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Carullo N, Zicarelli M, Michael A, Faga T, Battaglia Y, Pisani A, Perticone M, Costa D, Ielapi N, Coppolino G, Bolignano D, Serra R, Andreucci M. Childhood Obesity: Insight into Kidney Involvement. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:17400. [PMID: 38139229 PMCID: PMC10743690 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242417400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
This review examines the impact of childhood obesity on the kidney from an epidemiological, pathogenetic, clinical, and pathological perspective, with the aim of providing pediatricians and nephrologists with the most current data on this topic. The prevalence of childhood obesity and chronic kidney disease (CKD) is steadily increasing worldwide, reaching epidemic proportions. While the impact of obesity in children with CKD is less pronounced than in adults, recent studies suggest a similar trend in the child population. This is likely due to the significant association between obesity and the two leading causes of end-stage renal disease (ESRD): diabetes mellitus (DM) and hypertension. Obesity is a complex, systemic disease that reflects interactions between environmental and genetic factors. A key mechanism of kidney damage is related to metabolic syndrome and insulin resistance. Therefore, we can speculate about an adipose tissue-kidney axis in which neurohormonal and immunological mechanisms exacerbate complications resulting from obesity. Adipose tissue, now recognized as an endocrine organ, secretes cytokines called adipokines that may induce adaptive or maladaptive responses in renal cells, leading to kidney fibrosis. The impact of obesity on kidney transplant-related outcomes for both donors and recipients is also significant, making stringent preventive measures critical in the pre- and post-transplant phases. The challenge lies in identifying renal involvement as early as possible, as it is often completely asymptomatic and not detectable through common markers of kidney function. Ongoing research into innovative technologies, such as proteomics and metabolomics, aims to identify new biomarkers and is constantly evolving. Many aspects of pediatric disease progression in the population of children with obesity still require clarification. However, the latest scientific evidence in the field of nephrology offers glimpses into various new perspectives, such as genetic factors, comorbidities, and novel biomarkers. Investigating these aspects early could potentially improve the prognosis of these young patients through new diagnostic and therapeutic strategies. Hence, the aim of this review is to provide a comprehensive exploration of the pathogenetic mechanisms and prevalent pathological patterns of kidney damage observed in children with obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazareno Carullo
- Department of Health Sciences, Magna Graecia University of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (N.C.); (M.Z.); (A.M.); (T.F.); (G.C.)
| | - Mariateresa Zicarelli
- Department of Health Sciences, Magna Graecia University of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (N.C.); (M.Z.); (A.M.); (T.F.); (G.C.)
| | - Ashour Michael
- Department of Health Sciences, Magna Graecia University of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (N.C.); (M.Z.); (A.M.); (T.F.); (G.C.)
| | - Teresa Faga
- Department of Health Sciences, Magna Graecia University of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (N.C.); (M.Z.); (A.M.); (T.F.); (G.C.)
| | - Yuri Battaglia
- Department of Medicine, University of Verona, 37129 Verona, Italy;
| | - Antonio Pisani
- Department of Public Health, University Federico II of Naples, 80131 Naples, Italy;
| | - Maria Perticone
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Magna Graecia University of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (M.P.); (D.C.); (D.B.)
| | - Davide Costa
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Magna Graecia University of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (M.P.); (D.C.); (D.B.)
- Interuniversity Center of Phlebolymphology (CIFL), “Magna Graecia” University, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy;
| | - Nicola Ielapi
- Interuniversity Center of Phlebolymphology (CIFL), “Magna Graecia” University, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy;
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Disease, “Sapienza” University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Coppolino
- Department of Health Sciences, Magna Graecia University of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (N.C.); (M.Z.); (A.M.); (T.F.); (G.C.)
| | - Davide Bolignano
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Magna Graecia University of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (M.P.); (D.C.); (D.B.)
| | - Raffaele Serra
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Magna Graecia University of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (M.P.); (D.C.); (D.B.)
- Interuniversity Center of Phlebolymphology (CIFL), “Magna Graecia” University, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy;
| | - Michele Andreucci
- Department of Health Sciences, Magna Graecia University of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (N.C.); (M.Z.); (A.M.); (T.F.); (G.C.)
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Ledeganck KJ, Van Eyck A, Wouters K, Vermeiren E, De Winter BY, Verhulst S, Van Hoorenbeeck K, France A, Dotremont H, den Brinker M, Trouet D. Urinary epidermal growth factor reflects vascular health in boys with either obesity or type 1 diabetes. A role for renin, or beyond? PLoS One 2023; 18:e0283716. [PMID: 36996194 PMCID: PMC10062545 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0283716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 04/01/2023] Open
Abstract
An increased blood pressure is a known comorbidity of both type 1 diabetes (T1DM) and obesity in children. Increasing evidence suggests a subtle interplay between epidermal growth factor (EGF) and renin along the juxtaglomerular system, regulating the impact of blood pressure on kidney health and the cardiovascular system. In this study, we investigated the relation between urinary EGF, serum renin and blood pressure in children with obesity or T1DM. 147 non-obese children with T1DM and 126 children with obesity, were included. Blood pressure was measured and mean arterial pressure (MAP) and the pulse pressure (PP) were calculated. Serum renin and urinary EGF levels were determined with a commercial ELISA kit. Partial Spearman rank correlation coefficients and multiple linear regression models were used to study the association between renin, the urinary EGF/urinary creatinine ratio and blood pressure parameters. The urinary EGF/urinary creatinine ratio is correlated with the SBP and the MAP in boys with obesity as well as in boys with T1DM. Multiple regression analysis showed that sex and pulse pressure in male subjects were found to be independently associated with renin. Sex, the presence of diabetes, age, the glomerular filtration rate and both pulse pressure and mean arterial pressure in male subjects were independently associated with urinary EGF/urinary creatinine. In conclusion, in boys with either obesity or diabetes, pulse pressure and mean arterial pressure are negatively associated with the functional integrity of the nephron, which is reflected by a decreased expression of urinary EGF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristien J Ledeganck
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine and Paediatrics and Member of the Infla-Med Centre of Excellence, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Annelies Van Eyck
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine and Paediatrics and Member of the Infla-Med Centre of Excellence, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium
| | - Kristien Wouters
- Clinical Trial Center, Clinical Research Center Antwerp, Antwerp University Hospital, University of Antwerp, Edegem, Belgium
| | - Eline Vermeiren
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine and Paediatrics and Member of the Infla-Med Centre of Excellence, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Benedicte Y De Winter
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine and Paediatrics and Member of the Infla-Med Centre of Excellence, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium
| | - Stijn Verhulst
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine and Paediatrics and Member of the Infla-Med Centre of Excellence, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium
| | - Kim Van Hoorenbeeck
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine and Paediatrics and Member of the Infla-Med Centre of Excellence, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Department of Paediatrics, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium
| | - Annick France
- Department of Paediatric Endocrinology, Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Hilde Dotremont
- Department of Paediatric Endocrinology, Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Marieke den Brinker
- Department of Paediatric Endocrinology, Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Dominique Trouet
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine and Paediatrics and Member of the Infla-Med Centre of Excellence, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Department of Paediatric Nephrology, Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium
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Deja A, Skrzypczyk P, Nowak M, Wrońska M, Szyszka M, Ofiara A, Lesiak-Kosmatka J, Stelmaszczyk-Emmel A, Pańczyk-Tomaszewska M. Evaluation of Active Renin Concentration in A Cohort of Adolescents with Primary Hypertension. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19105960. [PMID: 35627493 PMCID: PMC9141058 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19105960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Revised: 05/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Our study aimed to assess active renin concentration in children with primary hypertension. Thus, we evaluated active renin concentration, clinical parameters, office and ambulatory blood pressure, and biochemical parameters in 51 untreated adolescents with primary hypertension (median: 14.4 [interquartile range—IQR: 13.8–16.8] years) and 45 healthy adolescents. Active renin concentration did not differ between patients with hypertension and healthy children (median: 28.5 [IQR: 21.9–45.2] vs. 24.9 [IQR: 16.8–34.3] [pg/mL], p = 0.055). In the whole group of 96 children, active renin concentration correlated positively with serum potassium and office and ambulatory systolic and diastolic blood pressures. Among children with hypertension, patients with isolated systolic hypertension had lower renin concentration than patients with systolic-diastolic hypertension (26.2 [IQR: 18.6–34.2] vs. 37.8 [IQR: 27.0–49.6] [pg/mL], p = 0.014). The active renin concentration did not differ between patients with isolated systolic hypertension and healthy children. In multivariate analysis, diastolic blood pressure Z-score (beta = 0.238, 95 confidence interval [0.018–0.458], p = 0.035) was the only predictor of active renin concentration in the studied children. We concluded that active renin concentration is positively associated with blood pressure and potassium in children, and diastolic blood pressure was the strongest predictor of renin level. Patients with isolated systolic hypertension may differ from patients with systolic-diastolic hypertension in less severe activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Deja
- Department of Pediatrics and Nephrology, Doctoral School, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland; (A.D.); (M.S.)
| | - Piotr Skrzypczyk
- Department of Pediatrics and Nephrology, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland; (A.O.); (M.P.-T.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-22-317-96-53; Fax: +48-22-317-99-54
| | - Magdalena Nowak
- Student Scientific Group, Department of Laboratory Diagnostics and Clinical Immunology of Developmental Age, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland; (M.N.); (M.W.)
| | - Małgorzata Wrońska
- Student Scientific Group, Department of Laboratory Diagnostics and Clinical Immunology of Developmental Age, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland; (M.N.); (M.W.)
| | - Michał Szyszka
- Department of Pediatrics and Nephrology, Doctoral School, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland; (A.D.); (M.S.)
| | - Anna Ofiara
- Department of Pediatrics and Nephrology, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland; (A.O.); (M.P.-T.)
| | - Justyna Lesiak-Kosmatka
- Student Scientific Group, Department of Pediatrics and Nephrology, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Anna Stelmaszczyk-Emmel
- Department of Laboratory Diagnostics and Clinical Immunology of Developmental Age, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland;
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Obesity and Cardiometabolic Risk Factors: From Childhood to Adulthood. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13114176. [PMID: 34836431 PMCID: PMC8624977 DOI: 10.3390/nu13114176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity has become a major epidemic in the 21st century. It increases the risk of dyslipidemia, hypertension, and type 2 diabetes, which are known cardiometabolic risk factors and components of the metabolic syndrome. Although overt cardiovascular (CV) diseases such as stroke or myocardial infarction are the domain of adulthood, it is evident that the CV continuum begins very early in life. Recognition of risk factors and early stages of CV damage, at a time when these processes are still reversible, and the development of prevention strategies are major pillars in reducing CV morbidity and mortality in the general population. In this review, we will discuss the role of well-known but also novel risk factors linking obesity and increased CV risk from prenatal age to adulthood, including the role of perinatal factors, diet, nutrigenomics, and nutri-epigenetics, hyperuricemia, dyslipidemia, hypertension, and cardiorespiratory fitness. The importance of 'tracking' of these risk factors on adult CV health is highlighted and the economic impact of childhood obesity as well as preventive strategies are discussed.
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Dart AB, Wicklow B, Scholey J, Sellers EA, Dyck J, Mahmud F, Sochett E, Hamilton J, Blydt-Hansen T, Burns K. An evaluation of renin-angiotensin system markers in youth with type 2 diabetes and associations with renal outcomes. Pediatr Diabetes 2020; 21:1102-1109. [PMID: 32657529 DOI: 10.1111/pedi.13081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Revised: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Youth with type 2 diabetes (T2D) have high rates of obesity, hypertension and suboptimal glycemic control. We hypothesized that renin-angiotensin system (RAS) activation is present in youth with T2D and associated with poor glycemic control and renal outcomes. METHODS Cross-sectional analysis of 183 youth with T2D and 100 controls from the Improving renal Complications in Adolescents with T2D through REsearch cohort. Diabetes youth stratified by urine albumin:creatinine ratio (ACR) < or ≥2 mg/mmol. RAS levels measured with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and enzyme activities by synthetic substrates. In T2D, levels log transformed and Tobit linear regressions evaluated for associations with hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), mean arterial pressure (MAP), estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), ACR. RESULTS Youth were 14 to 15 years, with diabetes duration 1.7 to 1.8 years; 21.3% albuminuria. Serum: differences in plasma renin activity (<0.0001), and angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) activity (P = .003) in T2D vs controls. Urine: higher ACE activity and ACE2 protein/activity (all P < .0001) in T2D, higher levels in T2D with albuminuria. Multivariable regressions: higher serum ACE activity (ß = 0.03, SE 0.01;P < .01), urine ACE activity (ß = 0.44, SE 0.18;P < .01), ACE2 (ß = 0.51, SE 0.19;P < .01) positively associated with HbA1c; urine angiotensinogen (AGT) negatively associated (ß = -0.28 [SE 0.06;P < .01]). Higher serum aldosterone (ß = 0.11 [SE 0.04;P < .01]) and urine AGT (ß = 0.32 [SE 0.07;P < .01]) significantly associated with ACR and urine ACE2 (ß = 0.21 [SE 0.13;P < .03]). No associations between RAS markers and eGFR/MAP. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION RAS activation present in youth with T2D and associated with higher HbA1c. Higher serum aldosterone and urine AGT associated with albuminuria. The prognostic significance of the combined effect of glycemia and RAS activation on renal outcomes requires additional investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison B Dart
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, University of Manitoba, Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, Diabetes Research Envisioned and Accomplished in Manitoba Research Team, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Brandy Wicklow
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, University of Manitoba, Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, Diabetes Research Envisioned and Accomplished in Manitoba Research Team, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - James Scholey
- Department of Medicine, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Elizabeth A Sellers
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, University of Manitoba, Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, Diabetes Research Envisioned and Accomplished in Manitoba Research Team, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Justin Dyck
- Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Farid Mahmud
- Department of Pediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Etienne Sochett
- Department of Pediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jill Hamilton
- Department of Pediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tom Blydt-Hansen
- Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Kevin Burns
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Kidney Research Centre, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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Tebar WR, Ritti Dias RM, Scarabottolo CC, Gil FCS, Saraiva BTC, Delfino LD, Zanuto EF, Vanderlei LCM, Christofaro DGD. Sedentary behavior is more related with cardiovascular parameters in normal weight than overweight adolescents. J Public Health (Oxf) 2020; 42:e215-e222. [PMID: 31340011 DOI: 10.1093/pubmed/fdz082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Revised: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
This study analyzed the relationship between sedentary behavior and cardiovascular parameters in normal weight and overweight adolescents. The sample included 449 boys and 555 girls with mean age of 13 years from public schools, which were divided into five geographical regions, with data collections performed in one selected school from each region. Sedentary behavior was assessed by screen time on TV, computer, videogame and cell phone/tablet, with good reliability in adolescents. Physical activity was assessed by Baecke's questionnaire, validated for adolescents. Measures of body weight, height and waist circumference were collected. Adolescents were classified as overweight or normal weight by cut-off points of body mass index for age and sex. Cardiovascular parameters were evaluated by oscillometric device and heart rate by specific monitor. Computer use was positively related to systolic blood pressure (SBP) (β = 0.35; 95%CI = 0.07-0.62) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) (β = 0.25; 95%CI = 0.05-0.44) in normal weight but not in overweight adolescents. Similar results were observed for cell phone/tablet in SBP (β = 0.46; 95%CI = 0.20-0.72) and DBP (β = 0.36; 95%CI = 0.18-0.54), only for normal weight. The cluster of screen time was related to SBP in normal weight (β = 0.44; 95%CI = 0.03-0.84) and overweight (β = 0.60; 95%CI = 0.01-1.19). Screen time in computer and cell phone/tablet was more related to cardiovascular parameters in normal weight than overweight adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- William R Tebar
- Movement Sciences Post Graduation Program-Sao Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Technology and Sciences, Department of Physical Education. Roberto Simonsen Street, Number 305, Postal Code 19.060-900, Presidente Prudente, Brazil
| | - Raphael M Ritti Dias
- Rehabilitation Sciences Post Graduation Program-Universidade Nove de Julho, Department of Physical Education. Vergueiro Street, Number 235-249, Postal Code 01504-001, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Catarina C Scarabottolo
- Movement Sciences Post Graduation Program-Sao Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Technology and Sciences, Department of Physical Education. Roberto Simonsen Street, Number 305, Postal Code 19.060-900, Presidente Prudente, Brazil
| | - Fernanda C S Gil
- Physiotherapy Post Graduation Program-Sao Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Technology and Sciences, Department of Physiotherapy. Roberto Simonsen Street, Number 305, Postal Code 19.060-900, Presidente Prudente, Brazil
| | - Bruna T C Saraiva
- Movement Sciences Post Graduation Program-Sao Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Technology and Sciences, Department of Physical Education. Roberto Simonsen Street, Number 305, Postal Code 19.060-900, Presidente Prudente, Brazil
| | - Leandro D Delfino
- Physiotherapy Post Graduation Program-Sao Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Technology and Sciences, Department of Physiotherapy. Roberto Simonsen Street, Number 305, Postal Code 19.060-900, Presidente Prudente, Brazil
| | - Edner F Zanuto
- Physiotherapy Post Graduation Program-Sao Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Technology and Sciences, Department of Physiotherapy. Roberto Simonsen Street, Number 305, Postal Code 19.060-900, Presidente Prudente, Brazil
| | - Luiz Carlos M Vanderlei
- Physiotherapy Post Graduation Program-Sao Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Technology and Sciences, Department of Physiotherapy. Roberto Simonsen Street, Number 305, Postal Code 19.060-900, Presidente Prudente, Brazil
| | - Diego G D Christofaro
- Movement Sciences Post Graduation Program-Sao Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Technology and Sciences, Department of Physical Education. Roberto Simonsen Street, Number 305, Postal Code 19.060-900, Presidente Prudente, Brazil.,Physiotherapy Post Graduation Program-Sao Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Technology and Sciences, Department of Physiotherapy. Roberto Simonsen Street, Number 305, Postal Code 19.060-900, Presidente Prudente, Brazil
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Hormonal Blood Pressure Regulationduring General Anesthesia Usinga Standardized Propofol Dosagein Children and Adolescents SeemsNot to Be Affected by Body Weight. J Clin Med 2020; 9:jcm9072129. [PMID: 32640705 PMCID: PMC7408938 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9072129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity in pediatric surgical patients is a challenge for the anesthesiologist. Despite potentially beneficial properties, propofol might also induce hypotension. This study examined whether a dose adjustment in overweight children could avoid hypotension and if there would be differences regarding hormonal regulation in children under anesthesia. Fifty-nine children undergoing surgery under general anesthesia were enrolled in this prospective observational trial. Participants were allocated into two groups according to their BMI. The induction of anesthesia was conducted using propofol (“overweight”: 2 mg/kgBW, “regular”: 3.2 mg/kgBW). The maintenance of anesthesia was conducted as total intravenous anesthesia. Hormone levels of renin, angiotensin II, aldosterone, copeptin, norepinephrine and epinephrine were assessed at different timepoints. Blood pressure dropped after the administration of propofol in both groups, with a nadir 2 min after administration—but without a significant difference in the strength of reduction between the two groups. As a reaction, an increase in the plasma levels of renin, angiotensin and aldosterone was observed, while levels of epinephrine, norepinephrine and copeptin dropped. By adjusting the propofol dosage in overweight children, the rate of preincision hypotension could be reduced to the level of normal-weight patients with a non-modified propofol dose. The hormonal counter regulation was comparable in both groups. The release of catecholamines and copeptin as an indicator of arginine vasopressin seemed to be inhibited by propofol.
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The effect of a multidisciplinary weight loss program on renal circadian rhythm in obese adolescents. Eur J Pediatr 2019; 178:1849-1858. [PMID: 31486897 DOI: 10.1007/s00431-019-03456-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Revised: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Adolescent obesity is a serious health problem associated with many comorbidities. Obesity-related alterations in circadian rhythm have been described for nocturnal blood pressure and for metabolic functions. We believe renal circadian rhythm is also disrupted in obesity, though this has not yet been investigated. This study aimed to examine renal circadian rhythm in obese adolescents before and after weight loss.In 34 obese adolescents (median age 15.7 years) participating in a residential weight loss program, renal function profiles and blood samples were collected at baseline, after 7 months, and again after 12 months of therapy. The program consisted of dietary restriction, increased physical activity, and psychological support. The program led to a median weight loss of 24 kg and a reduction in blood pressure. Initially, lower diurnal free water clearance (- 1.08 (- 1.40-- 0.79) mL/min) was noticed compared with nocturnal values (0.75 (- 0.89-- 0.64) mL/min). After weight loss, normalization of this inverse rhythm was observed (day - 1.24 (- 1.44-1.05) mL/min and night - 0.98 (- 1.09-- 0.83) mL/min). A clear circadian rhythm in diuresis rate and in renal clearance of creatinine, solutes, sodium, and potassium was seen at all time points. Furthermore, we observed a significant increase in sodium clearance. Before weight loss, daytime sodium clearance was 0.72 mL/min (0.59-0.77) and nighttime clearance was 0.46 mL/min (0.41-0.51). After weight loss, daytime clearance increased to 0.99 mL/min (0.85-1.17) and nighttime clearance increased to 0.78 mL/min (0.64-0.93).Conclusion: In obese adolescents, lower diurnal free water clearance was observed compared with nocturnal values. Weight loss led to a normalization of this inverse rhythm, suggesting a recovery of the anti-diuretic hormone activity. Both before and after weight loss, clear circadian rhythm of diuresis rate and renal clearance of creatinine, solutes, sodium, and potassium was observed.What is Known:• Obesity-related alterations in circadian rhythm have been described for nocturnal blood pressure and for metabolic functions. We believe renal circadian rhythm is disrupted in obesity, though this has not been investigated yet.What is New:• In obese adolescents, an inverse circadian rhythm of free water clearance was observed, with higher nighttime free water clearance compared with daytime values. Weight loss led to a normalization of this inverse rhythm, suggesting a recovery of the anti-diuretic hormone activity.• Circadian rhythm in diuresis rate and in the renal clearance of creatinine, solutes, sodium, and potassium was preserved in obese adolescents and did not change after weight loss.
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Race, obesity, and the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system: treatment response in children with primary hypertension. Pediatr Nephrol 2017; 32:1585-1594. [PMID: 28411317 DOI: 10.1007/s00467-017-3665-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Revised: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pediatric primary hypertension (HTN) is increasingly recognized, but the effect of patient characteristics such as obesity and race on treatment outcomes is not well described. The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) may also contribute to HTN. We hypothesized patient parameters of these factors, including baseline RAAS, influence blood pressure (BP) response to pharmacological treatment in HTN. METHODS This was a retrospective cohort of 102 consecutive patients with HTN. Primary outcomes were changes per year in systolic and diastolic BP (SBP, DBP). Secondary outcome was change per year in left ventricular mass index (LVMI). We evaluated whether baseline plasma renin activity (PRA), aldosterone, renin-to-aldosterone ratio, overweight/obesity, race, initial drug choice, and multidrug therapy were associated with the outcomes using general linear regression models adjusted for confounding variables. RESULTS Racially diverse (43% Hispanic, 28% black, 25% white) and predominantly overweight/obese (75%) patients were studied. Median length of follow-up was 14.5 months. Higher baseline aldosterone was associated with decreased SBP (-1.03 mmHg/year), DBP (-0.95 mmHg/year), and DBP z score (-0.07/year) during the study period. Higher baseline PRA was associated with decreased SBP z score (-0.04/year) and LVMI (-2.89 g/m2.7/year). Stratified analyses revealed the relationships between baseline aldosterone and PRA, and annual reductions in outcomes were strengthened in nonobese and white patients. CONCLUSIONS Pretreatment aldosterone and PRA predicted short-term follow-up BP and LVMI, especially in nonobese and white patients. The RAAS profile could guide treatment of HTN and suggests consideration of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor blockers as first-line treatment options.
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Harris KC, Benoit G, Dionne J, Feber J, Cloutier L, Zarnke KB, Padwal RS, Rabi DM, Fournier A. Hypertension Canada's 2016 Canadian Hypertension Education Program Guidelines for Blood Pressure Measurement, Diagnosis, and Assessment of Risk of Pediatric Hypertension. Can J Cardiol 2016; 32:589-97. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cjca.2016.02.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2016] [Revised: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
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Sato E, Mori T, Satoh M, Fujiwara M, Nakamichi Y, Oba I, Ogawa S, Kinouchi Y, Sato H, Ito S, Hida W. Urinary angiotensinogen excretion is associated with blood pressure in obese young adults. Clin Exp Hypertens 2016; 38:203-8. [DOI: 10.3109/10641963.2015.1081219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Kelly RK, Magnussen CG, Sabin MA, Cheung M, Juonala M. Development of hypertension in overweight adolescents: a review. ADOLESCENT HEALTH MEDICINE AND THERAPEUTICS 2015; 6:171-87. [PMID: 26543386 PMCID: PMC4622556 DOI: 10.2147/ahmt.s55837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The upward trend in adolescent hypertension is widely attributed to the adolescent obesity epidemic. Secular trends in adolescent prehypertension and hypertension have risen in congruence with increasing trends in the prevalence of overweight and obesity. The correlation between body mass index and blood pressure in adolescence is moderate to strong in most studies and strongest in those classified as overweight or obese. The mechanisms relating to the development of hypertension in overweight adolescents are unclear; however, a number of nonmodifiable and modifiable factors have been implicated. Importantly, certain clinical and biochemical markers in overweight adolescents are indicative of high risk for hypertension, including family history of hypertension and hyperinsulinemia. These characteristics may prove useful in stratifying overweight adolescents as high or low risk of comorbid hypertension. The treatment of overweight and obesity related hypertension in this population focuses on two key modalities: lifestyle change and pharmacotherapy. These approaches focus almost exclusively on weight reduction; however, a number of emerging strategies target hypertension more specifically. Among adolescents with overt hypertension there are also several factors that indicate higher risk of concurrent subclinical disease, persistent adult hypertension, and adult cardiovascular disease. This group may benefit substantially from more aggressive pharmacological treatments. Limitations in the literature relate to the paucity of studies reporting specific effects for the adolescent age group of overweight and obese individuals. Nonetheless, intervention for adiposity-related hypertension in adolescence may partially mitigate some of the cardiovascular risk in adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca K Kelly
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia
| | - Costan G Magnussen
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia ; Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Matthew A Sabin
- Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital and University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Michael Cheung
- Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital and University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Markus Juonala
- Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital and University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia ; Department of Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland ; Division of Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
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Conkar S, Yılmaz E, Hacıkara Ş, Bozabalı S, Mir S. Is Daytime Systolic Load an Important Risk Factor for Target Organ Damage in Pediatric Hypertension? J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich) 2015; 17:760-6. [PMID: 26140344 PMCID: PMC8031531 DOI: 10.1111/jch.12608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2015] [Revised: 03/13/2015] [Accepted: 04/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to compare ambulatory blood pressure (BP) monitoring (ABPM) data and determine which hypertension type is a risk factor in target organ damage. A total of 82 children (47 boys) with suspected hypertension based on office BP measurements and considered hypertensive by ABPM were studied. Target organ damage included the following: 35.3% hypertensive retinopathy, 25.6% microalbuminuria, 15.8% increased left ventricular mass index, 29.2% increased carotid intima-media thickness (cIMT), 24.3% high augmentation index (AIx), and 19.5% high pulse wave velocity (PWV). The association between BP load, PWV, and cIMT was statistically significant. There were significant correlations between daytime systolic BP load, PWV, AIx, and cIMT. A statistically significant difference was also detected between nighttime systolic BP load, PWV, and cIMT values and nighttime diastolic BP load levels and values of AIx and cIMT. There was also a statistically significant difference between the high level of nighttime diastolic BP load and cIMT. The authors found that target organ damage was seen more often in children with primary hypertension who had systolic loads.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seçil Conkar
- Department of Pediatric NephrologyEge University Medical FacultyIzmirTurkey
| | - Ebru Yılmaz
- Dr. Behcet Uz Children Diseases Teaching and Research Hospital Pediatric NephrologyIzmirTurkey
| | - Şükriye Hacıkara
- Department of Pediatric NephrologyEge University Medical FacultyIzmirTurkey
| | - Sibel Bozabalı
- Department of Pediatric CardiologyEge University Medical FacultyIzmirTurkey
| | - Sevgi Mir
- Department of Pediatric NephrologyEge University Medical FacultyIzmirTurkey
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Plasma renin levels and renin-blood pressure relationship in normal-weight and overweight children with obstructive sleep apnea and matched controls. Sleep Med 2014; 16:101-6. [PMID: 25488600 DOI: 10.1016/j.sleep.2014.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2013] [Revised: 05/20/2014] [Accepted: 05/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) has been increasingly linked to elevated blood pressure (BP) and hypertension. Repeated night-time hypoxia in OSA is associated with activation of two critical mechanisms of BP control: the autonomic nervous system and the renin-angiotensin system (RAS). The effects of OSA on the RAS are not well understood, especially in children. We hypothesized that children with OSA have elevated renin levels and abnormal relationships between BP and renin. METHODS Polysomnography was conducted in 173 children to diagnose OSA (apnea-hypopnea index [AHI] >1 event/h) and control (AHI ≤1 event/h) groups. Age- and gender-specific z-scores for body mass index (BMI) were calculated to divide subjects into obese (BMI ≥95%), overweight (BMI ≥85% and <95%) and normal-weight (BMI <85%) groups. Morning BP was measured with an automatic sphygmomanometer and venous blood samples were collected for measurements of plasma renin, after overnight polysomnography. RESULTS Plasma renin levels were not significantly different in all four groups after adjustment of age, gender, and race. Significantly negative associations between renin and BP were present only in the normal-weight control group and were absent in the other three groups. CONCLUSION Plasma renin levels were not significantly increased in children with OSA compared to controls for both normal-weight and overweight subjects. The absence of normal, negative renin-BP relationships in both overweight and OSA children suggests a dysfunction of the RAS, which could be a mechanism for increased BP and the development of hypertension.
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Kehler DS, Stammers AN, Susser SE, Hamm NC, Kimber DE, Hlynsky MW, Duhamel TA. Cardiovascular complications of type 2 diabetes in youth. Biochem Cell Biol 2014; 93:496-510. [PMID: 25629355 DOI: 10.1139/bcb-2014-0118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in youth has increased dramatically over the past decades. The literature also suggests that the progression from an impaired glucose tolerance state to established T2DM is more rapid in youth, compared to adults. The presence of significant cardiovascular complications in youth with T2DM, including cardiac, macrovascular, and microvascular remodeling, is another major issue in this younger cohort and poses a significant threat to the healthcare system. However, this issue is only now emerging as a major public health concern, with few data to support optimal treatment targets and strategies to reduce cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk in youth with T2DM. Accordingly, the purpose of this minireview is to better understand the cardiovascular complications in youth with T2DM. We briefly describe the pathophysiology from youth studies, including oxidative stress, inflammation, renin-angiotensin aldosterone system, and epigenetics, which link T2DM and CVD. We also describe the literature concerning the early signs of CVD in youth and potential treatment options to reduce cardiovascular risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Scott Kehler
- a Health, Leisure and Human Performance Research Institute, Faculty of Kinesiology and Recreation Management, University Of Manitoba.,b Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, St. Boniface Hospital Research Centre
| | - Andrew N Stammers
- a Health, Leisure and Human Performance Research Institute, Faculty of Kinesiology and Recreation Management, University Of Manitoba.,b Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, St. Boniface Hospital Research Centre
| | - Shanel E Susser
- b Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, St. Boniface Hospital Research Centre.,c Department of Physiology, University of Manitoba
| | - Naomi C Hamm
- a Health, Leisure and Human Performance Research Institute, Faculty of Kinesiology and Recreation Management, University Of Manitoba.,b Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, St. Boniface Hospital Research Centre
| | - Dustin E Kimber
- a Health, Leisure and Human Performance Research Institute, Faculty of Kinesiology and Recreation Management, University Of Manitoba.,b Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, St. Boniface Hospital Research Centre
| | - Michael W Hlynsky
- a Health, Leisure and Human Performance Research Institute, Faculty of Kinesiology and Recreation Management, University Of Manitoba.,b Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, St. Boniface Hospital Research Centre
| | - Todd A Duhamel
- a Health, Leisure and Human Performance Research Institute, Faculty of Kinesiology and Recreation Management, University Of Manitoba.,b Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, St. Boniface Hospital Research Centre.,c Department of Physiology, University of Manitoba.,d Manitoba Institute of Child Health, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
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Gunta SS, Mak RH. Hypertension in children with obesity. World J Hypertens 2014; 4:15-24. [DOI: 10.5494/wjh.v4.i2.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2014] [Revised: 05/04/2014] [Accepted: 05/14/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of obesity related hypertension has dramatically increased in children with the parallel increase in pediatric obesity. This pediatric health problem may adversely affect cardiovascular health in adult life. The pathogenesis of hypertension in obese children is not widely understood. We therefore undertake this review to raise public awareness. Early childhood parameters like birth weight and postnatal weight gain may play important roles in risk for obesity and obesity related hypertension later in childhood and adult life. Further information is required to confirm this origin of hypertension so that appropriate measures are taken in the peri-natal period. The role of sympathetic nervous system has now been well established as one of the principle mechanisms involved in obesity related hypertension. The Renin-Angiotensin system, insulin resistance due to obesity and as a part of metabolic syndrome along with imbalance in adipokines such as leptin and adiponectin, cause activation of the sympathetic system, vasoconstriction, endothelial dysfunction and sodium reabsorption among other perturbations. Multi-step interventions targeting these various mechanisms are required to break the cycle of obesity and metabolic syndrome. Vitamin D deficiency, sleep apnea due to airway obstruction and hyperuricemia may also play a significant role and should not be ignored in its early stages. Obesity is a risk factor for other co-morbid conditions like chronic kidney disease and fatty liver which further accentuate the risk of hypertension. Increased awareness is required to prevent, diagnose and treat obesity related hypertension among the pediatric population.
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Flynn JT, Daniels SR, Hayman LL, Maahs DM, McCrindle BW, Mitsnefes M, Zachariah JP, Urbina EM. Update: ambulatory blood pressure monitoring in children and adolescents: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Hypertension 2014; 63:1116-35. [PMID: 24591341 PMCID: PMC4146525 DOI: 10.1161/hyp.0000000000000007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 388] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Abstract
The epidemic of childhood obesity worldwide has led to increased incidence of the metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes in the pediatric and adolescent population. As such, there is increasing concern that this large population of children is at risk for the long-term complications of diabetes, specifically cardiovascular disease. With cardiovascular disease remaining the leading cause of death in adults, this presents a significant public health concern as these children age. In this article, we discuss cardiovascular disease and risk in children and adolescents with type 2 diabetes, including the epidemiology of type 2 diabetes, atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, obesity, hypertension, and left ventricular function.
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Gunta SS, Mak RH. Is obesity a risk factor for chronic kidney disease in children? Pediatr Nephrol 2013; 28:1949-56. [PMID: 23150030 DOI: 10.1007/s00467-012-2353-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2012] [Revised: 10/04/2012] [Accepted: 10/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
There is a rapid increase worldwide in the prevalence of obesity in adults and children. Obesity is not only a comorbidity for chronic kidney disease (CKD) but may also be a risk factor for CKD. Epidemiological correlations and pathophysiological changes have been observed associating obesity with CKD. Low birth weight may be associated with both obesity and low nephron mass, leading to CKD later in life. Elevated levels of adipokines, such as leptin and adiponectin, in obesity may be factors in CKD pathogenesis and progression. Furthermore, various other factors, such as hypertension, increased cardiovascular morbidity, insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, and lipotoxicity, may play significant roles in the pathogenesis of CKD in obesity. Reduction in obesity, which is a potentially modifiable risk factor, might help decrease the burden of CKD in the population. Apart from individualized options, community-based interventions have the potential to create a strong impact in this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujana S Gunta
- Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Rady Children's Hospital San Diego, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive. MC 0634, La Jolla, CA 92093-0634, USA
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The changing face of pediatric hypertension in the era of the childhood obesity epidemic. Pediatr Nephrol 2013; 28:1059-66. [PMID: 23138756 DOI: 10.1007/s00467-012-2344-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2012] [Revised: 09/21/2012] [Accepted: 09/26/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Historically, hypertension in childhood was thought to be an uncommon diagnosis, usually related to an underlying condition, most often parenchymal renal disease. Primary hypertension in childhood was felt to be quite rare. However, the worldwide childhood obesity epidemic has had a profound impact on the frequency of hypertension and other obesity-related conditions with the result that primary hypertension should now be viewed as one of the most common health conditions in the young. This review will present updated data on the prevalence of hypertension in children and adolescents, the impact of the childhood obesity epidemic on hypertension prevalence and blood pressure levels, shifts in how often primary hypertension is being diagnosed in childhood, and an overview of the pathophysiology of obesity-related hypertension. It is hoped that improved understanding of the significance of these issues will lead to improved recognition and treatment, which will be the key to averting an epidemic of cardiovascular disease in adulthood.
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Shatat IF, Jakson SM, Blue AE, Johnson MA, Orak JK, Kalpatthi R. Masked hypertension is prevalent in children with sickle cell disease: a Midwest Pediatric Nephrology Consortium study. Pediatr Nephrol 2013; 28:115-20. [PMID: 22886281 DOI: 10.1007/s00467-012-2275-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2012] [Revised: 07/12/2012] [Accepted: 07/13/2012] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The prevalence of hypertension and abnormal blood pressure (BP) patterns on 24-h ambulatory BP monitoring (ABPM) remains unknown in children with sickle cell disease (SCD). METHODS Thirty-eight asymptomatic children with sickle cell disease (SCD) (12 HbSS receiving routine care, 13 HbSC, and 13 HbSS receiving chronic transfusion therapy) underwent 24-h ABPM. Average clinic BP, demographic and biochemical characteristics were collected. RESULTS Median age was 13 years (range 11-16), body mass index (BMI) 19.1 kg/m(2) (range 18.2-21.1), and 50% were male. Seventeen subjects (43.6%) had ambulatory hypertension, while 4 (10.3%) were hypertensive based on their clinic BP. Mean systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) dip were 8.3 ± 5.9% and 14.7 ± 7.6% respectively. Twenty-three subjects (59%) had impaired SBP dipping, 7 (18%) had impaired DBP dipping, and 5 (13%) had reversed dipping. Clinic and ABP classification were modestly correlated (rho = 0.38, P = 0.02). CONCLUSION Abnormalities in ABP measurements and patterns in children with SCD are prevalent and require more attention from heath care providers. ABPM is a valuable tool in identifying masked hypertension and abnormalities in circadian BP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim F Shatat
- Division of Pediatric Nephrology and Hypertension, MUSC Children's Hospital, 96 Jonathan Lucas Street, CSB-428, Charleston, SC 29425, USA.
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Flynn JT, Urbina EM. Pediatric ambulatory blood pressure monitoring: indications and interpretations. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich) 2012; 14:372-82. [PMID: 22672091 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-7176.2012.00655.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The prevalence of hypertension in children and adolescents is increasing, especially in obese and ethnic children. The adverse long-term effects of hypertension beginning in youth are known; therefore, it is important to identify young patients who need intervention. Unfortunately, measuring blood pressure (BP) is difficult due to the variety of techniques available and innate biologic variation in BP levels. Ambulatory BP monitoring may overcome some of the challenges clinicians face when attempting to categorize a young patient's BP levels. In this article, the authors review the use of ambulatory BP monitoring in pediatrics, discuss interpretation of ambulatory BP monitoring, and discuss gaps in knowledge in usage of this technique in the management of pediatric hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph T Flynn
- Division of Nephrology, Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, WA 98105, USA.
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