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Mondal S, Rathor R, Singh SN, Suryakumar G. miRNA and leptin signaling in metabolic diseases and at extreme environments. Pharmacol Res Perspect 2024; 12:e1248. [PMID: 39017237 PMCID: PMC11253706 DOI: 10.1002/prp2.1248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2024] [Revised: 05/27/2024] [Accepted: 07/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/18/2024] Open
Abstract
The burden of growing concern about the dysregulation of metabolic processes arises due to complex interplay between environment and nutrition that has great impact on genetics and epigenetics of an individual. Thereby, any abnormality at the level of food intake regulating hormones may contribute to the development of metabolic diseases in any age group due to malnutrition, overweight, changing lifestyle, and exposure to extreme environments such as heat stress (HS), cold stress, or high altitude (HA). Hormones such as leptin, adiponectin, ghrelin, and cholecystokinin regulate appetite and satiety to maintain energy homeostasis. Leptin, an adipokine and a pleiotropic hormone, play major role in regulating the food intake, energy gain and energy expenditure. Using in silico approach, we have identified the major genes (LEP, LEPR, JAK2, STAT3, NPY, POMC, IRS1, SOCS3) that play crucial role in leptin signaling pathway. Further, eight miRNAs (hsa-miR-204-5p, hsa-miR-211-5p, hsa-miR-30, hsa-miR-3163, hsa-miR-33a-3p, hsa-miR-548, hsa-miR-561-3p, hsa-miR-7856-5p) from TargetScan 8.0 database were screened out that commonly target these genes. The role of these miRNAs should be explored as they might play vital role in regulating the appetite, energy metabolism, metabolic diseases (obesity, type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, inflammation), and to combat extreme environments. The miRNAs regulating leptin signaling and appetite may be useful for developing novel therapeutics for metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samrita Mondal
- Defence Institute of Physiology and Allied SciencesDelhiIndia
| | - Richa Rathor
- Defence Institute of Physiology and Allied SciencesDelhiIndia
| | - Som Nath Singh
- Defence Institute of Physiology and Allied SciencesDelhiIndia
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Byun JK, Jung GS. Gemigliptin mitigates TGF-β-induced renal fibrosis through FGF21-mediated inhibition of the TGF-β/Smad3 signaling pathway. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2024; 733:150425. [PMID: 39053104 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2024.150425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2024] [Accepted: 07/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21), a well-known regulator of metabolic disorders, exhibits the potential to prevent renal fibrosis by negatively regulating the transforming growth factor β (TGF-β)/Smad3 signaling pathway. Gemigliptin and other dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors are frequently used for the management of patients with type 2 diabetes. However, the protective effect of gemigliptin against renal fibrosis, particularly its potential to upregulate the expression of FGF21, remains incompletely understood. This study assessed the renoprotective effects of gemigliptin against TGF-β-induced renal fibrosis by enhancing the expression of FGF21 in the cultured human proximal tubular epithelial cell line HK-2. Treatment with FGF21 effectively prevented TGF-β-induced renal fibrosis by attenuating the TGF-β/Smad3 signaling pathway. Similarly, gemigliptin exhibited protective effects against TGF-β-induced renal fibrosis by mitigating TGF-β/Smad3 signaling through the upregulation of FGF21 expression. However, the protective effects of gemigliptin were blocked when FGF21 expression was knocked down in TGF-β-treated HK-2 cells. These results indicate that gemegliptin has the potential to exhibit protective effects against TGF-β-induced renal fibrosis by elevating FGF21 expression levels in cultured human proximal tubular epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Kyu Byun
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, South Korea
| | - Gwon-Soo Jung
- New Drug Development Center, Daegu-Gyeongbuk Medical Innovation Foundation, Daegu, 41061, South Korea.
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3
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Li S, Zou T, Chen J, Li J, You J. Fibroblast growth factor 21: An emerging pleiotropic regulator of lipid metabolism and the metabolic network. Genes Dis 2024; 11:101064. [PMID: 38292170 PMCID: PMC10825286 DOI: 10.1016/j.gendis.2023.06.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) was originally identified as an important metabolic regulator which plays a crucial physiological role in regulating a variety of metabolic parameters through the metabolic network. As a novel multifunctional endocrine growth factor, the role of FGF21 in the metabolic network warrants extensive exploration. This insight was obtained from the observation that the FGF21-dependent mechanism that regulates lipid metabolism, glycogen transformation, and biological effectiveness occurs through the coordinated participation of the liver, adipose tissue, central nervous system, and sympathetic nerves. This review focuses on the role of FGF21-uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) signaling in lipid metabolism and how FGF21 alleviates non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Additionally, this review reveals the mechanism by which FGF21 governs glucolipid metabolism. Recent research on the role of FGF21 in the metabolic network has mostly focused on the crucial pathway of glucolipid metabolism. FGF21 has been shown to have multiple regulatory roles in the metabolic network. Since an adequate understanding of the concrete regulatory pathways of FGF21 in the metabolic network has not been attained, this review sheds new light on the metabolic mechanisms of FGF21, explores how FGF21 engages different tissues and organs, and lays a theoretical foundation for future in-depth research on FGF21-targeted treatment of metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jun Chen
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330045, China
| | - Jiaming Li
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330045, China
| | - Jinming You
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330045, China
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4
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Mendez-Gutierrez A, Aguilera CM, Cereijo R, Osuna-Prieto FJ, Martinez-Tellez B, Rico MC, Sanchez-Infantes D, Villarroya F, Ruiz JR, Sanchez-Delgado G. Cold exposure modulates potential brown adipokines in humans, but only FGF21 is associated with brown adipose tissue volume. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2024; 32:560-570. [PMID: 38247441 DOI: 10.1002/oby.23970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The study objective was to investigate the effect of cold exposure on the plasma levels of five potential human brown adipokines (chemokine ligand 14 [CXCL14], growth differentiation factor 15 [GDF15], fibroblast growth factor 21 [FGF21], interleukin 6 [IL6], and bone morphogenic protein 8b [BMP8b]) and to study whether such cold-induced effects are related to brown adipose tissue (BAT) volume, activity, or radiodensity in young humans. METHODS Plasma levels of brown adipokines were measured before and 1 h and 2 h after starting an individualized cold exposure in 30 young adults (60% women, 21.9 ± 2.3 y; 24.9 ± 5.1 kg/m2 ). BAT volume, 18 F-fluorodeoxyglucose uptake, and radiodensity were assessed by a static positron emission tomography-computerized tomography scan after cold exposure. RESULTS Cold exposure increased the concentration of CXCL14 (Δ2h = 0.58 ± 0.98 ng/mL; p = 0.007), GDF15 (Δ2h = 19.63 ± 46.2 pg/mL; p = 0.013), FGF21 (Δ2h = 33.72 ± 55.13 pg/mL; p = 0.003), and IL6 (Δ1h = 1.98 ± 3.56 pg/mL; p = 0.048) and reduced BMP8b (Δ2h = -37.12 ± 83.53 pg/mL; p = 0.022). The cold-induced increase in plasma FGF21 was positively associated with BAT volume (Δ2h: β = 0.456; R2 = 0.307; p = 0.001), but not with 18 F-fluorodeoxyglucose uptake or radiodensity. None of the changes in the other studied brown adipokines was related to BAT volume, activity, or radiodensity. CONCLUSIONS Cold exposure modulates plasma levels of several potential brown adipokines in humans, whereas only cold-induced changes in FGF21 levels are associated with BAT volume. These findings suggest that human BAT might contribute to the circulatory pool of FGF21.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Mendez-Gutierrez
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- "José Mataix Verdú" Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology (INYTA), Center of Biomedical Research, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria, Granada, Spain
- CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Concepcion M Aguilera
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- "José Mataix Verdú" Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology (INYTA), Center of Biomedical Research, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria, Granada, Spain
- CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rubén Cereijo
- CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Institute of Biomedicine, Sant Joan de Déu Research Institute, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francisco J Osuna-Prieto
- Hospital Universitari Joan XXIII de Tarragona, Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili (IISPV), Tarragona, Spain
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sports Science, Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS), University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Borja Martinez-Tellez
- CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sports Science, Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS), University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
- Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
- Department of Education, Faculty of Education Sciences and SPORT Research Group (CTS-1024), CERNEP Research Center, University of Almería, Almería, Spain
| | - Maria C Rico
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- "José Mataix Verdú" Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology (INYTA), Center of Biomedical Research, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - David Sanchez-Infantes
- CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Health Sciences, Campus Alcorcón, University Rey Juan Carlos (URJC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Francesc Villarroya
- CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Institute of Biomedicine, Sant Joan de Déu Research Institute, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jonatan R Ruiz
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria, Granada, Spain
- CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sports Science, Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS), University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Guillermo Sanchez-Delgado
- "José Mataix Verdú" Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology (INYTA), Center of Biomedical Research, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sports Science, Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS), University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Centre de recherche du Centre Hospitalier de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
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QIN X, PANG J, XIONG G, FENG J. Bo's abdominal acupuncture improves disordered metabolism in obese type 2 diabetic rats through regulating fibroblast growth factor 21 and its related adipokines. J TRADIT CHIN MED 2023; 43:1200-1208. [PMID: 37946482 PMCID: PMC10623386 DOI: 10.19852/j.cnki.jtcm.20231008.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the effect of Bo's abdominal acupuncture (BOAA) on fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) and its related adipokines in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) rats. METHODS This study established obese T2DM rat model by high-fat diet (HFD) with a dose of streptozotocin (STZ, 30 mg/kg). Obese T2DM rats were randomly subdivided into four groups (n = 10): negative, BOAA, conventional acupuncture (COA group) and metformin group (Met group) groups. The biochemical parameters, mRNAs, and proteins were analyzed using enzyme-lined immunoassays kits, quantitative polymerase chain reaction and Western blot. RESULTS Treatment with BOAA attenuated the histopathological changes in visceral fat and restored the alterations in the levels of body weight, fasting blood glucose (FBG), homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR). BOAA treatment significantly decreased the levels of triglyceride, total cholesterol, low density lipoprotein cholesterol, leptin, and increased the serum levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21), adiponectin (ADP), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPAR-γ), C-peptide (C-P) in obese T2DM rats. Furthermore, BOAA treatment significantly increased the mRNA expressions of FGF21, ADP, leptin, PPAR-γ, PPAR-α and adenosine 5'-monophosphate (AMP)-activated protein kinase (AMPK). Besides, BOAA treatment upregulated the protein expressions of fibroblast growth factor receptors3 (FGFR3), PPAR-α, extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), phosphorylated ERK (p-ERK), AMPK, p-AMPK, Liver kinase B1 (LKB1), phosphorylated LKB1 (p-LKB1), acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) and phosphorylated ACC (p-ACC), while downregulated the protein expressions of FGF21 and PPAR-γ in visceral fat. CONCLUSIONS BOAA treatment reduced FBG and body weight, and improved insulin sensitivity through regulating FGF21 signaling pathway and its related adipokine in obese T2DM rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xihui QIN
- 1 School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China
| | - Jianli PANG
- 2 Department of Endocrinology, Ruikang Hospital Affiliated to Guangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanning 530011, China
| | - Guan XIONG
- 3 Department of Gynecology and obstetrics, the Eighth People’s Hospital of Nanning, Nanning 530007, China
| | - Jie FENG
- 4 School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China
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Ni W, Breitner S, Nikolaou N, Wolf K, Zhang S, Peters A, Herder C, Schneider A. Effects of Short- And Medium-Term Exposures to Lower Air Temperature on 71 Novel Biomarkers of Subclinical Inflammation: Results from the KORA F4 Study. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:12210-12221. [PMID: 37552838 PMCID: PMC10448716 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c00302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023]
Abstract
Increasing evidence has revealed that exposure to low temperatures is linked to a higher risk of chronic diseases and death; however, the mechanisms underlying the observed associations are still poorly understood. We performed a cross-sectional analysis with 1115 participants from the population-based KORA F4 study, which was conducted in Augsburg, Germany, from 2006 to 2008. Seventy-one inflammation-related protein biomarkers were analyzed in serum using proximity extension assay technology. We employed generalized additive models to explore short- and medium-term effects of air temperature on biomarkers of subclinical inflammation at cumulative lags of 0-1 days, 2-6 days, 0-13 days, 0-27 days, and 0-55 days. We found that short- and medium-term exposures to lower air temperature were associated with higher levels in 64 biomarkers of subclinical inflammation, such as Protein S100-A12 (EN-RAGE), Interleukin-6 (IL-6), Interleukin-10 (IL-10), C-C motif chemokine 28 (CCL28), and Neurotrophin-3 (NT-3). More pronounced associations between lower air temperature and higher biomarker of subclinical inflammation were observed among older participants, people with cardiovascular disease or prediabetes/diabetes, and people exposed to higher levels of air pollution (PM2.5, NO2, and O3). Our findings provide intriguing insight into how low air temperature may cause adverse health effects by activating inflammatory pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenli Ni
- Institute
of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München
- German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Neuherberg D-85764, Germany
- Institute
for Medical Information Processing, Biometry, and Epidemiology, Pettenkofer
School of Public Health, LMU Munich, Munich 81377, Germany
| | - Susanne Breitner
- Institute
of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München
- German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Neuherberg D-85764, Germany
- Institute
for Medical Information Processing, Biometry, and Epidemiology, Pettenkofer
School of Public Health, LMU Munich, Munich 81377, Germany
| | - Nikolaos Nikolaou
- Institute
of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München
- German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Neuherberg D-85764, Germany
- Institute
for Medical Information Processing, Biometry, and Epidemiology, Pettenkofer
School of Public Health, LMU Munich, Munich 81377, Germany
| | - Kathrin Wolf
- Institute
of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München
- German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Neuherberg D-85764, Germany
| | - Siqi Zhang
- Institute
of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München
- German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Neuherberg D-85764, Germany
| | - Annette Peters
- Institute
of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München
- German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Neuherberg D-85764, Germany
- Institute
for Medical Information Processing, Biometry, and Epidemiology, Pettenkofer
School of Public Health, LMU Munich, Munich 81377, Germany
- German
Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), München-Neuherberg, Munich D-85764, Germany
- German Centre
for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner
Site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich 80802, Germany
| | - Christian Herder
- Institute
for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich Heine University
Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf 40225, Germany
- Division
of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Medical Faculty and University Hospital
Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University
Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf 40204, Germany
- German
Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), München-Neuherberg, Munich D-85764, Germany
| | - Alexandra Schneider
- Institute
of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München
- German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Neuherberg D-85764, Germany
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Ricci M, De Feo MS, Granese GM, Frantellizzi V, Carabellese B, Lubrano E, Cimini A. 18F-FDG PET/CT technology for the assessment of brown adipose tissue: an updated review. Expert Rev Med Devices 2023; 20:1143-1156. [PMID: 37965719 DOI: 10.1080/17434440.2023.2283618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This review provides an update of 18 F-fluorodeoxyglucose ([18F] FDG) for Brown adipose tissue (BAT) activity quantification, whose role is not completely understood. AREAS COVERED We conducted an unstructured search of the literature for any studies employing the [18F] FDG PET in BAT assessment. We explored BAT quantification both in healthy individuals and in different pathologies, after cold exposure and as a metabolic biomarker. The assessment of possible BAT modulators by using [18F] FDG PET is shown. Further PET tracers and novel developments for BAT assessments are also described. EXPERT OPINION Further PET tracers and imaging modalities are under investigation, but the [18F] FDG PET is currently the method of choice for the evaluation of BAT and further multicentric trials are needed for a better understanding of the BAT physiopathology, also after cold stimuli. The modulation of BAT activity, assessed by [18F] FDG PET imaging, seems a promising tool for the management of conditions such as obesity and type 2 diabetes. Moreover, an interesting possible correlation of BAT activation with prognostic [18F] FDG PET indices in cancer patients should be assessed with further multicentric trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Ricci
- Nuclear Medicine Unit, Cardarelli Hospital, Campobasso, Italy
| | - Maria Silvia De Feo
- Department of Radiological Sciences Oncology and Anatomo-Pathology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Giorgia Maria Granese
- Department of Radiological Sciences Oncology and Anatomo-Pathology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Viviana Frantellizzi
- Department of Radiological Sciences Oncology and Anatomo-Pathology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Ennio Lubrano
- Dipartimento di Medicina e Scienze della Salute, Università degli Studi del Molise, Italy
- Department of Development and Regeneration, Skeletal Biology and Engineering Research Center, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Andrea Cimini
- Nuclear Medicine Unit, St. Salvatore Hospital, L'Aquila, Italy
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Abstract
Brown adipose tissue (BAT) displays the unique capacity to generate heat through uncoupled oxidative phosphorylation that makes it a very attractive therapeutic target for cardiometabolic diseases. Here, we review BAT cellular metabolism, its regulation by the central nervous and endocrine systems and circulating metabolites, the plausible roles of this tissue in human thermoregulation, energy balance, and cardiometabolic disorders, and the current knowledge on its pharmacological stimulation in humans. The current definition and measurement of BAT in human studies relies almost exclusively on BAT glucose uptake from positron emission tomography with 18F-fluorodeoxiglucose, which can be dissociated from BAT thermogenic activity, as for example in insulin-resistant states. The most important energy substrate for BAT thermogenesis is its intracellular fatty acid content mobilized from sympathetic stimulation of intracellular triglyceride lipolysis. This lipolytic BAT response is intertwined with that of white adipose (WAT) and other metabolic tissues, and cannot be independently stimulated with the drugs tested thus far. BAT is an interesting and biologically plausible target that has yet to be fully and selectively activated to increase the body's thermogenic response and shift energy balance. The field of human BAT research is in need of methods able to directly, specifically, and reliably measure BAT thermogenic capacity while also tracking the related thermogenic responses in WAT and other tissues. Until this is achieved, uncertainty will remain about the role played by this fascinating tissue in human cardiometabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- André C Carpentier
- Correspondence: André C. Carpentier, MD, Division of Endocrinology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sherbrooke, 3001, 12th Ave N, Sherbrooke, Quebec, J1H 5N4, Canada.
| | - Denis P Blondin
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier universitaire de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, J1H 5N4, Canada
| | | | - Denis Richard
- Centre de recherche de l’Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, G1V 4G5, Canada
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Ziqubu K, Mazibuko-Mbeje SE, Mthembu SXH, Mabhida SE, Jack BU, Nyambuya TM, Nkambule BB, Basson AK, Tiano L, Dludla PV. Anti-Obesity Effects of Metformin: A Scoping Review Evaluating the Feasibility of Brown Adipose Tissue as a Therapeutic Target. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24032227. [PMID: 36768561 PMCID: PMC9917329 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Brown adipose tissue (BAT) is increasingly recognized as the major therapeutic target to promote energy expenditure and ameliorate diverse metabolic complications. There is a general interest in understanding the pleiotropic effects of metformin against metabolic complications. Major electronic databases and search engines such as PubMed/MEDLINE, Google Scholar, and the Cochrane library were used to retrieve and critically discuss evidence reporting on the impact of metformin on regulating BAT thermogenic activity to ameliorate complications linked with obesity. The summarized evidence suggests that metformin can reduce body weight, enhance insulin sensitivity, and improve glucose metabolism by promoting BAT thermogenic activity in preclinical models of obesity. Notably, this anti-diabetic agent can affect the expression of major thermogenic transcriptional factors such as uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1), nuclear respiratory factor 1 (NRF1), and peroxisome-proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha (PGC1-α) to improve BAT mitochondrial function and promote energy expenditure. Interestingly, vital molecular markers involved in glucose metabolism and energy regulation such as AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) are similarly upregulated by metformin treatment in preclinical models of obesity. The current review also discusses the clinical relevance of BAT and thermogenesis as therapeutic targets. This review explored critical components including effective dosage and appropriate intervention period, consistent with the beneficial effects of metformin against obesity-associated complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khanyisani Ziqubu
- Biomedical Research and Innovation Platform, South African Medical Research Council, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa
- Department of Biochemistry, North-West University, Mmabatho 2745, South Africa
| | - Sithandiwe E. Mazibuko-Mbeje
- Department of Biochemistry, North-West University, Mmabatho 2745, South Africa
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, 60131 Ancona, Italy
- Correspondence: (S.E.M.-M.); (P.V.D.); Tel.: +27-21-938-0333 (P.V.D.)
| | - Sinenhlanhla X. H. Mthembu
- Biomedical Research and Innovation Platform, South African Medical Research Council, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa
- Department of Biochemistry, North-West University, Mmabatho 2745, South Africa
| | - Sihle E. Mabhida
- Biomedical Research and Innovation Platform, South African Medical Research Council, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa
| | - Babalwa U. Jack
- Biomedical Research and Innovation Platform, South African Medical Research Council, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa
| | - Tawanda M. Nyambuya
- Department of Health Sciences, Namibia University of Science and Technology, Windhoek 9000, Namibia
| | - Bongani B. Nkambule
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4000, South Africa
| | - Albertus K. Basson
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Zululand, KwaDlangezwa 3880, South Africa
| | - Luca Tiano
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, 60131 Ancona, Italy
| | - Phiwayinkosi V. Dludla
- Biomedical Research and Innovation Platform, South African Medical Research Council, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Zululand, KwaDlangezwa 3880, South Africa
- Correspondence: (S.E.M.-M.); (P.V.D.); Tel.: +27-21-938-0333 (P.V.D.)
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Lee SJ, Kim TW, Park TH, Lee IH, Jang EC, Kwon SC, Lee HJ, Choi JH, Lee JB. Thermotherapy as an alternative to exercise for metabolic health in obese postmenopausal women: focus on circulating irisin level. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY & PHARMACOLOGY : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN PHYSIOLOGICAL SOCIETY AND THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF PHARMACOLOGY 2022; 26:501-509. [PMID: 36302624 PMCID: PMC9614401 DOI: 10.4196/kjpp.2022.26.6.501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Irisin is a myokine caused by exercise that improves insulin resistance and weight loss. However, under unfavorable conditions such as air pollution, and during the pandemic, outdoor activities are uncomfortable. Therefore, in this study, the effect of heat therapy (half bath 42 ± 0.5°C for 30 min) on irisin circulation levels as an exercise alternative for middle-aged obese women after menopause was investigated. Subjects were 33 women aged 49.54 ± 6.04 years, with parameters of height, 160.12 ± 4.33 cm, weight, 69.71 ± 7.52 kg, body surface area 1.73 ± 0.13 m2, body mass index, 27.19 ± 3.40 kg/m2. The results suggest that circulating irisin levels showed a significant increase after one-time thermotherapy (TH-1). However, the increase in circulating irisin levels after 15 treatments (TH-15, 5 days/week, 3 weeks) was significantly varied. The level of adiponectin, which increases fatty oxidation to reduce fatty deposition, increased significantly at TH-1, but further increased at TH-15, which was significantly different from the level of TH-1. In addition, the basic serum free fatty acid (FFA) level was significantly increased at TH-15 compared to TH-1. Significant differences were also found in the lipid profile (body mass index, waist circumference, and % body fat). Thermotherapy can significantly increase the tympanic temperature and induce changes in circulating irisin and adiponectin levels. Thus, it resulted in positive changes in FFA and lipid profiles. Therefore, repeated thermotherapy is effective in increasing circulating irisin levels in postmenopausal obese women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Jea Lee
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan 31151, Korea,Department of Medical Sciences, Soonchunhyang University, Asan 31238, Korea
| | - Tae-Wook Kim
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan 31151, Korea
| | - Tae-Hwan Park
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan 31151, Korea
| | - In-Ho Lee
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Soonchunhyang University Cheonan Hospital, Cheonan 31151, Korea
| | - Eun-Chul Jang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Soonchunhyang University Cheonan Hospital, Cheonan 31151, Korea
| | - Soon-Chan Kwon
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Soonchunhyang University Cheonan Hospital, Cheonan 31151, Korea
| | - Hye-Jin Lee
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan 31151, Korea,Department of Medical Sciences, Soonchunhyang University, Asan 31238, Korea
| | - Jeong-Hwan Choi
- Department of Medical Sciences, Soonchunhyang University, Asan 31238, Korea
| | - Jeong-Beom Lee
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan 31151, Korea,Department of Medical Sciences, Soonchunhyang University, Asan 31238, Korea,Correspondence Jeong-Beom Lee, E-mail:
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11
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Acosta FM, Sanchez-Delgado G, Martinez-Tellez B, Osuna-Prieto FJ, Mendez-Gutierrez A, Aguilera CM, Gil A, Llamas-Elvira JM, Ruiz JR. A larger brown fat volume and lower radiodensity are related to a greater cardiometabolic risk, especially in young men. Eur J Endocrinol 2022; 187:171-183. [PMID: 36149276 DOI: 10.1530/eje-22-0130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Brown adipose tissue (BAT) is important in the maintenance of cardiometabolic health in rodents. Recent reports appear to suggest the same in humans, although if this is true remains elusive partly because of the methodological bias that affected previous research. This cross-sectional work reports the relationships of cold-induced BAT volume, activity (peak standardized uptake, SUVpeak), and mean radiodensity (an inverse proxy of the triacylglycerols content) with the cardiometabolic and inflammatory profile of 131 young adults, and how these relationships are influenced by sex and body weight. DESIGN This is a cross-sectional study. METHODS Subjects underwent personalized cold exposure for 2 h to activate BAT, followed by static 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose PET-CT scanning to determine BAT variables. Information on cardiometabolic risk (CMR) and inflammatory markers was gathered, and a CMR score and fatty liver index (FLI) were calculated. RESULTS In men, BAT volume was positively related to homocysteine and liver damage markers concentrations (independently of BMI and seasonality) and the FLI (all P ≤ 0.05). In men, BAT mean radiodensity was negatively related to the glucose and insulin concentrations, alanine aminotransferase activity, insulin resistance, total cholesterol/HDL-C, LDL-C/HDL-C, the CMR score, and the FLI (all P ≤ 0.02). In women, it was only negatively related to the FLI (P < 0.001). These associations were driven by the results for the overweight and obese subjects. No relationship was seen between BAT and inflammatory markers (P > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS A larger BAT volume and a lower BAT mean radiodensity are related to a higher CMR, especially in young men, which may support that BAT acts as a compensatory organ in states of metabolic disruption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco M Acosta
- PROFITH 'PRO-moting FITness and Health Through Physical Activity' Research Group, Department of Physical and Sports Education, Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS), Faculty of Sports Science, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Turku PET Centre, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
- InFLAMES Research Flagship Center, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Guillermo Sanchez-Delgado
- PROFITH 'PRO-moting FITness and Health Through Physical Activity' Research Group, Department of Physical and Sports Education, Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS), Faculty of Sports Science, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Borja Martinez-Tellez
- PROFITH 'PRO-moting FITness and Health Through Physical Activity' Research Group, Department of Physical and Sports Education, Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS), Faculty of Sports Science, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Division of Endocrinology, and Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Francisco J Osuna-Prieto
- PROFITH 'PRO-moting FITness and Health Through Physical Activity' Research Group, Department of Physical and Sports Education, Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS), Faculty of Sports Science, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Research and Development of Functional Food Center (CIDAF), Granada, Spain
| | - Andrea Mendez-Gutierrez
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, 'José Mataix Verdú' Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology (INYTA), Biomedical Research Centre (CIBM), University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria, ibs.Granada, Granada, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBEROBNISCIII), Madrid, Spain
| | - Concepcion M Aguilera
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, 'José Mataix Verdú' Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology (INYTA), Biomedical Research Centre (CIBM), University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria, ibs.Granada, Granada, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBEROBNISCIII), Madrid, Spain
| | - Angel Gil
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, 'José Mataix Verdú' Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology (INYTA), Biomedical Research Centre (CIBM), University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria, ibs.Granada, Granada, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBEROBNISCIII), Madrid, Spain
| | - Jose M Llamas-Elvira
- Nuclear Medicine Services, 'Virgen de las Nieves' University Hospital, Granada, Spain
| | - Jonatan R Ruiz
- PROFITH 'PRO-moting FITness and Health Through Physical Activity' Research Group, Department of Physical and Sports Education, Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS), Faculty of Sports Science, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria, ibs.Granada, Granada, Spain
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12
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Sun L, Goh HJ, Verma S, Govindharajulu P, Sadananthan SA, Michael N, Henry CJ, Goh JPN, Velan SS, Leow MKS. Brown adipose tissues mediate the metabolism of branched chain amino acids during the transitioning from hyperthyroidism to euthyroidism (TRIBUTE). Sci Rep 2022; 12:3693. [PMID: 35256693 PMCID: PMC8901628 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-07701-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractBoth hyperthyroidism and elevated plasma branched chain amino acids (BCAA) are associated with insulin resistance. BCAA utilization and clearance relative to thyroid status changes remains unclear. We investigate amino acids changes, specifically BCAA, during the transition from hyperthyroidism to euthyroidism, and the impact of active brown adipose tissue (BAT) on the metabolic effects of BCAA. Newly diagnosed Graves’ disease participants were recruited. Hyperthyroidism was treated via a titration dosing regimen of thionamide anti-thyroid drug to establish euthyroidism over 12–24 weeks. All underwent energy expenditure (EE) measurement within a chamber calorimeter, 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (18F-FDG) positron-emission tomography/magnetic resonance (PET/MR) imaging and plasma amino acids measurement during hyperthyroidism and euthyroidism. PET BAT maximum standardized uptake value (SUVmax), SUVmean and MR supraclavicular fat fraction (FF) quantified BAT activity. Twenty-two patients completed the study. Plasma BCAA level was significantly reduced in BAT-positive but not in BAT-negative patients during the transition from hyperthyroidism to euthyroidism. Plasma valine but not leucine and isoleucine correlated positively with insulin and HOMA-IR in hyperthyroidism. Plasma valine, leucine and isoleucine correlated with insulin and HOMA-IR in euthyroidism. Plasma valine correlated with insulin and HOMA-IR in BAT-negative but not in BAT-positive participants in both hyperthyroid and euthyroid state. However, the change (i.e. decrease) in plasma valine concentration from hyperthyroid to euthyroid state was affected by BAT-status. BAT utilizes and promotes BCAA plasma clearance from hyperthyroid to euthyroid state. Active BAT can potentially reduce circulating BCAA and may help to ameliorate insulin resistance and improve metabolic health.Clinical trial registration: The trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT03064542.
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13
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Herrmann JR, Fink EL, Fabio A, Au AK, Berger RP, Janesko-Feldman K, Clark RSB, Kochanek PM, Jackson TC. Serum levels of the cold stress hormones FGF21 and GDF-15 after cardiac arrest in infants and children enrolled in single center therapeutic hypothermia clinical trials. Resuscitation 2022; 172:173-180. [PMID: 34822938 PMCID: PMC8923906 DOI: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2021.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Fibroblast Growth Factor 21 (FGF21) and Growth Differentiation Factor-15 (GDF-15) are putative neuroprotective cold stress hormones (CSHs) provoked by cold exposure that may be age-dependent. We sought to characterize serum FGF21 and GDF-15 levels in pediatric cardiac arrest (CA) patients and their association with use of therapeutic hypothermia (TH). METHODS Secondary analysis of serum samples from clinical trials. We measured FGF21 and GDF-15 levels in pediatric patients post-CA and compared levels to both pediatric intensive care (PICU) and healthy controls. Post-CA, we compared normothermia (NT) vs TH (33 °C for 72 h) treated cohorts at < 24 h, 24 h, 48 h, 72 h, and examined the change in CSHs over 72 h. We also assessed association between hospital mortality and initial levels. RESULTS We assessed 144 samples from 68 patients (27 CA [14 TH, 13 NT], 9 PICU and 32 healthy controls). Median initial FGF21 levels were higher post-CA vs. healthy controls (392 vs. 40 pg/mL, respectively, P < 0.001). Median GDF-15 levels were higher post-CA vs. healthy controls (7,089 vs. 396 pg/mL, respectively, P < 0.001). In the CA group, the median change in FGF21 from PICU day 1-3 (after 72 h of temperature control), was higher in TH vs. NT (231 vs. -20 pg/mL, respectively, P < 0.05), with no difference in GDF-15 over time. Serum GDF-15 levels were higher in CA patients that died vs. survived (19,450 vs. 5,337 pg/mL, respectively, P < 0.05), whereas serum FGF21 levels were not associated with mortality. CONCLUSION Serum levels of FGF21 and GDF-15 increased after pediatric CA, and FGF21 appears to be augmented by TH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy R Herrmann
- Departments of Critical Care Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Ericka L Fink
- Departments of Critical Care Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Pediatrics, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Anthony Fabio
- Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Alicia K Au
- Departments of Critical Care Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Pediatrics, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Rachel P Berger
- Pediatrics, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Keri Janesko-Feldman
- Departments of Critical Care Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Robert S B Clark
- Departments of Critical Care Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Pediatrics, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Patrick M Kochanek
- Departments of Critical Care Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Pediatrics, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
| | - Travis C Jackson
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, USA
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14
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Diurnal variations of cold-induced thermogenesis in young, healthy adults: A randomized crossover trial. Clin Nutr 2021; 40:5311-5321. [PMID: 34536639 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2021.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Harnessing cold-induced thermogenesis (CIT) and brown adipose tissue (BAT) activity has been proposed as a means of counteracting a positive energy balance, and thus of combating obesity and its related comorbidities. However, it has remained unclear whether CIT and BAT activity show diurnal variation in humans - knowledge that might allow treatments based on these factors to be time-optimized. METHODS A randomized crossover experiment was designed to examine whether CIT shows morning/evening variation in young, healthy adults (n = 14, 5 women). On the first experimental day, subjects' shivering thresholds were determined following a cooling protocol. After ≈96 h had elapsed, the subjects then returned on two further days (approx. 48 h apart) at 08:00 h or 18:00 in random order. On both the latter days, the resting energy expenditure (REE) was measured before the subjects underwent personalized cold exposure (i.e., according to their shivering threshold). CIT was then assessed for 60 min by indirect calorimetry. In an independent cross-sectional study (n = 133, 88 women), subjects came to the laboratory between 8:00 and 18:00 h and their BAT 18F-fluordeoxyglucose (18F-FDG) uptake was assessed after personalized cold stimulation. RESULTS Both the REE and CIT were similar in the morning and evening (all P > 0.05). Indeed, 60 min of personalized-mild cold exposure in the morning or evening elicited a similar change in energy expenditure (16.8 ± 12.8 vs. 15.7 ± 15.1% increase above REE, P = 0.72). BAT 18F-FDG uptake was also similar in the morning, evening and afternoon (all P > 0.05). CONCLUSION CIT does not appear to show morning/evening variation in young healthy adults, with the current study design and methodology. BAT 18F-FDG uptake appears not to change across the day either, although experiments with a within-subject study design are needed to confirm these findings. Registered under ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier no. NCT02365129.
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15
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Sun L, Goh HJ, Verma S, Govindharajulu P, Sadananthan SA, Michael N, Jadegoud Y, Henry CJ, Velan SS, Yeo PS, Lee Y, Lim BSP, Liew H, Chew CK, Quek TPL, Abdul Shakoor SAKK, Hoi WH, Chan SP, Chew DE, Dalan R, Leow MKS. Metabolic effects of brown fat in transitioning from hyperthyroidism to euthyroidism. Eur J Endocrinol 2021; 185:553-563. [PMID: 34342595 PMCID: PMC8428075 DOI: 10.1530/eje-21-0366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Brown adipose tissue (BAT) controls metabolic rate through thermogenesis. As its regulatory factors during the transition from hyperthyroidism to euthyroidism are not well established, our study investigated the relationships between supraclavicular brown adipose tissue (sBAT) activity and physiological/metabolic changes with changes in thyroid status. DESIGN Participants with newly diagnosed Graves' disease were recruited. A thionamide antithyroid drug (ATD) such as carbimazole (CMZ) or thiamazole (TMZ) was prescribed in every case. All underwent energy expenditure (EE) measurement and supraclavicular infrared thermography (IRT) within a chamber calorimeter, as well as 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (18F-FDG) positron-emission tomography/magnetic resonance (PET/MR) imaging scanning, with clinical and biochemical parameters measured during hyperthyroidism and repeated in early euthyroidism. PET sBAT mean/maximum standardized uptake value (SUV mean/max), MR supraclavicular fat fraction (sFF) and mean temperature (Tscv) quantified sBAT activity. RESULTS Twenty-one (16 female/5 male) participants aged 39.5 ± 2.5 years completed the study. The average duration to attain euthyroidism was 28.6 ± 2.3 weeks. Eight participants were BAT-positive while 13 were BAT-negative. sFF increased with euthyroidism (72.3 ± 1.4% to 76.8 ± 1.4%; P < 0.01), but no changes were observed in PET SUV mean and Tscv. Significant changes in serum-free triiodothyronine (FT3) levels were related to BAT status (interaction P value = 0.04). FT3 concentration at hyperthyroid state was positively associated with sBAT PET SUV mean (r = 0.58, P = 0.01) and resting metabolic rate (RMR) (P < 0.01). CONCLUSION Hyperthyroidism does not consistently lead to a detectable increase in BAT activity. FT3 reduction during the transition to euthyroidism correlated with BAT activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijuan Sun
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore
| | - Hui Jen Goh
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore
| | - Sanjay Verma
- Institute of Bioengineering and Bioimaging, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore
| | - Priya Govindharajulu
- Singapore Institute of Food and Biotechnology Innovation, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore
| | - Suresh Anand Sadananthan
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore
| | - Navin Michael
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore
| | - Yaligar Jadegoud
- Institute of Bioengineering and Bioimaging, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore
| | - Christiani Jeyakumar Henry
- Singapore Institute of Food and Biotechnology Innovation, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine
| | - S Sendhil Velan
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore
- Institute of Bioengineering and Bioimaging, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore
- Departments of Physiology & Medicine, National University of Singapore (NUS), Singapore
| | - Pei Shan Yeo
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University (NTU), Singapore
- Department of Endocrinology, Tan Tock Seng Hospital (TTSH), Singapore
| | - Yingshan Lee
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University (NTU), Singapore
- Department of Endocrinology, Tan Tock Seng Hospital (TTSH), Singapore
| | - Brenda Su Ping Lim
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University (NTU), Singapore
- Department of Endocrinology, Tan Tock Seng Hospital (TTSH), Singapore
| | - Huiling Liew
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University (NTU), Singapore
- Department of Endocrinology, Tan Tock Seng Hospital (TTSH), Singapore
| | - Chee Kian Chew
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University (NTU), Singapore
- Department of Endocrinology, Tan Tock Seng Hospital (TTSH), Singapore
| | - Timothy Peng Lim Quek
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University (NTU), Singapore
- Department of Endocrinology, Tan Tock Seng Hospital (TTSH), Singapore
| | - Shaikh A K K Abdul Shakoor
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University (NTU), Singapore
- Department of Endocrinology, Tan Tock Seng Hospital (TTSH), Singapore
| | - Wai Han Hoi
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University (NTU), Singapore
- Department of Endocrinology, Tan Tock Seng Hospital (TTSH), Singapore
| | - Siew Pang Chan
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Daniel Ek Chew
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University (NTU), Singapore
- Department of Endocrinology, Tan Tock Seng Hospital (TTSH), Singapore
| | - Rinkoo Dalan
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University (NTU), Singapore
- Department of Endocrinology, Tan Tock Seng Hospital (TTSH), Singapore
| | - Melvin Khee Shing Leow
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University (NTU), Singapore
- Department of Endocrinology, Tan Tock Seng Hospital (TTSH), Singapore
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
- Correspondence should be addressed to M K Leow Email
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16
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Beneficial effects of whole-body cryotherapy on glucose homeostasis and amino acid profile are associated with a reduced myostatin serum concentration. Sci Rep 2021; 11:7097. [PMID: 33782504 PMCID: PMC8007810 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-86430-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The study investigated the effect of single and chronic (10 sessions) whole-body cryotherapy (WBC; 3-min, − 110 °C) on amino acid (AA) profile, myostatin, fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21), and concentrations of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), irisin and adiponectin in relation to glucose homeostasis. Thirty-five, healthy men were randomly split into experimental (young: 28 ± 7 years and middle-aged: 51 ± 3 years) and control groups. Blood samples were taken before and 1 h after the first and last (10th) WBC session. Baseline myostatin correlated significantly with visceral fat area, glucose, insulin, HOMA-IR and irisin (all p < 0.05). The single session of WBC induced temporary changes in AA profile, whereas chronic exposure lowered valine and asparagine concentrations (p < 0.01 and p = 0.01, respectively) compared to the baseline. The chronic WBC reduced fasting glucose (p = 0.04), FGF21 (− 35.8%, p = 0.06) and myostatin (-18.2%, p = 0.06). Still, the effects were age-dependent. The decrease of myostatin was more pronounced in middle-aged participants (p < 0.01). Concentrations of irisin and adiponectin increased in response to chronic WBC, while BDNF level remained unchanged. By improving the adipo-myokine profile, chronic WBC may reduce effectively the risk of the metabolic syndrome associated with hyperinsulinemia, increased levels of valine and asparagine, and muscle atrophy.
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Ivanova YM, Blondin DP. Examining the benefits of cold exposure as a therapeutic strategy for obesity and type 2 diabetes. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2021; 130:1448-1459. [PMID: 33764169 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00934.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathogenesis of metabolic diseases such as obesity and type 2 diabetes are characterized by a progressive dysregulation in energy partitioning, often leading to end-organ complications. One emerging approach proposed to target this metabolic dysregulation is the application of mild cold exposure. In healthy individuals, cold exposure can increase energy expenditure and whole body glucose and fatty acid utilization. Repeated exposures can lower fasting glucose and insulin levels and improve dietary fatty acid handling, even in healthy individuals. Despite its apparent therapeutic potential, little is known regarding the effects of cold exposure in populations for which this stimulation could benefit the most. The few studies available have shown that both acute and repeated exposures to the cold can improve insulin sensitivity and reduce fasting glycemia in individuals with type 2 diabetes. However, critical gaps remain in understanding the prolonged effects of repeated cold exposures on glucose regulation and whole body insulin sensitivity in individuals with metabolic syndrome. Much of the metabolic benefits appear to be attributable to the recruitment of shivering skeletal muscles. However, further work is required to determine whether the broader recruitment of skeletal muscles observed during cold exposure can confer metabolic benefits that surpass what has been historically observed from endurance exercise. In addition, although cold exposure offers unique cardiovascular responses for a physiological stimulus that increases energy expenditure, further work is required to determine how acute and repeated cold exposure can impact cardiovascular responses and myocardial function across a broader scope of individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoanna M Ivanova
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada.,Department of Pharmacology-Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
| | - Denis P Blondin
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada.,Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
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Mendez-Gutierrez A, Osuna-Prieto FJ, Aguilera CM, Ruiz JR, Sanchez-Delgado G. Endocrine Mechanisms Connecting Exercise to Brown Adipose Tissue Metabolism: a Human Perspective. Curr Diab Rep 2020; 20:40. [PMID: 32725289 DOI: 10.1007/s11892-020-01319-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To summarize the state-of-the-art regarding the exercise-regulated endocrine signals that might modulate brown adipose tissue (BAT) activity and/or white adipose tissue (WAT) browning, or through which BAT communicates with other tissues, in humans. RECENT FINDINGS Exercise induces WAT browning in rodents by means of a variety of physiological mechanism. However, whether exercise induces WAT browning in humans is still unknown. Nonetheless, a number of protein hormones and metabolites, whose signaling can influence thermogenic adipocyte's metabolism, are secreted during and/or after exercise in humans from a variety of tissues and organs, such as the skeletal muscle, the adipose tissue, the liver, the adrenal glands, or the cardiac muscle. Overall, it seems plausible to hypothesize that, in humans, exercise secretes an endocrine cocktail that is likely to induce WAT browning, as it does in rodents. However, even if exercise elicits a pro-browning endocrine response, this might result in a negligible effect if blood flow is restricted in thermogenic adipocyte-rich areas during exercise, which is still to be determined. Future studies are needed to fully characterize the exercise-induced secretion (i.e., to determine the effect of the different exercise frequency, intensity, type, time, and volume) of endocrine signaling molecules that might modulate BAT activity and/or WAT browning or through which BAT communicates with other tissues, during exercise. The exercise effect on BAT metabolism and/or WAT browning could be one of the still unknown mechanisms by which exercise exerts beneficial health effects, and it might be pharmacologically mimicked.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Mendez-Gutierrez
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, "José Mataix Verdú" Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology (INYTA), Biomedical Research Centre (CIBM), University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Biohealth Research Institute in Granada (ibs.GRANADA), Granada, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco J Osuna-Prieto
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Technology Centre for Functional Food Research and Development (CIDAF), University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- PROFITH "PROmoting FITness and Health through Physical Activity" Research Group, Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS), Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Concepcion M Aguilera
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, "José Mataix Verdú" Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology (INYTA), Biomedical Research Centre (CIBM), University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Biohealth Research Institute in Granada (ibs.GRANADA), Granada, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Madrid, Spain
| | - Jonatan R Ruiz
- PROFITH "PROmoting FITness and Health through Physical Activity" Research Group, Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS), Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain.
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, University of Granada, Granada, Spain.
| | - Guillermo Sanchez-Delgado
- PROFITH "PROmoting FITness and Health through Physical Activity" Research Group, Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS), Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain.
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, University of Granada, Granada, Spain.
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA, USA.
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Effects of beta-conglycinin intake on circulating FGF21 levels and brown adipose tissue activity in Japanese young men: a single intake study and a randomized controlled trial. J Physiol Anthropol 2020; 39:17. [PMID: 32698903 PMCID: PMC7374846 DOI: 10.1186/s40101-020-00226-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human brown adipose tissue (BAT) activity has beneficial effects on body composition and glucose metabolism. A previous study reported that beta-conglycinin intake induced postprandial fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) secretion, thereby promoting adipose tissue thermogenesis in mice. Since it has not been evaluated whether beta-conglycinin intake is associated with induced FGF21 secretion and BAT thermogenesis in humans, the current study examined the effects of beta-conglycinin intake on circulating FGF21 level and BAT activity. METHODS Twenty-two healthy young male subjects participated. This study consisted of 2 interventional studies. In one of them, the effects of single beta-conglycinin intake at thermoneutral temperature on circulating FGF21 levels were examined (n = 7). The other study was a single-blinded randomized crossover trial of 2 weeks (n = 14). The subjects were exposed to mild cold conditions using a climatic chamber, and BAT activity was analyzed using thermography. Serum FGF21 level was determined by ELISA in these studies. RESULTS In the single intake study, serum FGF21 level was the highest before beta-conglycinin intake and gradually and significantly decreased throughout the 2-h experimental period (P < 0.05). The randomized crossover trial showed that 2-week beta-conglycinin intake did not affect serum FGF21 level and BAT activity, whereas changes (Δ) in baseline levels of serum FGF21 were positively correlated with Δ BAT activity (P < 0.05). In addition, analysis of each group revealed that there was significant correlation between the Δ serum FGF21 level and Δ BAT activity in the beta-conglycinin group (P < 0.05), but not in the placebo group. CONCLUSIONS This study reveals that although serum FGF21 levels are not increased by a single or short-term intake of beta-conglycinin, the Δ basal FGF21 level is associated with Δ BAT activity. These results suggest that human FGF21 responsiveness is different from that of rodents and support the importance of FGF21 in human BAT thermogenesis. TRIAL REGISTRATION This study is registered with University Hospital Medical Information Network in Japan (number 000038723, https://upload.umin.ac.jp/cgi-open-bin/ctr_e/ctr_view.cgi?recptno=R000043942 ).
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Hollstein T, Heinitz S, Ando T, Rodzevik TL, Basolo A, Walter M, Chang DC, Krakoff J, Piaggi P. Metabolic Responses to 24-Hour Fasting and Mild Cold Exposure in Overweight Individuals Are Correlated and Accompanied by Changes in FGF21 Concentration. Diabetes 2020; 69:1382-1388. [PMID: 32341039 PMCID: PMC7306129 DOI: 10.2337/db20-0153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
A greater decrease in 24-h energy expenditure (24 EE) during 24-h fasting defines a "thriftier" metabolic phenotype prone to weight gain during overfeeding and resistant to weight loss during caloric restriction. As the thermogenic response to mild cold exposure (COLD) may similarly characterize this human phenotype identified by acute fasting conditions, we analyzed changes in 24 EE and sleeping metabolic rate (SLEEP) in a whole-room indirect calorimeter during 24-h fasting at thermoneutrality (24°C) and during energy balance both at thermoneutrality (24°C) and mild cold (19°C) in 20 healthy volunteers (80% male; aged 36.6 ± 11.4 years; percentage body fat 34.8 ± 10.5%). Greater decrease in 24 EE during fasting (thriftier phenotype) was associated with less increase in 24 EE during COLD (i.e., less cold-induced thermogenesis). Greater decreases in plasma fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) after 24-h fasting and after COLD were highly correlated and associated with greater decreases in SLEEP in both conditions. We conclude that the metabolic responses to short-term fasting and COLD are associated with and mediated by the liver-derived hormone FGF21. Thus, the 24 EE response to COLD further identifies the "thrifty" versus "spendthrift" phenotype, providing an additional setting to investigate the physiological mechanisms underlying the human metabolic phenotype and characterizing the individual susceptibility to weight change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Hollstein
- Obesity and Diabetes Clinical Research Section, Phoenix Epidemiology and Clinical Research Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Phoenix, AZ
| | - Sascha Heinitz
- Department of Endocrinology, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Takafumi Ando
- Obesity and Diabetes Clinical Research Section, Phoenix Epidemiology and Clinical Research Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Phoenix, AZ
| | - Theresa L Rodzevik
- Obesity and Diabetes Clinical Research Section, Phoenix Epidemiology and Clinical Research Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Phoenix, AZ
| | - Alessio Basolo
- Obesity and Diabetes Clinical Research Section, Phoenix Epidemiology and Clinical Research Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Phoenix, AZ
| | - Mary Walter
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, MD
| | - Douglas C Chang
- Obesity and Diabetes Clinical Research Section, Phoenix Epidemiology and Clinical Research Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Phoenix, AZ
| | - Jonathan Krakoff
- Obesity and Diabetes Clinical Research Section, Phoenix Epidemiology and Clinical Research Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Phoenix, AZ
| | - Paolo Piaggi
- Obesity and Diabetes Clinical Research Section, Phoenix Epidemiology and Clinical Research Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Phoenix, AZ
- Department of Information Engineering, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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Li C, Zhang H, Li X. The Mechanism of Traditional Chinese Medicine for the Treatment of Obesity. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2020; 13:3371-3381. [PMID: 33061498 PMCID: PMC7524185 DOI: 10.2147/dmso.s274534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is the lipid deposition caused by the imbalance between energy intake and consumption caused by a variety of factors. Obesity can lead to multiple systemic complications. At present, the treatment of obesity is mainly lifestyle intervention, drug weight loss, and weight loss surgery, but the curative effect is limited or the side effects are serious. Traditional Chinese medicine plays a unique role in the treatment of obesity. Existing studies have found that traditional Chinese medicine can treat obesity in a variety of ways, such as regulating intestinal microflora, enhancing hormone level, regulating fat metabolism, and so on. In this review, we will introduce and summarize the mechanism of traditional Chinese medicine in the treatment of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Li
- Department of Endocrinology, Seventh People’s Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of TCM, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hongli Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, Seventh People’s Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of TCM, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaohua Li
- Department of Endocrinology, Seventh People’s Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of TCM, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence: Xiaohua Li Department of Endocrinology, Seventh People’s Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of TCM, Shanghai200137, People’s Republic of China Tel/Fax +86 021-58670561 Email
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