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de Bruin W, van Zijl MC, Aneck-Hahn NH, Korsten L. Quality and safety of South African hand sanitisers during the COVID-19 pandemic. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH RESEARCH 2024; 34:719-731. [PMID: 36652575 DOI: 10.1080/09603123.2023.2166020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Health agencies recommend using hand sanitisers as protection against the coronavirus. Thus far, the emphasis on hand sanitiser studies is limited to an analysis of disinfectant content only. This study aims to provide an extended analysis of 60 off-the-shelf alcohol-based hand sanitisers by using gas chromatography to report on alcohol content and the presence of impurities, a recombinant yeast estrogen screen to assess estrogenic activity, and an investigation into labelling compliance with the South African National Standard. Fifty hand sanitisers had an alcohol content of ≥60% v/v alcohol; however, most contained skin irritants and substances that could harm human and environmental health. Estrogenic activity was detected in 29 hand sanitisers and none of the products complied with all the labelling requirements. Since off-the-shelf hand sanitisers in South Africa are not regulated and monitored, evidence-based public awareness programmes on hand sanitiser quality and safety should become a priority.
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Affiliation(s)
- W de Bruin
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - M C van Zijl
- Environmental Chemical Pollution and Health Research Unit, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - N H Aneck-Hahn
- Environmental Chemical Pollution and Health Research Unit, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - L Korsten
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
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2
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Alam S, Rahat MMR, Upoma NJ, Halder C, Moulick SP, Islam MM, Liu W, Habib A. Assessment of quality of commercial hand sanitizers using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and gas chromatography. MethodsX 2023; 11:102274. [PMID: 37484519 PMCID: PMC10362314 DOI: 10.1016/j.mex.2023.102274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Since the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, the use and manufacture of alcohol-based hand sanitizers increased exponentially. Efficacy of hand sanitizers mainly depends on active ingredients like ethanol and isopropanol (IPA). Even though methanol is extremely hazardous to people, it is still illegally used in hand sanitizers in Bangladesh. Developing a quick and simple analytical method for detecting and quantifying ethanol/IPA/methanol is crucial. Here, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) was used to identify and quantify alcohol content in commercially available hand sanitizers in a quick and easy way. Comparing the FTIR and GC data, provided quite similar results. Unlike previous studies by FTIR, C-H, CH3-C-CH3 stretching, and C-H bending vibrational modes were employed to construct analytical calibration curves to detect and quantify alcohol in hand sanitizers. According to FTIR and GC findings, ethanol and IPA content were found to be 43-82% and 40-69%, and 56-64% and 61-66%, respectively, whereas ethanol was labeled at 66-80% and IPA at 65-70%. FTIR and GC revealed methanol content ranging from 37 to 98 and 19 to 81%, respectively. Also, the FTIR was significantly faster than the GC. Therefore, FTIR can be used to commercially analyze the quality of hand sanitizers.•FTIR was used to identify and quantify alcohol content in commercially available hand sanitizers in a quick and easy way.•Comparing the FTIR and GC data, provided quite similar results.•Out of ten samples, five contained ethanol, three IPA, and two methanol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saima Alam
- Department of Chemistry, University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh
| | | | | | - Chandan Halder
- Department of Chemistry, University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh
| | - Shyama Prosad Moulick
- Chemical Research Division, BCSIR Laboratories Dhaka, Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (BCSIR) Dhanmondi, Dhaka 1205, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Monarul Islam
- Chemical Research Division, BCSIR Laboratories Dhaka, Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (BCSIR) Dhanmondi, Dhaka 1205, Bangladesh
| | - Wenben Liu
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Ahsan Habib
- Department of Chemistry, University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh
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Oh E, Choi SJ, Han S, Lee KH, Choi HJ. Highly Effective Salt-Activated Alcohol-Based Disinfectants with Enhanced Antimicrobial Activity. ACS NANO 2023; 17:17811-17825. [PMID: 37639494 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c03315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Surfaces contaminated with pathogens raise concerns about the increased risk of disease transmission and infection. To clean biocontaminated surfaces, alcohol-based disinfectants have been predominantly used for disinfecting high-touch areas in diverse settings. However, due to its limited antimicrobial activities and concern over the emergence of alcohol-tolerant strains, much effort has been made to develop highly efficient disinfectant formulations. In this study, we hypothesize that the addition of a physical pathogen inactivation mechanism by salt recrystallization (besides the existing chemical inactivation mechanism by alcohol in such formulations) can improve inactivation efficiency by preventing the emergence of alcohol tolerance. To this end, we employed the drying-induced salt recrystallization process to implement the concept of highly efficient alcohol-based disinfectant formulations. To identify the individual and combined effects of isopropyl alcohol (IPA) and NaCl, time-dependent morphological/structural changes of various IPA solutions containing NaCl have been characterized by optical microscopy/X-ray diffraction analysis. Their antimicrobial activities have been tested on surfaces (glass slide, polystyrene Petri dish, and stainless steel) contaminated with Gram-positive/negative bacteria (methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica Typhimurium) and viruses (A/PR8/34 H1N1 influenza virus and HCoV-OC43 human coronavirus). We found that additional salt crystallization during the drying of the alcohol solution facilitated stronger biocidal effects than IPA-only formulations, regardless of the types of solid surfaces and pathogens, including alcohol-tolerant strains adapted from wild-type Escherichia coli MG1655. Our findings can be useful in developing highly effective disinfectant formulations by minimizing the use of toxic antimicrobial substances to improve public health and safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Euna Oh
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - Seung Joon Choi
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 1H9, Canada
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Sumin Han
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - Kyu Hyoung Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo-Jick Choi
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 1H9, Canada
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Islam M, Shahin Ahmed K, Karim R, Nath BD, Prosad Moulick S, Islam R, Mahmudul Hassan SM, Hossain H, Moniruzzaman M, Jahan MS, Ali Shaikh A, Georghiou PE. Alcohol-based Hand Sanitizers amid COVID-19: Chemical Formulation, Analysis, Safety. ChemistrySelect 2022; 7:e202203290. [PMID: 36718183 PMCID: PMC9877727 DOI: 10.1002/slct.202203290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Alcohol-based hand sanitizers (ABHSs) containing ethanol (EtOH) or isopropyl alcohol (IPA) to inactivate microorganisms help prevent the spread of respiratory diseases. These products have become very popular during the COVID-19 pandemic. Apart from vaccines or other preventative antiseptic measures, the majority of consumers have relied on different types of ABHSs to disinfect their hands. As a result, there has been a global rush in the demand for these ABHSs and other antiseptic hygiene products. This has resulted in the formation of many new commercial sanitizer producers. There are around fifty companies of varying sizes that have been marketing their ABHSs in Bangladesh, most of which have only been manufacturing their products for the first time since the COVID-19 pandemic. To monitor the quality and components of these products, the Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (BCSIR) analyzed approximately 200 different hand sanitizer samples using GC-FID method. All samples were alcohol-based except for 3 which were alcohol-free aqueous hand sanitizers. Of the supplied formulated ABHSs, 80 samples were found to contain only IPA and 54 contained only EtOH. However, 28 samples were found to be contaminated with methanol (MeOH), 7 samples contained only MeOH and 18 samples contained both EtOH and IPA. This is the first study to explore the analysis of alcohol content in formulated ABHSs and their marketing status in Bangladesh, but the findings could be of use in other jurisdictions as similar issues have been raised in many parts of the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monarul Islam
- BCSIR Dhaka LaboratoriesBangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (BCSIR) DhanmondiDhaka1205Bangladesh
- Central Analytical & Research Facilities (CARF)Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (BCSIR) DhanmondiDhaka1205Bangladesh.
| | - Khondoker Shahin Ahmed
- BCSIR Dhaka LaboratoriesBangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (BCSIR) DhanmondiDhaka1205Bangladesh
| | - Rezaul Karim
- BCSIR Dhaka LaboratoriesBangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (BCSIR) DhanmondiDhaka1205Bangladesh
| | - Bikash Dev Nath
- BCSIR Dhaka LaboratoriesBangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (BCSIR) DhanmondiDhaka1205Bangladesh
- Department of ChemistryDhaka University of Engineering & Technology (DUET)Gazipur1707Bangladesh
| | - Shyama Prosad Moulick
- BCSIR Dhaka LaboratoriesBangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (BCSIR) DhanmondiDhaka1205Bangladesh
| | - Rashedul Islam
- BCSIR Dhaka LaboratoriesBangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (BCSIR) DhanmondiDhaka1205Bangladesh
| | - Sharkar Md. Mahmudul Hassan
- BCSIR Dhaka LaboratoriesBangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (BCSIR) DhanmondiDhaka1205Bangladesh
| | - Hemayet Hossain
- BCSIR Dhaka LaboratoriesBangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (BCSIR) DhanmondiDhaka1205Bangladesh
- Central Analytical & Research Facilities (CARF)Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (BCSIR) DhanmondiDhaka1205Bangladesh.
| | - Mohammad Moniruzzaman
- BCSIR Dhaka LaboratoriesBangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (BCSIR) DhanmondiDhaka1205Bangladesh
- Central Analytical & Research Facilities (CARF)Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (BCSIR) DhanmondiDhaka1205Bangladesh.
| | - M. Sarwar Jahan
- BCSIR Dhaka LaboratoriesBangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (BCSIR) DhanmondiDhaka1205Bangladesh
| | - Aftab Ali Shaikh
- Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (BCSIR) DhanmondiDhaka1205Bangladesh.
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of DhakaDhaka1000Bangladesh.
| | - Paris E. Georghiou
- Department of ChemistryMemorial University of Newfoundland, St. John'sNewfoundland and LabradorA1B 3X7Canada
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Galanakis CM, Brunori G, Chiaramonti D, Matthews R, Panoutsou C, Fritsche UR. Bioeconomy and green recovery in a post-COVID-19 era. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 808:152180. [PMID: 34883168 PMCID: PMC8647344 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.152180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The spread of the COVID-19 pandemic has generated a health crisis and repetitive lockdowns that disrupted different economic and societal segments. As the world has placed hope on the vaccination progress to bring back the socio-economic "normal," this article explores how the bioeconomy can enhance the resilience and sustainability of bio-based, food, and energy systems in the post-COVID-19 era. The proposed recovery approach integrates technological innovations, environment, ecosystem services, "biocities," food, rural economies, and tourism. The importance of integrating culture, arts, and the fashion industry as part of the recovery is underlined towards building a better bioeconomy that, together with environmental safeguards, promotes socio-cultural and economic innovations. This integration could be achieved supporting communities and stakeholders to diversify their activities by combining sustainable production with decarbonization, stimulating private investments in this direction and monitoring the resulting impact of mitigation measures. Food systems should become more resilient in order to allow adapting rapidly to severe crises and future shocks, while it is important to increase circularity towards the valorization of waste, the integration of different processes within the biorefinery concept and the production of bio-based products and biofuels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charis M Galanakis
- Research & Innovation Department, Galanakis Laboratories, Chania, Greece; Food Waste Recovery Group, ISEKI Food Association, Vienna, Austria.
| | | | | | | | | | - Uwe R Fritsche
- International Institute for Sustainability Analysis and Strategy (IINAS), Darmstadt, Germany.
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Berardi A, Romano Perinelli D, Bisharat L, Sabbatini B, Bonacucina G, Tiboni M, Filippo Palmieri G, Cespi M. Factors affecting the rheological behaviour of carbomer dispersions in hydroalcoholic medium: towards the optimization of hand sanitiser gel formulations. Int J Pharm 2022; 616:121503. [PMID: 35085726 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.121503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Hand sanitizers represent a primary measure for the prevention of transmissible infections, whose use has been greatly increased during CoViD-19 pandemic. Most of the commercially available products are hydrogels, employing carbomers as thickening agents. However, few information is still available regarding performances of carbomers in hydroalcoholic media containing a percentage of alcohols ≥60% v/v as recommended for disinfection. The aim of this study was to investigate the colloidal behaviour of carbomer 974 and carbomer 980 in hydroalcoholic media containing from 50 to 80% w/w of alcohol (ethanol or isopropanol) and neutralised with triethanolamine or aminomethyl propanol. Both carbomers provide transparent hydrogels in water, but carbomer 980 should be preferred for the formulation of hydrogel with a percentage of alcohol ≥ 50% w/w for its better solvation. The critical ethanol concentration (CAlC), above which polymer precipitation occurs, depends on the type of alcohol and base used. Carbomer dispersions with a higher content of alcohol can be prepared using aminomethyl propanol than triethanolamine. The choice of the more suitable components is fundamental for the isopropanol-based dispersions since the CAlC is closer to the recommended concentration for disinfection. Overall, these results provide helpful insights for the correct preparation of alcohol-based hand sanitizers using carbomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Berardi
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Applied Science Private University, Amman 11931, Jordan
| | | | - Lorina Bisharat
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan
| | | | - Giulia Bonacucina
- School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Camerino, MC 62032, Italy
| | - Mattia Tiboni
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, 61029, Urbino, PU, Italy
| | | | - Marco Cespi
- School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Camerino, MC 62032, Italy
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7
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Othaim IAA, Al-Mutari TF, Bakiri NS, Shehail KMB, Al-Enazi FK, Aldawsari FS, Suhaibani ASA, Alshehri YM. Evaluation of the Quality and Safety of Hand Sanitizers Marketed in Saudi Arabia. Health (London) 2022. [DOI: 10.4236/health.2022.145039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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8
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Kweon H, Choi JW, Yoon SY. Analysis of Consumer Exposure Cases for Alcohol-Based Disinfectant and Hand Sanitizer Use against Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 19:ijerph19010100. [PMID: 35010360 PMCID: PMC8750816 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19010100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Revised: 12/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The development and distribution of vaccines and treatments as well as the use of disinfectants and hand sanitizers to cope with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection has increased rapidly. As the use of disinfectants and hand sanitizers increased, the number of unintended exposures to these substances also increased. A total of 8016 cases of toxic exposure to disinfectants and hand sanitizers were reported to the American Association of Poison Control Centers (AAPCC) from 1 January 2017 to 30 May 2021. The cases have been characterized by substance, sex, patient age, exposure reason and site, treatments received, and outcomes. The number of exposures correlates closely to the rise of COVID-19 cases, rising significantly in March 2020. About half of the total cases involved children less than 10 years old and 97% of those exposures per year were unintentional. In addition, the most common exposure site was the patient's own residence. Over-exposure to disinfectants and hand sanitizers can cause symptoms such as burning and irritation of the eyes, nose, and throat, coughing, chest tightness, headache, choking, and, in severe cases, death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyukmin Kweon
- Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA;
- BenSci Inc., 4822 Elmwood Ave, Los Angeles, CA 90004, USA
- Environmental Health Center, Soonchunhyang University Hospital, Gumi 39371, Korea;
| | - Jae-Won Choi
- Environmental Health Center, Soonchunhyang University Hospital, Gumi 39371, Korea;
| | - Seong-Yong Yoon
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Soonchunhyang University Hospital, Gumi 39371, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-54-468-9428
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Yusuf AA. Determination of alcohols in hand sanitisers: Are off-the-shelf hand sanitisers what they claim to be? S AFR J SCI 2021. [DOI: 10.17159/sajs.2021/9328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 – the causative agent of COVID-19 – can be prevented through non-pharmaceutical interventions such as observing proper hand hygiene using alcohol-based hand rubs/sanitisers (ABHRs) as recommended by the WHO and local health authorities. However, this recommendation has led to high demand for ABHRs and proliferation of sub-standard products, which do not contain the recommended amount of alcohol. Fifty products of different origins and formulations obtained off-the-shelf and in public places in and around Pretoria (South Africa) were analysed for their alcohol content using gas chromatography. Ethanol was the most common alcohol used in the products, followed by isopropanol. Only 21 (42%) of the products analysed contained at least 70% alcohol; of these only 14 (28%) met the WHO recommended 80±5% alcohol content to have a virucidal effect on SARS-CoV-2. Of the 41 commercial off-the-shelf products analysed, 27 (66%) contained less than 70% alcohol in comparison to 13% of homemade products. Only 18% of gel products contained 70% alcohol, compared with 47% for liquid-based products. Most of the products did not contain the appropriate or correct declaration as recommended by the South African National Standards (SANS 289 and 490). The proliferation of substandard ABHRs is of great public health concern and calls for stricter regulations and enforcement in order to protect consumers, their rights and well-being during and post the COVID-19 pandemic period. However, in the interim, formulation of ABHRs using the WHO guidelines should be mandatory, as such formulations, when made correctly, do have the required virucidal effect against SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullahi A. Yusuf
- Social Insects Research Group, Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
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10
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Hu B, Ouyang G. In situ solid phase microextraction sampling of analytes from living human objects for mass spectrometry analysis. Trends Analyt Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2021.116368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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da Costa BRB, El Haddad LP, Piva Bigão VLC, De Martinis BS. Quantifying ethanol in ethanol-based hand sanitizers by headspace gas chromatography with flame ionization detector (HS-GC/FID). J AOAC Int 2021; 105:11-18. [PMID: 34546367 DOI: 10.1093/jaoacint/qsab121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 08/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The COVID-19 pandemic sharply increased the demand for ethanol-based gel hand sanitizers, leading to a shortage of these products. Consequently, regulatory health agencies worldwide have altered their regulatory guidelines, on ethanol quality, to meet this high demand, raising concern about the products quality. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to quantify ethanol content and to qualitatively assess common impurities in ethanol-based gel hand sanitizers by headspace gas chromatography with flame ionization detector (HS-GC/FID). METHODS To quantify the ethanol content, 0.10 g of the sample was weighed in a 20 mL headspace vial and 5 mL of deionized water was added. Regarding the qualitative approach, 0.25 g of the sample was weighed and 4 mL of deionized water and was added. The samples were incubated, and then 400 µL of the headspace was injected into the GC/FID. Forty-eight products purchased in Brazil were analyzed. RESULTS Thirteen products presented at least one nonconformity regarding the ethanol quantity. Two samples presented an average ethanol concentration below the lower limit considered effective. Twelve samples presented acetaldehyde or ethyl acetate. CONCLUSION The huge demand for ethanol-based gel hand sanitizers may have impacted their quality. Because concern with proper hand hygiene tends to remain an issue for a long period, more studies about quality control of hand sanitizers will be needed. HIGHLIGHTS A simple and fast HS-GC/FID method to quantify ethanol in ethanol-based gel hand sanitizers was developed, validated and applied to commercial samples in Brazil. The regulatory authorities must be more vigilant to ensure that the commercially available products meet the recommended specifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Ruiz Brandão da Costa
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto-Universidade de São Paulo, Avenida do Café, s/n° Ribeirão Preto-, SP, 14040-903, Brazil
| | - Lohanna Pereira El Haddad
- Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto-Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes, 3900, Ribeirão Preto-, SP, 14040-900, Brazil
| | - Vítor Luiz Caleffo Piva Bigão
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto-Universidade de São Paulo, Avenida do Café, s/n° Ribeirão Preto-, SP, 14040-903, Brazil
| | - Bruno Spinosa De Martinis
- Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto-Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes, 3900, Ribeirão Preto-, SP, 14040-900, Brazil
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12
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Khan MRH, Ali FAM, Islam MR. THz sensing of CoViD-19 disinfecting products using photonic crystal fiber. SENSING AND BIO-SENSING RESEARCH 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sbsr.2021.100447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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13
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Perinelli DR, Berardi A, Bisharat L, Cambriani A, Ganzetti R, Bonacucina G, Cespi M, Palmieri GF. Rheological properties of cellulosic thickeners in hydro-alcoholic media: The science behind the formulation of hand sanitizer gels. Int J Pharm 2021; 604:120769. [PMID: 34089795 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.120769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Cellulosic-based thickeners are commonly used in the preparation of hydro-alcoholic hand sanitisers. Yet, little is known about the behaviour of these polymeric dispersions in hydro-alcoholic mixtures. Here, we studied the dispersion ability and rheology of hydroxyethyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose and sodium carboxymethyl cellulose in water-ethanol mixtures. Hydroxypropyl cellulose formed transparent dispersions across the entire range of ethanol concentrations, while a critical ethanol concentration (CEC), above which dispersions became turbid, was found for all the other polymers. At and below the CEC, all the rheological parameters followed a bell-like shape profile as a function of ethanol concentration. Moreover, the molecular weight and degree of substitution of the polymers influenced the rheological properties. The CEC and rheological behaviour of the dispersions were both dependent on the ethanol/polymer and water/polymer interactions. As hand disinfectants should contain 60-95% ethanol, polymers of higher CEC, such as hydroxypropyl cellulose and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, are recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego R Perinelli
- School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Camerino, MC 62032, Italy
| | - Alberto Berardi
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Applied Science Private University, Amman 11931, Jordan
| | - Lorina Bisharat
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan
| | | | - Roberta Ganzetti
- Hospital Pharmacy, Ospedale Carlo Urbani, ASUR Marche, Area Vasta 2, Jesi 60035, Italy
| | - Giulia Bonacucina
- School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Camerino, MC 62032, Italy
| | - Marco Cespi
- School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Camerino, MC 62032, Italy.
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