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Zelikina D, Chebotarev S, Komarova A, Balakina E, Antipova A, Martirosova E, Anokhina M, Palmina N, Bogdanova N, Lysakova E, Borisova M, Semenova M. Efficiency of an oral delivery system based on a liposomal form of a combination of curcumin with a balanced amount of n-3 and n-6 PUFAs encapsulated in an electrostatic complex of WPI with chitosan. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2022.129630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Turner ND, Chapkin RS. Biography of Joanne R Lupton (1944-2020). J Nutr 2022; 152:914-916. [PMID: 35091750 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxac022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Nancy D Turner
- Food Science and Human Nutrition Department, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Robert S Chapkin
- Department of Nutrition, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
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Khojastehfard M, Dolatkhah H, Somi MH, Nazari Soltan Ahmad S, Estakhri R, Sharifi R, Naghizadeh M, Rahmati-Yamchi M. The Effect of Oral Administration of PUFAs on the Matrix Metalloproteinase Expression in Gastric Adenocarcinoma Patients Undergoing Chemotherapy. Nutr Cancer 2019; 71:444-451. [PMID: 30616380 DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2018.1506494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Gastric cancer is the third-leading cause of cancer-related mortality and the fifth most common cancer globally. Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are considered as functional ingredients that improve the efficacy of chemotherapeutic drugs. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of PUFAs administration on matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). METHODS This study was designed as a randomized, double-blind trial. Thirty-four newly diagnosed patients with gastric cancer were randomly divided into two groups: control group (n = 17) and case group (n =17). Both groups received the same dose (75 mg/m2) of cisplatin. Control group received cisplatin plus placebo and the case group received cisplatin plus PUFAs [3600 mg/day, for three courses (each course included 3 weeks)]. The mRNA and protein expression of MMPs determined by real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and immunohistochemistry (IHC), respectively. RESULTS The relative gene expression of MMP-1 and MMP-9 was significantly lower in case group than control. The protein expression of MMP-1 and MMP-9 was significantly lower in case group than control. CONCLUSION According to the results of this study, PUFAs reduced the expression of MMPs in gastric cancer cells. It seems that PUFAs may have an inhibitory effect on invasion and metastasis of gastric cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehran Khojastehfard
- a Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine , Tabriz university of Medical Sciences , Tabriz , Iran.,b Liver and Gastrointestinal Disease Research Center , Tabriz University of Medical Sciences , Tabriz , East-Azerbaijan , Iran
| | - Homayun Dolatkhah
- a Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine , Tabriz university of Medical Sciences , Tabriz , Iran
| | - Mohammad-Hossein Somi
- a Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine , Tabriz university of Medical Sciences , Tabriz , Iran
| | - Saeed Nazari Soltan Ahmad
- a Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine , Tabriz university of Medical Sciences , Tabriz , Iran
| | - Rasoul Estakhri
- c Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine , Tabriz University of Medical Sciences , Tabriz , East-Azerbaijan , Iran
| | - Rasoul Sharifi
- d Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science , Islamic Azad University , Ahar Branch , Iran
| | - Mohsen Naghizadeh
- e Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine , Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran
| | - Mohammad Rahmati-Yamchi
- a Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine , Tabriz university of Medical Sciences , Tabriz , Iran.,b Liver and Gastrointestinal Disease Research Center , Tabriz University of Medical Sciences , Tabriz , East-Azerbaijan , Iran
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Polyphenols in Colorectal Cancer: Current State of Knowledge including Clinical Trials and Molecular Mechanism of Action. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 2018:4154185. [PMID: 29568751 PMCID: PMC5820674 DOI: 10.1155/2018/4154185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Revised: 11/08/2017] [Accepted: 12/17/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Polyphenols have been reported to have wide spectrum of biological activities including major impact on initiation, promotion, and progression of cancer by modulating different signalling pathways. Colorectal cancer is the second most major cause of mortality and morbidity among females and the third among males. The objective of this review is to describe the activity of a variety of polyphenols in colorectal cancer in clinical trials, preclinical studies, and primary research. The molecular mechanisms of major polyphenols related to their beneficial effects on colorectal cancer are also addressed. Synthetic modifications and other future directions towards exploiting of natural polyphenols against colorectal cancer are discussed in the last section.
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Hong MY, Hoh E, Kang B, DeHamer R, Kim JY, Lumibao J. Fish Oil Contaminated with Persistent Organic Pollutants Induces Colonic Aberrant Crypt Foci Formation and Reduces Antioxidant Enzyme Gene Expression in Rats. J Nutr 2017; 147:1524-1530. [PMID: 28659405 PMCID: PMC5525110 DOI: 10.3945/jn.117.251082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Revised: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 06/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Epidemiologic, clinical, and experimental studies have suggested that fish oil (FO), a rich source of n-3 (ω-3) polyunsaturated fatty acids, protects against colon cancer. However, this message is confounded by the FDA's warning that the consumption of certain types of fish should be restricted because of contamination with persistent organic pollutants (POPs), such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and organochlorine pesticides.Objective: We examined FO contaminated with POPs (PCBs, dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane, and chlordane) compared with unmodified FO on the risk factors of colon cancer development.Methods: Male Sprague-Dawley rats aged 28 d (n = 30) were allocated into 3 groups and fed 15% corn oil (CO), FO, or POP-contaminated FO for 9 wk with a subcutaneous injection of colon carcinogen azoxymethane at weeks 3 and 4. Colonic aberrant crypt foci (ACF) and cell proliferation were enumerated, and the gene expression of inflammation, antioxidant enzymes, and repair enzymes were determined with the use of real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis.Results: FO-fed rats had a lower number of ACF (mean ± SE: 29 ± 4.0 for FO compared with 53 ± 8.4 for CO and 44 ± 4.6 for POP FO) and higher-multiplicity ACF than the CO and POP FO groups (4.7 ± 0.9 for FO compared with 11 ± 1.5 for CO and 9.6 ± 1.8 for POP FO) (P < 0.05). FO feeding lowered the proliferation index compared with the CO and POP FO feeding groups (18% ± 1.1% for FO compared with 25% ± 1.6% for CO and 23% ± 0.7% for POP FO) (P = 0.009). Superoxide dismutase [2.4 ± 0.6 relative quantification (RQ) for FO compared with 1.2 ± 0.2 RQ for CO and 1.3 ± 0.3 RQ for POP FO] and catalase gene expression (10 ± 2.0 RQ for FO compared with 5.4 ± 1.1 RQ for CO and 6.6 ± 1.5 RQ for POP FO) were higher in the FO group than in the CO and POP FO groups (P < 0.05). There were no differences between CO and POP FO on the variables.Conclusion: These results indicate that POPs in FO reduce the preventive effects of FO on colon carcinogenesis by increasing preneoplastic lesion formation through the downregulation of antioxidant enzyme expression and increasing cell proliferation in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eunha Hoh
- Graduate School of Public Health, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA; and
| | - Brian Kang
- School of Exercise and Nutritional Sciences and
| | | | - Jin Young Kim
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jan Lumibao
- School of Exercise and Nutritional Sciences and
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6
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Seidel DV, Azcárate-Peril MA, Chapkin RS, Turner ND. Shaping functional gut microbiota using dietary bioactives to reduce colon cancer risk. Semin Cancer Biol 2017; 46:191-204. [PMID: 28676459 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2017.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2017] [Revised: 06/20/2017] [Accepted: 06/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Colon cancer is a multifactorial disease associated with a variety of lifestyle factors. Alterations in the gut microbiota and the intestinal metabolome are noted during colon carcinogenesis, implicating them as critical contributors or results of the disease process. Diet is a known determinant of health, and as a modifier of the gut microbiota and its metabolism, a critical element in maintenance of intestinal health. This review summarizes recent evidence demonstrating the role and responses of the intestinal microbiota during colon tumorigenesis and the ability of dietary bioactive compounds and probiotics to impact colon health from the intestinal lumen to the epithelium and systemically. We first describe changes to the intestinal microbiome, metabolome, and epithelium associated with colon carcinogenesis. This is followed by a discussion of recent evidence indicating how specific classes of dietary bioactives, prebiotics, or probiotics affect colon carcinogenesis. Lastly, we briefly address the prospects of using multiple 'omics' techniques to integrate the effects of diet, host, and microbiota on colon tumorigenesis with the goal of more fully appreciating the interconnectedness of these systems and thus, how these approaches can be used to advance personalized nutrition strategies and nutrition research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek V Seidel
- Nutrition and Food Science Department, and Faculty of Genetics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-2253, USA.
| | - M Andrea Azcárate-Peril
- Department of Medicine GI Division, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7555, USA.
| | - Robert S Chapkin
- Nutrition and Food Science Department, and Faculty of Genetics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-2253, USA.
| | - Nancy D Turner
- Nutrition and Food Science Department, and Faculty of Genetics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-2253, USA.
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7
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Sun Y, Jia X, Hou L, Liu X, Gao Q. Involvement of apoptotic pathways in docosahexaenoic acid-induced benefit in prostate cancer: Pathway-focused gene expression analysis using RT 2 Profile PCR Array System. Lipids Health Dis 2017; 16:59. [PMID: 28330470 PMCID: PMC5363041 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-017-0442-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Present study aimed to better understand the potential apoptotic pathways that involved in docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)-induced apoptosis of prostate cancer cells. Methods Human prostate cancer DU145 cells were treated with different concentrations of fish oil, omega-3 PUFA (DHA, and Eicosapentaenoic acid, EPA), or omega-6 PUFA (Arachidonic acid, AA). Cell viability and apoptosis were evaluated by MTT assay and Hoechst staining. Pathway-focused gene expression profiling of DU145 cells was analyzed with the RT2 Profile PCR Array System. The results were verified by real time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). Results AA exposure showed no obvious effect on viability of DU145 cells. However, exposure with fish oil, EPA, or DHA for 24 h significantly affected cell viability. The growth inhibition of DHA was more pronounced than that of EPA and showed a time-dependent increase. DHA exposure caused typical apoptotic characteristics. Ten genes were more expressed, while 5 genes were less expressed following DHA exposure. RT-qPCR confirmed the time dependent effect of DHA on the expression of these differentially expressed genes. KEGG pathway analysis showed that DHA may induce the apoptosis of cancer cells preferentially through mediating P53, MAPK, TNF, PI3K/AKT, and NF-κB signaling pathways. Conclusion Our study demonstrated the beneficial action of DHA on human prostate carcinoma cell line DU145. The pro-apoptotic effect of DHA on DU145 cells may involve mediation various pathways, especially P53, MAPK, TNF, PI3K/AKT, and NF-κB signaling pathways. Molecular mechanisms of DHA on apoptosis of cancer cells still need to be further clarified. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12944-017-0442-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Sun
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Bethune International Peace Hospital of the People's Liberation Army, Shijiazhuang, 050082, China
| | - Xiaopeng Jia
- Department of Urology, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050051, China.
| | - Lianguo Hou
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050017, China
| | - Xing Liu
- Department of Orthopaedic Trauma, Section II, The Third Hospital of Shijiazhuang City, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050011, China
| | - Qiang Gao
- Department of Nutrition and Food hygiene, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050017, China
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8
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Kim E, Davidson LA, Zoh RS, Hensel ME, Salinas ML, Patil BS, Jayaprakasha GK, Callaway ES, Allred CD, Turner ND, Weeks BR, Chapkin RS. Rapidly cycling Lgr5 + stem cells are exquisitely sensitive to extrinsic dietary factors that modulate colon cancer risk. Cell Death Dis 2016; 7:e2460. [PMID: 27831561 PMCID: PMC5260883 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2016.269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2016] [Revised: 07/21/2016] [Accepted: 07/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The majority of colon tumors are driven by aberrant Wnt signaling in intestinal stem cells, which mediates an efficient route toward initiating intestinal cancer. Natural lipophilic polyphenols and long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) generally suppress Wnt- and NF-κB- (nuclear factor-κ light-chain enhancer of activated B-cell) related pathways. However, the effects of these extrinsic agents on colonic leucine-rich repeat-containing G-protein-coupled receptor 5-positive (Lgr5+) stem cells, the cells of origin of colon cancer, have not been documented to date. Therefore, we examined the effect of n-3 PUFA and polyphenol (curcumin) combination on Lgr5+ stem cells during tumor initiation and progression in the colon compared with an n-6 PUFA-enriched control diet. Lgr5-EGFP-IRES-creERT2 knock-in mice were fed diets containing n-6 PUFA (control), n-3 PUFA, n-6 PUFA+curcumin or n-3 PUFA+curcumin for 3 weeks, followed by 6 azoxymethane (AOM) injections, and terminated 17 weeks after the last injection. To further elucidate the effects of the dietary bioactives at the tumor initiation stage, Lgr5+ stem cells were also assessed at 12 and 24 h post AOM injection. Only n-3 PUFA+curcumin feeding reduced nuclear β-catenin in aberrant crypt foci (by threefold) compared with control at the progression time point. n-3 PUFA+curcumin synergistically increased targeted apoptosis in DNA-damaged Lgr5+ stem cells by 4.5-fold compared with control at 12 h and maximally reduced damaged Lgr5+ stem cells at 24 h, down to the level observed in saline-treated mice. Finally, RNAseq analysis indicated that p53 signaling in Lgr5+ stem cells from mice exposed to AOM was uniquely upregulated only following n-3 PUFA+curcumin cotreatment. These novel findings demonstrate that Lgr5+ stem cells are uniquely responsive to external dietary cues following the induction of DNA damage, providing a therapeutic strategy for eliminating damaged Lgr5+ stem cells to reduce colon cancer initiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunjoo Kim
- Program in Integrative Nutrition and Complex Diseases, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA.,Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Laurie A Davidson
- Program in Integrative Nutrition and Complex Diseases, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA.,Center for Translational Environmental Health Research, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Roger S Zoh
- Program in Integrative Nutrition and Complex Diseases, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA.,Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Martha E Hensel
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Michael L Salinas
- Program in Integrative Nutrition and Complex Diseases, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA.,Center for Translational Environmental Health Research, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Bhimanagouda S Patil
- Vegetable Crop Improvement Center, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | | | - Evelyn S Callaway
- Program in Integrative Nutrition and Complex Diseases, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA.,Center for Translational Environmental Health Research, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Clinton D Allred
- Center for Translational Environmental Health Research, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Nancy D Turner
- Center for Translational Environmental Health Research, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA.,Vegetable Crop Improvement Center, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Brad R Weeks
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Robert S Chapkin
- Program in Integrative Nutrition and Complex Diseases, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA.,Center for Translational Environmental Health Research, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA.,Vegetable Crop Improvement Center, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA.,Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College Station, TX, USA
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9
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Sharma G, Rani I, Bhatnagar A, Agnihotri N. Apoptosis-Mediated Chemoprevention by Different Ratios of Fish Oil in Experimental Colon Carcinogenesis. Cancer Invest 2016; 34:220-30. [PMID: 27191482 DOI: 10.1080/07357907.2016.1183023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Apoptosis plays an important role in prevention of colon cancer. In the present study, different ratios of fish oil and corn oil increased Fas expression in both phases and a decrease in FasL expression only in post initiation phase. Treatment with fish oil activated the intrinsic apoptotic pathway by increasing Bax expression and Cyt c release and decreasing Bcl-2 levels in both phases. This suggests that intrinsic pathway is upregulated by fish oil; however, Fas-FasL activity may be involved in inhibition of reversal of immune surveillance in tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gayatri Sharma
- a Department of Biochemistry , Panjab University , Chandigarh , India
| | - Isha Rani
- a Department of Biochemistry , Panjab University , Chandigarh , India
| | - Archana Bhatnagar
- a Department of Biochemistry , Panjab University , Chandigarh , India
| | - Navneet Agnihotri
- a Department of Biochemistry , Panjab University , Chandigarh , India
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Eltweri AM, Thomas AL, Metcalfe M, Calder PC, Dennison AR, Bowrey DJ. Potential applications of fish oils rich in omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in the management of gastrointestinal cancer. Clin Nutr 2016; 36:65-78. [PMID: 26833289 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2016.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2015] [Revised: 12/01/2015] [Accepted: 01/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Despite advances in chemotherapeutic agents and surgical approaches for its management, gastrointestinal cancer still accounts for 27% of new cancer cases and 35% of cancer related mortality worldwide. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) specifically eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) have anti-inflammatory and anticancer activities and are used as immuno-nutrients. METHODS A literature search was conducted to identify primary research reporting on applications of the omega-3 PUFAs in gastrointestinal cancer. RESULTS Reported laboratory studies indicate a clear role for omega-3 PUFAs in preventing cancer development at various stages including cancer cell proliferation, survival, angiogenesis, inflammation and metastasis. In clinical settings, omega-3 PUFAs have been reported to improve the immune response, maintain lean body mass, improve quality of life and improve overall survival in patients with colorectal and pancreatic cancer. In contrast to other GI cancers, there is a strong connection between inflammation and oesophageal cancer. CONCLUSIONS Little work has been done exploring the role for omega-3 PUFAs in oesophageal cancer prevention and management. The authors are conducting a clinical trial investigating the use of parenteral omega-3 PUFAs supplementary to the standard of care (epirubicin, oxaliplatin and capecitabine palliative chemotherapy) in patients with advanced oesophagogastric cancer as a promising new therapeutic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Eltweri
- Department of Surgery, University Hospitals of Leicester, Leicester, LE1 5WW, United Kingdom.
| | - A L Thomas
- Department of Cancer Studies, University of Leicester, LE2 7LX, United Kingdom
| | - M Metcalfe
- Department of Surgery, University Hospitals of Leicester, Leicester, LE1 5WW, United Kingdom
| | - P C Calder
- Human Development & Health Academic Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom; NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust and University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - A R Dennison
- Department of Surgery, University Hospitals of Leicester, Leicester, LE1 5WW, United Kingdom
| | - D J Bowrey
- Department of Surgery, University Hospitals of Leicester, Leicester, LE1 5WW, United Kingdom
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Fish oil reduces the proliferation of cells cultured from human breast and colorectal tumours: An in vitro study. J Funct Foods 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2015.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
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12
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Hong MY, Turner ND, Murphy ME, Carroll RJ, Chapkin RS, Lupton JR. In vivo regulation of colonic cell proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, and P27Kip1 by dietary fish oil and butyrate in rats. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2015; 8:1076-83. [PMID: 26323483 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-15-0147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2015] [Accepted: 08/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
We have shown that dietary fish oil is protective against experimentally induced colon cancer, and the protective effect is enhanced by coadministration of pectin. However, the underlying mechanisms have not been fully elucidated. We hypothesized that fish oil with butyrate, a pectin fermentation product, protects against colon cancer initiation by decreasing cell proliferation and increasing differentiation and apoptosis through a p27(Kip1)-mediated mechanism. Rats were provided diets of corn or fish oil, with/without butyrate, and terminated 12, 24, or 48 hours after azoxymethane (AOM) injection. Proliferation (Ki-67), differentiation (Dolichos Biflorus Agglutinin), apoptosis (TUNEL), and p27(Kip1) (cell-cycle mediator) were measured in the same cell within crypts in order to examine the coordination of cell cycle as a function of diet. DNA damage (N(7)-methylguanine) was determined by quantitative IHC analysis. Dietary fish oil decreased DNA damage by 19% (P = 0.001) and proliferation by 50% (P = 0.003) and increased differentiation by 56% (P = 0.039) compared with corn oil. When combined with butyrate, fish oil enhanced apoptosis 24 hours after AOM injection compared with a corn oil/butyrate diet (P = 0.039). There was an inverse relationship between crypt height and apoptosis in the fish oil/butyrate group (r = -0.53, P = 0.040). The corn oil/butyrate group showed a positive correlation between p27(Kip1) expression and proliferation (r = 0.61, P = 0.035). These results indicate the in vivo effect of butyrate on apoptosis and proliferation is dependent on dietary lipid source. These results demonstrate the presence of an early coordinated colonocyte response by which fish oil and butyrate protects against colon tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mee Young Hong
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas. School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, San Diego State University, San Diego, California.
| | - Nancy D Turner
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
| | - Mary E Murphy
- Deptartment of Statistics, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
| | - Raymond J Carroll
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas. Deptartment of Statistics, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
| | - Robert S Chapkin
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
| | - Joanne R Lupton
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
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13
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Repair and removal of azoxymethane-induced O6-methylguanine in rat colon by O6-methylguanine DNA methyltransferase and apoptosis. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2013; 758:80-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2013.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2013] [Revised: 09/30/2013] [Accepted: 10/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Eilati E, Small CC, McGee SR, Kurrey NK, Hales DB. Anti-inflammatory effects of fish oil in ovaries of laying hens target prostaglandin pathways. Lipids Health Dis 2013; 12:152. [PMID: 24156238 PMCID: PMC3874764 DOI: 10.1186/1476-511x-12-152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2013] [Accepted: 10/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background An effective way to control cancer is by prevention. Ovarian cancer is the most lethal gynecological malignancy. Progress in the treatment and prevention of ovarian cancer has been hampered due to the lack of an appropriate animal model and absence of effective chemo-prevention strategies. The domestic hens spontaneously develop ovarian adenocarcinomas that share similar histological appearance and symptoms such as ascites and metastasis with humans. There is a link between chronic inflammation and cancer. Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) is the most pro-inflammatory ecoisanoid and one of the downstream products of two isoforms of cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes: COX-1 and COX-2. PGE2 exerts its effects on target cells by coupling to four subtypes of receptors which have been classified as EP1-4. Fish oil is a source of omega-3 fatty acids (OM-3FAs) which may be effective in prevention of ovarian cancer. Our objective was to assess the potential impact of fish oil on expression of COX enzymes, PGE2 concentration, apoptosis and proliferation in ovaries of laying hens. Methods 48 white Leghorn hens were fed 50, 100, 175, 375 and 700 mg/kg fish oil for 21 days. The OM3-FAs and omega-6 fatty acids contents of egg yolks were determined by Gas Chromatography. Proliferation, apoptosis, COX-1, COX-2 and prostaglandin receptor subtype 4 (EP4) protein and mRNA expression and PGE2 concentration in ovaries were measured by PCNA, TUNEL, Western blot, quantitative real-time qPCR and ELISA, respectively. Results Consumption of fish oil increased the incorporation of OM-3FAs into yolks and decreased both COX-1 and COX-2 protein and mRNA expression. In correlation with COXs down-regulation, fish oil significantly reduced the concentrations of PGE2 in ovaries. EP4 protein and mRNA expression in ovaries of hens was not affected by fish oil treatment. A lower dose of fish oil increased the egg laying frequency. 175 and 700 mg/kg fish oil reduced proliferation and 700 mg/kg increased apoptosis in hen ovaries. Conclusions Our findings suggest that the lower doses of fish oil reduce inflammatory PG and may be an effective approach in preventing ovarian carcinogenesis. These findings may provide the basis for clinical trials utilizing fish oil as a dietary intervention targeting prostaglandin biosynthesis for the prevention and treatment of ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Dale Buchanan Hales
- Department of Physiology, Southern Illinois University Carbondale, School of Medicine, Life Science II, Room 250 (M/C 6512), 1125 Lincoln Drive, Carbondale, IL 62901, USA.
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Tan YZ, Huang WG, Chen FY, Li J, Zhou JY, Wang LJ, Chen L, Zhu HL. n-3 Polyunsaturated fatty acids enhance the antitumor effect of 5-fluorouracil by inhibiting bcl-2 and mutant-p53. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.201300017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yao-Zong Tan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food; Nutrition and Health; School of Public Health; Sun Yat-Sen University; Guangzhou China
| | - Wen-Ge Huang
- Laboratory Animal Center of Sun Yat-Sen University; Guangzhou China
| | - Feng-Ying Chen
- Laboratory Animal Center of Sun Yat-Sen University; Guangzhou China
| | - Jie Li
- Laboratory Animal Center of Sun Yat-Sen University; Guangzhou China
| | - Jing-Ya Zhou
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food; Nutrition and Health; School of Public Health; Sun Yat-Sen University; Guangzhou China
| | - Li-Jun Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food; Nutrition and Health; School of Public Health; Sun Yat-Sen University; Guangzhou China
| | - Li Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food; Nutrition and Health; School of Public Health; Sun Yat-Sen University; Guangzhou China
| | - Hui-Lian Zhu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food; Nutrition and Health; School of Public Health; Sun Yat-Sen University; Guangzhou China
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Cho Y, Turner ND, Davidson LA, Chapkin RS, Carroll RJ, Lupton JR. A chemoprotective fish oil/pectin diet enhances apoptosis via Bcl-2 promoter methylation in rat azoxymethane-induced carcinomas. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2013; 237:1387-93. [PMID: 23354397 DOI: 10.1258/ebm.2012.012244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We have demonstrated that diets containing fish oil and pectin (FO/P) reduce colon tumor incidence relative to control (corn oil and cellulose [CO/C]) in part by inducing apoptosis of DNA-damaged colon cells. Relative to FO/P, CO/C promotes colonocyte expression of the antiapoptotic modulator, Bcl-2, and Bcl-2 promoter methylation is altered in colon cancer. To determine if FO/P, compared with CO/C, limits Bcl-2 expression by enhancing promoter methylation in colon tumors, we examined Bcl-2 promoter methylation, mRNA levels, colonocyte apoptosis and colon tumor incidence in azoxymethane (AOM)-injected rats. Rats were provided diets containing FO/P or CO/C, and were terminated 16 and 34 weeks after AOM injection. DNA isolated from paraformaldehyde-fixed colon tumors and uninvolved tissue was bisulfite modified and amplified by quantitative reverese transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction to assess DNA methylation in Bcl-2 cytosine-guanosine islands. FO/P increased Bcl-2 promoter methylation (P = 0.009) in tumor tissues and colonocyte apoptosis (P = 0.020) relative to CO/C. An inverse correlation between Bcl-2 DNA methylation and Bcl-2 mRNA levels was observed in the tumors. We conclude that dietary FO/P promotes apoptosis in part by enhancing Bcl-2 promoter methylation. These Bcl-2 promoter methylation responses, measured in vivo, contribute to our understanding of the mechanisms involved in chemoprevention of colon cancer by diets containing FO/P.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youngmi Cho
- Faculty of Nutrition, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
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Baracos VE, Mazurak VC, Ma DWL. n-3 Polyunsaturated fatty acids throughout the cancer trajectory: influence on disease incidence, progression, response to therapy and cancer-associated cachexia. Nutr Res Rev 2012; 17:177-92. [PMID: 19079925 DOI: 10.1079/nrr200488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Evidence from epidemiological studies suggests that diets rich in n-3 PUFA may be associated with reduced cancer risk. These observations have formed the rationale for exploring the mechanisms by which n-3 PUFA may be chemoprotective and have resulted in significant advances in our mechanistic understanding of n-3 PUFA action on tumour growth. Various interrelated and integrated mechanisms may be at work by which n-3 PUFA influence cancer at all stages of initiation, promotion, progression, and neoplastic transformation. More recently, experimental studies have reported enhanced tumour cell death with chemotherapy when fish oil is provided while toxic side effects to the host are reduced. Furthermore, cancer-associated wasting has been shown to be attenuated by fish oil supplementation. Clinical evidence suggests that the n-3 PUFA status of newly diagnosed cancer patients and individuals undergoing chemotherapy is low. Therefore, both the disease itself and therapeutic treatments may be contributing factors in the decline of n-3 PUFA status. Dietary supplementation to maintain and replenish n-3 PUFA status at key points in the cancer disease trajectory may provide additional health benefits and an enhanced quality of life. The present review will focus on and critically examine current research efforts related to the putative anti-cancer effects of n-3 PUFA and their suggested ability to palliate cancer-associated and treatment-associated symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vickie E Baracos
- Department of Oncology, Division of Palliative Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2P5
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Zulfakar MH, Ong CM, Heard CM. The effects of betamethasone dipropionate and fish oil on HaCaT proliferation and apoptosis. Int J Pharm 2012; 434:399-405. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2012.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2012] [Revised: 05/31/2012] [Accepted: 06/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Ali MR, Yong MJ, Gyawali R, Mosaddik A, Ryu YC, Cho SK. Mango (Mangifera indica L.) peel extracts inhibit proliferation of HeLa human cervical carcinoma cell via induction of apoptosis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s13765-012-1024-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Bhouri W, Boubaker J, Skandrani I, Ghedira K, Chekir Ghedira L. Investigation of the apoptotic way induced by digallic acid in human lymphoblastoid TK6 cells. Cancer Cell Int 2012; 12:26. [PMID: 22686580 PMCID: PMC3487787 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2867-12-26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2011] [Accepted: 05/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The digallic acid (DGA) purified from Pistacia lentiscus. L fruits was investigated for its antiproliferative and apoptotic activities on human lymphoblastoid TK6 cells. Methods We attempt to characterize the apoptotic pathway activated by DGA. Apoptosis was detected by DNA fragmentation, PARP cleavage and by evaluating caspase activities. Results The inhibition of lymphoblastoid cell proliferation was noted from 8.5 μg/ml of DGA. The induction of apoptosis was confirmed by DNA fragmentation and PARP cleavage. We have demonstrated that DGA induces apoptosis by activating the caspase-8 extrinsic pathway. Caspase-3 was also activated in a dose dependent manner. Conclusion In summary, DGA exhibited an apoptosis inductor effect in TK6 cells revealing thus its potential as a cancer-preventive agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wissem Bhouri
- Laboratoire de biologie Cellulaire et Moléculaire, Faculté de Medecine Dentaire Monastir, Rue Avicenne, Monastir, 5000 Tunisia.
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Minimizing the cancer-promotional activity of cox-2 as a central strategy in cancer prevention. Med Hypotheses 2012; 78:45-57. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2011.09.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2011] [Accepted: 09/19/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Kachroo P, Ivanov I, Davidson LA, Chowdhary BP, Lupton JR, Chapkin RS. Classification of diet-modulated gene signatures at the colon cancer initiation and progression stages. Dig Dis Sci 2011; 56:2595-604. [PMID: 21409376 PMCID: PMC3139012 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-011-1652-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2010] [Accepted: 02/16/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The effects of dietary polyunsaturated (PUFAs) and monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) on intestinal cytokinetics within the context of colon cancer initiation and progression have been extensively studied. n-3 PUFAs have received the most attention due to their potential protective role. However, further investigation of the epigenetic perturbations caused by fatty acids in the context of colon cancer development is needed. METHODS We used DNA microarrays to identify discriminative gene signatures (gene combinations) for the purpose of classifying n-3 PUFA-fed, carcinogen-injected, Sprague-Dawley rats at the initiation and progression stages. Animals were assigned to three dietary treatments differing only in the type of fat (corn oil/n-6 PUFA, fish oil/n-3 PUFA, or olive oil/n-9 monounsaturated fatty acid). RESULTS The effects of diet on colonic mucosal gene expression signatures during tumor initiation and progression were subsequently compared (12 h and 10 weeks after azoxymethane injection). Microarray analysis revealed that the number of differentially expressed (DE) genes in each of the three diet comparisons increased with the progression of colon cancer. Each dietary lipid source exhibited its own unique transcriptional profile, as assessed by linear discriminant analysis. Applying this novel approach, we identified the single genes and the two- to three-gene combinations that best distinguished the dietary treatment groups. For the chemoprotective (fish oil) diet, mediators of stem cell homeostasis, e.g., ephrin B1 and bone morphogenic protein 4, were the top-performing gene classifiers. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that dietary chemoprotective n-3 PUFA impact genes that regulate the colon stem cell niche and tumor evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Kachroo
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-4458, USA
| | - Ivan Ivanov
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, Texas A&M University, 422C VMR Bldg, College Station, TX 77843-4466, USA
| | - Laurie A. Davidson
- Program in Integrative Nutrition and Complex Diseases, Kleberg Center, Center for Environmental and Rural Health, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-2253, USA
| | - Bhanu P. Chowdhary
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-4458, USA
| | - Joanne R. Lupton
- Program in Integrative Nutrition and Complex Diseases, Kleberg Center, Center for Environmental and Rural Health, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-2253, USA
| | - Robert S. Chapkin
- Program in Integrative Nutrition and Complex Diseases, Kleberg Center, Center for Environmental and Rural Health, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-2253, USA
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XUE Z, YU W, LIU Z, WU M, WANG J. INDUCTION OF APOPTOSIS IN CERVIX NEOPLASMS HeLa CELLS BY A RAPESEED PEPTIDE HYDROLYSATE FRACTION. J Food Biochem 2011. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-4514.2010.00451.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Cho Y, Kim H, Turner ND, Mann JC, Wei J, Taddeo SS, Davidson LA, Wang N, Vannucci M, Carroll RJ, Chapkin RS, Lupton JR. A chemoprotective fish oil- and pectin-containing diet temporally alters gene expression profiles in exfoliated rat colonocytes throughout oncogenesis. J Nutr 2011; 141:1029-35. [PMID: 21508209 PMCID: PMC3095137 DOI: 10.3945/jn.110.134973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We have demonstrated that fish oil- and pectin-containing (FO/P) diets protect against colon cancer compared with corn oil and cellulose (CO/C) by upregulating apoptosis and suppressing proliferation. To elucidate the mechanisms whereby FO/P diets induce apoptosis and suppress proliferation during the tumorigenic process, we analyzed the temporal gene expression profiles from exfoliated rat colonocytes. Rats consumed diets containing FO/P or CO/C and were injected with azoxymethane (AOM; 2 times, 15 mg/kg body weight, subcutaneously). Feces collected at initiation (24 h after AOM injection) and at aberrant crypt foci (ACF) (7 wk postinjection) and tumor (28 wk postinjection) stages of colon cancer were used for poly (A)+ RNA extraction. Gene expression signatures were determined using Codelink arrays. Changes in phenotypes (ACF, apoptosis, proliferation, and tumor incidence) were measured to establish the regulatory controls contributing to the chemoprotective effects of FO/P. At initiation, FO/P downregulated the expression of 3 genes involved with cell adhesion and enhanced apoptosis compared with CO/C. At the ACF stage, the expression of genes involved in cell cycle regulation was modulated by FO/P and the zone of proliferation was reduced in FO/P rats compared with CO/C rats. FO/P also increased apoptosis and the expression of genes that promote apoptosis at the tumor endpoint compared with CO/C. We conclude that the effects of chemotherapeutic diets on epithelial cell gene expression can be monitored noninvasively throughout the tumorigenic process and that a FO/P diet is chemoprotective in part due to its ability to affect expression of genes involved in apoptosis and cell cycle regulation throughout all stages of tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youngmi Cho
- Faculty of Nutrition Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843
| | - Hyemee Kim
- Faculty of Nutrition Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843
| | - Nancy D. Turner
- Faculty of Nutrition Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843
| | - John C. Mann
- Faculty of Nutrition Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843
| | - Jiawei Wei
- Department of Statistics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843
| | - Stella S. Taddeo
- Faculty of Nutrition Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843
| | | | - Naisyin Wang
- Department of Statistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Marina Vannucci
- Department of Statistics, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005
| | - Raymond J. Carroll
- Department of Statistics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843
| | - Robert S. Chapkin
- Faculty of Nutrition Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843
| | - Joanne R. Lupton
- Faculty of Nutrition Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843,To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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Moon JY, Mosaddik A, Kim H, Cho M, Choi HK, Kim YS, Cho SK. The chloroform fraction of guava (Psidium cattleianum sabine) leaf extract inhibits human gastric cancer cell proliferation via induction of apoptosis. Food Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2010.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Turk HF, Kolar SS, Fan YY, Cozby CA, Lupton JR, Chapkin RS. Linoleic acid and butyrate synergize to increase Bcl-2 levels in colonocytes. Int J Cancer 2010; 128:63-71. [PMID: 20232381 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.25323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The biological properties of polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) classes have been the source of much contention. For example, n-3 PUFA are chemoprotective, whereas n-6 PUFA may promote tumor development. Since dietary components can have combinatorial effects, we further examined the apoptotic properties of n-3 or n-6 fatty acids when combined with different fiber sources. Mice were fed diets supplemented with either fish oil (FO; enriched in n-3 PUFA) or corn oil (CO; enriched in n-6 PUFA) and nonfermentable (cellulose) or fermentable (pectin) fiber sources. In complementary experiments, immortalized young adult mouse colonic (YAMC) cells were treated with docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; 22:6n-3) or linoleic acid (LA; 18:2n-6) with or without butyrate. Mice fed a FO and pectin diet had significantly (p < 0.05) increased levels of apoptosis in colonocytes compared to all other diets. Similarly, apoptosis was highly induced in DHA and butyrate cotreated YAMC cells. In contrast, in both YAMC and mouse models, LA/CO with butyrate/pectin treatment reduced apoptosis and enhanced expression of bcl-2. The LA and butyrate induced antiapoptotic phenotype was reversed by knocking down bcl-2 using targeted siRNA. In comparison, overexpression of bcl-2 blocked the proapoptotic effect of DHA and butyrate. These data provide new mechanistic insights into the regulation of apoptosis by dietary PUFA and fiber.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harmony F Turk
- Program in Integrative Nutrition and Complex Diseases, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
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Shafi G, Munshi A, Hasan TN, Alshatwi AA, Jyothy A, Lei DKY. Induction of apoptosis in HeLa cells by chloroform fraction of seed extracts of Nigella sativa. Cancer Cell Int 2009; 9:29. [PMID: 19943925 PMCID: PMC2794855 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2867-9-29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2009] [Accepted: 11/27/2009] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cancer remains one of the most dreaded diseases causing an astonishingly high death rate, second only to cardiac arrest. The fact that conventional and newly emerging treatment procedures like chemotherapy, catalytic therapy, photodynamic therapy and radiotherapy have not succeeded in reverting the outcome of the disease to any drastic extent, has made researchers investigate alternative treatment options. The extensive repertoire of traditional medicinal knowledge systems from various parts of the world are being re-investigated for their healing properties. This study progresses in the direction of identifying component(s) from Nigella sativa with anti cancer activity. In the present study we investigated the efficacy of Organic extracts of Nigella sativa seed powder for its clonogenic inhibition and induction of apoptosis in HeLa cancer cell. RESULTS Methanolic, n-Hexane and chloroform extracts of Nigella sativa seedz effectively killed HeLa cells. The IC50 values of methanolic, n-hexane, and chloroform extracts of Nigella sativa were 2.28 microg/ml, 2.20 microg/ml and 0.41 ng/ml, respectively. All three extracts induced apoptosis in HeLa cells. Apoptosis was confirmed by DNA fragmentation, western blot and terminal transferase-mediated dUTP-digoxigenin-end labeling (TUNEL) assay. CONCLUSION Western Blot and TUNEL results suggested that Nigella sativa seed extracts regulated the expression of pro- and anti- apoptotic genes, indicating its possible development as a potential therapeutic agent for cervical cancer upon further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gowhar Shafi
- Molecular Cancer Biology Lab, Department of Food Science and Nutrition, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Genetics and Hospital for Genetic Diseases, Hyderabad, India
| | - Anjana Munshi
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Genetics and Hospital for Genetic Diseases, Hyderabad, India
| | - Tarique N Hasan
- Molecular Cancer Biology Lab, Department of Food Science and Nutrition, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ali A Alshatwi
- Molecular Cancer Biology Lab, Department of Food Science and Nutrition, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - A Jyothy
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Genetics and Hospital for Genetic Diseases, Hyderabad, India
| | - David KY Lei
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
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Kim MJ, Jeong MK, Chang PS, Lee J. Radical scavenging activity and apoptotic effects in HT-29 human colon cancer cells of black sesame seed extract. Int J Food Sci Technol 2009. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2621.2009.02044.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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Lim HK, Moon JY, Kim H, Cho M, Cho SK. Induction of apoptosis in U937 human leukaemia cells by the hexane fraction of an extract of immature Citrus grandis Osbeck fruits. Food Chem 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2008.10.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Fukunaga K, Hossain Z, Takahashi K. Marine phosphatidylcholine suppresses 1,2-dimethylhydrazine-induced colon carcinogenesis in rats by inducing apoptosis. Nutr Res 2008; 28:635-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2008.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2007] [Revised: 04/03/2008] [Accepted: 05/09/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Hu Y, Le Leu RK, Belobrajdic D, Young GP. The potential of sphingomyelin as a chemopreventive agent in AOM-induced colon cancer model: wild-type and p53+/- mice. Mol Nutr Food Res 2008; 52:558-66. [PMID: 18324704 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.200700258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
A protective effect of sphingolipids on colorectal cancer (CRC) has been reported in certain mouse strains. It is unknown if sphingolipids are protective in a p53 deficiency mouse model of CRC. This study investigated the effect of sphingomyelin (SM) on intestinal sphingomyelinase (SMase) activity, colonic epithelial biology and azoxymethane (AOM)-induced CRC. Groups of wild-type (C57BL/6J) and p53+/- mice were fed 0.1% SM diet for 4 wk, administered a single AOM injection and then killed 6 h later to measure apoptosis and proliferation. Separately, both mouse types were fed 0.05% SM diet, administered three AOM injections and killed 33-38 wk later to measure tumour formation. SM significantly increased SMase activity and reduced proliferation (p < 0.05) in wild-type and p53+/- mice. SM did not regulate baseline apoptosis, apoptotic response to AOM or apoptosis in tumours, nor did it restore defective apoptosis in p53+/- mice. There was a nonsignificant trend to reduced tumour incidence with SM in wild-type (p = 0.15) and p53+/- (p = 0.12) mice. In conclusion, while increasing intestinal SMase activity and suppressing proliferation, SM did not promote any form of apoptosis and failed to achieve significant protection in these mice. Further investigation to understand the variable effect of SM in preventing CRC is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Hu
- Department of Medicine, Flinders University of South Australia, Bedford Park, Australia.
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Manna S, Chakraborty T, Ghosh B, Chatterjee M, Panda A, Srivastava S, Rana A, Chatterjee M. Dietary fish oil associated with increased apoptosis and modulated expression of Bax and Bcl-2 during 7,12-dimethylbenz(alpha)anthracene-induced mammary carcinogenesis in rats. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2008; 79:5-14. [PMID: 18614344 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2008.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2007] [Revised: 05/08/2008] [Accepted: 05/17/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The present study investigated the chemopreventive effect of dietary fish oil (Maxepa), rich in eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) on induction of apoptosis in mammary carcinogenesis model. Mammary carcinogenesis was initiated by a single, tail vein injection of 7,12-dimethylbenz(alpha)anthracene (DMBA) (0.5mg/0.2ml corn oil/100g body weight) at 7 weeks of animal age. Ninety female Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into two parts: part one was used for histology and immunohistochemical study and part two for morphological analysis. Each part consists of three experimental groups having 15 animals, i.e., Group A (DMBA control), Group B (DMBA+fish oil) and Group C (DMBA+corn oil). Rats were fed either fish oil or corn oil (0.5ml/day/rat) by oral gavage, 2 weeks prior to DMBA injection. Treatment was continued 25 weeks, studying histopathology, expression of Bax and Bcl-2 proteins by immunohistochemistry and apoptosis by TUNEL assay and morphological study at 36 weeks. Results showed that the fish oil-treated group exhibited a substantial increase in Bax (p<0.05) immunolabelling and a reduction of Bcl-2 immunopositivity (p<0.05), and increased TUNEL-positive apoptotic cells (p<0.05); however, corn oil treatment did not show these beneficial effects toward mammary preneoplasia. We conclude that fish oil has the potential to play a significant role in limiting mammary tumourigenesis in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangita Manna
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, P.O. Box 17028, Kolkata 700032, India
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Crim KC, Sanders LM, Hong MY, Taddeo SS, Turner ND, Chapkin RS, Lupton JR. Upregulation of p21Waf1/Cip1 expression in vivo by butyrate administration can be chemoprotective or chemopromotive depending on the lipid component of the diet. Carcinogenesis 2008; 29:1415-20. [PMID: 18567619 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgn144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The overall goal of this research was to separate out the effects of butyrate from its fiber source and determine in vivo if it upregulates colonic histone acetylation, p21(Waf1/Cip1) expression (p21) and apoptosis and if this sequela of events is protective against aberrant crypt foci (ACF) formation. Eighty Sprague-Dawley rats were provided defined diets with either corn oil or fish oil as the lipid source, +/- butyrate-containing capsules targeted for release in the colon and +/- azoxymethane (AOM) (10 rats per group). Diets were provided for 11 weeks and at termination colonocyte nuclear histone H4 and p21 expression were determined by immunohistochemistry, apoptosis was measured by the terminal deoxynucleotide transferase biotin-dUTP nick end labeling assay and aberrant crypt numbers and multiplicity were enumerated. Luminal butyrate levels were also quantified. AOM injection repressed p21 expression, which was reversed by butyrate supplementation. Although butyrate enhanced p21 expression with both dietary lipid sources, the increase in p21 resulted in an increase in apoptosis and decrease in ACF with fish oil, but had no effect on apoptosis and increased ACF with corn oil. This significant interaction between fat, butyrate (fiber) and p21 expression with one combination being protective and the other promotive of colon carcinogenesis reinforces the importance of considering diet as a key factor in chemoprevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristy Covert Crim
- Faculty of Nutrition, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-2253, USA
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Hu Y, McIntosh GH, Le Leu RK, Woodman R, Young GP. Suppression of Colorectal Oncogenesis by Selenium-Enriched Milk Proteins: Apoptosis and K-ras Mutations. Cancer Res 2008; 68:4936-44. [DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-07-6042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Siddiqui RA, Harvey K, Stillwell W. Anticancer properties of oxidation products of docosahexaenoic acid. Chem Phys Lipids 2008; 153:47-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2008.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Chapkin RS, Seo J, McMurray DN, Lupton JR. Mechanisms by which docosahexaenoic acid and related fatty acids reduce colon cancer risk and inflammatory disorders of the intestine. Chem Phys Lipids 2008; 153:14-23. [PMID: 18346463 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2008.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
A growing body of epidemiological, clinical, and experimental evidence has underscored both the pharmacological potential and the nutritional value of dietary fish oil enriched in very long chain n-3 PUFAs such as docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6, n-3) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5, n-3). The broad health benefits of very long chain n-3 PUFAs and the pleiotropic effects of dietary fish oil and DHA have been proposed to involve alterations in membrane structure and function, eicosanoid metabolism, gene expression and the formation of lipid peroxidation products, although a comprehensive understanding of the mechanisms of action has yet to be elucidated. In this review, we present data demonstrating that DHA selectively modulates the subcellular localization of lipidated signaling proteins depending on their transport pathway, which may be universally applied to other lipidated protein trafficking. An interesting possibility raised by the current observations is that lipidated proteins may exhibit different subcellular distribution profiles in various tissues, which contain a distinct membrane lipid composition. In addition, the current findings clearly indicate that subcellular localization of proteins with a certain trafficking pathway can be subjected to selective regulation by dietary manipulation. This form of regulated plasma membrane targeting of a select subset of upstream signaling proteins may provide cells with the flexibility to coordinate the arrangement of signaling translators on the cell surface. Ultimately, this may allow organ systems such as the colon to optimally decode, respond, and adapt to the vagaries of an ever-changing extracellular environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert S Chapkin
- Center for Environmental and Rural Health, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-2553, United States.
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37
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Wang Z, Butt K, Wang L, Liu H. The effect of seal oil on paclitaxel induced cytotoxicity and apoptosis in breast carcinoma MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cell lines. Nutr Cancer 2007; 58:230-8. [PMID: 17640170 DOI: 10.1080/01635580701328818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Some studies have suggested that omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) have an inhibitory effect on the growth of cancer cells and therefore have the potential to increase the efficacy of cancer chemotherapeutic drugs. Considering that omega-3 PUFAs are present abundantly in harp seal oil, we investigated the effect of seal oil on the cytotoxicity and apoptosis induced by paclitaxel in 2 breast cancer cell lines, MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231, respectively. Cytotoxicity evaluated by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay revealed that the concentration of paclitaxel that is required for 50% inhibition of cell growth in the presence of seal oil was significantly lower than that of paclitaxel alone. Apoptosis assessment based on morphological changes and DNA fragmentation results indicated that more cells treated with paclitaxel in combination with seal oil underwent apoptosis than with paclitaxel alone. Western blot analysis showed that the expression of B cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2) protein, an apoptosis inhibitory protein, in both cell lines was decreased more significant by paclitaxel in combination with seal oil than by paclitaxel alone. In addition, seal oil alone was found to induce apoptosis in both cell lines tested, which appeared to be due to the increased intracellular lipid peroxides produced. It is therefore concluded that paclitaxel in combination with seal oil demonstrated enhanced cytotoxicity and apoptosis in MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells compared to paclitaxel alone, and the use of seal oil may be beneficial in the treatment of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheyu Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Memorial, University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland, A1B 3V6, Canada
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Dupertuis YM, Meguid MM, Pichard C. Colon cancer therapy: new perspectives of nutritional manipulations using polyunsaturated fatty acids. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 2007; 10:427-32. [PMID: 17563460 DOI: 10.1097/mco.0b013e3281e2c9d4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Recent advances in the development of new therapeutic strategies combining conventional adjuvant radio/chemotherapy with nutritional manipulations with n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are presented. RECENT FINDINGS Studies in cell culture and tumour-bearing animals have reported the ability of long-chain n-3 PUFAs to enhance the cytotoxicity of several anticancer drugs. In colon cancer, combination of n-3 PUFAs with 5-fluorouracil resulted in an additive growth inhibitory effect on different cell lines. Moreover, recent findings suggest that eicosapentaenoic or docosahexaenoic acid may be used to enhance tumour radiosensitivity while reducing mucosal/epidermal radiotoxicity similar to radioprotective agents. The underlying mechanism is probably mediated through lipid peroxidation because the antitumour effect of n-3 PUFAs is shared with the n-6 PUFA, arachidonic acid, and abolished by vitamin E. In vivo, the use of n-3 PUFAs may provide an additional advantage compared with n-6 PUFAs. Downregulation of eicosanoid synthesis from cyclooxygenase II may reduce angiogenesis, inflammation and metastasis induction. SUMMARY New insights suggest that n-3 PUFAs may play an important role not only in cancer prevention but also in cancer management. They may act synergistically with radio/chemotherapy to kill tumour cells by increasing oxidative stress while reducing angiogenesis, inflammation and metastasis induction.
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Hu Y, Le Leu RK, Young GP. Defective acute apoptotic response to genotoxic carcinogen in small intestine of APC(Min/+) mice is restored by sulindac. Cancer Lett 2006; 248:234-44. [PMID: 16950562 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2006.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2006] [Revised: 07/27/2006] [Accepted: 07/28/2006] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The effect of APC loss on azoxymethane (AOM)-induced apoptosis and cell proliferation, as well as their regulation by sulindac was examined in colon and small intestine in APC(Min/+) mice. APC(Min/+) mice showed increased epithelial proliferation in all regions, with significant impairment of apoptosis in small intestine, but not in colon. Sulindac administration restored defective apoptosis to normal. As the apoptotic defect occurred at the major site of intestinal tumor formation in APC(Min/+) mice and as it was restored to normal by a proven chemopreventive agent, this defect in apoptosis might be a key biological consequence of APC dysfunction contributing to tumor formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Hu
- Department of Medicine, Flinders University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia.
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Hong MY, Bancroft LK, Turner ND, Davidson LA, Murphy ME, Carroll RJ, Chapkin RS, Lupton JR. Fish oil decreases oxidative DNA damage by enhancing apoptosis in rat colon. Nutr Cancer 2006; 52:166-75. [PMID: 16201848 DOI: 10.1207/s15327914nc5202_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
To determine if dietary fish oil protects against colon cancer by decreasing oxidative DNA damage at the initiation stage of colon tumorigenesis, oxidative DNA damage, proliferation, and apoptosis were assessed by colonic crypt cell position using quantitative immunohistochemical analysis of 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), Ki-67, and TUNEL assay, respectively. Sixty rats were provided one of two diets (corn oil or fish oil) and dextran sodium sulfate (DSS, an inducer of oxidative DNA damage) treatments (no DSS, 3% DSS, or DSS withdrawal). Fish oil feeding resulted in lower 8-OHdG levels (P = 0.038), higher levels of apoptosis (P = 0.035), and a lower cell proliferative index (P = 0.05) compared with corn oil feeding. In the top third of the crypt, fish oil caused an incremental stimulation of apoptosis with increased DNA damage (P = 0.043), whereas there was no such relationship with corn oil. Because polyps and tumors develop from DNA damage that leads to loss of growth and death control, the significant difference in fish oil vs. corn oil on these variables may account, in part, for the observed protective effect of fish oil against oxidatively induced colon cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mee Young Hong
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science and the Center for Environmental and Rural Health, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
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Yang W, Bancroft L, Liang J, Zhuang M, Augenlicht LH. p27kip1 in intestinal tumorigenesis and chemoprevention in the mouse. Cancer Res 2005; 65:9363-8. [PMID: 16230399 PMCID: PMC2811411 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-05-2113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Targeted inactivation of p27(kip1) was sufficient for intestinal tumor formation in mice, but this was strictly a function of diet: tumors formed in p27(+/-) or p27(-/-) mice fed control AIN-76A diet and were increased by a western-style diet but did not develop in mice fed standard chow diet. When crossed with the Apc1638N(+/-) mouse, Apc(+/-),p27(+/-) or Apc(+/-),p27(-/-) mice not only formed twice as many tumors than the sum of the tumors from mutation at either locus alone, but on AIN76A diet also developed intestinal intussusception, a tumor-associated pathology in patients leading to intestinal blockage that has not been reported for intestinal cancer in mouse models. Moreover, the frequency of intussusception was increased when the compound mutant mice were maintained on the western diet, leading to early death. Despite this more aggressive tumor phenotype generated by inactivation of p27 than by inactivation of another cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor, p21(WAF1/cip1), the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug sulindac was still effective in inhibiting intestinal tumor formation in Apc(+/-),p27(+/-) or Apc(+/-),p27(-/-) mice, which contrasts with the abrogation of the effects of sulindac in Apc(+/-),p21(+/-) or Apc(+/-),p21(-/-) mice, indicating that p27 is not necessary for tumor inhibition by sulindac. Furthermore, tumor inhibition by sulindac was linked to the induction of p21 expression by the drug, regardless of p27 status, leading to suppression of cell proliferation and promotion of cell differentiation and apoptosis in the intestinal mucosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wancai Yang
- Department of Oncology, Albert Einstein Cancer Center, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA.
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Pizato N, Bonatto S, Yamazaki RK, Aikawa J, Nogata C, Mund RC, Nunes EA, Piconcelli M, Naliwaiko K, Curi R, Calder PC, Fernandes LC. Ratio of n6 to n-3 Fatty Acids in the Diet Affects Tumor Growth and Cachexia in Walker 256 Tumor-Bearing Rats. Nutr Cancer 2005; 53:194-201. [PMID: 16573380 DOI: 10.1207/s15327914nc5302_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
In this study we investigate the impact of the dietary ratio of n-6 to n-3 fatty acids (FAs) from postweaning until adult age upon tumor growth, lipid peroxidation in tumor tissue, and metabolic indicators of cancer cachexia in Walker 256 tumor-bearing rats. Weanling male Wistar rats received a normal low-fat (40 g/kg diet) chow diet or high-fat diets (300 g/kg) that included fish oil (FO) or sunflower oil or blends of FO and sunflower oil to yield n-6 to n-3 FA ratios of approximately 6:1, 30:1, and 60:1 ad libitum. After 8 wk, half of each group was inoculated with 1 ml of 2 x 10(7) Walker 256 cells. At the 14th day after tumor inoculation, the animals were killed, and tumors and blood were removed. The different diets did not modify the blood parameters in the absence of tumor bearing, except the high-FO diet, which decreased serum cholesterol and triacylglycerol concentrations. Tumor weight in chow-fed rats was 19 g, and these rats displayed cancer cachexia, characterized by hypoglycemia, hyperlacticidemia, hypertriacylglycerolemia, loss of body weight, and food intake reduction. Tumor weight in FO-fed rats was 7.7 g, and these animals gained body weight (14.6 g) and maintained blood metabolic parameters similar to non-tumor-bearing animals. Tumor weight in rats fed the diet with an n-6 to n-3 FA ratio of 6:1 was similar to tumor-bearing, chow-fed rats, but they gained 2 g in the body weight and blood metabolic parameters were similar to those in non-tumor-bearing rats. However, a further increase in the n-6 FA content of the diet did not change the cachectic state associated with tumor bearing. In this experimental model, a dietary n-6 to n-3 FA ratio of 6:1 was able to increase food intake and body weight, restore the biochemical blood parameters of cachexia, and prevent the development of cancer cachexia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalia Pizato
- Department of Physiology, Biological Sciences Building, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
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Kim MJ, Kim YJ, Park HJ, Chung JH, Leem KH, Kim HK. Apoptotic effect of red wine polyphenols on human colon cancer SNU-C4 cells. Food Chem Toxicol 2005; 44:898-902. [PMID: 16243419 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2005.08.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2005] [Revised: 08/19/2005] [Accepted: 08/29/2005] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Polyphenols in fruits, soybean, vegetables, herbs, roots and leaves act as bioactive components related with prevention of cancer, heart diseases and diabetes. We investigated the apoptotic effects of polyphenols from red wine on human colon cancer cells SNU-C4 using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, 4,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) staining, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT)-mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay, reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) expressions of Bcl-2, Bax and Caspase-3 genes, and Caspase-3 enzyme activity. Polyphenols (100 microg/ml) increased the apoptosis of SNU-C4 cells with apparent apoptotic characteristics including morphological changes of chromatin condensation and apoptotic body formation from DAPI staining and TUNEL assay. Compared with untreated control group, polyphenols (100 microg/ml) reduced the expression of Bcl-2 whereas those of Bax and Caspase-3 were increased. The Caspase-3 activity in the polyphenols treated group was significantly increased compared to those in control group (P<0.05). These results suggest that polyphenols have a strong potential for development as an anti-colon cancer agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- M-J Kim
- Department of Obesity Management, Graduate School of Obesity Science, Dongduk Women's University, Seoul 136-714, South Korea
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Edwards IJ, Berquin IM, Sun H, O'flaherty JT, Daniel LW, Thomas MJ, Rudel LL, Wykle RL, Chen YQ. Differential effects of delivery of omega-3 fatty acids to human cancer cells by low-density lipoproteins versus albumin. Clin Cancer Res 2005; 10:8275-83. [PMID: 15623603 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-04-1357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Omega-3 (n-3) fatty acids (FA) have been proposed to confer tumor-inhibitory properties. In vivo, dietary FA are delivered to tumor cells by two main routes: low-density lipoproteins (LDL) and albumin complexes. High FA concentration in LDL and up-regulation of LDL receptors in tumor cells suggest that the LDL receptor pathway may be the major route for FA delivery. We compared effects of n-3FA delivered to human cancer cells by LDL and albumin. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN LDL was isolated from plasma of African Green monkeys fed diets enriched in fish oil (n-3 FA) or linoleic acid (n-6FA) and used to deliver FA to MCF-7 and PC3 cancer cells. Cell proliferation, apoptosis, and changes in global gene expression were monitored. RESULTS Both LDL and albumin were effective in delivering FA to tumor cells and modifying the composition of cell phospholipids. The molar ratio of 20:4 (n-6) to 20:5 (n-3) in phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine was profoundly decreased. Although cell phospholipids were similarly modified by LDL and albumin-delivered FA, effects on cell proliferation and on transcription were markedly different. LDL-delivered n-3 FA were more effective at inhibiting cell proliferation and inducing apoptosis. Expression microarray profiling showed that a significantly higher number of genes were regulated by LDL-delivered than albumin-delivered n-3 FA with little overlap between the two sets of genes. CONCLUSIONS These results show the importance of the LDL receptor pathway in activating molecular mechanisms responsible for the tumor inhibitory properties of n-3FA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris J Edwards
- Department of Pathology, Wake Forest University, School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157, USA.
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Kim MJ, Park HJ, Hong MS, Park HJ, Kim MS, Leem KH, Kim JB, Kim YJ, Kim HK. Citrus Reticulata blanco induces apoptosis in human gastric cancer cells SNU-668. Nutr Cancer 2005; 51:78-82. [PMID: 15749633 DOI: 10.1207/s15327914nc5101_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Citrus fruits have been known to reduce the proliferation of many cancer cells. The antiproliferative effects of Citrus reticulata Blanco (CR) extract, the immature tangerine peel, on human gastric cancer cell line SNU-668 were evaluated using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay, 4,6-diamidineo-2-phenylindole staining, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling assay, reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction expressions of BCL-2, BAX and CASP-3 genes, caspase-3 activity, and immunocytochemistry of caspase-3. From the results of the morphological and biochemical assays, CR (50 microg/ml) increased the apoptosis of human gastric cancer cells with typical apoptotic characteristics, including morphological changes of chromatin condensation and apoptotic body formation. CR (50 microg/ml) reduced the expression of BCL-2, whereas the expression of BAX and CASP-3 was increased compared with the control group. Furthermore, caspase-3 activity and caspase-3 protein expression in the CR-treated group was significantly increased compared with that in control group. These results suggest that CR may induce the apoptosis through the caspase-3 pathway in human gastric cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi-Ja Kim
- Department of Obesity Management, Graduate School of Obesity Science, Dongduk Women's University, Seoul, 136-714, South Korea
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Ng Y, Barhoumi R, B.Tjalkens R, Fan YY, Kolar S, Wang N, R.Lupton J, S.Chapkin R. The role of docosahexaenoic acid in mediating mitochondrial membrane lipid oxidation and apoptosis in colonocytes. Carcinogenesis 2005; 26:1914-21. [PMID: 15975958 PMCID: PMC4477626 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgi163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6 n-3) from fish oil, and butyrate, a fiber fermentation product, work coordinately to protect against colon tumorigenesis in part by inducing apoptosis. We have recently demonstrated that dietary DHA is incorporated into mitochondrial membrane phospholipids, thereby enhancing oxidative stress induced by butyrate metabolism. In order to elucidate the subcellular origin of oxidation induced by DHA and butyrate, immortalized young adult mouse colonocytes were treated with 0-200 microM DHA or linoleic acid (LA, 18:2 n-6; control) for 72 h with or without 5 mM butyrate for the final 24 h. Cytosolic reactive oxygen species, membrane lipid oxidation, and mitochondrial membrane potential (MP), were measured by live-cell fluorescence microscopy. After 24 h of butyrate treatment, DHA primed cells exhibited a 151% increase in lipid oxidation (P < 0.01), compared with no butyrate treatment, which could be blocked by a mitochondria-specific antioxidant, 10-(6'-ubiquinoyl) decyltriphenylphosphonium bromide (MitoQ) (P < 0.05). Butyrate treatment of LA pretreated cells did not show any significant effect. In the absence of butyrate, DHA treatment, compared with LA, increased resting MP by 120% (P < 0.01). In addition, butyrate-induced mitochondrial membrane potential (MP), dissipation was 21% greater in DHA primed cells as compared with LA at 6 h. This effect was reversed by preincubation with inhibitors of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore, cyclosporin A or bongkrekic acid (1 microM). The functional importance of these events is supported by the demonstration that DHA and butyrate-induced apoptosis is blocked by MitoQ. These data indicate that DHA and butyrate potentiate mitochondrial lipid oxidation and the dissipation of MP which contribute to the induction of apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeevoon Ng
- Faculty of Nutrition, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Rola Barhoumi
- Center for Environmental and Rural Health, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Ronald B.Tjalkens
- Center for Environmental and Rural Health, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
- Faculty of Toxicology, Department of Veterinary Integrated Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Yang-Yi Fan
- Faculty of Nutrition, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Satya Kolar
- Faculty of Nutrition, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Naisyin Wang
- Department of Statistics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Joanne R.Lupton
- Faculty of Nutrition, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
- Center for Environmental and Rural Health, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Robert S.Chapkin
- Faculty of Nutrition, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
- Center for Environmental and Rural Health, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
- Faculty of Toxicology, Department of Veterinary Integrated Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. Tel: +979 845 0448; Fax: +979 862 2662;
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Ouyang M, Zhang GY, Xu MH. Expression of PGE2, Bcl-2 and Bax in carcinogenesis of colorectal mucosa. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2005; 13:1305-1309. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v13.i11.1305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate the expression of PGE2, Bcl-2 and Bax in the carcinogenesis of colorectal mucosa and the relationship between them.
METHODS: The expression of PGE2, Bcl-2 and Bax were detected in 15 normal colorectal mucous membrane (NCM), 20 chronic colonitis (CHC), 30 colorectal adenoma (CAA), 50 colorectal cancer (CC)and 50 cancer adjacent (CAT) tissues by DAB immunohistochemical staining. The correlations among PGE2, Bcl-2 and Bax expression as well as the clinical and pathological characteristics were analyzed.
RESULTS: The rates of PGE2 expression in NCM, CHC, CAT, CAA and CC tissues were 6.67%, 10%, 40%, 56.7% and 90% respectively and manifested an ascending trend. The rates of Bcl-2 expression in the five groups were 6.67%, 10%, 38%, 46.7%, and 76% respectively and also showed an ascending trend. The rates of Bax expression in the five groups was 86.67%, 75%, 78%, 76.7% and 82% respectively and there was no significant difference among the five groups (P>0.05). However, the positive degree in NCM, CA and CC group exhibited a descending trend (P<0.05). The expressions of PGE2, Bcl-2 and Bax in human CC were not associated with sex, age and the size of tumor (P>0.05). A positive correlation was noted between expression of PGE2 and Bcl-2 in CC tissue (r = 0.532, P<0.05). The same correlation also existed between Bax and Bcl-2 (r = 0.653, P<0.05). The rates of PGE2, Bcl-2 and Bax expression in highly and moderately differentiated CC were significantly higher than those in lowly differentiated one (100%, 88.9%, 85.2% vs 79.3%, 60.9%, 78.3%; P<0.05). The expression of Bcl-2 was significantly higher in Duke's A, B stage than that in Duke's C, D (90%, 77.8% vs 60%, 57.2%; P<0.05).
CONCLUSION: The expression of PGE2 and Bcl-2 increases while that of Bax decreases with the occurrence and development of CC, which indicates that PGE2 and Bcl-2 play important roles in the carcinogenesis and development of CC. At the same time, there is a positive relationship between PGE2 and Bcl-2.
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Cusack S, Jewell C, Cashman KD. The effect of conjugated linoleic acid on the viability and metabolism of human osteoblast-like cells. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2005; 72:29-39. [PMID: 15589397 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2004.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2004] [Accepted: 09/07/2004] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Studies in experimental animals and murine osteoblast cells in culture have produced conflicting findings on the effect of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) on bone formation. The present study investigated the influence of CLA on viability and metabolism of two human osteoblast-like cell lines (SaOS2 and MG63). Both cell lines were exposed to increasing concentrations (0-50 microM) of CLA either as pure cis (c) 9: trans (t) 11 and t10:c12 CLA isomers or a blend of isomers, or linoleic acid (C18:2). Cell cytotoxicity and degree of DNA fragmentation were unaffected by any fatty acid treatment. PGE2 biosynthesis by both cell lines was variably reduced by CLA isomer blend and t10:c12 CLA, but not c9:t11 CLA. Alkaline phosphatase activity was variably increased by all CLA treatments. These results suggest a lack of cytotoxic effect of CLA on human osteoblast-like cells and tentatively suggest a possible beneficial effect on bone formation in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Cusack
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University College, Western Road, Cork, Ireland
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49
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Davidson LA, Nguyen DV, Hokanson RM, Callaway ES, Isett RB, Turner ND, Dougherty ER, Wang N, Lupton JR, Carroll RJ, Chapkin RS. Chemopreventive n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids reprogram genetic signatures during colon cancer initiation and progression in the rat. Cancer Res 2004; 64:6797-804. [PMID: 15374999 PMCID: PMC4459750 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-04-1068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The mechanisms by which n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) decrease colon tumor formation have not been fully elucidated. Examination of genes up- or down-regulated at various stages of tumor development via the monitoring of gene expression relationships will help to determine the biological processes ultimately responsible for the protective effects of n-3 PUFA. Therefore, using a 3 x 2 x 2 factorial design, we used Codelink DNA microarrays containing approximately 9000 genes to help decipher the global changes in colonocyte gene expression profiles in carcinogen-injected Sprague Dawley rats. Animals were assigned to three dietary treatments differing only in the type of fat (corn oil/n-6 PUFA, fish oil/n-3 PUFA, or olive oil/n-9 monounsaturated fatty acid), two treatments (injection with the carcinogen azoxymethane or with saline), and two time points (12 hours and 10 weeks after first injection). Only the consumption of n-3 PUFA exerted a protective effect at the initiation (DNA adduct formation) and promotional (aberrant crypt foci) stages. Importantly, microarray analysis of colonocyte gene expression profiles discerned fundamental differences among animals treated with n-3 PUFA at both the 12 hours and 10-week time points. Thus, in addition to demonstrating that dietary fat composition alters the molecular portrait of gene expression profiles in the colonic epithelium at both the initiation and promotional stages of tumor development, these findings indicate that the chemopreventive effect of fish oil is due to the direct action of n-3 PUFA and not to a reduction in the content of n-6 PUFA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurie A. Davidson
- Faculty of Nutrition, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
- Center for Environmental and Rural Health, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
| | - Danh V. Nguyen
- Division of Biostatistics, University of California School of Medicine, Davis, California
| | - Regina M. Hokanson
- Center for Environmental and Rural Health, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
| | | | - Robert B. Isett
- Center for Environmental and Rural Health, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
| | - Nancy D. Turner
- Faculty of Nutrition, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
- Center for Environmental and Rural Health, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
| | - Edward R. Dougherty
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
| | - Naisyin Wang
- Department of Statistics, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
| | - Joanne R. Lupton
- Faculty of Nutrition, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
- Center for Environmental and Rural Health, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
| | - Raymond J. Carroll
- Center for Environmental and Rural Health, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
- Department of Statistics, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
| | - Robert S. Chapkin
- Faculty of Nutrition, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
- Center for Environmental and Rural Health, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
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Narayanan BA, Narayanan NK, Desai D, Pittman B, Reddy BS. Effects of a combination of docosahexaenoic acid and 1,4-phenylene bis(methylene) selenocyanate on cyclooxygenase 2, inducible nitric oxide synthase and beta-catenin pathways in colon cancer cells. Carcinogenesis 2004; 25:2443-9. [PMID: 15297372 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgh252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidemiological and preclinical studies suggest that diets that are rich in n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and selenium (Se) reduce the risk of colon cancer. Studies conducted in our laboratory have indicated that synthetic organoselenium 1,4-phenylene bis(methylene) selenocyanate (p-XSC) is less toxic and more effective than inorganic Se and selenomethionine, the major Se compound in natural selenium yeast. Through cDNA microarray analysis, we have demonstrated earlier that the n-3 PUFA docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), modulated more than one signaling pathway by altering several genes involved in colon cancer growth. There is increasing interest in the use of combinations of low doses of chemopreventive agents that differ in their specific modes of action as this approach can minimize toxicity and increase efficacy in model assays. In the present study we assessed the efficacy of DHA and p-XSC individually and in combination at low doses in CaCo-2 colon cancer cells, using cell growth inhibition and apoptosis as measures of chemopreventive efficacy. On the basis of western blot and RT-PCR analysis, we also determined the effects of DHA and p-XSC on the levels of expression of cyclooxygenase-2, inducible nitric oxide synthase, cyclin D1, beta-catenin and nuclear factor kappaB, all of which presumably participate in colon carcinogenesis. A 48 h incubation of CaCo-2 cells with 5 microM each DHA or p-XSC induced cell growth inhibition and apoptosis and altered the expression of the above molecular parameters. Interestingly, the modulation of these cellular and molecular parameters was more pronounced in cells treated with low doses of DHA and p-XSC (2.5 microM each) in combination than in cells treated with these agents individually at higher concentrations (5.0 microM each). These findings are viewed as highly significant since they will provide the basis for the development of combinations of low dose regimens of DHA and p-XSC in preclinical models against colon carcinogenesis and, ultimately, in human clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhagavathi A Narayanan
- Chemoprevention and Nutritional Carcinogenesis Program, Institute for Cancer Prevention Valhalla, NY 10595, USA
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