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Ayubi M, Satyen L. Factors Associated with Intimate Partner Violence Perpetration Among Migrant Men: A Systematic Review. TRAUMA, VIOLENCE & ABUSE 2024; 25:1365-1381. [PMID: 37300321 PMCID: PMC10913363 DOI: 10.1177/15248380231178758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Intimate partner violence (IPV) is the most widespread form of violence against women and the most common perpetrators are male partners. Immigration can involve stressors and barriers that are linked to male IPV perpetration. The objective of this systematic review was to identify the factors associated with IPV perpetration among migrant men. Four electronic databases, MEDLINE Complete, Embase, PsycInfo, and SocINDEX with full text, were searched up to August 2021. Studies were selected that examined factors associated with IPV perpetration among first-generation migrants who identified as men/males and were aged 18 years or older. In all, 18 articles met the eligibility criteria for the review, representing a total of 12,321 male participants, including 4,389 migrant men. A wide range of factors associated with IPV perpetration were found at the individual, relationship, community, and societal levels. Unique risk factors for migrant men's IPV perpetration were exposure to political violence, deportation experiences, and minimal legal sanctions for perpetration in some countries of origin. Societal factors explored among Latino immigrants were traditional gender roles such as machismo and norms of violence. All identified factors should be considered in the cultural contexts of the relevant samples and should not be generalized to all migrant men. The findings of modifiable and culture-specific factors have important implications for strategies aimed at reducing IPV perpetration. Future research should explore factors associated with IPV perpetration within specific cultures rather than across broad cultural groupings.
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Yang L, Shaw A, Nyman TJ, Hall BJ. The prevalence of intimate partner violence and risk factors for women and men in China during the Shanghai 2022 lockdown. Epidemiol Psychiatr Sci 2024; 33:e14. [PMID: 38506063 PMCID: PMC10951793 DOI: 10.1017/s2045796024000155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 01/28/2024] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024] Open
Abstract
AIMS Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a global public health concern with negative effects on individuals and families. The present study investigated the prevalence, risk factors and gender disparities associated with IPV during the Shanghai 2022 Covid-19 lockdown - a public health emergency which may have exacerbated IPV. METHODS We estimated the total IPV prevalence and prevalence of physical, sexual and verbal IPV by using an adapted version of the Extended-Hurt, Insult, Threaten, Scream scale. This cross-sectional study was carried out using a population quota-based sampling of Shanghai residents across 16 districts during the 2022 Shanghai lockdown (N = 2026; 1058 men and 968 women). RESULTS We found a distinct gendered dynamic, where women reported a significantly higher prevalence of experienced IPV (27.1%, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 23.1-31.4) compared to men (19.8%, 95% CI: 16.1-24.0). Notably, the prevalence estimate mirrored the national lifetime IPV prevalence for women but was over twice as high for men. In multivariable logistic regression analyses, economic stress (income loss: adjusted OR [aOR] = 2.42, 95% CI: 1.28-4.56; job loss: aOR = 1.73, 95% CI: 1.02-2.92; financial worry much more than usual: aOR = 1.89, 95% CI: 1.00-3.57) and household burden (one child at home: aOR = 1.81, 95% CI: 1.12-2.92; not enough food: aOR = 1.67, 95% CI: 1.04-2.70) were associated with increased odds of overall IPV victimization among women but not men. With regard to more serious forms of IPV, job loss (aOR = 2.27, 95% CI: 1.09-4.69) and household burden (two or more children at home: aOR = 2.95, 95% CI: 1.33-7.69) were associated with increased odds of physical IPV against men. For women, a lack of household supplies was associated with increased odds of physical IPV (water: aOR = 3.33, 95% CI: 1.79-6.25; daily supplies: aOR = 2.27, 95% CI: 1.18-4.35). Lack of daily supplies (aOR = 2.17, 95% CI: 1.03-4.55) and job loss (aOR = 2.66, 95% CI: 1.16-6.12) were also associated with increased odds of sexual IPV. CONCLUSIONS Although a larger proportion of women reported IPV, men experienced greater IPV during the lockdown than previously estimated before the pandemic. Economic stressors, including job loss, and household burden were critical risk factors for serious forms of IPV. Improving gender equality that my account for disparities in IPV in China is critically needed. Policies that mitigate the impact of economic losses during crises can potentially reduce IPV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liying Yang
- The School of Psychology and Cognitive Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
- Center for Global Health Equity, NYU Shanghai, Shanghai, China
| | - Amy Shaw
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, China
| | - Thomas J. Nyman
- Center for Global Health Equity, NYU Shanghai, Shanghai, China
- Faculty of Arts and Sciences, NYU Shanghai, Shanghai, China
| | - Brian J. Hall
- Center for Global Health Equity, NYU Shanghai, Shanghai, China
- Faculty of Arts and Sciences, NYU Shanghai, Shanghai, China
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Herlitz A, Hönig I, Hedebrant K, Asperholm M. A Systematic Review and New Analyses of the Gender-Equality Paradox. PERSPECTIVES ON PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE 2024:17456916231202685. [PMID: 38170215 DOI: 10.1177/17456916231202685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Some studies show that living conditions, such as economy, gender equality, and education, are associated with the magnitude of psychological sex differences. We systematically and quantitatively reviewed 54 articles and conducted new analyses on 27 meta-analyses and large-scale studies to investigate the association between living conditions and psychological sex differences. We found that sex differences in personality, verbal abilities, episodic memory, and negative emotions are more pronounced in countries with higher living conditions. In contrast, sex differences in sexual behavior, partner preferences, and math are smaller in countries with higher living conditions. We also observed that economic indicators of living conditions, such as gross domestic product, are most sensitive in predicting the magnitude of sex differences. Taken together, results indicate that more sex differences are larger, rather than smaller, in countries with higher living conditions. It should therefore be expected that the magnitude of most psychological sex differences will remain unchanged or become more pronounced with improvements in living conditions, such as economy, gender equality, and education.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agneta Herlitz
- Division of Psychology, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet
| | - Ida Hönig
- Division of Psychology, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet
| | - Kåre Hedebrant
- Division of Psychology, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet
| | - Martin Asperholm
- Division of Psychology, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet
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Hyatt CS, Lynam DR, West SJ, Chester DS, Carter NT, Miller JD. Development of a measure of aggressive behavior expectancies in adults: The Aggression Expectancy Questionnaire. Aggress Behav 2023; 49:521-535. [PMID: 37148450 DOI: 10.1002/ab.22088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Revised: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
According to sociocognitive theories, aggression is learned and elicited through a series of cognitive processes, such as expectancies, or the various consequences that an individual considers more or less likely following aggressive behavior. The current manuscript describes a measurement development project that ultimately yielded a 16-item measure of positive and negative aggression expectancies suitable for use in adult populations. Across two content generation surveys, two preliminary item refinement studies, and three full studies, we took an iterative approach and administered large item pools to several samples and refined item content through a combination of empirical (i.e., factor loadings, model fit) and conceptual (i.e., content breadth, non-redundancy) considerations. The Aggression Expectancy Questionnaire displays a four-factor structure, as well as evidence of convergent and divergent validity with self-reported aggression and relevant basic (e.g., antagonism, anger) and complex (e.g., psychopathy) personality variables. It is posited that this type of cognitive mechanism may serve as an intermediary link between distal characterological predictors of aggression and its proximal manifestation, which is in line with several prominent theories of personality and may ultimately hold clinical utility by providing a framework for aggression interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtland S Hyatt
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Donald R Lynam
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Georgia, USA
| | - Samuel J West
- Department of Psychology, Virginia State University, Petersburg, Virginia, USA
| | - David S Chester
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Nathan T Carter
- Department of Psychology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Joshua D Miller
- Department of Psychology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
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5
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Saunders DG, Jiwatram-Negrón T, Nanasi N, Cardenas I. Patriarchy's Link to Intimate Partner Violence: Applications to Survivors' Asylum Claims. Violence Against Women 2023; 29:1998-2021. [PMID: 36349372 PMCID: PMC10387730 DOI: 10.1177/10778012221132299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Eligibility for asylum for survivors of intimate partner violence (IPV) has recently been contested. We summarize social science evidence to show how such survivors generally meet asylum criteria. Studies consistently show a relationship between patriarchal factors and IPV, thereby establishing a key asylum criterion that women are being persecuted because of their status as women. Empirical support is also provided for other asylum criteria, specifically: patriarchal norms contribute to state actors' unwillingness to protect survivors, and survivors' political opinions are linked to an escalation of perpetrators' violence. The findings have implications for policy reform and supporting individual asylum-seekers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Natalie Nanasi
- Dedman School of Law, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Iris Cardenas
- School of Social Work, Rutgers University, New Brunswick-Piscataway, NJ, USA
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Asmamaw DB, Negash WD, Bitew DA, Belachew TB. Multilevel analysis of intimate partner violence and associated factors among pregnant women in East Africa: Evidence from recent (2012-2018) demographic and health surveys. Arch Public Health 2023; 81:67. [PMID: 37088863 PMCID: PMC10122807 DOI: 10.1186/s13690-023-01065-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Globally, intimate partner violence (IPV) during pregnancy is the most common and major public health problem. It has a negative effect on the lives of both mother and fetus. Despite its prominence, many countries in East Africa have paid little attention to this issue. This study assessed the prevalence and associated factors of intimate partner violence among pregnant women in East African countries. METHODS The study adopted a secondary method data analysis that utilized recent Demographic and Health Surveys of 10 countries in East Africa between 2012 and 2018. A total of 23,521 women who gave birth in the 5 years preceding the survey were included. A multilevel mixed-effect logistic regression model was fitted to identify factors associated with IPV. Variables with a p-value < 0.05 were declared as significant factors associated with IPV. RESULTS The overall prevalence of IPV in East Africa was 37.14 (95% CI 36.53, 37.76). Women with age 25-34 (AOR = 1.20;95%CI; 1.06, 1.36), 35-39 (AOR = 1.40;95%CI; 1.24, 1.58), and 40-49 (AOR = 1.66;95%CI; 1.43, 1.95), women with no education (AOR = 1.27;95%CI; 1.16, 1.39), women with no occupation (AOR = 1.36; 95%CI; 1.27, 1.47), women from households with the poorest (AOR = 1.51; 95%CI: 1.33, 1.71), poorer (AOR = 1.40;95% CI:1.24, 1.58), middle (AOR = 1.32;95%CI:1.17, 1.48), and richer (AOR = 1.26;95%CI: 1.13, 1.40), husband drinks alcohol (AOR = 2.54; 95%CI 2.39, 2.71), ≥ 5 number of living children (AOR = 1.28; 95%CI: 1.31, 2.57) and rural areas (AOR = 1.14; 95%CI: 1.03, 1.25) were significantly associated with IPV. CONCLUSION More than one-third of pregnant women experienced intimate partner violence in East Africa. Promoting the educational status of women, the economic capacity of women, and the healthy behavior of the husband by reducing alcohol consumption, with particular attention to rural women and violence during pregnancy, is vital to reduce the prevalence of IPV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Desale Bihonegn Asmamaw
- Department of Reproductive Health, Institute of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia.
| | - Wubshet Debebe Negash
- Department of Health Systems and Policy, Institute of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Desalegn Anmut Bitew
- Department of Reproductive Health, Institute of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Tadele Biresaw Belachew
- Department of Health Systems and Policy, Institute of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
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Li CKW, Liu J, Chen X. Chinese Women's Financial Independence and Their Intimate Partner Violence Victimization Experiences. Violence Against Women 2023; 29:949-963. [PMID: 35726208 DOI: 10.1177/10778012221097143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
China, as a traditional patriarchal society, provides an excellent context to examine whether and how increased financial independence of women may influence intimate partner violence. This study examines how financial independence influences Chinese women's victimization experiences of physical violence, psychological violence, controlling behavior, and sexual abuse. Data were collected from 600 married or divorced women aged between 20 and 60, who resided in a large metropolitan area in Southern China. Results indicated that while physical violence is reduced by women's financial independence, other forms of connective IPV against women are suggested as expressions of men's desire to keep financially independent women in place.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carrie K W Li
- Faculty of Law, 59193University of Macau, Taipa, Macau, China
| | - Jianhong Liu
- Faculty of Law, 59193University of Macau, Taipa, Macau, China
| | - Xuan Chen
- Department of Social Work, 12646Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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8
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Kisa S, Gungor R, Kisa A. Domestic Violence Against Women in North African and Middle Eastern Countries: A Scoping Review. TRAUMA, VIOLENCE & ABUSE 2023; 24:549-575. [PMID: 34350792 PMCID: PMC10009496 DOI: 10.1177/15248380211036070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
This scoping review aimed to identify the scope of the current literature on the prevalence, consequences, and risk factors of domestic violence (DV) against women by their husbands or male partners in North African and Middle Eastern countries. The methodology for this scoping review was based on the framework outlined by Arksey and O'Malley. Studies published on DV against women over the age of 15 by partner or husband and published in peer-reviewed scientific journals between January 1970 and April 2018 were included in the review. The databases MEDLINE, PsychINFO, CINAHL, HealthSTAR, EMBASE, Scopus, African Journals Online, Turkish Journal Database, and gray literature sources were searched. On completion of the review process, 151 full-text articles were identified for charting. This review demonstrated that women's age, women's education level, duration of marriage, history of childhood abuse/witnessing family violence, living in the rural region, and family income level were negatively associated with DV, indicating that younger women, women with lower education, a longer marriage duration, and a lower income level had a higher risk of exposure to DV in this region. Anxiety, depression/insomnia, and physical injury were the most common health problems reported by victims in the region. The highest proportion of women with no response to violence was reported in Jordan, Saudi Arabia, and Turkey. The findings of this scoping review represent the first attempt to summarize the literature from North African and Middle Eastern countries and demonstrate the similarity in DV-related behaviors among women despite the cultural and regional diversity of the studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sezer Kisa
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Nursing and Health
Promotion, Oslo Metropolitan University, Norway
- Sezer, Kisa, Department of Nursing and
Health Promotion, Faculty of Health Sciences, Oslo Metropolitan University,
Oslo, Norway.
| | | | - Adnan Kisa
- School of Health Sciences, Kristiania University College, Oslo,
Norway
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9
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Rajkumar RP. Cultural collectivism, intimate partner violence, and women's mental health: An analysis of data from 151 countries. FRONTIERS IN SOCIOLOGY 2023; 8:1125771. [PMID: 37066068 PMCID: PMC10098113 DOI: 10.3389/fsoc.2023.1125771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Culture, defined as the distinctive, learned beliefs and patterns of behavior that are particular to a given group or community, is a key determinant of mental health. The cultural dimension of individualism-collectivism, which measures the extent to which a given society accords importance to individuals as opposed to larger groups, has been associated with cross-national variations in mental health outcomes such as depression and suicide. However, this cultural dimension is also associated with variations in the frequency of intimate partner violence (IPV), which has a significant and sustained adverse impact on women's mental health. This study examines the relationships between individualism-collectivism, the frequency of IPV, and rates of depression and suicide in women, based on data from 151 countries. In this data set, IPV was significantly associated with age-standardized rates of depression and suicide in women, even after adjusting for demographic variables. Cultural collectivism was positively correlated with IPV, but this relationship was significantly influenced by national income and women's educational attainment. In multivariate analyses, IPV, but not cultural collectivism, remained significantly associated with depression in women. These results highlight the importance of screening for and addressing IPV in women seeking mental health care, particularly in low- and middle-income countries where cultural and economic factors may both increase the risk of IPV and delay or impede its reporting.
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10
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Li CKW. The Applicability of Social Structure and Social Learning Theory to Explain Intimate Partner Violence Perpetration Across National Contexts. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2022; 37:NP22475-NP22500. [PMID: 35200042 DOI: 10.1177/08862605211072166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Intimate partner violence (IPV) affects men and women worldwide. However, a comprehensive examination of the etiology of IPV perpetration across national contexts is limited. Since Aker's Social Structure and Social Learning (SSSL) theory was developed as a general theory of crime, national differences in social structure should explain social learning, which in turn should explain IPV perpetration. Therefore, the current study tests the applicability of SSSL and the mediation effect of the social learning process on the connection between social structural factors and IPV perpetration. Data on IPV perpetration by both male and female college students in 30 nations were taken from the International Dating Violence Study. Structural-level indicators of gender equality for individual nations were taken from Global Gender Gap Index. Findings suggest that national-level gender equality is partially mediated by definitions favorable to breaking the law; a component of SSSL theory. However, other components of the social learning process, such as differential association, differential reinforcement, and imitation, were not found to have mediating effects. The findings only partially support SSSL theory that social learning variables mediate the effect of gender equality on IPV perpetration. Implications of the findings are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carrie K W Li
- Center for Research on Ending Violence, School of Social Work, 242612Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, United States
- School of Criminal Justice, Michigan State University, East Lansing, United States
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11
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Chung KL, Sheridan L. Perceptions of Stalking: Examining Perceivers' Country of Origin, Perpetrator-Target Prior Relationship, and the Mediating Effect of Victim Responsibility. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2022; 37:NP19644-NP19663. [PMID: 34490815 PMCID: PMC9554380 DOI: 10.1177/08862605211042601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Research in stalking perceptions has shown certain relational biases, in which people tend to view ex-partner stalkers to be less dangerous than stranger or acquaintance stalkers. These findings are in direct contrast to those of real-life cases whereby ex-partner stalkers pose a greater threat. In addition, although stalking is recognized as a global social problem, most studies have been based on samples drawn from Western, educated, industrialized, rich, and democratic countries. The current study examined whether the prior relationship between the stalking perpetrator and target influences people's perceptions of stalking and whether cross-national differences exist between participants based in Malaysia (where there is currently no law that criminalizes stalking) and England (where stalking has been outlawed since 1997). In a 3 × 2 between-subjects design, 294 Malaysian participants and 170 English participants were presented with a vignette describing a stalking scenario in which the perpetrator was depicted as a stranger, acquaintance, or ex-partner. Participants judged the extent to which the perpetrator's behavior constitutes stalking; necessitates police intervention; would cause the victim alarm or personal distress; would cause the victim to fear the use of violence; and can be attributed to encouragement on the part of the victim. Results showed that typical relational biases existed in both samples, but Malaysian participants were less likely than their English counterparts to label any harassing scenario as serious. Perceptions of victim responsibility were found to mediate the effect of prior relationship and nationality on participants' perceptions. The findings point to the urgency of better cross-cultural understanding of harassment behavior as well as legislations against stalking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Li Chung
- University of Reading Malaysia,
Nusajaya, Johor, Malaysia
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12
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Haines EL, Schachtman R, Glick P, Earvolino J. Trash talk about the other gender: Content of, reactions to, and willingness to confront stereotypical comments about men and women. GROUP PROCESSES & INTERGROUP RELATIONS 2022. [DOI: 10.1177/13684302221125182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We examined the content of and reactions to stereotypical comments about men and women. In Study 1, daily comments participants recalled hearing people make about “what men/women are like” were generally negative and targeted the other gender. Men rejected negative comments about both genders, whereas women rejected negative comments about women more than comments about men. In Study 2, college participants could confront an online interaction partner who made an other-gender sexist comment. Women confronted a comment targeting women and had more negative reactions to sexism directed at a woman than at a man; men had equivalent, negative reactions to sexism that did not depend on target gender. Study 3 extended and replicated Study 2 by including both other-gender and same gender sexism. Results showed that (a) women were more attuned to men’s sexism toward women compared to all other types and (b) men responded negatively to sexism about either gender, but were more likely to confront sexism directed at women than sexism directed at men. We suggest that women’s tendency to confront sexism when it targets women but not men may reinforce stereotypes that undermine gender equality.
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13
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Arnoso A, Arnoso M, Elgorriaga E. The Intercultural Role of Attitudes Towards Violence Against Women Among Moroccan Immigrants. Violence Against Women 2022; 28:3073-3095. [PMID: 34859699 DOI: 10.1177/10778012211051400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The objective was to study the intercultural role of attitudes towards violence against women in the Moroccan immigrant population. A first study analyzes the relationship between sexism and intimate partner violence and the differences based on origin and sex. About 122 native Spanish people and Moroccan immigrants participated. Men and Moroccan immigrants had more sexist attitudes than women and native people, with no differences in intimate partner violence based on sex or origin. A second study using two focus groups with Moroccan immigrants showed the relevance of the traditional values of gender and culture of honor, religiosity, and the socio-economic context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ainara Arnoso
- 83067University of the Basque Country, Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Maitane Arnoso
- 83067University of the Basque Country, Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Edurne Elgorriaga
- 83067University of the Basque Country, Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
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14
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Cuadrado-Gordillo I, Martín-Mora-Parra G. Influence of Cross-Cultural Factors about Sexism, Perception of Severity, Victimization, and Gender Violence in Adolescent Dating Relationships. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:10356. [PMID: 36011995 PMCID: PMC9408226 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191610356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Revised: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The phenomenon of adolescent dating violence directed towards women is a widespread social health problem all over the world. Various investigations over time have analysed and studied this problem from different perspectives, taking into account both the aggressors and the victims. However, apart from these perspectives there are other approaches that have been less explored. This study analyses the phenomenon from a cultural point of view. It looks at the way in which variables such as hostile sexism, benevolent sexism, and the perception of severity attributed to violent behaviour perpetrated by the aggressor can differ depending on the country of origin of a group of victimized adolescent women, specifically, from Spain and Ecuador. The data analysis, based on the construction of a moderated mediation model, revealed that while hostile sexism seems to be linked to a greater extent with traditional cultures, benevolent sexism is highly relevant in today's society, and modifies the severity that young female victims attribute to violent behaviour and ultimately affects the frequency of victimization. These results revealed the importance of culture and the way in which violence is perceived in different countries as an essential aspect that must be taken into account to guide the construction of effective prevention programs adapted to the specific target groups of adolescents.
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15
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The Cocksure Conundrum: How Evolution Created a Gendered Currency of Corporate Overconfidence. ADAPTIVE HUMAN BEHAVIOR AND PHYSIOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s40750-022-00197-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
AbstractBiological differences between men and women mandate that women’s obligatory investment in reproduction is significantly greater than that of men. As a result, women have evolved to be the “choosier” of the two sexes and men have evolved to compete for female choice. To the degree that overconfidence is an effective tool for attracting mates and driving away competitors, greater competition among men suggests that they should express more overconfidence than women. Thus, sexual selection may be the primary reason why overconfidence is typically more pronounced in men than it is in women. Sexual selection may also be a distal, causal factor in what we describe as a cult of overconfidence pervading modern organizations and institutions. Whereas overconfidence was once regulated and constrained by features of ancestral life, levels of social mobility and accountability in contemporary society and modern organizations make it increasingly difficult to keep this gendered bias in check.
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Pineda D, Galán M, Martínez-Martínez A, Campagne DM, Piqueras JA. Same Personality, New Ways to Abuse: How Dark Tetrad Personalities Are Connected With Cyber Intimate Partner Violence. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2022; 37:NP11223-NP11241. [PMID: 33546557 DOI: 10.1177/0886260521991307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
New technologies bring new forms of intimate partner violence (IPV) or abuse, such as cyber intimate partner violence (C-IPV). This is a contemporary issue with different consequences from in-person IPV. C-IPV is a complex phenomenon triggered by a number of factors, including personality traits such as the Dark Tetrad, composed of four "malevolent" qualities: subclinical narcissism, Machiavellianism, subclinical psychopathy, and everyday sadism. The Dark Tetrad plays an important role in predicting the perpetration or victimization of the resulting pervasive behaviors. Although the correlations between in-person IPV and the Dark Tetrad have been studied before, to our knowledge this investigation is the first to look at the links between these four dark personality traits and C-IPV. With a sample of 1,189 participants, we measured C-IPV victimization and perpetration rates and compared the results with the Dark Tetrad profiles of the respondents. To analyze these correlations, we conducted bivariate analysis and structural equation modeling. The analysis yielded positive relations of psychopathy and narcissism with cyber controlling behaviors. Psychopathy was found to be strongly related with direct cyber aggression behaviors; sadism was mainly related with C-IPV victimization in both controlling and direct aggression, and, finally and interestingly, Machiavellianism presented negative correlations with direct cyber aggression. Remarkable is that joining sadistic personalities increased vulnerability to victimization from C-IPV direct aggression, as well as more psychopathic traits and an increased probability of perpetration. These combinations may create dangerous situations. In conclusion, we found that both C-IPV perpetrators and victims present higher scores in the dark personality traits and gender-based differences than in-person IPV actors.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Pineda
- Miguel Hernández University of Elche, Elche, Spain
- National Distance Education University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel Galán
- Miguel Hernández University of Elche, Elche, Spain
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Obradovich N, Özak Ö, Martín I, Ortuño-Ortín I, Awad E, Cebrián M, Cuevas R, Desmet K, Rahwan I, Cuevas Á. Expanding the measurement of culture with a sample of two billion humans. J R Soc Interface 2022; 19:20220085. [PMID: 35611621 PMCID: PMC9131129 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2022.0085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Culture has played a pivotal role in human evolution. Yet, the ability of social scientists to study culture is limited by the currently available measurement instruments. Scholars of culture must regularly choose between scalable but sparse survey-based methods or restricted but rich ethnographic methods. Here, we demonstrate that massive online social networks can advance the study of human culture by providing quantitative, scalable and high-resolution measurement of behaviourally revealed cultural values and preferences. We employ data across nearly 60 000 topic dimensions drawn from two billion Facebook users across 225 countries and territories. We first validate that cultural distances calculated from this measurement instrument correspond to traditional survey-based and objective measures of cross-national cultural differences. We then demonstrate that this expanded measure enables rich insight into the cultural landscape globally at previously impossible resolution. We analyse the importance of national borders in shaping culture and compare subnational divisiveness with gender divisiveness across countries. Our measure enables detailed investigation into the geopolitical stability of countries, social cleavages within small- and large-scale human groups, the integration of migrant populations and the disaffection of certain population groups from the political process, among myriad other potential future applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nick Obradovich
- Center for Humans and Machines, Max Planck Institute for Human Development, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Ömer Özak
- Department of Economics and Center for Scientific Computing, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, TX 75205, USA.,IZA, Institute of Labor Economics, 53113 Bonn, Germany.,GLO, Global Labor Organization, 45141 Essen, Germany
| | - Ignacio Martín
- Nommon Solutions and Technologies, 28020 Madrid, Spain.,Department of Telematic Engineering, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, 28911 Leganés (Madrid), Spain
| | - Ignacio Ortuño-Ortín
- Department of Economics,Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, 28903 Getafe (Madrid), Spain
| | - Edmond Awad
- Department of Economics, University of Exeter Business School, Exeter EX4 4PU, UK
| | - Manuel Cebrián
- Center for Humans and Machines, Max Planck Institute for Human Development, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Rubén Cuevas
- Department of Telematic Engineering and UC3M-Santander Big Data Institute, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, 28911 Leganés (Madrid), Germany
| | - Klaus Desmet
- Department of Economics and Cox School of Business, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, TX 75205, USA.,NBER, National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.,CEPR, Centre for Economic Policy Research, London EC1V 0DX, UK
| | - Iyad Rahwan
- NBER, National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Ángel Cuevas
- Department of Telematic Engineering and UC3M-Santander Big Data Institute, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, 28911 Leganés (Madrid), Germany
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Yalçın SU, Özaslan ZZ, Dinç S, Bilgin H. AN EXAMINATION OF EFFECTS OF INTIMATE PARTNER VIOLENCE ON CHİLDREN: A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY CONDUCTED IN PEDIATRIC EMERGENCY UNIT IN TURKEY. J Nurs Manag 2022; 30:1648-1657. [PMID: 35560694 DOI: 10.1111/jonm.13673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) against women causes inadequate and unbalanced nutrition in children aged 0-5 years and adversely affects their growth. AIM To examine the impact of intimate partner violence on a child's growth regarding the medical diagnosis in paediatric patients under 5-year-old, growth of the child, and mother's exposure to intimate partner violence. METHODS This descriptive cross-sectional study included 166 children, admitted to the paediatric emergency department, and their mothers. RESULTS Women exposed to emotional violence and controlling behaviour during pregnancy had children prone to being overweight and obese. Mothers' lifetime exposure to physical violence had an adverse effect on their children's wasting and moderate wasting. In contrast, mothers' exposure to emotional violence had a direct impact on childs' wasting and moderate wasting. CONCLUSION The lifetime effect of domestic violence may begin at birth. This vulnerability leads to negative outcomes in both children and women regarding biopsychosocial development. Implications for nursing management Nurses and midwives in primary healthcare services and one-on-one care should be trained to evaluate prospective mothers and children aged 0-5 regarding violence and its effects on the child's growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suna Uysal Yalçın
- Kocaeli Health and Technology University, Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing Department, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Zeynep Zonp Özaslan
- University of Michigan, School of Nursing, Ann Arbor, USA;Kocaeli University, Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing Department, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Sermin Dinç
- Istanbul University-Cerrahpaşa Florence Nightingale Faculty of Nursing, Child Health and Diseases Nursing, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Hülya Bilgin
- Istanbul University-Cerrahpaşa Florence Nightingale Faculty of Nursing, Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing Department, İstanbul, Turkey
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Liyew AM, Alem AZ, Ayalew HG. Magnitude and factors associated with intimate partner violence against pregnant women in Ethiopia: a multilevel analysis of 2016 Ethiopian demographic and health survey. BMC Public Health 2022; 22:284. [PMID: 35148725 PMCID: PMC8840032 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-022-12720-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Intimate partner violence (IPV) is defined as acts of physical aggression, sexual coercion, psychological/emotional abuse, or controlling behaviors by a current or former partner or spouse. IPV has a special concern for pregnant women since it leads to higher rates of miscarriage, several complications including adverse birth outcomes. So far, the effect of contextual factors on IPV was largely overlooked. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the magnitude and factors associated with IPV among pregnant women in Ethiopia. Method Data from the 2016 Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey was used for this study. A total of 4167 (weighted sample) pregnant women were included in the analysis. The multi-level logistic regression model was fitted to identify factors associated with IPV. Finally, the adjusted odds ratio (AOR) with 95% CI and random effects for the multilevel logistic regression model was reported. Results In this study, the overall magnitude of IPV among pregnant women was 28.74 (95% CI 27.38, 30.13) with emotional violence being the most common (24.09%) type. In the multi-level analysis, women with no education (AOR = 2.07; 95%CI 1.23, 3.48), primary education (AOR = 2.04; 95%CI:1.24, 3.38), and secondary education (AOR = 1.53; 95%CI:1.29.2.62), women from households with poorest (AOR = 1.72; 95%CI: 1.16, 2.56), poorer (AOR = 1.62;95% CI:1.09, 2.41), middle (AOR = 1.74;95%CI:1.17, 2.56), and richer (AOR = 1.58;95%CI: 1.08, 2.33) wealth index, women aged 35–39 years (AOR = 1.28;95%CI:1.01, 1.63) and 40–49 years (AOR = 1.78;95%CI:1.28, 2.45) and those from pastoral (AOR = 1.47;95%CI:1.04, 1.93) and agrarian regions (AOR = 1.32;95%CI 1.02, 1.88) had a higher likelihood of having IPV. Of the partner-related factors, women with husbands who drink alcohol (AOR = 2.94; 95%CI: 2.36, 3.42) and secondary educational level (AOR = 1.47; 95%CI 1.02, 2.12) had higher odds of experiencing IPV during pregnancy. Conclusion Intimate partner violence during pregnancy is a public health problem in Ethiopia. Therefore, improving the educational status of women and their husbands, improving the economic capacity of women, and promoting the healthy behavior of husbands by reducing the alcohol consumption in those agrarian and pastoral regions of Ethiopia is vital to reduce the magnitude of IPV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alemneh Mekuriaw Liyew
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences and Comprehensive Specialized Hospital, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia.
| | - Adugnaw Zeleke Alem
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences and Comprehensive Specialized Hospital, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Hiwotie Getaneh Ayalew
- Department of midwifery, School of Nursing and Midwifery, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Wollo University, Dessie, Ethiopia
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Lifetime Prevalence of Sexual Violence and Its Associated Factors among High School Female Students in Jarso District, Oromia Region, Eastern Ethiopia. Int J Reprod Med 2022; 2021:1821579. [PMID: 34988222 PMCID: PMC8723865 DOI: 10.1155/2021/1821579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Sexual violence is a serious public health problem affecting millions of young girls and women across the world. Recently, the issue of sexual violence against schoolgirls has garnered global and national attention with implications for health and education outcomes. Sexual violence is driven by a multitude of risk factors that occur at different levels. Understanding the magnitude, risk factors, and conceptuality of sexual violence is crucial for setting priorities and elimination efforts at different levels. Therefore, the objective of this study was to determine the lifetime prevalence of sexual violence and associated factors among high school female students in Jarso district, Oromia region, eastern Ethiopia. Methods A school-based cross-sectional study was conducted in public high schools of Jarso district, eastern Ethiopia, from 1st March to 5th April 2019. A multistage sampling technique was used to select 559 eligible study participants. Data were collected by a structured self-administered questionnaire. The outcome measure of interest was lifetime sexual violence. Bivariate and multivariable logistic regression analyses were done. Statistically significant association of variables had been declared based on the adjusted odds ratio (AOR) with its 95% CI and p value < 0.05. Results The overall magnitude of sexual violence among female students was 28.6% (95% CI: 25%-32.2%) in the study area. Forty (7.2%) participants have experienced coercive sex against their consent. Participant's level of education ((AOR = 1.5, 95% CI (1.03–2.30)), being unmarried ((AOR = 2.80, 95% CI (1.40–5.81)), consumption of alcohol ((AOR = 3.41, 95% CI (1.11–10.40)), using substances (hashish and/or shisha) ((AOR = 2.6, 95% CI (1.02–6.50)), and ever initiated sexual intercourse ((AOR = 5.9, 95% CI (3.3–10.7)) were positively and statistically associated with sexual violence at p value < 0.05. Conclusion The overall magnitude of sexual violence was relatively high (28.6%). Thus, any intervention aimed to address sexual violence should consider the identified associated risk factors in the study area.
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Toplu-Demirtaş E, Öztemür G, Fincham FD. Perceptions of Dating Violence: Assessment and Antecedents. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2022; 37:NP48-NP75. [PMID: 32326867 DOI: 10.1177/0886260520914558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Challenging perceptions of violence is crucial to prevent dating violence (DV), because such perceptions intervene in the organization and interpretation of violent events. However, these perceptions have received limited attention. This likely reflects the lack of a psychometric tool to do so. The current study had two purposes: to develop a measure of perceptions of psychological, sexual, and physical DV, and to explore how vertical collectivism, through hostile sexism and violence myth acceptance, shapes perceptions of DV. A total of 491 college students (55.3% women; M = 20.76 years, SD = 1.77 years) completed measures of the vertical collectivism, hostile sexism, domestic violence myth acceptance, and perceptions of DV. The results of exploratory factor analyses revealed a 15-item single-factor measure of perceptions of DV as initial construct validity, which had satisfactory internal consistency. A gender difference emerged in perceptions of DV; college women perceived psychological, sexual, and physical DV as more serious compared with college men. Moreover, the association between vertical collectivism and perceptions of DV was serially mediated via hostile sexism and violence myth acceptance. The findings are discussed in terms of previous research and the need to address the role of vertical collectivism in sexism, myth acceptance, and perceptions of violence in prevention/intervention efforts to reduce vulnerability to DV perpetration and victimization. Several recommendations are outlined to facilitate future research.
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Abstract
Many male traits are well explained by sexual selection theory as adaptations to mating competition and mate choice, whereas no unifying theory explains traits expressed more in females. Anne Campbell's "staying alive" theory proposed that human females produce stronger self-protective reactions than males to aggressive threats because self-protection tends to have higher fitness value for females than males. We examined whether Campbell's theory has more general applicability by considering whether human females respond with greater self-protectiveness than males to other threats beyond aggression. We searched the literature for physiological, behavioral, and emotional responses to major physical and social threats, and found consistent support for females' responding with greater self-protectiveness than males. Females mount stronger immune responses to many pathogens; experience a lower threshold to detect, and lesser tolerance of, pain; awaken more frequently at night; express greater concern about physically dangerous stimuli; exert more effort to avoid social conflicts; exhibit a personality style more focused on life's dangers; react to threats with greater fear, disgust and sadness; and develop more threat-based clinical conditions than males. Our findings suggest that in relation to threat human females have relatively heightened protective reactions compared to males. The pervasiveness of this result across multiple domains suggests that general mechanisms might exist underlying females' unique adaptations. An understanding of such processes would enhance knowledge of female health and well-being.
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Dim EE, Olayinka Z. Perpetration and Experience of Spousal Violence Among Nigerian Women: An Analysis of the 2008 and 2013 NDHS. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2021; 36:7298-7325. [PMID: 30852933 DOI: 10.1177/0886260519834097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Various socioeconomic and demographic factors have been known to be associated with spousal violence. The intimate partner violence (IPV) experiences of Nigerian women have been investigated from feminist and life course perspectives from previous studies. However, studies have also pointed to the complexities of victimhood with the presence of IPV perpetration. But there have been few studies on the impact of perpetration of violence on the experience of victimization, and this study seeks to address that gap in knowledge within the Nigerian context. It seeks to understand the dynamics of perpetration and the experience of spousal violence among Nigerian women across 2008 and 2013. The study analyzed the 2008 and 2013 Nigerian Demographic Health Survey (NDHS) data. Using binary logistic regression, the study showed that the perpetration of violence is significantly associated with a woman's victimization experience, after controlling for socioeconomic, demographic, and abuse variables in 2008 and 2013. This study does not in any way minimize the victimization experiences of Nigerian women but simply seeks to provide data that add nuance to our understanding of spousal violence and the possible existence of bidirectional violence among Nigerian spouses.
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Esquivel-Santoveña EE, Rodríguez-Hernández R, Gutiérrez-Vega M, Castillo-Viveros N, López-Orozco F. Psychological Aggression, Attitudes About Violence, Violent Socialization, and Dominance in Dating Relationships. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2021; 36:NP8373-NP8394. [PMID: 30982385 DOI: 10.1177/0886260519842856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Psychological aggression is a widespread form of abuse in dating relationships, especially in collectivist societies with ties to patriarchal beliefs. Despite the prevalence of psychological aggression, it has seldom been studied in connection with known antecedents of interpersonal violence, including dominance, attitudes supportive of violence, and violence socialization processes during childhood. The present study sought to test relationships among these variables in young men and women. A total of 500 Mexican undergraduate students in northern Mexico reported on their experiences with psychological aggression, the dominance of a dating partner, and violent socialization during childhood, as well as on their approval of violence within and outside the family. The results indicate that the dominance of a dating partner is directly linked to male and female intimate partner violence (IPV) perpetration. Violent socialization and proviolent attitudes appear to be related to female dominance. Female and male psychological aggression victimization was predicted by the participant's own perpetration. In general, a dyadic approach appears to be useful for explaining psychological aggression perpetration and victimization in a collectivist society, in light of recent changes in normative beliefs held by young educated Mexicans. Implications for future research and public policy are discussed.
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Abolfotouh MA, Almuneef M. Prevalence, pattern and factors of intimate partner violence against Saudi women. J Public Health (Oxf) 2021; 42:e206-e214. [PMID: 31504716 DOI: 10.1093/pubmed/fdz092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2018] [Revised: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aimed to assess the prevalence of intimate partner violence (IPV) and its correlates, amongst currently married Saudi women. METHODS A total of 400 currently married females aged 19-65 years old who attended the outpatient clinics of PHC centres in Riyadh, from 1 November 2015 to 1 February 2016, were screened for the current and previous experiences with IPV, and its correlates, using the previously validated Arabic version of the WHO multi-country instrument on violence against women. Logistic regression analyses were applied to identify the correlates of IPV. RESULTS The lifetime overall prevalence of IPV was 44.8%, in the form of; physical (18.5%), emotional (25.5%), sexual (19.2%) and economic (25.3%) violence. Wife's experience of child abuse was significantly associated with physical [OR = 3.63, P < 0.001], emotional [OR = 2.2, P = 0.004], sexual [OR = 2.42, P = 0.006], economic [OR = 2.24, P = 0.006] and overall IPV [OR = 2.76, P < 0.001], whilst husband's experience was significantly associated with only the emotional violence [OR = 2.4, P = 0.004]. Physical violence was significantly more prevalent when the woman lived with other wife in same house. CONCLUSION IPV with its all forms was prevalent amongst Saudi women. Child abuse experience and polygamy were significantly associated with IPV. Designing tailored IPV national prevention programmes is a necessity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mostafa A Abolfotouh
- Research Training and Development Section, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, King Saud Bin-Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Ministry of National Guard-Health Affairs, Riyadh, 11426, Saudi Arabia
| | - Maha Almuneef
- National Family Safety Program, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Ministry of National Guard-Health Affairs, Riyadh 11426, Saudi Arabia
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Walker GR. "Out there it's YOLO": Youth perspectives on a mass media HIV- and gender-based violence campaign in South Africa. AJAR-AFRICAN JOURNAL OF AIDS RESEARCH 2021; 20:79-87. [PMID: 33685376 DOI: 10.2989/16085906.2021.1872666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Gender-based violence continues to be a leading determinant of South Africa's HIV/AIDS epidemic. As such, gender socialisation and de-normalisation of gender inequality and violence remain principal objectives for public health organisations. This article discusses youth reception of a mass media HIV/AIDS prevention campaign targeting gender inequality. Applying social cognitive theory to the analysis of focus group data highlights three interrelated challenges to encouraging positive self-efficacy in gender-based violence and HIV prevention: (1) HIV/ AIDS-related media saturation; (2) AIDS messaging fatigue; and (3) challenges reconciling popular youth culture with gender equity messaging. The article recommends public health and social justice organisations consider a flexible approach to the ideological or behavioural congruence of potential celebrity ambassadors and/or media to maximise youth appeal and reduce messaging fatigue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gavin Robert Walker
- College of Foreign Languages, Minjiang University, Minhou County, Fujian, China
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Tetreault C, Bates EA, Bolam LT. How Dark Personalities Perpetrate Partner and General Aggression in Sweden and the United Kingdom. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2021; 36:NP4743-NP4767. [PMID: 30141719 DOI: 10.1177/0886260518793992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Research has demonstrated, in Western nations, men and women are both perpetrators and victims of intimate partner violence (IPV). However, to the best of our knowledge, IPV and the Dark Tetrad (Machiavellianism, subclinical narcissism, subclinical psychopathy, and subclinical sadism) have not been included in this research fully. We investigated how these dark personalities influenced the perpetration of IPV in a cross-cultural study between Sweden and the United Kingdom through surveys with university students. We furthermore compared IPV perpetration with same-sex aggression of a non-romantic partner to explore sex- and aggression-specific effects. In a sample of 342 participants, our main findings were the following: (a) the only significant difference in IPV perpetration was women were more verbally aggressive; (b) men reported more verbal and physical same-sex aggression of a non-romantic partner; (c) men scored higher on all the Dark Tetrad personalities regardless of culture, while the Swedish sample scored significantly higher on subclinical narcissism and sadism; (d) the Dark Tetrad and aggression perpetration were significantly correlated; (e) different Dark Tetrad personalities predicted different forms of aggression perpetration with some gender differences; and (f) being high on subclinical psychopathy predicted most types of aggression regardless of target. Our study highlights that dark personalities engage in particular types of aggression, which helps to determine how and when distinctive personalities aggress for potential interventions.
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Jaramillo-Sierra AL, Carvajal-Villalobos LA. Levels of Coercive Control Differentiate Between Groups of Victims of Intimate Partner Violence in Colombia. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2021; 36:3285-3308. [PMID: 29768993 DOI: 10.1177/0886260518775151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The authors used Johnson's typology of intimate partner violence (IPV) to examine groupings of women experiencing physical violence within their intimate relationships according to coercive control levels. Analyses were conducted using data from the 2010 Colombian Demographic and Health Survey. In particular, the authors used a subsample of 12,237 ever-married (or cohabitating) women between the ages of 14 and 49 years, who reported at least one experience of physical violence. Exploratory and confirmatory cluster analyses demonstrated a good fit for a two-cluster solution based on coercive-control levels. Forty eight percent of women in the sample were classified in the high-control group. Comparisons between currently married and formerly married women evidenced formerly married women reported more physical violence, severe physical violence, physical consequences of violence, and psychological consequences of violence than currently married women. Furthermore, comparisons within the high-control group and the low-control group evidenced that formerly married women displayed higher scores in all six variables than currently married women. Findings from this study contribute to support Johnson's control-based IPV theory and its application in Colombia.
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Blake KR, O'Dean SM, Lian J, Denson TF. Misogynistic Tweets Correlate With Violence Against Women. Psychol Sci 2021; 32:315-325. [PMID: 33593204 DOI: 10.1177/0956797620968529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
How online social behavior covaries with real-world outcomes remains poorly understood. We examined the relationship between the frequency of misogynistic attitudes expressed on Twitter and incidents of domestic and family violence that were reported to the Federal Bureau of Investigation. We tracked misogynistic tweets in more than 400 areas across 47 American states from 2013 to 2014. Correlation and regression analyses found that misogynistic tweets were related to domestic- and family-violence incidents in those areas. A cross-lagged model showed that misogynistic tweets positively predicted domestic and family violence 1 year later; however, this effect was small. Results were robust to several known predictors of domestic violence. Our findings identify geolocated online misogyny as co-occurring with domestic and family violence. Because the longitudinal relationship between misogynistic tweets and domestic and family violence was small and conducted at the societal level, more research with multilevel data might be useful in the prediction of future violence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khandis R Blake
- School of Psychological Sciences, University of Melbourne.,Evolution and Ecology Research Centre, University of New South Wales
| | | | - James Lian
- School of Psychology, University of New South Wales
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30
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Jiang F, Zhang R, Lu S. Red and risk preferences: The effects of culture and individual differences. JOURNAL OF BEHAVIORAL DECISION MAKING 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/bdm.2233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Feng Jiang
- Department of Organization and Human Resource Management Central University of Finance and Economics Beijing China
| | - Rui Zhang
- Department of Psychology Dickinson College Carlisle Pennsylvania USA
| | - Su Lu
- Department of Psychology De Montfort University Leicester UK
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Yang M, Beybutyan A, Ríos RP, Soria-Verde MÁ. Public Attitudes towards Intimate Partner Violence against Women and Influential Factors in China and Spain. ANUARIO DE PSICOLOGÍA JURÍDICA 2021. [DOI: 10.5093/apj2021a13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Ahmadabadi Z, Najman JM, Williams GM, Clavarino AM, d'Abbs P. Gender Differences in Intimate Partner Violence in Current and Prior Relationships. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2021; 36:915-937. [PMID: 29294920 DOI: 10.1177/0886260517730563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Although much available research indicates that intimate partner violence (IPV) is male perpetrated, growing recent evidence suggests a gender symmetry model of family violence. This article examines gender differences in IPV in current and prior relationships reported by young adults. Data comprised 2,060 young adults (62.1% females) who participated in the 30-year follow-up of the Mater Hospital and University of Queensland Study of Pregnancy (MUSP) in Brisbane, Australia. The Composite Abuse Scale was used to measure IPV during the last 12 months in the respondents' most recent relationship. Similar proportions of males and females reported leaving their prior relationships. Both males and females who were not currently in a relationship reported experiencing much higher rates of IPV than those who were in a relationship. There were no differences in the past experience of IPV between males and females who were not currently in a relationship, but males in a current relationship reported they experienced most forms of IPV more often than did females. IPV typically involves both male and female perpetrators and victims. It does appear that the majority of relationships involving higher rates of IPV were dissolved. IPV was more likely to have occurred in relationships that ended than in relationships that persisted. Males more often remain in an abusive relationship and report experiencing higher rates of IPV in their current relationships compared with females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zohre Ahmadabadi
- School of Public Health, University of Queensland, Herston, Australia
| | - Jackob M Najman
- School of Public Health, University of Queensland, Herston, Australia
- School of Social Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Australia
| | - Gail M Williams
- School of Public Health, University of Queensland, Herston, Australia
| | | | - Peter d'Abbs
- School of Public Health, University of Queensland, Herston, Australia
- Menzies School of Health Research, Spring Hill, Queensland, Australia
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Ben-Porat A, Levy D, Kattoura O, Dekel R, Itzhaky H. Domestic Violence in Arab Society: A Comparison of Arab and Jewish Women in Shelters in Israel. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2021; 36:NP26-NP45. [PMID: 29294921 DOI: 10.1177/0886260517731789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the current study was to address a gap in the literature by determining prevalence, specific types of violence, and risk factors of intimate partner violence (IPV) among Israeli born Arab women compared with Israeli born Jewish women. The following measures were compared: demographic and socioeconomic measures; measures relating to the characteristics of the violence, that is, the three types of violence (physical, emotional, and verbally threatening), sense of danger, and history of violence in childhood; family support levels; and perpetrator characteristics. The sample consisted of 154 Israeli born Arab women and 149 Israeli born Jewish women who were staying in shelters for victims of domestic violence in Israel. A comparison of the two groups revealed that the Arab women were exposed to more physical violence and received less family support than did their Jewish counterparts. The proportion of Arab perpetrators with access to weapons was higher than that of Jewish perpetrators, whereas the proportion of police complaints against Jewish perpetrators was higher than that against Arab perpetrators. Arab women were also younger, less educated, and less a part of the workforce than Jewish women. The contribution of the woman's age to the variance in levels of physical violence was negative and significant. In contrast, the contribution of her sense of danger, and various perpetrator characteristics, was positive. Moreover, the interaction between sense of danger × ethnicity contributed significantly to levels of violence. This study extends the existing knowledge about the contribution of ethnicity as one of many variables that play a role in the lives of women who are victims of domestic violence and highlights the need to develop, in particular, unique individual, community, and social interventions for Arab women in Israeli society.
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Makinde OA, Adebayo AM. Knowledge and perception of sexual and reproductive rights among married women in Nigeria. Sex Reprod Health Matters 2020; 28:1-14. [PMID: 32237980 PMCID: PMC7887966 DOI: 10.1080/26410397.2020.1731297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Married women of reproductive age can experience violations of their sexual and reproductive rights (SRRs). Adequate knowledge and understanding of SRRs are critical to their ability to protect themselves. This mixed methods study assessed the knowledge and perception of SRRs among ever-married women in Ibadan Metropolis, Nigeria. Quantitative data (N = 423) were obtained using an interviewer-administered questionnaire and summarised by computing scores for knowledge and perception. Qualitative data were obtained from five focus groups. Findings showed that 45.2% of the respondents said that they were aware of SRRs, yet 81.8% had poor knowledge scores. Regarding perceptions about SRRs, 73% of respondents obtained scores over the mean. In focus group discussions, participants generally could not explain the meaning of SRRs. However, they had positive perception of some SRRs, such as rights to family planning and freedom from violence/abuse. Overall, this study revealed that respondents had poor knowledge of SRRs but positive perceptions about them. A concerted effort is needed to raise public awareness and achieve basic education for women of reproductive age.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ayodeji Matthew Adebayo
- Senior Lecturer, Department of Community Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
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Chan HC(O, Sheridan L. Is This Stalking? Perceptions of Stalking Behavior Among Young Male and Female Adults in Hong Kong and Mainland China. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2020; 35:3710-3734. [PMID: 29294767 PMCID: PMC9152600 DOI: 10.1177/0886260517711180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Most studies of stalking are conducted with samples from individualist cultures. Little is known about the phenomenon within collectivist cultures. The present study is arguably the first stalking study conducted in Hong Kong. Specifically, this study investigates a large sample of Asian college students' (N = 2,496) perceptions of stalking behavior, potential reasons for stalking, and coping strategies that may be employed by stalking victims. Associations between these variables and gender and culture (Hong Kong vs. Mainland China) were also explored. Gender was more strongly associated with perceptions of stalking behavior than was culture. Gender was less strongly associated with perceptions concerning motivations for stalking and the effectiveness of coping strategies that may be employed by stalking victims than was culture. Effect sizes for all associations with culture were small, perhaps due to a high degree of similarity between the two cultures examined. The findings are generally supportive of similar results produced by previous work conducted within individualistic Western cultures, suggesting that stalking and the way that it is perceived may be universal in nature. This study concludes with the argument that legislation against stalking needs to be extended to non-Western countries, such as Hong Kong and Mainland China, as antistalking laws are relatively scarce outside Western industrialized countries.
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Women's Experiences of Domestic Violence during Pregnancy: A Qualitative Research in Greece. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17197069. [PMID: 32992596 PMCID: PMC7579452 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17197069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This qualitative research is the second part of a quantitative research that aims at recording the phenomenon of violence in pregnancy. The first part was carried out during August and September 2009 (N = 546). It was found out that the rate partner’s violence was 6%, while for 3.4% of the pregnant women, abuse started after the pregnancy. In the second part of this research, the semi-structured interview was used to investigate the way pregnant women experience violence. The sample comprised seven women abused by their partner (Ν = 7) at the women’s shelters of “Mitera” Babies’ Center and the National Social Solidarity Center between September 2010 and December 2011 and who accepted to participate in the research. The targets of the research were the investigation of the risk factors for the manifestation of violence, the profile of the victim and the perpetrator, the consequences of abuse for the woman, her reproductive health and the fetus. The majority of the abused pregnant women were foreigners and only two were Greek. The latter had experienced severe traumas (physical and psychological) since their childhood. Violence in their lives is the main characteristic of the foreign women seeking a better life in Greece, too. Alcohol use or abuse by the partners, poor socioeconomic background of the mothers and their partners, and pregnancy per se are the main risk factors of the violence against women in this period of their lives. Violence resulted in miscarriage in one case, while abortion was the alternative chosen by another as a solution to social exclusion and possible domestic violence. Anxiety and despair were the main psychological consequences. The small number of women included in the collection of qualitative data is a limitation for the research and decreases the reliability index of its results.
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Ferrer-Perez VA, Bosch-Fiol E, Ferreiro-Basurto V, Delgado-Alvarez C, Sánchez-Prada A. Comparing Implicit and Explicit Attitudes Toward Intimate Partner Violence Against Women. Front Psychol 2020; 11:2147. [PMID: 33013546 PMCID: PMC7506101 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.02147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Intimate partner violence against women (IPVAW) is an epidemic social and public health problem. Research has consistently found evidence for a complex etiology of IPVAW resulting from the interaction of many factors, among which gender-related norms and attitudes are among the main drivers of this violence. Public attitudes toward IPVAW are especially important because attitudes rejecting, condoning, or fostering such behavior are social factors that contribute to a climate of tolerance or refusal that can shape the social environment in which such violence takes place. Given the importance of these attitudes, the availability of reliable, valid, and concise measures is critical for both research and intervention purposes. The evidence shows a probable bias of direct or explicit assessment measures of IPVAW attitudes, and it has been suggested that they should be complemented by indirect or implicit measures. In this context, the main aim of this paper was to examine how implicit and explicit attitudes toward IPVAW differ among a Spanish population. An opportunity sample of 693 students took part in this study. Two direct or explicit measures (the Inventory of Distorted Thoughts about Women and Violence, IPDMV, and the Inventory of Beliefs about Intimate Partner Violence, IBIPV) and one indirect or implicit measure [the Gender Violence Implicit Association Test (GV-IAT), a personalized form of the Implicit Association Test (IAT)] were applied. The results obtained show that the psychometric characteristics of the implicit measure used (GV-IAT) are acceptable. Additionally, we obtained significant differences by gender, IPVAW knowledge, IPVAW involvement, and political opinion when we measured IPVAW attitudes by implicit measures. However, when we measured these attitudes by explicit measures, we only obtained significant differences by gender and political opinion. Finally, the results highlight the important differences between the levels of strong IPVAW rejection measured with explicit and implicit measures, confirming the traditional discrepancy between explicit and implicit measures of attitudes. In summary, the results obtained provide additional support for the idea that GV-IAT constitutes a promising assessment tool to complement explicit measures for attitudes toward IPVAW.
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Serrano-Montilla C, Valor-Segura I, Padilla JL, Lozano LM. Public Helping Reactions to Intimate Partner Violence against Women in European Countries: The Role of Gender-Related Individual and Macrosocial Factors. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17176314. [PMID: 32872679 PMCID: PMC7503533 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17176314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Public helping reactions are essential to reduce a victim’s secondary victimization in intimate partner violence against women (IPVAW) cases. Because gender-related characteristics have been linked widely to IPVAW prevalence, the study aimed to examine individual attitudes and perceptions toward different forms of violence against women, as well as gender-related macrosocial ideological and structural factors, in explaining helping reactions to IPVAW across 28 European countries. We performed multilevel logistic regression analysis, taking measures from the Eurobarometer 2016 (N = 7115) and the European Institute for Gender Equality datasets. Our study revealed a greater individual perceived IPVAW prevalence, positive perception about the appropriateness of a legal response to psychological and sexual violence against women partners, and less VAW-supportive attitudes predicted helping reactions (i.e., formal, informal), but not negative reactions to IPVAW. Moreover, individuals from European countries with a greater perceived IPVAW prevalence and gender equality preferred formal reactions to IPVAW. Otherwise, in the European countries with lesser perceived IPVAW prevalence and negative perceptions about the appropriate legal response to psychological and sexual violence, people were more likely to provide informal reactions to IPVAW. Our results showed the role of gender-related characteristics influenced real reactions toward known victim of IPVAW.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celia Serrano-Montilla
- Department of Methodology for Behavioral Sciences, University of Granada, 18011 Granada, Spain; (C.S.-M.); (J.-L.P.); (L.M.L.)
| | | | - José-Luis Padilla
- Department of Methodology for Behavioral Sciences, University of Granada, 18011 Granada, Spain; (C.S.-M.); (J.-L.P.); (L.M.L.)
| | - Luis Manuel Lozano
- Department of Methodology for Behavioral Sciences, University of Granada, 18011 Granada, Spain; (C.S.-M.); (J.-L.P.); (L.M.L.)
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Kolbe V, Büttner A. Domestic Violence Against Men-Prevalence and Risk Factors. DEUTSCHES ARZTEBLATT INTERNATIONAL 2020; 117:534-541. [PMID: 33087241 PMCID: PMC7658679 DOI: 10.3238/arztebl.2020.0534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Revised: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND According to the World Health Organization (WHO), intimate partner violence is among the major risks to women's health around the world. Men, too, can be victims of domestic violence; like female victims, they tend to present initially with their injuries to a family physician or an emergency room. Domestic violence against men is thus a relevant issue for physicians of all specialties. METHODS This review is based on publications retrieved by a comprehensive, selective search in the PubMed database and with the Google Scholar search service, as well as on a retrospective analysis of data on the injured persons, the aggressors, and the nature of the violence that was experienced and the injuries that were sustained. RESULTS The studies identified by the search yielded prevalence rates of 3.4% to 20.3% for domestic physical violence against men. Most of the affected men had been violent toward their partners themselves. 10.6-40% of them reported having been abused or maltreated as children. Alcohol abuse, jealousy, mental illness, physical impairment, and short relationship duration are all associated with a higher risk of being a victim of domestic violence. The reported consequences of violence include mostly minor physical injuries, impaired physical health, mental health problems such as anxiety or a disruptive disorder, and increased consumption of alcohol and/or illegal drugs. CONCLUSION The prevalence of violence against men and the risk factors for it have been little studied to date. It would be desirable for preventive measures to be further developed and for special help to be made available to the affected men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verena Kolbe
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, University Medical Center Rostock
| | - Andreas Büttner
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, University Medical Center Rostock
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Kassa GM, Abajobir AA. Prevalence of Violence Against Women in Ethiopia: A Meta-Analysis. TRAUMA, VIOLENCE & ABUSE 2020; 21:624-637. [PMID: 29929452 DOI: 10.1177/1524838018782205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Violence against women (VAW) is a major public health problem globally, particularly in developing countries including Ethiopia. Accordingly, sustainable development goal (SDG) 5 (by United Nation) prioritizes VAW and calls for the design and implementation of programs relevant to its elimination by 2030. However, little is known about the epidemiology of VAW as all estimates from few, cross-sectional studies so far are inconsistent and inconclusive. This study, therefore, was conducted to determine the pooled national prevalence of VAW in Ethiopia. Databases including PUBMED, MEDLINE, Cochrane review, CINAHL, African Journals Online, and Google Scholar were reviewed, using relevant search engines. The meta-analysis was conducted using STATA 14 software, and forest plots were used to present the pooled estimates of VAW. The Cochran Q, I2 statistics, and Egger's test were used to test heterogeneity and publication bias of the included studies. A total of 36 published articles, 23,782 participants, were included in the meta-analysis. The overall pooled lifetime and the past 12 months VAW prevalence was 46.93% (95% confidence interval [CI] = [39.96, 54.00]) and 37.02% (95% CI [26.47, 47.56]), respectively. The pooled lifetime physical, sexual, and psychological violence were 38.15%, 39.33%, and 39.51%, respectively. Pooled lifetime prevalence of rape was 13.02%. Overall, nearly half of Ethiopian women experience lifetime VAW, with substantial levels of physical, sexual, or psychological violence. The country should work toward enhancing gender equality, coupled with addressing risk factors at multiple levels, using community- and institution-based approaches to prevent VAW and to specifically achieve SDG5 of eliminating VAW by 2030.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Amanuel Alemu Abajobir
- College of Health Sciences, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia
- School of Public Health, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
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Musa A, Chojenta C, Loxton D. High rate of partner violence during pregnancy in eastern Ethiopia: Findings from a facility-based study. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0233907. [PMID: 32497059 PMCID: PMC7272015 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0233907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Intimate partner violence during pregnancy can contribute to maternal mortality and morbidity by limiting women's ability to receive maternal health services including antenatal care and skilled delivery care. In Ethiopia, evidence regarding intimate partner violence during pregnancy is limited, and no previous studies have been conducted in the Harari region. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the prevalence and associated factors of intimate partner violence during pregnancy among women who had given birth in public hospitals in Harari regional state, eastern Ethiopia. METHODS A hospital-based cross-sectional study was conducted from November 2018 to April 2019 among women who had given birth in public hospitals in Harari regional state, East Ethiopia. A systematic random sampling method was employed to select 648 participants. Data were collected using an interviewer-administered standardized questionnaire based on the World Health Organization Multi-Country Study on Women's Health and Domestic Violence against Women survey. Crude and adjusted odds ratios with respective confidence intervals were computed. Variables with a p-value of ≤0.05 were considered to have a significant association with intimate partner violence during pregnancy. RESULTS The prevalence of intimate partner violence during the most recent pregnancy was found to be 39.81%. Furthermore, the prevalence of physical, emotional and sexual violence were found to be 25.93%, 25.62% and 3.7%, respectively. Longer duration of marriage (adjusted odds ratio = 1.68, 95% confidence interval = 1.01-2.79), most recent pregnancy being unplanned (adjusted odds ratio = 1.55, 95% confidence interval = 1.03-2.34), experiencing controlling behaviour by a partner, (adjusted odds ratio = 2.23, 95% confidence interval = 1.46-3.40) and having an attitude that justifies intimate partner violence (adjusted odds ratio = 1.60, 95% confidence interval = 1.09-2.36) were associated with experiencing intimate partner violence. CONCLUSION The prevalence of intimate partner violence during pregnancy was found to be high. Pregnancy monitoring programs, which can detect and intervene with regard to partner's controlling behaviors and women's perception regarding justification of intimate partner violence, especially in those women with an unplanned pregnancy, could help to reduce intimate partner violence during pregnancy. Further, changing social norms that condone violence through advocacy and awareness creation might help in preventing partner violence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdulbasit Musa
- College of Health and Medical Sciences, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia
- Research Centre for Generational Health and Ageing, Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia
| | - Catherine Chojenta
- Research Centre for Generational Health and Ageing, Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia
| | - Deborah Loxton
- Research Centre for Generational Health and Ageing, Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia
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Kelmendi K, Baumgartner F. Exploring Violence Socialization and Approval of Intimate Partner Violence Among University Students in Kosovo. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2020; 35:1081-1107. [PMID: 29294658 DOI: 10.1177/0886260517692336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Intimate partner violence (IPV) among university students is a prevalent problem in many countries; however, it is not currently recognized in Kosovo as a social issue in terms of research, prevention, and intervention. The aim of this article was to examine the relationship between violence socialization experiences, approval of violence, and IPV perpetration/victimization among university students in Kosovo. The questionnaires were administrated to a convenience sample of 700 students of University of Prishtina who were in relationship for 1 month or longer. The Revised Conflict Tactics Scale (CTS-2) was used for measuring physical, psychological, and sexual violence, whereas for measuring violence socialization and violence approval, scales from Personal and Relationships Profile (PRP) were used. Findings from this study show that there were statistically significant gender differences in terms of socialization and approval of violence among university students. Similarly, perpetrators and victims of IPV (physical, psychological, and sexual violence) showed higher rates of socialization of violence and tolerance toward IPV. Besides, findings indicate that approval of violence mediates the relationship between socialization of violence and IPV perpetration and victimization, for both genders. The implications of the current findings within a cultural context are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaltrina Kelmendi
- University of Prishtina, Prishtina, Kosovo
- Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
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Antoniou E, Iatrakis G. Domestic Violence During Pregnancy in Greece. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16214222. [PMID: 31683512 PMCID: PMC6861981 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16214222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Revised: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
There are no data about the prevalence of domestic violence during pregnancy in Greece. The purpose of this study is to determine the prevalence and the associated factors of domestic violence in a representative population of pregnant women in Greece. Five hundred and forty-six consecutive women, in outpatient clinics of two Public General Regional Hospitals in Athens, agreed to answer anonymously the Abuse Assessment Screen (AAS) questionnaire, translated into the Greek language. Five hundred and forty-six questionnaires were returned (100% response rate), revealing that the prevalence of domestic violence in pregnancy is 6%, with 3.4% of the sample having being abused since the beginning of pregnancy, mainly by their husband/partner. The factors associated with higher risk of abuse during pregnancy were nationality, socio-economic background, and educational level. Foreign women or women with a foreign partner, unemployed individuals, housewives, and university students faced a higher risk of being abused. A substantial age difference (≥10 years) in the couple, a history of abortions, and an undesired pregnancy also increased the risk of violence in pregnancy. These findings suggest that prenatal care is an important period for discussing abuse and, in the end, encouraging women to seek help.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evangelia Antoniou
- Department of Midwifery, University of West Attica, Athens 12243, Greece.
| | - Georgios Iatrakis
- Department of Midwifery, University of West Attica, Athens 12243, Greece.
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Yoshihama M, Blazevski J, Bybee D. Gender (A)Symmetry in Correlates of Perpetration of Intimate Partner Violence: Gender (A) Symmetry in IPV and the Role of Gender Attitudes. Violence Against Women 2019; 26:1033-1054. [PMID: 31187698 DOI: 10.1177/1077801219848488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This study examined, using structural equation modeling (SEM), gender differences and similarities in correlates of the perpetration of emotional aggression against intimate partners among one of the largest groups of Asian Indians in the United States, Gujaratis. Although most of the correlates of emotional aggression (e.g., patriarchal attitudes, spousal disagreement, and alcohol use) were similar for men and women, higher support for gendered domestic roles was significantly related to higher perpetration of emotional aggression for men but not for women. Multigroup latent SEM served as a unique analytical strategy to investigate gender (a)symmetry, a controversial but critical debate in the field.
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Cunha OS, Gonçalves RA. Predictors of Intimate Partner Homicide in a Sample of Portuguese Male Domestic Offenders. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2019; 34:2573-2598. [PMID: 27503324 DOI: 10.1177/0886260516662304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Intimate partner homicide (IPH) is a major social problem, and it is important to determine the predictors of this violent behavior. The purpose of this study was to examine the differences between intimate partner violence (IPV) and IPH and to identify the variables that predict IPH. The sample was composed of 35 perpetrators of IPH, who were compared with 137 perpetrators of IPV. The data were collected using the Spousal Abuse Risk Assessment. The data suggest that IPH presents different dynamics from IPV. Being older, exhibiting suicidal and/or homicidal ideation/intent, and the use of weapons and/or credible threats of death substantially increase a man's risk of committing IPH. Inversely, not being single, violating conditional release, and being victimized in childhood decrease the likelihood of committing IPH. These findings reinforce the assumption that IPV and IPH have both commonalities and differences and challenge the view that IPV and IPH are different phenomena and that intimate partner murder is an inexplicable event. Implications for preventing IPV and IPH are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Soares Cunha
- 1 University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- 2 North Lusíada University-Oporto, Porto, Portugal
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Gracia E, Martín-Fernández M, Lila M, Merlo J, Ivert AK. Prevalence of intimate partner violence against women in Sweden and Spain: A psychometric study of the 'Nordic paradox'. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0217015. [PMID: 31095614 PMCID: PMC6522122 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0217015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The high prevalence of intimate partner violence against women (IPVAW) in countries with high levels of gender equality has been defined as the "Nordic paradox". In this study we compared physical and sexual IPVAW prevalence data in two countries exemplifying the Nordic paradox: Sweden (N = 1483) and Spain (N = 1447). Data was drawn from the European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights Survey on violence against women. To ascertain whether differences between these two countries reflect true differences in IPVAW prevalence, and to rule out the possibility of measurement bias, we conducted a set of analyses to ensure measurement equivalence, a precondition for appropriate and valid cross-cultural comparisons. Results showed that in both countries items were measuring two separate constructs, physical and sexual IPVAW, and that these factors had high internal consistency and adequate validity. Measurement equivalence analyses (i.e., differential item functioning, and multigroup confirmatory factor analysis) supported the comparability of data across countries. Latent means comparisons between the Spanish and the Swedish samples showed that scores on both the physical and sexual IPVAW factors were significantly higher in Sweden than in Spain. The effect sizes of these differences were large: 89.1% of the Swedish sample had higher values in the physical IPVAW factor than the Spanish average, and this percentage was 99.4% for the sexual IPVAW factor as compared to the Spanish average. In terms of probability of superiority, there was an 80.7% and 96.1% probability that a Swedish woman would score higher than a Spanish woman in the physical and the sexual IPVAW factors, respectively. Our results showed that the higher prevalence of physical and sexual IPVAW in Sweden than in Spain reflects actual differences and are not the result of measurement bias, supporting the idea of the Nordic paradox.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrique Gracia
- Department of Social Psychology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | | | - Marisol Lila
- Department of Social Psychology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Juan Merlo
- Unit for Social Epidemiology, University of Lund, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Anna-Karin Ivert
- Unit for Social Epidemiology, University of Lund, Malmö, Sweden
- Department of Criminology, Malmö University, Malmö, Sweden
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Stieglitz J, Trumble BC, Kaplan H, Gurven M. Marital violence and fertility in a relatively egalitarian high-fertility population. Nat Hum Behav 2019; 2:565-572. [PMID: 31058232 DOI: 10.1038/s41562-018-0391-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Stieglitz
- Université Toulouse 1 Capitole, Toulouse, France. .,Institute for Advanced Study in Toulouse, Toulouse, France.
| | - Benjamin C Trumble
- Center for Evolution and Medicine, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA.,School of Human Evolution and Social Change, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Hillard Kaplan
- Economic Science Institute, Chapman University, Orange, CA, USA
| | - Michael Gurven
- Department of Anthropology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
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48
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Archer J. The reality and evolutionary significance of human psychological sex differences. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2019; 94:1381-1415. [DOI: 10.1111/brv.12507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2017] [Revised: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- John Archer
- Department of PsychologyUniversity of Central Lancashire Preston Lancashire PR1 2HE U.K
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Grau I, Ebbeler C, Banse R. Cultural Differences in Careless Responding. JOURNAL OF CROSS-CULTURAL PSYCHOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1177/0022022119827379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Careless responding (CR) in surveys has been identified as a serious threat for the validity of survey data. It occurs when participants respond without following the instructions or reading the content of items. The purpose of this article is to assess and explain the amount of CR at the individual and country level. In our study, individual CR (measured by indices using a short Big 5 personality questionnaire) correlated with education level and personality traits. In addition, using a sample of 8,320 participants from 34 countries, CR at the country level was investigated and it was strongly correlated with the cultural dimensions: human development, individualism, gender inequality, and power distance. CR can be seen as a powerful predictor of differences between countries. Finally, a comparison between CR and response styles (extreme and midpoint answers, acquiescence, and socially desirable responses) was conducted. CR and response styles showed some overlap, but loaded on different factors. CR is compatible with extreme answers, midpoint answers, and acquiescence, but different from social desirability. Social desirability is the only response style which requires careful reading of items.
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50
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Darko G, Björkqvist K, Österman K. Low intensity intimate partner aggression in Ghana: Support for the revised gender symmetry theory in an African country. Aggress Behav 2019; 45:52-61. [PMID: 30246467 DOI: 10.1002/ab.21796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Revised: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 08/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Sex differences in the perpetration and victimization of low intensity intimate partner aggression (IPA) were investigated in Ghana. The sample consisted of 1,204 adults (mean age 44.1 yrs., SD 13.5), 602 males and 602 females. IPA was measured with the DIAS-Adult questionnaire, which measures perpetration and victimization of physical, indirect, nonverbal, cyber, and economic aggression in a relationship. Males scored higher than females on being victimized by their partner from physical, indirect, and nonverbal aggression, while females scored higher than males on being perpetrators of physical, indirect, nonverbal, and cyber aggression. A high educational level was positively associated with both perpetration and victimization of IPA. This is the second study to report men being more victimized by low intensity IPA than women in an African nation, thus finding support for Archer's (2018) revised gender symmetry theory of IPA not only in Western, but also in African countries.
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