defined by the Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer (BCLC) system stage B, represents up to 30% of patients at diagnosis and encompasses a broad spectrum of tumor burden. Several attempts have been made to further subclassify this heterogenous group. The current standard of care recommended by BCLC for intermediate stage HCC patients is transarterial chemoembolization (TACE), with modest outcomes reported. While refinements have been made to TACE technique and patient selection, it remains non-curative. In the real-world setting, only 60% of patients with intermediate stage HCC receive TACE, with the remainder deviating to a range of other therapies that have shown promise in select patient subgroups. These include curative treatments (resection, ablation, and liver transplantation), radiotherapy (stereotactic and radioembolization), systemic therapies, and their combination. In this review, we summarize the classifications and current management for patients with intermediate stage HCC as well as highlight recent key developments in this space.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David Prince
- AW Morrow Gastroenterology and Liver Centre, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Ken Liu
- AW Morrow Gastroenterology and Liver Centre, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Liver Injury and Cancer Program, The Centenary Institute, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Weiqi Xu
- Department of Hepatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Minjiang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Imaging Diagnosis and Minimally Invasive Intervention Research, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University/Affiliated Lishui Hospital of Zhejiang University/The Central Hospital of Zhejiang Lishui, Lishui, China
- Department of Radiology, the Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University/Affiliated Lishui Hospital of Zhejiang University/The Central Hospital of Zhejiang Lishui, Lishui, China
| | - Jin-Yu Sun
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Sparkfire Scientific Research Group, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiao-Jie Lu
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jiansong Ji
- Key Laboratory of Imaging Diagnosis and Minimally Invasive Intervention Research, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University/Affiliated Lishui Hospital of Zhejiang University/The Central Hospital of Zhejiang Lishui, Lishui 323000, China
- Department of Radiology, the Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University/Affiliated Lishui Hospital of Zhejiang University/The Central Hospital of Zhejiang Lishui, Lishui, 323000, China
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Nakayama J, Gong Z. Transgenic zebrafish for modeling hepatocellular carcinoma. MedComm (Beijing) 2020; 1:140-156. [PMID: 34766114 PMCID: PMC8491243 DOI: 10.1002/mco2.29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver cancer is the third leading cause of cancer‐related deaths throughout the world, and more than 0.6 million people die from liver cancer annually. Therefore, novel therapeutic strategies to eliminate malignant cells from liver cancer patients are urgently needed. Recent advances in high‐throughput genomic technologies have identified de novo candidates for oncogenes and pharmacological targets. However, testing and understanding the mechanism of oncogenic transformation as well as probing the kinetics and therapeutic responses of spontaneous tumors in an intact microenvironment require in vivo examination using genetically modified animal models. The zebrafish (Danio rerio) has attracted increasing attention as a new model for studying cancer biology since the organs in the model are strikingly similar to human organs and the model can be genetically modified in a short time and at a low cost. This review summarizes the current knowledge of epidemiological data and genetic alterations in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), zebrafish models of HCC, and potential therapeutic strategies for targeting HCC based on knowledge from the models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joji Nakayama
- Department of Biological Sciences National University of Singapore Singapore
| | - Zhiyuan Gong
- Department of Biological Sciences National University of Singapore Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Zhou C, Xia Y, Wei Y, Cheng L, Wei J, Guo B, Meng F, Cao S, van Hest JCM, Zhong Z. GE11 peptide-installed chimaeric polymersomes tailor-made for high-efficiency EGFR-targeted protein therapy of orthotopic hepatocellular carcinoma. Acta Biomater 2020; 113:512-521. [PMID: 32562803 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2020.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Revised: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains a leading malignancy with a high mortality and little improvement in treatments. Protein drugs though known for their extraordinary potency and specificity have rarely been investigated for HCC therapy owing to lack of appropriate delivery systems. Here, we designed GE11 peptide-installed chimaeric polymersomes (GE11-CPs) for high-efficiency EGFR-targeted protein therapy of orthotopic SMMC-7721 HCC-bearing nude mice. GE11-CPs were assembled from poly(ethylene glycol)-b-poly(trimethylene carbonate-co-dithiolane trimethylene carbonate)-b-poly(aspartic acid) (PEG-P(TMC-DTC)-PAsp) and GE11-functionalized PEG-P(TMC-DTC), which allowed efficient loading and protection of proteins in the watery interior and fine-tuning of GE11 densities at the surface. CPs with short PAsp segments (degree of polymerization (DP) = 5, 10 and 15) exhibited a protein loading efficiency of 60%-72% and glutathione-responsive protein release. Saporin-loaded GE11-CPs had a size of 36 - 62 nm depending on GE11 densities and DP of PAsp. Notably, GE11-CPs with 10% GE11 revealed greatly enhanced uptake in SMMC-7721 cells, boosting the anticancer potency of saporin for over 3-folds compared with non-targeted control (half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) = 11.0 versus 36.3 nM). The biodistribution studies using Cy5-labeled cytochrome C as a model protein demonstrated about 3-fold higher accumulation of GE11-CPs formulation than CPs counterpart in both subcutaneous and orthotopic SMMC-7721 tumor models. Notably, saporin-loaded GE11-CPs revealed low toxicity, effective tumor inhibition and significant improvement of survival rate compared with PBS and non-targeted groups (median survival time: 99 versus 37 and 42 days). EGFR-targeted chimaeric polymersomes carrying proteins appear an interesting HCC treatment modality.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Zhou
- Biomedical Polymers Laboratory, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, and State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Soochow University, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, PR China
| | - Yifeng Xia
- Biomedical Polymers Laboratory, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, and State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Soochow University, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, PR China
| | - Yaohua Wei
- Biomedical Polymers Laboratory, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, and State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Soochow University, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, PR China
| | - Liang Cheng
- Biomedical Polymers Laboratory, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, and State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Soochow University, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, PR China; Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, PR China.
| | - Jingjing Wei
- Biomedical Polymers Laboratory, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, and State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Soochow University, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, PR China
| | - Beibei Guo
- Biomedical Polymers Laboratory, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, and State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Soochow University, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, PR China
| | - Fenghua Meng
- Biomedical Polymers Laboratory, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, and State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Soochow University, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, PR China.
| | - Shoupeng Cao
- Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513 (STO 3.31), 5600MB Eindhoven, the Netherlands
| | - Jan C M van Hest
- Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513 (STO 3.31), 5600MB Eindhoven, the Netherlands
| | - Zhiyuan Zhong
- Biomedical Polymers Laboratory, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, and State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Soochow University, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Chow AKM, Yau SWL, Ng L. Novel molecular targets in hepatocellular carcinoma. World J Clin Oncol 2020; 11:589-605. [PMID: 32879846 PMCID: PMC7443834 DOI: 10.5306/wjco.v11.i8.589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Globally, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a leading cause of cancer and cancer-related deaths. The therapeutic efficacy of locoregional and systemic treatment in patients with advanced HCC remains low, which results in a poor prognosis. The development of sorafenib for the treatment of HCC has resulted in a new era of molecular targeted therapy for this disease. However, the median overall survival was reported to be barely higher in the sorafenib treatment group than in the control group. Hence, in this review we describe the importance of developing more effective targeted therapies for the management of advanced HCC. Recent investigations of molecular signaling pathways in several cancers have provided some insights into developing molecular therapies that target critical members of these signaling pathways. Proteins involved in the Hedgehog and Notch signaling pathways, Polo-like kinase 1, arginine, histone deacetylases and Glypican-3 can be potential targets in the treatment of HCC. Monotherapy has limited therapeutic efficacy due to the development of inhibitory feedback mechanisms and induction of chemoresistance. Thus, emphasis is now on the development of personalized and combination molecular targeted therapies that can serve as ideal therapeutic strategies for improved management of HCC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ariel Ka-Man Chow
- School of Nursing and Health Studies, The Open University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Simon Wing-Lung Yau
- School of Nursing and Health Studies, The Open University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Lui Ng
- Department of Surgery, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Mobasheri T, Rayzan E, Shabani M, Hosseini M, Mahmoodi Chalbatani G, Rezaei N. Neuroblastoma-targeted nanoparticles and novel nanotechnology-based treatment methods. J Cell Physiol 2020; 236:1751-1775. [PMID: 32735058 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.29979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Revised: 07/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Neuroblastoma is a complicated pediatric tumor, originating from the neural crest, which is the most prevalent in adrenal glands, but may rarely be seen in some other tissues as well. Studies are focused on developing new strategies through novel chemo- and immuno-therapeutic drug targets. Different types of oncogenes such as MYCN, tumor suppressor genes such as p53, and some structural genes such as vascular endothelial growth factor are considered as targets for neuroblastoma therapy. The individual expression patterns in NB cells make them appropriate for this purpose. The combined effect of nano-drug delivery systems and specific drug targets will result in lower systemic side effects, prolonged therapeutic effects, and improvements in the pharmacokinetic properties of the drugs. Some of these novel drug delivery systems with a focus on liposomes as carriers are also discussed. In this review, genes and protein products that are beneficial as drug targets in the treatment of neuroblastoma have been discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Taranom Mobasheri
- International Hematology/Oncology of Pediatrics Experts (IHOPE), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran.,School of Pharmacy, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Elham Rayzan
- International Hematology/Oncology of Pediatrics Experts (IHOPE), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran.,Research Center for Immunodeficiencies (RCID), Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahsima Shabani
- Research Center for Immunodeficiencies (RCID), Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,International Hematology/Oncology of Pediatrics Experts (IHOPE), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Mina Hosseini
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Nima Rezaei
- Research Center for Immunodeficiencies (RCID), Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy and Autoimmunity (NIIMA), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Dimri M, Satyanarayana A. Molecular Signaling Pathways and Therapeutic Targets in Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12020491. [PMID: 32093152 PMCID: PMC7072513 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12020491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Revised: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a complex biological process and is often diagnosed at advanced stages with no effective treatment options. With advances in tumor biology and molecular genetic profiling, several different signaling pathways and molecular mechanisms have been identified as responsible for initiating and promoting HCC. Targeting these critical pathways, which include the receptor tyrosine kinase pathways, the Ras mitogen-activated protein kinase (Ras/Raf/MAPK), the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway, the ubiquitin/proteasome degradation and the hedgehog signaling pathway has led to the identification of novel therapeutics for HCC treatment. In this review, we elaborated on our current understanding of the signaling pathways involved in the development and initiation of HCC and anticipate the potential targets for therapeutic drug development.
Collapse
|
35
|
Huang D, Fan Q, Liu Z, Zhang S, Huang W, Li H, Liang C, Sun F. An Epitope on EGFR Loading Catastrophic Internalization Serve as a Novel Oncotarget for Hepatocellular Carcinoma Therapy. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:E456. [PMID: 32079107 PMCID: PMC7072198 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12020456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Revised: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The precise role of Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) in Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells is unknown and EGFR inhibitors have not achieved positive clinical results. The rapid and drastic internalization of EGFR has been proved to successfully treat EGFR inhibitor-resistant patients in recent clinical trials. Here, the anti-tumor efficacy of a protein (rLZ-8) from Ganoderma lucidum was evaluated, it was demonstrated that rLZ-8 could bind to EGFR specifically, drastically enter into Hepatoma cells, abrogate endosomal recycling and induce HCC cell death. Surprisingly, we screened a monoclonal antibody which possesses competitive binding site with rLZ-8, it also trigger catastrophic EGFR internalization. This result suggests that it is necessary to investigate the interface of EGFR and rLZ-8 complex. An internalization related epitope (S222/K269) was identified on the dimerization arm of EGFR extracellular domain (ECD). These results suggest vulnerability of HCC cells to catastrophic EGFR internalization that can be targeted by a novel epitope and point to the possible exploitation in the design of anti-EGFR therapeutic biologics for HCC therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dianshuai Huang
- Institute of Frontier Medical Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, Jilin, China; (D.H.); (Z.L.); (S.Z.); (W.H.); (H.L.); (C.L.)
| | - Qingjie Fan
- Department of Biopharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, Jilin, China;
| | - Zhiyi Liu
- Institute of Frontier Medical Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, Jilin, China; (D.H.); (Z.L.); (S.Z.); (W.H.); (H.L.); (C.L.)
| | - Shuqin Zhang
- Institute of Frontier Medical Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, Jilin, China; (D.H.); (Z.L.); (S.Z.); (W.H.); (H.L.); (C.L.)
| | - Wei Huang
- Institute of Frontier Medical Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, Jilin, China; (D.H.); (Z.L.); (S.Z.); (W.H.); (H.L.); (C.L.)
| | - Hongrui Li
- Institute of Frontier Medical Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, Jilin, China; (D.H.); (Z.L.); (S.Z.); (W.H.); (H.L.); (C.L.)
| | - Chongyang Liang
- Institute of Frontier Medical Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, Jilin, China; (D.H.); (Z.L.); (S.Z.); (W.H.); (H.L.); (C.L.)
| | - Fei Sun
- Institute of Frontier Medical Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, Jilin, China; (D.H.); (Z.L.); (S.Z.); (W.H.); (H.L.); (C.L.)
- Department of Biopharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, Jilin, China;
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Dai Q, Zhang C, Yuan Z, Sun Q, Jiang Y. Current discovery strategies for hepatocellular carcinoma therapeutics. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2019; 15:243-258. [DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2020.1696769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Qiuzi Dai
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, PR China
- National & Local United Engineering Lab for Personalized Anti-tumor Drugs, The State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, the Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, PR China
- Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen, PR China
| | - Cunlong Zhang
- Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen, PR China
- National & Local United Engineering Lab for Personalized Anti-tumor Drugs, Shenzhen Kivita Innovative Drug Discovery Institute, The Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, PR China
| | - Zigao Yuan
- National & Local United Engineering Lab for Personalized Anti-tumor Drugs, The State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, the Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, PR China
- Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen, PR China
- National & Local United Engineering Lab for Personalized Anti-tumor Drugs, Shenzhen Kivita Innovative Drug Discovery Institute, The Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, PR China
| | - Qinsheng Sun
- National & Local United Engineering Lab for Personalized Anti-tumor Drugs, The State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, the Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, PR China
- Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen, PR China
- National & Local United Engineering Lab for Personalized Anti-tumor Drugs, Shenzhen Kivita Innovative Drug Discovery Institute, The Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, PR China
| | - Yuyang Jiang
- National & Local United Engineering Lab for Personalized Anti-tumor Drugs, The State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, the Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, PR China
- Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen, PR China
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
López-Luque J, Bertran E, Crosas-Molist E, Maiques O, Malfettone A, Caja L, Serrano T, Ramos E, Sanz-Moreno V, Fabregat I. Downregulation of Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor in hepatocellular carcinoma facilitates Transforming Growth Factor-β-induced epithelial to amoeboid transition. Cancer Lett 2019; 464:15-24. [PMID: 31465839 PMCID: PMC6853171 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2019.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Revised: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) and the Transforming Growth Factor-beta (TGF-β) are key regulators of hepatocarcinogenesis. Targeting EGFR was proposed as a promising therapy; however, poor success was obtained in human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) clinical trials. Here, we describe how EGFR is frequently downregulated in HCC patients while TGF-β is upregulated. Using 2D/3D cellular models, we show that after EGFR loss, TGF-β is more efficient in its pro-migratory and invasive effects, inducing epithelial to amoeboid transition. EGFR knock-down promotes loss of cell-cell and cell-to-matrix adhesion, favouring TGF-β-induced actomyosin contractility and acquisition of an amoeboid migratory phenotype. Moreover, TGF-β upregulates RHOC and CDC42 after EGFR silencing, promoting Myosin II in amoeboid cells. Importantly, low EGFR combined with high TGFB1 or RHOC/CDC42 levels confer poor patient prognosis. In conclusion, this work reveals a new tumour suppressor function for EGFR counteracting TGF-β-mediated epithelial to amoeboid transitions in HCC, supporting a rational for targeting the TGF-β pathway in patients with low EGFR expression. Our work also highlights the relevance of epithelial to amoeboid transition in human tumours and the need to better target this process in the clinic. EGFR expression is low and heterogeneous in a great percentage of HCC patients. EGFR loss in HCC cells facilitates TGF-β pro-migratory and invasive functions. EGFR silenced HCC cells respond to TGF-β inducing epithelial-amoeboid transition. TGF-β upregulates RHOC and CDC42 and actomyosin contractility in EGFR silenced cells. Low EGFR combined with high TGFB1 or RHOC/CDC42 levels confer poor HCC prognosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Judit López-Luque
- TGF-β and Cancer Group, Oncobell Program, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain; Oncology Program, CIBEREHD, National Biomedical Research Institute on Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Esther Bertran
- TGF-β and Cancer Group, Oncobell Program, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain; Oncology Program, CIBEREHD, National Biomedical Research Institute on Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Eva Crosas-Molist
- Barts Cancer Institute- a Cancer Research UK Centre of Excellence Queen Mary University of London, John Vane Science Building Charterhouse Square, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK.
| | - Oscar Maiques
- Barts Cancer Institute- a Cancer Research UK Centre of Excellence Queen Mary University of London, John Vane Science Building Charterhouse Square, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK.
| | - Andrea Malfettone
- TGF-β and Cancer Group, Oncobell Program, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Laia Caja
- TGF-β and Cancer Group, Oncobell Program, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Teresa Serrano
- Oncology Program, CIBEREHD, National Biomedical Research Institute on Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Pathological Anatomy Service, University Hospital of Bellvitge, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Emilio Ramos
- Oncology Program, CIBEREHD, National Biomedical Research Institute on Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Department of Surgery, Liver Transplant Unit, University Hospital of Bellvitge, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Victoria Sanz-Moreno
- Barts Cancer Institute- a Cancer Research UK Centre of Excellence Queen Mary University of London, John Vane Science Building Charterhouse Square, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK.
| | - Isabel Fabregat
- TGF-β and Cancer Group, Oncobell Program, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain; Oncology Program, CIBEREHD, National Biomedical Research Institute on Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Systemic Management for Advanced Hepatocellular Carcinoma: A Review of the Molecular Pathways of Carcinogenesis, Current and Emerging Therapies, and Novel Treatment Strategies. Dig Dis Sci 2019; 64:1016-1029. [PMID: 30887150 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-019-05582-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) arises from a number of cirrhosis-related and non-cirrhosis-related exposures and is one of the leading causes of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Achieving a durable cure currently relies on either resection or transplantation, but since most patients will be diagnosed with inoperable disease, there is great interest in achieving more effective systemic therapies. At a molecular level, HCC is heterogeneous, but initial treatment strategies, including the use of multi-targeted tyrosine kinase inhibitors and checkpoint inhibitors, have been fairly homogenous, depending on general host factors and overall tumor burden rather than specific molecular signatures. Over the past 2 decades, however, there has been significant success in identifying key molecular targets, including driver mutations involving the telomerase reverse transcriptase, p53, and beta-catenin genes, and significant work is now being devoted to translating these discoveries into the development of robust and well-tolerated targeted therapies. Furthermore, multi-modal therapies have also begun to emerge, harnessing possible synergism amongst a variety of different treatment classes. As the findings of these landmark trials become available over the next several years, the landscape of the systemic management of advanced HCC will change significantly.
Collapse
|
39
|
He L, Deng H, Lei J, Yi F, Li J, Fan XD, Wei Y, Xu J, Zhang W. Efficacy of bevacizumab combined with erlotinib for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma: a single-arm meta-analysis based on prospective studies. BMC Cancer 2019; 19:276. [PMID: 30922256 PMCID: PMC6437948 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-019-5487-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The efficacy of bevacizumab combined with erlotinib (B + E) for the treatment of advanced hepatocellular carcinoma, especially for sorafenib-refractory patients, has been observed and evaluated in several trials. We conducted this single arm meta-analysis to generally assess the benefit and risk with B + E for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma. METHODS The PubMed, Cochrane Library, Embase, ScienceDirect, Web of Science and Scopus databases were searched for related studies. The main outcomes were objective response rate (ORR), disease control rate (DCR), overall survival (OS), progression-free survival (PFS) and adverse effects (AEs). RESULTS Eight phase II clinical trials including 342 hepatocellular carcinoma patients were analyzed. The pooled ORR was 12.6% (95% CI: 6.3-19.0%), and the pooled DCR was 54.5% (95% CI: 48.9-66.8%). The 16-week PFS rate was 50.2% (95% CI: 38.2-62.2%). The 6- and 12-month OS rates were 77.8% (95% CI: 71.3-84.2%) and 44.9% (95% CI: 36.8-53.0%). The main grade 3-4 AEs were fatigue (11.9%), diarrhea (9.0%), hypertension (6.7%), acne (5.8%) and hemorrhage (5.3%). The only RCT showed that the B + E regimen had a consistent response and equable median OS but fewer toxicities (grade 3-4 AEs: 19% vs. 27%) than sorafenib. Subgroup analysis showed that as a second-line treatment, the B + E regimen had substantial value with a favorable PFS-16w (P = 0.012), OS-12 m (P = 0.048) and a favorable tendency of ORR (P = 0.089), but obvious toxicities in the second-line setting could not be neglected. CONCLUSION Bevacizumab combined with erlotinib is effective for treating hepatocellular carcinoma patients, especially sorafenib-refractory patients. More well-designed and large-scale RCTs are warranted to prove our findings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liyun He
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, 1 Minde Rd, Nanchang, 330006 Jiangxi Province China
- Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006 China
| | - Huan Deng
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, 1 Minde Rd, Nanchang, 330006 Jiangxi Province China
- Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006 China
| | - Jun Lei
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006 China
| | - Fengming Yi
- Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006 China
| | - Jine Li
- Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006 China
| | - Xiu De Fan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, 710061 China
| | - Yiping Wei
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, 1 Minde Rd, Nanchang, 330006 Jiangxi Province China
| | - Jianjun Xu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, 1 Minde Rd, Nanchang, 330006 Jiangxi Province China
| | - Wenxiong Zhang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, 1 Minde Rd, Nanchang, 330006 Jiangxi Province China
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Huang SZ, Wei MN, Huang JR, Zhang ZJ, Zhang WJ, Jiang QW, Yang Y, Wang HY, Jin HL, Wang K, Xing ZH, Yuan ML, Li Y, He XS, Shi Z, Zhou Q. Targeting TF-AKT/ERK-EGFR Pathway Suppresses the Growth of Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Front Oncol 2019; 9:150. [PMID: 30931258 PMCID: PMC6428933 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.00150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Tissue factor (TF) is a transmembrane glycoprotein to initiate blood coagulation and frequently overexpressed in a variety of tumors. Our previous study has showed that the expression of TF is upregulated and correlated with prognosis in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, the role and molecular mechanism of TF in the growth of HCC are still unclear. In vitro and in vivo functional experiments were performed to determine the effect of TF on the growth of HCC cells. A panel of biochemical assays was used to elucidate the underlying mechanisms. TF could promote the growth of HCC in vitro and in vivo by activating both ERK and AKT signaling pathways. TF induced EGFR upregualtion, and inhibition of EGFR suppressed TF-mediated HCC growth. In addition, TF protein expression was correlated with EGFR in HCC tissues. TF promotes HCC growth by upregulation of EGFR, and TF as well as EGFR may be potential therapeutic targets of HCC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shan-Zhou Huang
- Department of Hepatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Organ Transplant Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Meng-Ning Wei
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine, Department of Cell Biology and Institute of Biomedicine, National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jia-Rong Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine, Department of Cell Biology and Institute of Biomedicine, National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zi-Jian Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Wen-Ji Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine, Department of Cell Biology and Institute of Biomedicine, National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qi-Wei Jiang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine, Department of Cell Biology and Institute of Biomedicine, National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine, Department of Cell Biology and Institute of Biomedicine, National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huan-Yu Wang
- Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, Nanshan District People's Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Hui-Lin Jin
- Department of Hepatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kun Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine, Department of Cell Biology and Institute of Biomedicine, National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zi-Hao Xing
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine, Department of Cell Biology and Institute of Biomedicine, National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Meng-Ling Yuan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine, Department of Cell Biology and Institute of Biomedicine, National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yao Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine, Department of Cell Biology and Institute of Biomedicine, National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Shun He
- Organ Transplant Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhi Shi
- Organ Transplant Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qi Zhou
- Department of Hepatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of General Surgery, Hui Ya Hospital of The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Huizhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Chaturvedi VK, Singh A, Dubey SK, Hetta HF, John J, Singh M. Molecular mechanistic insight of hepatitis B virus mediated hepatocellular carcinoma. Microb Pathog 2019; 128:184-194. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2019.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2018] [Revised: 12/30/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
|
42
|
You RI, Wu WS, Cheng CC, Wu JR, Pan SM, Chen CW, Hu CT. Involvement of N-glycan in Multiple Receptor Tyrosine Kinases Targeted by Ling-Zhi-8 for Suppressing HCC413 Tumor Progression. Cancers (Basel) 2018; 11:cancers11010009. [PMID: 30577605 PMCID: PMC6356446 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11010009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Revised: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The poor prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is resulted from tumor metastasis. Signaling pathways triggered by deregulated receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) were the promising therapeutic targets for prevention of HCC progression. However, RTK-based target therapy using conventional kinase-based inhibitors was often hampered by resistances due to compensatory RTKs signaling. Herein, we report that Ling-Zhi-8 (LZ-8), a medicinal peptide from Ganoderma lucidium, was effective in suppressing cell migration of HCC413, by decreasing the amount and activity of various RTKs. These led to the suppression of downstream signaling including phosphorylated JNK, ERK involved in HCC progression. The capability of LZ-8 in targeting multiple RTKs was ascribed to its simultaneous binding to these RTKs. LZ-8 may bind on the N-linked glycan motif of RTKs that is required for their maturation and function. Notably, pretreatment of the N-glycan trimming enzyme PNGase or inhibitors of the mannosidase (N-glycosylation processing enzyme), kifunensine (KIF) and swainsonine (SWN), prevented LZ-8 binding on the aforementioned RTKs and rescued the downstream signaling and cell migration suppressed by LZ-8. Moreover, pretreatment of KIF prevented LZ-8 triggered suppression of tumor growth of HCC413. Our study suggested that a specific type of N-glycan is the potential target for LZ-8 to bind on multiple RTKs for suppressing HCC progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ren-In You
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, College of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien 97004, Taiwan.
| | - Wen-Sheng Wu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, College of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien 97004, Taiwan.
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Tzu Chi University, Hualien 97004, Taiwan.
| | - Chuan-Chu Cheng
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, College of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien 97004, Taiwan.
| | - Jia-Ru Wu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, College of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien 97004, Taiwan.
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Tzu Chi University, Hualien 97004, Taiwan.
| | - Siou-Mei Pan
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Tzu Chi University, Hualien 97004, Taiwan.
| | - Chi-Wen Chen
- School of Chinese medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan.
| | - Chi-Tan Hu
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital and Tzu Chi University, Hualien 97004, Taiwan.
- Research Centre for Hepatology, Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital, Hualien 97004, Taiwan.
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Keane FK, Hong TS, Zhu AX. Evolving Systemic Therapy in Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Current Management and Opportunities for Integration With Radiotherapy. Semin Radiat Oncol 2018; 28:332-341. [PMID: 30309643 DOI: 10.1016/j.semradonc.2018.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The majority of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) present with advanced disease. While first-line therapy with sorafenib is considered standard of care for patients with advancedHCC, outcomes remain poor. Despite early evidence of antitumor activity from Phase II trials of multiple other tyrosine kinase inhibitors, Phase III trials have largely failed to show an improvement insurvival outcomes over sorafenib. Given the encouraging early results with liver-directed radiotherapy for patients with advanced HCC, there is an increased interest in combination of these therapies tooptimize patient outcomes and improve survival by maximizing both local and distant disease control. Phase II trials of checkpoint inhibitors in HCC have also reported encouraging results, and Phase IIItrials are ongoing. Trials of combining radiotherapy with immunotherapy in solid tumors have shown intriguing results, potentially reflecting the opportunity for synergistic effects with the use of both modalities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Florence K Keane
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Department of Radiation Oncology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.
| | - Theodore S Hong
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Department of Radiation Oncology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.
| | - Andrew X Zhu
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Benkheil M, Paeshuyse J, Neyts J, Van Haele M, Roskams T, Liekens S. HCV-induced EGFR-ERK signaling promotes a pro-inflammatory and pro-angiogenic signature contributing to liver cancer pathogenesis. Biochem Pharmacol 2018; 155:305-315. [PMID: 30012461 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2018.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
HCV is a major risk factor for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). HCC development in chronically infected HCV patients has until now been attributed to persistent inflammation and interference of viral proteins with host cell signaling. Since activation of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) presents a crucial step in HCV entry, we aimed at investigating whether EGFR signaling may contribute to the pathogenesis of HCV-related HCC. By applying microarray analysis, we generated a gene expression signature for secreted proteins in HCV-infected hepatoma cells. This gene signature was enriched for inflammatory and angiogenic processes; both crucially involved in HCC development. RT-qPCR analysis, conducted on the entire list of upregulated genes, confirmed induction of 11 genes (AREG, IL8, CCL20, CSF1, GDF15, IGFBP1, VNN3, THBS1 and PAI-1) in a virus titer- and replication-dependent manner. EGFR activation in hepatoma cells largely mimicked the gene signature seen in the infectious HCV model. Further, the EGFR-ERK pathway, but not Akt signaling, was responsible for this gene expression profile. Finally, microarray analysis conducted on clinical data from the GEO database, revealed that our validated gene expression profile is significantly represented in livers of patients with HCV-related liver pathogenesis (cirrhosis and HCC) compared to healthy livers. Taken together, our data indicate that persistent activation of EGFR-ERK signaling in chronically infected HCV patients may induce a specific pro-inflammatory and pro-angiogenic signature that presents a new mechanism by which HCV can promote liver cancer pathogenesis. A better understanding of the key factors in HCV-related oncogenesis, may efficiently direct HCC drug development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Benkheil
- Laboratory of Virology and Experimental Chemotherapy, Rega Institute for Medical Research, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Belgium.
| | - Jan Paeshuyse
- Division Animal and Human Health Engineering, Department of Biosystems (BIOSYST), University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Belgium
| | - Johan Neyts
- Laboratory of Virology and Experimental Chemotherapy, Rega Institute for Medical Research, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Belgium
| | - Matthias Van Haele
- Translational Cell & Tissue Research, Department of Imaging & Pathology, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Belgium
| | - Tania Roskams
- Translational Cell & Tissue Research, Department of Imaging & Pathology, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Belgium
| | - Sandra Liekens
- Laboratory of Virology and Experimental Chemotherapy, Rega Institute for Medical Research, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
|
46
|
|
47
|
Erstad DJ, Fuchs BC, Tanabe KK. Molecular signatures in hepatocellular carcinoma: A step toward rationally designed cancer therapy. Cancer 2018; 124:3084-3104. [DOI: 10.1002/cncr.31257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2017] [Revised: 12/12/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Derek J. Erstad
- Department of SurgeryMassachusetts General HospitalBoston Massachusetts
| | - Bryan C. Fuchs
- Division of Surgical OncologyMassachusetts General HospitalBoston Massachusetts
| | - Kenneth K. Tanabe
- Division of Surgical OncologyMassachusetts General HospitalBoston Massachusetts
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Shi H, Yin G. Bayesian enhancement two-stage design for single-arm phase II clinical trials with binary and time-to-event endpoints. Biometrics 2018; 74:1055-1064. [DOI: 10.1111/biom.12864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Revised: 01/01/2018] [Accepted: 01/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Haolun Shi
- Department of Statistics and Actuarial Science; The University of Hong Kong; Hong Kong
| | - Guosheng Yin
- Department of Statistics and Actuarial Science; The University of Hong Kong; Hong Kong
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Improved survival of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma and disparities by age, race, and socioeconomic status by decade, 1983-2012. Oncotarget 2018; 7:59820-59833. [PMID: 27486977 PMCID: PMC5312351 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.10930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Accepted: 07/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), accounting for the majority of liver cancer, is a highly aggressive malignancy with poor prognosis and therefore adds up the financial burden. Incidence data of HCC in three decades during 1983-2012 were extracted from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database with incidence rates of 1.9, 3.1 and 4.9 per 100,000 respectively. In addition, to evaluate the survival changes in the same period, a total of 63,640 HCC cancer cases were accessed from SEER database. The six-month relative survival rates improved each decade from 31.0% to 42.9% to 57.2% and the higher increase can be seen in the last two decades. More importantly, the disparities of survival among different racial groups and socioeconomic status (SES) were confirmed by the inferiority of survival in Black race and high-poverty group respectively. This research analyzed the incidence and survival data of HCC in the past three decades and may help predict the future trends of incidence and survival. Furthermore, this study may help better design healthcare policies and clinical management programs to balance the disparities of survival between SES groups, races, ages and sexes confirmed in this study and thereby improve the clinical management of HCC.
Collapse
|
50
|
Abstract
The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) has been implicated in a multiplicity of cancer-related signal transduction pathways like cellular proliferation, adhesion, migration, neoangiogenesis and apoptosis inhibition, all of which are important features of cancerogenesis and tumour progression. Its tyrosine kinase activity plays a central role in mediating these processes and has been intensely studied to exploit it as a therapeutic target. Inhibitors of this pathway have been developed and assessed in trials with significant efficacy in clinical applications. The current review focuses in particular on the clinical data of EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibition in different tumour entities, preferably non-small cell lung cancer and pancreatic cancer with emphasis to the approved small molecule erlotinib. Its clinical applications, evidence-based efficacy and toxicity as well as predictive markers of response are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Steins
- Clinic for Thoracic Diseases, University of Heidelberg, Röntgenstr. 1, 69126, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Michael Thomas
- Clinic for Thoracic Diseases, University of Heidelberg, Röntgenstr. 1, 69126, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Michael Geißler
- Department of Oncology, Gastroenterology and Internal Medicine, Städtische Kliniken Esslingen, Hirschlandstr. 97, 73730, Esslingen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|