Preparation and evaluation of taste masked famotidine formulation using drug/beta-cyclodextrin/polymer ternary complexation approach

Ternary cyclodextrin systems of terbinafine hydrochloride inclusion complexes: Solventless preparation, solid-state, and in vitro characterization

Cyclodextrins (CD) are used extensively in the pharmaceutical industry to improve the water solubility and bioavailability of drugs. Preparing ternary systems by applying a third component can enhance these beneficial effects. The complexation methods of these ternary systems are the same as those of two-component complexes. These methods are solvent (co-evaporation, co-precipitation, etc.) or solventless "green" techniques (co-grinding, microwave irradiation, etc.). Using solvent-free methods is considered to be an economically and environmentally desirable technology. This study aimed to prepare ternary systems by the co-grinding method and evaluate the effect of a third component by comparing it to products obtained by solvent methods, binary systems, and marketed products. For that, we used terbinafine hydrochloride as a model drug, sulfobutyl-ether-beta-cyclodextrin as a complexation agent and 5 or 15 w/w% of polyvinylpyrrolidone K-90 (PVP) or hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) as auxiliary components. Physicochemical evaluation (X-Ray Diffractometry, Differential Scanning Calorimetry, Thermogravimetry) showed that new solid phases were formed, while Scanning Electron Microscopy was performed to study morphological aspects of the products. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic measurements suggested different intermolecular interactions depending on the type of polymer. In vitro dissolution studies showed beneficial effects of CD and further improvement with the applied polymers. Products showed less cell toxicity with one exception. Both polymers enhanced the physicochemical and in vitro properties, suggesting a greater bioavailability of the model drug. However, the percentage of polymers applied did not appear to be an influencing factor for these properties.

Review of Applications of Cyclodextrins as Taste-Masking Excipients for Pharmaceutical Purposes

It is widely recognized that many active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) have a disagreeable taste that affects patient acceptability, particularly in children. Consequently, developing dosage forms with a masked taste has attracted a lot of interest. The application of cyclodextrins as pharmaceutical excipients is highly appreciated and well established, including their roles as drug delivery systems, solubilizers and absorption promoters, agents that improve drug stability, or even APIs. The first work describing the application of the taste-masking properties of CDs as pharmaceutical excipients was published in 2001. Since then, numerous studies have shown that these cyclic oligosaccharides can be effectively used for such purposes. Therefore, the aim of this review is to provide insight into studies in this area. To achieve this aim, a systematic evaluation was conducted, which resulted in the selection of 67 works representing both successful and unsuccessful works describing the application of CDs as taste-masking excipients. Particular attention has been given to the methods of evaluation of the taste-masking properties and the factors affecting the outcomes, such as the choice of the proper cyclodextrin or guest-host molar ratio. The conclusions of this review reveal that the application of CDs is not straightforward; nevertheless, this solution can be an effective, safe, and inexpensive method of taste masking for pharmaceutical purposes.

Direct cyclodextrin based powder extrusion 3D printing of budesonide loaded mini-tablets for the treatment of eosinophilic colitis in paediatric patients

The purpose of this study was to combine direct powder extrusion (DPE) 3D printing and fluid bed coating techniques to create a budesonide (BD) loaded solid oral formulations for the treatment of eosinophilic colitis (EC) in paediatric patients. The preferred medication for EC treatment is BD, which has drawbacks due to its poor water solubility and low absorption. Additionally, since commercially available medications for EC treatment are created and approved for adult patients, administering them to children sometimes requires an off-label use and an impromptu handling, which can result in therapeutic ineffectiveness. The DPE 3D approach was investigated to create Mini-Tablets (MTs) to suit the swallowing, palatability, and dose flexibility control requirements needed by paediatric patients. Additionally, DPE 3D and the inclusion of hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin in the initial powder mixture allowed for an improvement in the solubility and rate of BD dissolution in aqueous medium. Then, to accomplish a site-specific drug release at the intestinal level, MTs were coated with a layer of Eudragit FS 30D, an enteric polymer responsive at pH > 7.0 values. In vitro release experiments showed that film-coated MTs were suitable in terms of size and dose, enabling potential therapeutic customization and targeted delivery of BD to the colon.

Cyclodextrin-Based Arsenal for Anti-Cancer Treatments

Anti-cancer drugs are mostly limited in their use due to poor physicochemical and biopharmaceutical properties. Their lower solubility is the most common hurdle limiting their use upto their potential. In the recent years, the cyclodextrin (CD) complexation have emerged as existing approach to overcome the problem of poor solubility. CD-based nano-technological approaches are safe, stable and showed well in vivo tolerance and greater payload for encapsulation of hydrophobic drugs for the targeted delivery. They are generally chosen due to their ability to get self-assembled to form liposomes, nanoparticles, micelles and nano-sponges etc. This review paper describes a birds-eye view of the various CD-based nano-technological approaches applied for the delivery of anti-cancer moieties to the desired target such as CD based liposomes, niosomes, niosoponges, micelles, nanoparticles, monoclonal antibody, magnetic nanoparticles, small interfering RNA, nanorods, miscellaneous formulation of anti-cancer drugs containing CD. Moreover, the author also summarizes the various shortcomings of such a system and their way ahead.

Fabrication of Gastro-Floating Famotidine Tablets: Hydroxypropyl Methylcellulose-Based Semisolid Extrusion 3D Printing

Semisolid extrusion (SSE) three-dimensional (3D) printing uses drug-loaded paste for the printing process, which is capable of constructing intricate 3D structures. This research presents a unique method for fabricating gastro-floating tablets (GFT) using SSE. Paste-loaded famotidine with a matrix made of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) were prepared. Nine 3D printed tablets were developed with different HPMC concentrations and infill percentages and evaluated to determine their physicochemical properties, content uniformity, dissolution, and floating duration. The crystallinity of the drug remained unchanged throughout the process. Dissolution profiles demonstrated the correlation between the HPMC concentration/infill percentage and drug release behavior over 10 h. All the fabricated GFTs could float for 10 h and the Korsmeyer-Peppas model described the dissolution kinetics as combination of non-Fickian or anomalous transport mechanisms. The results of this study provided insight into the predictability of SSE 3D printability, which uses hydro-alcoholic gel-API blend materials for GFTs by controlling traditional pharmaceutical excipients and infill percentages. SSE 3D printing could be an effective blueprint for producing controlled-release GFTs, with the additional benefits of simplicity and versatility over conventional methods.

In Vivo Investigation of (2-Hydroxypropyl)-β-cyclodextrin-Based Formulation of Spironolactone in Aqueous Solution for Paediatric Use

Spironolactone (SPL), a potent anti-aldosterone steroidal drug used to treat several diseases in paediatric patients (e.g., hypertension, primary aldosteronism, Bartter’s syndrome, and congestive heart failure), is not available in child-friendly dosage forms, and spironolactone liquids have been reported to be unpalatable. Aiming to enhance SPL solubility in aqueous solution and overcome palatability, herein, the effects of (2-hydroxypropyl)-β-cyclodextrin (HP-β-CyD) were thoroughly investigated on solubilisation in water and on masking the unpleasant taste of SPL in vivo. Although the complexation of SPL with HP-β-CyD was demonstrated through phase solubility studies, Job’s plot, NMR and computational docking studies, our in vivo tests did not show significant effects on taste aversion. Our findings, on the one hand, suggest that the formation of an inclusion complex of SPL with HP-β-CyD itself is not necessarily a good indicator for an acceptable degree of palatability, whereas, on the other hand, they constitute the basis for investigating other cyclodextrin-based formulations of the poorly water-soluble steroidal drug, including solid dosage forms, such as spray-dried powders and orodispersible tablets.

Direct cyclodextrin-based powder extrusion 3D printing for one-step production of the BCS class II model drug niclosamide

Niclosamide (NCS) is a drug that has been used as an anthelmintic and anti-parasitic drug for about 40 years. Recently, some studies have highlighted its potential in treating various tumors, allowing a repositioning of this drug. Despite its potential, NCS is a Biopharmaceutical Classification System (BCS) Class II drug and is consequently characterized by low aqueous solubility, poor dissolution rate and reduced bioavailability, which limits its applicability. In this work, we utilize a very novel technique, direct powder extrusion (DPE) 3D printing, which overcomes the limitations of previously used techniques (fused deposition modelling, FDM) to achieve direct extrusion of powder mixtures consisting of NCS, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC, Affinisol 15 LV), hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HP-β-CD) and polyethylene glycol (PEG) 6000. For the first time, direct printing of powder blends containing HP-β-CD was conducted. For all tablets, in vitro dissolution studies showed sustained drug release over 48 h, but for tablets containing HP-β-CD, the release was faster. Solid-state characterization studies showed that during extrusion, the drug lost its crystal structure and was evenly distributed within the polymer matrix. All printed tablets have exhibited good mechanical and physical features and a stability of the drug content for up to 3 months. This innovative printing technique has demonstrated the possibility to produce personalized pharmaceutical forms directly from powders, avoiding the use of filament used by FDM.

Cyclodextrin-Modified Nanomaterials for Drug Delivery: Classification and Advances in Controlled Release and Bioavailability

In drug delivery, one widely used way of overcoming the biopharmaceutical problems present in several active pharmaceutical ingredients, such as poor aqueous solubility, early instability, and low bioavailability, is the formation of inclusion compounds with cyclodextrins (CD). In recent years, the use of CD derivatives in combination with nanomaterials has shown to be a promising strategy for formulating new, optimized systems. The goals of this review are to give in-depth knowledge and critical appraisal of the main CD-modified or CD-based nanomaterials for drug delivery, such as lipid-based nanocarriers, natural and synthetic polymeric nanocarriers, nanosponges, graphene derivatives, mesoporous silica nanoparticles, plasmonic and magnetic nanoparticles, quantum dots and other miscellaneous systems such as nanovalves, metal-organic frameworks, Janus nanoparticles, and nanofibers. Special attention is given to nanosystems that achieve controlled drug release and increase their bioavailability during in vivo studies.

Combined Use of Cyclodextrins and Amino Acids for the Development of Cefixime Oral Solutions for Pediatric Use

Cefixime (CEF) is a cephalosporin included in the WHO Model List of Essential Medicines for Children. Liquid formulations are considered the best choice for pediatric use, due to their great ease of administration and dose-adaptability. Owing to its very low aqueous solubility and poor stability, CEF is only available as a powder for oral suspensions, which can lead to reduced compliance by children, due to its unpleasant texture and taste, and possible non-homogeneous dosage. The aim of this work was to develop an oral pediatric CEF solution endowed with good palatability, exploiting the solubilizing and taste-masking properties of cyclodextrins (CDs), joined to the use of amino acids as an auxiliary third component. Solubility studies indicated sulfobutylether-β-cyclodextrin (SBEβCD) and Histidine (His) as the most effective CD and amino acid, respectively, even though no synergistic effect on drug solubility improvement by their combined use was found. Molecular Dynamic and ¹H-NMR studies provided insight into the interactions of binary CEF:His and ternary CEF:His:SBEβCD systems used to prepare CEF solutions, which resulted stable and maintained unchanged antimicrobial activity during the two-weeks-use in therapy. The ternary solution was superior in terms of more tolerable pH (5.6 vs. 4.7) and better palatability, being resulted completely odorless by a panel test.

A review of emerging technologies enabling improved solid oral dosage form manufacturing and processing

Tablets are the most widely utilized solid oral dosage forms because of the advantages of self-administration, stability, ease of handling, transportation, and good patient compliance. Over time, extensive advances have been made in tableting technology. This review aims to provide an insight about the advances in tablet excipients, manufacturing, analytical techniques and deployment of Quality by Design (QbD). Various excipients offering novel functionalities such as solubility enhancement, super-disintegration, taste masking and drug release modifications have been developed. Furthermore, co-processed multifunctional ready-to-use excipients, particularly for tablet dosage forms, have benefitted manufacturing with shorter processing times. Advances in granulation methods, including moist, thermal adhesion, steam, melt, freeze, foam, reverse wet and pneumatic dry granulation, have been proposed to improve product and process performance. Furthermore, methods for particle engineering including hot melt extrusion, extrusion-spheronization, injection molding, spray drying / congealing, co-precipitation and nanotechnology-based approaches have been employed to produce robust tablet formulations. A wide range of tableting technologies including rapidly disintegrating, matrix, tablet-in-tablet, tablet-in-capsule, multilayer tablets and multiparticulate systems have been developed to achieve customized formulation performance. In addition to conventional invasive characterization methods, novel techniques based on laser, tomography, fluorescence, spectroscopy and acoustic approaches have been developed to assess the physical-mechanical attributes of tablet formulations in a non- or minimally invasive manner. Conventional UV-Visible spectroscopy method has been improved (e.g. fiber-optic probes and UV imaging-based approaches) to efficiently record the dissolution profile of tablet formulations. Numerous modifications in tableting presses have also been made to aid machine product changeover, cleaning, and enhance efficiency and productivity. Various process analytical technologies have been employed to track the formulation properties and critical process parameters. These advances will contribute to a strategy for robust tablet dosage forms with excellent performance attributes.

Development of Pediatric Orodispersible Tablets Based on Efavirenz as a New Therapeutic Alternative

BACKGROUND

Efavirenz is the most used medication in the treatment of Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS). The limited number of pediatric antiretroviral formulations approved by regulatory agencies is the most significant obstacle to adequate and efficient pharmacotherapy for this group of patients. The efavirenz has excellent therapeutic potential, but has low aqueous solubility/bioavailability.

METHODS

To minimize these limitations, multicomponent systems with β-cyclodextrin and polyvinylpyrrolidone K-30 were obtained. Due to the limited number of pediatric antiretroviral formulations, the development of a pediatric orodispersible tablet is an alternative that is thought easy to administer, since it disintegrates rapidly in the oral cavity. The multicomponent systems were obtained by the method of kneading and characterized by solubility test, X-ray diffraction, differential scanning calorimetry and infrared absorption spectroscopy by Fourier transform. The orodispersible tablets were prepared by direct compression. The quality control of hardness, friability, disintegration, and dissolution was performed. The influence of the components of the formulation on the characteristics of the tablets was evaluated through a 22 factorial design added with three central points, to compare the effect of the dependent variables on the responses.

RESULTS

An increase in drug solubility was observed, with a decrease in crystallinity. Besides that, an excellent dissolution profile presented with more than 83% of the drug's content dissolved in less than 15 minutes. Satisfactory disintegration time and friability were observed.

CONCLUSION

It was observed that reduced concentrations of mannitol decreased the hardness and disintegration time of the formulations. The orodispersible tablet composed of efavirenz: β- cyclodextrin: polyvinylpyrrolidone, favors greater absorption and bioavailability. It has several advantages for pediatric patients, as the dosage form disintegrates quickly in the mouth and does not require water for administration, thereby improving patient compliance with the treatment.

Studies on the influence of β-cyclodextrin derivatives on the physical stability of famotidine

The usage of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, near infrared spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry and microscopy is presented in this work focused on the exploration of the effect of CD on the physical stability of famotidine (FAM). The most significant information was achieved by analysis of the second derivatives of near infrared (NIR) spectra recorded. Changes in the shape of spectra derivatives allow to observe the improvement of physical stability of FAM with the usage of various supramolecular systems based on β-cyclodextrin (CD) derivatives. The comparison was performed with the usage of maltodextrin in FAM mixtures. We found out that β-cyclodextrin derivatives in the form of physical mixture and inclusion complexes successfully increased the physical stability of famotidine in solid state while maltodextrin does not show positive effect in imparting physical stability to famotidine.

Mechanochemistryvs.solution growth: striking differences in bench stability of a cimetidine salt based on a synthetic method

A mechanochemically prepared solvated salt of an archetypal blockbuster drug exhibits significantly different bench stability to analogous material made in solution.

The Prodrug Approach: A Successful Tool for Improving Drug Solubility

Prodrug design is a widely known molecular modification strategy that aims to optimize the physicochemical and pharmacological properties of drugs to improve their solubility and pharmacokinetic features and decrease their toxicity. A lack of solubility is one of the main obstacles to drug development. This review aims to describe recent advances in the improvement of solubility via the prodrug approach. The main chemical carriers and examples of successful strategies will be discussed, highlighting the advances of this field in the last ten years.

Masking the bitter taste of injectable lidocaine HCl formulation for dental procedures

Several attempts have been made to mask the bitter taste of oral formulations, but none have been made for injectable formulations. This study aims to mask the bitter taste of dental lidocaine HCl (LID) injection using hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HP-β-CD) and sodium saccharin. Inclusion complexes of LID and HP-β-CD were prepared by the solution method in 1:1 and 1:2 M ratios. Inclusion complexes in solution were studied using phase solubility in phosphate buffer solutions (pH 8, 9, and 10). Freeze-dried inclusion complexes were characterized using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), X-ray, Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and in vitro release. Injectable formulations were prepared using inclusion complexes and characterized for stability and for taste using an Alpha MOS ASTREE electronic tongue (ETongue). The association constants of HP-β-CD with lidocaine-free base and its ionized form were found to be 26.23 ± 0.00025 and 0.8694 ± 0.00045 M(-1), respectively. Characterization studies confirmed the formation of stable inclusion complexes of LID and HP-β-CD. Injectable formulations were found to be stable for up to 6 months at 4°C, 25°C, and 40°C. The taste evaluation study indicated that HP-β-CD (1:1 and 1:2 M ratios) significantly improved the bitter taste of LID injectable formulation. In conclusion, inclusion complex in the 1:1 M ratio with 0.09% sodium saccharin was considered to be optimum in masking the bitter taste of LID.

Physical approaches to masking bitter taste: lessons from food and pharmaceuticals

Many drugs and desirable phytochemicals are bitter, and bitter tastes are aversive. Food and pharmaceutical manufacturers share a common need for bitterness-masking strategies that allow them to deliver useful quantities of the active compounds in an acceptable form and in this review we compare and contrast the challenges and approaches by researchers in both fields. We focus on physical approaches, i.e., micro- or nano-structures to bind bitter compounds in the mouth, yet break down to allow release after they are swallowed. In all of these methods, the assumption is the degree of bitterness suppression depends on the concentration of bitterant in the saliva and hence the proportion that is bound. Surprisingly, this hypothesis has only rarely been fully tested using a combination of adequate human sensory trials and measurements of binding. This is especially true in pharmaceutical systems, perhaps due to the greater experimental challenges in sensory analysis of drugs.

Taste Masked Orally Disintegrating Pellets of Antihistaminic and Mucolytic Drug: Formulation, Characterization, and In Vivo Studies in Human

The main aim of the present study was to evaluate the potential of orally disintegrating pellets (ODPs) as an approach for taste masking of bitter drugs, namely, Ambroxol hydrochloride (A-HCl) and Cetirizine dihydrochloride (C-DHCl). Pellets were prepared by extrusion/spheronization with Eudragit EPO, kyron T-134, Kyron T-314, mannitol, sorbitol, MCC (Avicel PH-101), sucralose, chocolate flavor, and 5% xanthum gum. The prepared pellets were characterized for percentage yield, drug content, particle size, in vitro drug release, and in vivo evaluation on humans for taste, mouth feel, and in vivo disintegration time. The results revealed that the average size of pellets was influenced greatly by the percentage of binder and extrusion speed. The optimized ODPs disintegrated in less than 20 s and showed more than 98% of drugs in ODPs dissolved within 15 min. Taste perception study was carried out on human volunteers to evaluate the taste masking ability of ODPs for taste, mouth feel, and in vivo disintegration time. Crystalline state evaluation of drugs in the optimized ODPs was conducted for X-ray powder diffraction. In conclusion, the study confirmed that ODPs can be utilized as an alternative approach for effective taste masking and rapid disintegration in the oral cavity.

Solid-state supramolecular synthesis based on the N-H…O heterosynthon: an approach to solve the polymorphism problem in famotidine

Famotidine (FMT), a histamine H2 -receptor antagonist, is a drug commonly used in treatments of gastroesophageal diseases that presents solid-state polymorphism (A and B forms), the marketed form being the metastable polymorph B. A new stable salt was obtained by combination of FMT and maleic acid as coformer. FMT maleate (FMT-MLT) was prepared either by solvent evaporation or comilling methods. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction reveals that (FMT)(+) in FMT-MLT adopts an extended conformation that is stabilized by classical and nonclassical H-bonds. The three-dimensional packing consists of tapes along the axis b that further develop a columnar array based on H-bonds involving (FMT)(+) side chain. Nonconventional π-stacking interactions between adjacent tapes were also identified. Fourier transform infrared, differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetric analysis, polarized light thermal microscopy, and scanning electron microscopy were employed to characterize the multicomponent complex. According to the solubility values in water and simulated gastric fluid, FMT-MLT exhibits such a performance that improves on the solubility of the commercially available polymorph. Finally, the higher stability of FMT-MLT regarding both FMT forms, as well as its easy preparation from either A or B forms or a mixture of them, also allows to consider this salt as a valuable alternative to avoid the polymorphism issue in marketed formulations containing FMT.

Playing hide and seek with poorly tasting paediatric medicines: do not forget the excipients

The development of paediatric medicines can be challenging since this is a diverse patient population with specific needs. For example, the toxicity of excipients may differ in children compared to adults and children have different taste preferences. Acceptable palatability of oral paediatric medicinal products is of great importance to facilitate patient adherence. This has been recognised by regulatory authorities and so is becoming a key aspect of paediatric pharmaceutical development studies. Many active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) have aversive taste characteristics and so it is necessary to utilise taste masking techniques to improve the palatability of paediatric oral formulations. The aim of this review is to provide an overview of different approaches to taste masking APIs in paediatric oral dosage forms, with a focus on the tolerability of excipients used. In addition, where possible, the provision of examples of some marketed products is made.

Taste-masking assessment of solid oral dosage forms--a critical review

Approaches to improve the taste of oral dosage forms that contain unpleasant tasting drugs are versatile. Likewise, the analytical in vitro and in vivo methods to assess taste-masking efficacy are diverse. Taste-masking has gained in importance since the EU legislation on medicines for children came into force in 2007, and taste-masking attributes are often required by regulatory authorities. However, standardized guidance for the analytical evaluation is still poor. Published protocols rarely consider real conditions, such as the volume of saliva or the residence time of solid oral dosage forms in the mouth. Methodological limitations and problems regarding time point of evaluation, sampling or sample pretreatment are hardly ever addressed. This critical review aims to evaluate and discuss published strategies in this context.

Formulation and development of extended-release micro particulate drug delivery system of solubilized rifaximin

Rifaximin (RFX), a semi-synthetic antibiotic belonging to BCS class IV category, has been used in the treatment of traveler's diarrhea. An attempt has been made to improve aqueous solubility of RFX in the presence of β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) and hydroxy propyl β-cyclodextrin (HP-β-CD) and control its release in the gut by enteric coating. The stoichiometric proportion of RFX and complexing agent's β-CD and HP-β-CD were determined by phase solubility studies. RFX-β-CD and RFX-HP-β-CD were prepared in 1:2 ratio by solvent evaporation technique using rota-evaporator with yield of 78% and 84% respectively followed by their evaluation using different techniques such as saturation solubility, Fourier transform infrared, differential scanning calorimeter, powder X-ray diffractometer, in vitro antimicrobial activity. The saturation solubility of RFX had improved from 0.0736 mg/ml to 0.2354 mg/ml and 0.5681 mg/ml in presence of β-CD and HP-β-CD respectively resulting in an increased zone of inhibition in the later complex during antimicrobial studies. The RFX-HP-β-CD complex particles were coated with eudragit L 100 (EL 100) by spray drying technique. The 3(2) factorial design was applied to formulate the micro particles. All formulations exhibited pH dependant drug release. The % EE was 69% and the release of RFX was retarded by enteric coating in the optimized batch FB2. Therefore, it can be concluded that solubility of some BCS class IV drugs can be improved by β-CD complexation and release of such inclusion complexes can be retarded to increase the residence time of RFX in the gastrointestinal tract.

Quantum mechanical, spectroscopic studies (FT-IR, FT-Raman, NMR, UV) and normal coordinates analysis on 3-([2-(diaminomethyleneamino) thiazol-4-yl] methylthio)-N'-sulfamoylpropanimidamide

Famotidine (3-([2-(diaminomethyleneamino) thiazol-4-yl] methylthio)-N'-sulfamoylpropanimidamide) is a histamine H2-receptor antagonist that inhibits stomach acid production, and it is commonly used in the treatment of peptic ulcer disease (PUD) and gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD/GORD). Quantum chemical calculations of the equilibrium geometry of famotidine in the ground state were carried out using density functional theory (DFT/B3LYP) with the 6-311G(d,p) basis set. In addition, harmonic vibrational frequencies, infrared intensities and Raman activities were calculated at the same level of theory. A detailed interpretation of the infrared and Raman spectrum of the drug is also reported. Theoretical simulations of the FT-IR, and FT-Raman spectra of the title compound have been calculated. Good correlations between the experimental (1)H and (13)C NMR chemical shifts and calculated GIAO shielding tensors were found. The results of the energy and oscillator strength calculations by time-dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT) supplement the experimental findings. Total and partial density of state (TDOS and PDOS) and also overlap population density of state (COOP or OPDOS) diagrams analysis were presented. The dipole moment, linear polarizability and first order hyperpolarizability values were also computed. The linear polarizability and first order hyperpolarizabilities of the studied molecule indicate that the compound is a good candidate for nonlinear optical materials.