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Lin X, Ullah MHE, Wu X, Xu F, Shan SK, Lei LM, Yuan LQ, Liu J. Cerebro-Cardiovascular Risk, Target Organ Damage, and Treatment Outcomes in Primary Aldosteronism. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 8:798364. [PMID: 35187110 PMCID: PMC8847442 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.798364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary aldosteronism (PA) is the most common type of endocrine hypertension, and numerous experimental and clinical evidence have verified that prolonged exposure to excess aldosterone is responsible for an increased risk of cerebro-cardiovascular events and target organ damage (TOD) in patients with PA. Therefore, focusing on restoring the toxic effects of excess aldosterone on the target organs is very important to reduce cerebro-cardiovascular events. Current evidence convincingly demonstrates that both surgical and medical treatment strategies would benefit cerebro-cardiovascular outcomes and mortality in the long term. Understanding cerebro-cardiovascular risk in PA would help clinical doctors to achieve both early diagnosis and treatment. Therefore, in this review, we will summarize the cerebro-cardiovascular risk in PA, focusing on the TOD of aldosterone, including brain, heart, vascular system, renal, adipose tissues, diabetes, and obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). Furthermore, the various treatment outcomes of adrenalectomy and medical treatment for patients with PA will also be discussed. We hope this knowledge will help improve cerebro-cardiovascular prognosis and reduce the incidence and mortality of cerebro-cardiovascular events in patients with PA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Lin
- Department of Radiology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Muhammad Hasnain Ehsan Ullah
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xiong Wu
- Department of Radiology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Feng Xu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Su-Kang Shan
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Li-Min Lei
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ling-Qing Yuan
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Ling-Qing Yuan
| | - Jun Liu
- Department of Radiology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Clinical Research Center for Medical Imaging in Hunan Province, Changsha, China
- Department of Radiology Quality Control Center in Hunan Province, Changsha, China
- *Correspondence: Jun Liu
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SRC-3 Knockout Attenuates Myocardial Injury Induced by Chronic Intermittent Hypoxia in Mice. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2021; 2021:6372430. [PMID: 34777690 PMCID: PMC8580638 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6372430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Revised: 10/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of chronic intermittent hypoxia (CIH), a model of sleep apnea syndrome (SAS), on cardiac function. SRC-3 was extremely lowly expressed in the adult mouse heart tissue, while SRC-3 was highly expressed in the adult mouse heart tissue after CIH, suggesting that SRC-3 is involved in CIH model. We further studied the role of SRC-3 in CIH-induced myocardial injury in mice. Twenty-four healthy Balb/c male mice (n = 16, wild type; n = 8, SRC-3 knockout (SRC3-KO)) were randomly divided into three groups: air control (Ctrl), CIH, and CIH+SRC3-KO. Mice were exposed to CIH for 12 weeks. qRT-PCR was used to evaluate cardiac expression of the following genes: 11HSD1, 11HSD2, GR, MR, COX-2, OPN, NOX2, HIF-1-α, IL-1β, IL-6, iNOS, TNF-α, PC-1, and TGF-β. Enzymatic levels of SOD, CAT, MDA, NOS, and NO in the mouse hearts were determined using commercially available kits. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) was used to evaluate NF-κB expression in cardiac tissues. A transmission electron microscope (TEM) was used to evaluate myocardial ultrastructure. TUNEL staining was used to assess myocardial cell apoptosis. CIH induced cardiac damage, which was ameliorated in the SRC-3 KO mice. CIH significantly increased the heart-to-body weight ratio, expression of all aforementioned genes except 11HSD1, GR, and MR, and increased the levels of MDA, NOS, NO, and NF-κB, which were attenuated in the SRC-3 KO mice. The CIH group had the lowest SOD and CAT levels, which were partially recovered in the CIH+SRC3-KO group. 11HSD2 gene expression was elevated in both the CIH and CIH+SRC3-KO groups compared to the Ctrl group. The CIH group had severe myocardial cell apoptosis and mitochondrial dysfunction, which were alleviated in the CIH+SRC3-KO group. CIH causes cardiac damage through inducing oxidative stress and inflammation. Knockout of SRC-3 ameliorates CIH-induced cardiac damage through antagonizing CIH-triggered molecular changes in cardiac tissue.
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Chou CH, Hung CS, Liao CW, Wei LH, Chen CW, Shun CT, Wen WF, Wan CH, Wu XM, Chang YY, Wu VC, Wu KD, Lin YH. IL-6 trans-signalling contributes to aldosterone-induced cardiac fibrosis. Cardiovasc Res 2019; 114:690-702. [PMID: 29360942 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvy013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims An excess of aldosterone results in cardiac remodelling and fibrosis. Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is a key mediator in the fibrotic process; however, the effect of aldosterone on the expression of IL-6 remains unclear. We investigated whether aldosterone induces the expression of IL-6 and thereby contributes to the fibrotic process. Methods and results In this clinical study, we prospectively enrolled 25 patients with primary aldosteronism (PA) and 26 patients with essential hypertension (EH). The PA patients had higher plasma IL-6 levels, left ventricular mass index, degree of myocardial fibrosis, and more impaired diastolic function than the EH patients. In addition, plasma IL-6 levels were positively correlated with 24-h urinary aldosterone and echocardiographic parameters. In cell studies, we investigated the possible molecular mechanism how aldosterone-induced IL-6 secretion and the further effects of collagen production. Aldosterone significantly induced IL-6 protein and mRNA production in human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Intracellular signalling occurred through the mineralocorticoid receptor/PI3K/Akt/NF-kB pathway. In cardiac fibroblasts, IL-6 trans-signalling played a critical role in aldosterone-induced IL-6-enhanced fibrosis-related factor expression. To further investigate the role of IL-6 trans-signalling in aldosterone-induced cardiac fibrosis, we measured the severity of myocardial fibrosis in aldosterone infusion mice models including an IL-6 chemical inhibitor and Sgp130 Knockin Transgenic Mice. Mice receiving recombinant soluble gp130 and Sgp130 Knockin Transgenic Mice prevented myocardial fibrosis and cardiac hypertrophy by aldosterone infusion. Conclusions IL-6 trans-signalling contributes to aldosterone-induced cardiac fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Hung Chou
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, 100, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Sheng Hung
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan.,Telehealth Center, National Taiwan University Hospital, 100, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Che-Wei Liao
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital 300, Hsin-Chu Branch, Hsin-Chu, Taiwan
| | - Lin-Hung Wei
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, 100, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Way Chen
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital Yun-Lin Branch, 640, Douliu, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Tung Shun
- Department and Graduate Institute of Forensic Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, 100, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Pathology, National Taiwan University Hospital, 100, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Fen Wen
- Department of Pathology, National Taiwan University Hospital, 100, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Cho-Hua Wan
- Taiwan Institute of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, 10617, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Xue-Ming Wu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Taoyuan General Hospital, 300, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Yao Chang
- Division of Cardiovascular Medical Center, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, 220, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Vin-Cent Wu
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kwan-Dun Wu
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Hung Lin
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
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Lefebvre H, Duparc C, Naccache A, Lopez AG, Castanet M, Louiset E. Paracrine Regulation of Aldosterone Secretion in Physiological and Pathophysiological Conditions. VITAMINS AND HORMONES 2018; 109:303-339. [PMID: 30678861 DOI: 10.1016/bs.vh.2018.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Aldosterone secretion by the zona glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex is controlled by circulating factors including the renin angiotensin system (RAS) and potassium. Mineralocorticoid production is also regulated through an autocrine/paracrine mechanism by a wide variety of bioactive signals released in the vicinity of adrenocortical cells by chromaffin cells, nerve endings, cells of the immune system, endothelial cells and adipocytes. These regulatory factors include conventional neurotransmitters and neuropeptides. Their physiological role in the control of aldosterone secretion is not fully understood, but it is likely that they participate in the RAS-independent regulation of zona glomerulosa cells. Interestingly, recent observations indicate that autocrine/paracrine processes are involved in the pathophysiology of primary aldosteronism. The intraadrenal regulatory systems observed in aldosterone-producing adenomas (APA), although globally similar to those occurring in the normal adrenal gland, harbor alterations at different levels, which tend to strengthen the potency of paracrine signals to activate aldosterone secretion. Enhancement of paracrine stimulatory tone may participate to APA expansion and aldosterone hypersecretion together with somatic mutations of driver genes which activate the calcium signaling pathway and subsequently aldosterone synthase expression. Intraadrenal regulatory mechanisms represent thus promising pharmacological targets for the treatment of primary aldosteronism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hervé Lefebvre
- Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication, Normandie University, UNIROUEN, INSERM, Rouen, France; Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Rouen University Hospital, Rouen, France.
| | - Céline Duparc
- Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication, Normandie University, UNIROUEN, INSERM, Rouen, France
| | - Alexandre Naccache
- Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication, Normandie University, UNIROUEN, INSERM, Rouen, France; Unit of Pediatric Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, Rouen University Hospital, Rouen, France
| | - Antoine-Guy Lopez
- Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication, Normandie University, UNIROUEN, INSERM, Rouen, France; Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Rouen University Hospital, Rouen, France
| | - Mireille Castanet
- Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication, Normandie University, UNIROUEN, INSERM, Rouen, France; Unit of Pediatric Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, Rouen University Hospital, Rouen, France
| | - Estelle Louiset
- Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication, Normandie University, UNIROUEN, INSERM, Rouen, France
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Sakamuri SSVP, Valente AJ, Siddesha JM, Delafontaine P, Siebenlist U, Gardner JD, Bysani C. TRAF3IP2 mediates aldosterone/salt-induced cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2016; 429:84-92. [PMID: 27040306 PMCID: PMC4861697 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2016.03.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2016] [Revised: 03/18/2016] [Accepted: 03/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Aberrant activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) contributes to adverse cardiac remodeling and eventual failure. Here we investigated whether TRAF3 Interacting Protein 2 (TRAF3IP2), a redox-sensitive cytoplasmic adaptor molecule and an upstream regulator of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) and activator protein-1 (AP-1), mediates aldosterone-induced cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis. Wild type (WT) and TRAF3IP2-null mice were infused with aldosterone (0.2 mg/kg/day) for 4 weeks along with 1%NaCl in drinking water. Aldosterone/salt, but not salt alone, upregulated TRAF3IP2 expression in WT mouse hearts. Further, aldosterone elevated blood pressure to a similar extent in both WT and TRAF3IP2-null groups. However, TRAF3IP2 gene deletion attenuated aldosterone/salt-induced (i) p65 and c-Jun activation, (ii) extracellular matrix (collagen Iα1 and collagen IIIα1), matrix metalloproteinase (MMP2), lysyl oxidase (LOX), inflammatory cytokine (IL-6 and IL-18), chemokine (CXCL1 and CXCL2), and adhesion molecule (ICAM1) mRNA expression in hearts, (iii) IL-6, IL-18, and MMP2 protein levels, (iv) systemic IL-6 and IL-18 levels, and (iv) cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis. These results indicate that TRAF3IP2 is a critical signaling intermediate in aldosterone/salt-induced myocardial hypertrophy and fibrosis, and thus a potential therapeutic target in hypertensive heart disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siva S V P Sakamuri
- Heart and Vascular Institute, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, United States
| | - Anthony J Valente
- Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229, United States
| | - Jalahalli M Siddesha
- Heart and Vascular Institute, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, United States
| | - Patrice Delafontaine
- Heart and Vascular Institute, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, United States
| | - Ulrich Siebenlist
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
| | - Jason D Gardner
- Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, United States
| | - Chandrasekar Bysani
- Heart and Vascular Institute, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, United States.
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Wu YW, Hao T, Kou XX, Gan YH, Ma XC. Synovial TRPV1 is upregulated by 17-β-estradiol and involved in allodynia of inflamed temporomandibular joints in female rats. Arch Oral Biol 2015; 60:1310-8. [PMID: 26117090 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2015.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2014] [Revised: 03/09/2015] [Accepted: 05/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Women with reproductive capability are more likely to suffer from temporomandibular disorders (TMD), with orofacial pain as the most common complaint. In the past, we focused on the role of estradiol in TMD pain through the nervous system. In this study, we explored estradiol's influence on synoviocyte gene expressions involved in the allodynia of the inflamed TMJ. The influence of 17-β-estradiol on NGF and TRPV1 expression in TMJ synovium was determined in vivo and in vitro and analyzed by Western blot and real-time PCR. Complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) injection into the TMJ was used to induce TMJ arthritis. Capsazepine served as a TRPV1 antagonist. Head withdrawal threshold was examined using a von Frey Anesthesiometer. We observed that estradiol upregulated the expressions of TRPV1 and NGF in a dose-dependent manner. In the primary cultured synoviocytes, TRPV1 was upregulated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS), estradiol, and NGF, while NGF antibodies fully blocked LPS and estradiol-induced upregulation of TRPV1. Activation of TRPV1 in the primary synoviocytes with capsaicin, a TRPV1 agonist, dose-dependently enhanced COX-2 transcription. Moreover, intra-TMJ injection of TRPV1 antagonist, capsazepine, significantly attenuated allodynia of the inflamed TMJ induced by intra-TMJ injection of CFA in female rats. This article presents a possible local mechanism for estradiol that may be involved in TMJ inflammation or pain in the synovial membrane through the pain-related gene TRPV1. This finding could potentially help clinicians understand the sexual dimorphism of TMD pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Wei Wu
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Center for TMD & Orofacial Pain, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, China.
| | - Ting Hao
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Center for TMD & Orofacial Pain, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, China
| | - Xiao-Xing Kou
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Center for TMD & Orofacial Pain, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, China
| | - Ye-Hua Gan
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Center for TMD & Orofacial Pain, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, China.
| | - Xu-Chen Ma
- Center for TMD & Orofacial Pain, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, China.
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Li H, Gao S, Ye J, Feng X, Cai Y, Liu Z, Lu J, Li Q, Huang X, Chen S, Liu P. COX-2 is involved in ET-1-induced hypertrophy of neonatal rat cardiomyocytes: role of NFATc3. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2014; 382:998-1006. [PMID: 24291639 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2013.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2013] [Revised: 10/31/2013] [Accepted: 11/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Endothelin-1 (ET-1) is a critical molecule that involved in heart failure. It has been proved that ET-1 stimulation results in cardiac hypertrophy both in vitro and in vivo, but the mechanisms underlying remain largely unknown. In this study, we reported that cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) might be an important mediator of hypertrophic responses to ET-1 stimulation. In the cultured rat neonatal cardiomyocytes, ET-1 significantly upregulated the expression and activity of COX-2, which was accompanied by increase in cell surface area and BNP mRNA level. In contrast, ET-1-dependent cardiomyocyte hypertrophy was abolished by COX-2 selective inhibitors, NS-398 and celecoxib, or by COX-2 RNA interference, but the inhibitory effects could be diminished by pretreatment with PGE2. Furthermore, cyclosporin A (CsA) and knockdown of nuclear factor of activated T-cells c3 (NFATc3) inhibited the expression of COX-2 induced by ET-1, and NFATc3 could also bound to the -GGAAA- sequence in the promoter region of rat COX-2 gene, indicating that calcineurin/NFATc3 signaling participated in the transcriptional regulation of COX-2 following ET-1 treatment. These findings provided further insight into the roles of ET-1 in cardiac hypertrophy and suggested a potential therapeutic strategy against cardiac hypertrophy by inhibiting COX-2.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Animals, Newborn
- Calcineurin/genetics
- Calcineurin/metabolism
- Cardiomegaly/genetics
- Cardiomegaly/metabolism
- Cardiomegaly/pathology
- Celecoxib
- Cyclooxygenase 2/genetics
- Cyclooxygenase 2/metabolism
- Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Cyclosporine/pharmacology
- Dinoprostone/pharmacology
- Endothelin-1/metabolism
- Endothelin-1/pharmacology
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Myocytes, Cardiac/drug effects
- Myocytes, Cardiac/metabolism
- Myocytes, Cardiac/pathology
- NFATC Transcription Factors/genetics
- NFATC Transcription Factors/metabolism
- Natriuretic Peptide, Brain/genetics
- Natriuretic Peptide, Brain/metabolism
- Nitrobenzenes/pharmacology
- Primary Cell Culture
- Promoter Regions, Genetic
- Protein Binding
- Pyrazoles/pharmacology
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- RNA, Small Interfering/genetics
- RNA, Small Interfering/metabolism
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Signal Transduction
- Sulfonamides/pharmacology
- Transcription, Genetic
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Li
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Si Gao
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Jiantao Ye
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Xiaojun Feng
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Yi Cai
- Guangzhou Research Institute of Snake Venom, Guangzhou Medical College, Guangzhou 510182, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Zhiping Liu
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Jing Lu
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Qin Li
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Xiaoyang Huang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Shaorui Chen
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, PR China.
| | - Peiqing Liu
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, PR China.
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Petrovich E, Asher C, Garty H. Induction of FKBP51 by aldosterone in intestinal epithelium. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2014; 139:78-87. [PMID: 24139875 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2013.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2013] [Revised: 09/10/2013] [Accepted: 10/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Screening female rat distal colon preparations for aldosterone-induced genes identified the Hsp90-binding immunophilin FKBP51 as a major aldosterone-induced mRNA and protein. Limited induction of FKBP51 was observed also in other aldosterone-responsive tissues such as kidney medulla and heart. Ex vivo measurements in colonic tissue have characterized time course, dose response and receptor specificity of the induction of FKBP51. FKBP51 mRNA and protein were strongly up regulated by physiological concentrations of aldosterone in a late (greater than 2.5h) response to the hormone. Maximal increase in FKBP51 mRNA requires aldosterone concentrations that are higher than those needed to fully occupy the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR). Yet, the response is fully inhibited by the MR antagonist spironolactone and not inhibited and even stimulated by the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) antagonist RU486. These and related findings cannot be explained by a simple activation and dimerization of either MR or GR but are in agreement with response mediated by an MR-GR heterodimer. Overexpression or silencing FKBP51 in the kidney collecting duct cell line M1 had little or no effect on the aldosterone-induced increase in transepithelial Na(+) transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina Petrovich
- Department of Biological Chemistry, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
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9
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Characterisation of the endocannabinoid system in rat haemochorial placenta. Reprod Toxicol 2012; 34:347-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2012.05.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2011] [Revised: 05/03/2012] [Accepted: 05/11/2012] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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10
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Godfrey V, Martin AL, Struthers AD, Lyles GA. Effects of aldosterone and related steroids on LPS-induced increased expression of inducible NOS in rat aortic smooth muscle cells. Br J Pharmacol 2012; 164:2003-14. [PMID: 21649641 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01523.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Expression of inducible NOS (iNOS) is important in certain inflammatory diseases. We determined if the hormone aldosterone, a mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) agonist, affects LPS activation of iNOS expression in rat aortic smooth muscle cells (RASMC). EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Cultured RASMC were treated with LPS, with or without agonists/antagonists of steroid receptors. iNOS expression was determined by nitrite assays on culture medium removed from treated cells and by immunoblotting of cell protein extracts. KEY RESULTS LPS (1 µg·mL(-1) ) increased nitrite and iNOS protein above that in control (untreated) cells. These effects of LPS were reduced by aldosterone (0.1-10 µM). The MR antagonists, eplerenone (10 µM) and spironolactone (10 or 50 µM), did not inhibit these actions of 1 µM aldosterone, but the latter were prevented by 10 µM mifepristone, a glucocorticoid (GR) and progestogen receptor (PR) antagonist. Mifepristone also prevented the reduction of LPS-induced nitrite increase produced by 1 µM dexamethasone (GR agonist) and 10 µM progesterone (PR agonist). Spironolactone (10-50 µM) by itself decreased LPS-induced increases in nitrite and iNOS protein. Mifepristone (10 µM) partially reversed these effects of 10 µM spironolactone, but not those of 50 µM; the effects of 50 µM spironolactone were also unchanged when mifepristone was increased to 50 µM. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS This pharmacological profile suggests that aldosterone, and possibly 10 µM spironolactone, use mechanisms that are dependent on PR and/or GR, but not MR, to inhibit iNOS induction in RASMC. With 50 µM spironolactone, other inhibitory mechanisms requiring further investigation may become predominant.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Godfrey
- Division of Medical Sciences, Ninewells Hospital & Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
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Takata H, Takeda Y, Zhu A, Cheng Y, Yoneda T, Demura M, Yagi K, Karashima S, Yamagishi M. Protective effects of mineralocorticoid receptor blockade against neuropathy in experimental diabetic rats. Diabetes Obes Metab 2012; 14:155-62. [PMID: 21951301 DOI: 10.1111/j.1463-1326.2011.01499.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) blockade is an effective treatment for hypertension and diabetic nephropathy. There are no data on the effects of MR blockade on diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN). The aim of this study was to determine whether MRs are present in the peripheral nerves and to investigate the effectiveness of MR blockade on DPN in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats. METHODS Expression of MR protein and messenger RNA (mRNA) was examined in the peripheral nerves using Western blot analysis and RT-PCR. We next studied the effects of the selective MR antagonist eplerenone and the angiotensin II receptor blocker candesartan on motor and sensory nerve conduction velocity (NCV), morphometric changes and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) gene and NF-κB protein expression in the peripheral nerves of STZ-induced diabetic rats. RESULTS Expression of MR protein and mRNA in peripheral nerves was equal to that in the kidney. Motor NCV was significantly improved by 8 weeks of treatment with either eplerenone (39.1 ± 1.2 m/s) or candesartan (46.4 ± 6.8 m/s) compared with control diabetic rats (33.7 ± 2.0 m/s) (p < 0.05). Sensory NCV was also improved by treatment with candesartan or eplerenone in diabetic rats. Eplerenone and candesartan caused significant improvement in mean myelin fibre area and mean myelin area compared with control diabetic rats (p < 0.05). COX-2 mRNA and NF-κB protein were significantly elevated in the peripheral nerves of diabetic rats compared with control rats, and treatment with eplerenone or candesartan reduced these changes in gene expression (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION MR blockade may have neuroprotective effects on DPN.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Takata
- Division of Endocrinology and Hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
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Zhu X, Manning RD, Lu D, Gomez-Sanchez CE, Fu Y, Juncos LA, Liu R. Aldosterone stimulates superoxide production in macula densa cells. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2011; 301:F529-35. [PMID: 21270097 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00596.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Two major factors which regulate tubuloglomerular feedback (TGF)-mediated constriction of the afferent arteriole are release of superoxide (O(2)(-)) and nitric oxide (NO) by macula densa (MD) cells. MD O(2)(-) inactivates NO; however, among the factors that increase MD O(2)(-) release, the role of aldosterone is unclear. We hypothesize that aldosterone activates the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) on MD cells, resulting in increased O(2)(-) production due to upregulation of cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-2) and NOX-2, and NOX-4, isoforms of NAD(P)H oxidase. Studies were performed on MMDD1 cells, a renal epithelial cell line with properties of MD cells. RT-PCR and Western blotting confirmed the expression of MR. Aldosterone (10(-8) mol/l for 30 min) doubled MMDD1 cell O(2)(-) production, and this was completely blocked by MR inhibition with 10(-5) mol/l eplerenone. RT-PCR, real-time PCR, and Western blotting demonstrated aldosterone-induced increases in COX-2, NOX-2, and NOX-4 expression. Inhibition of COX-2 (NS398), NADPH oxidase (apocynin), or a combination blocked aldosterone-induced O(2)(-) production to the same degree. These data suggest that aldosterone-stimulated MD O(2)(-) production is mediated by COX-2 and NADPH oxidase. Next, COX-2 small-interfering RNA (siRNA) specifically decreased COX-2 mRNA without affecting NOX-2 or NOX-4 mRNAs. In the presence of the COX-2 siRNA, the aldosterone-induced increases in COX-2, NOX-2, and NOX-4 mRNAs and O(2)(-) production were completely blocked, suggesting that COX-2 causes increased expression of NOX-2 and NOX-4. In conclusion 1) MD cells express MR; 2) aldosterone increases O(2)(-) production by activating MR; and 3) aldosterone stimulates COX-2, which further activates NOX-2 and NOX-4 and generates O(2)(-). The resulting balance between O(2)(-) and NO in the MD is important in modulating TGF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolong Zhu
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Shadong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
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13
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Fonseca BM, Correia-da-Silva G, Taylor AH, Lam PMW, Marczylo TH, Konje JC, Bell SC, Teixeira NA. N-acylethanolamine levels and expression of their metabolizing enzymes during pregnancy. Endocrinology 2010; 151:3965-74. [PMID: 20534733 DOI: 10.1210/en.2009-1424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Decidualization is essential for a successful pregnancy and is a tightly regulated process influenced by the local microenvironment. Lipid-based mediators, such as the endocannabinoid anandamide, and other compounds that have cannabimimetic actions may act on the decidua during early pregnancy. In this study, the levels of N-arachidonoylethanolamine (anandamide) and two other N-acylethanolamines, N-oleoylethanolamine and N-palmitoylethanolamine, were measured in rat plasma and maternal tissues between d 8 and 19 of pregnancy by ultraperformance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. The spatiotemporal expression of N-acylethanolamine metabolizing enzymes in implantation units were also determined by quantitative PCR, Western blot, and immunohistochemistry and shown to vary with gestation being mainly localized in decidual cells. The data also indicated that plasma and tissues levels of all three N-acylethanolamines fluctuate throughout pregnancy. Tissue levels of endocannabinoids did not correlate with plasma, suggesting that during pregnancy, maternal tissue levels of endocannabinoids are primarily regulated by in situ production and degradation to create endocannabinoid gradients conducive to successful pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- B M Fonseca
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Faculdade de Farmácia, and Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, 4099-002 Porto, Portugal
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14
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15
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Wenzel S, Tastan I, Abdallah Y, Schreckenberg R, Schlüter KD. Aldosterone improves contractile function of adult rat ventricular cardiomyocytes in a non-acute way: potential relationship to the calcium paradox of aldosteronism. Basic Res Cardiol 2009; 105:247-56. [PMID: 19763404 DOI: 10.1007/s00395-009-0059-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2009] [Revised: 08/19/2009] [Accepted: 08/21/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Heart failure is accompanied by electrolyte disturbance including reduced calcium and sodium in the extracellular milieu but increased calcium within cells, a phenomenon called "calcium paradox". Aldosteronism is considered as part of this disorder. Aldosterone antagonism is known to reduce cardiac mortality on top of standard therapies such as antagonism of the renin-angiotensin-system. However, the effect of aldosterone on cardiac function under basal conditions and conditions more closely related to those seen in heart failure remains elusive. In order to address this question the function of isolated cardiomyocytes was determined as unloaded cell shortening. Cardiomyocytes were isolated from adult rat hearts and cultured for 24 h in the presence of aldosterone. Thereafter, cell shortening was determined in cells that were electrically paced (0.5-2.0 Hz). The effect of aldosterone on cell shortening was investigated under basal and maximal inotropic stimulation, preincubation with angiotensin II and myocytes from spontaneously hypertensive rats. The composition of the culture medium was modified according to the extracellular milieu found in patients with end-stage heart failure. Aldosterone increased cell shortening in a frequency-dependent way under basal conditions and conditions of low calcium. It potentiated the effect of beta-adrenoceptor stimulation, increased the formation of oxygen radicals, and increased diastolic and systolic calcium. In conclusion, chronic exposure to aldosterone improves the function of cardiomyocytes under basal conditions and electrolyte disturbances that mimic the situation found in heart failure patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sibylle Wenzel
- Physiologisches Institut, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Aulweg 129, 35392 Giessen, Germany
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Klusonová P, Reháková L, Borchert G, Vagnerová K, Neckár J, Ergang P, Miksík I, Kolár F, Pácha J. Chronic intermittent hypoxia induces 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase in rat heart. Endocrinology 2009; 150:4270-7. [PMID: 19470702 DOI: 10.1210/en.2008-1493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Corticosteroids are known to not only regulate electrolyte homeostasis but also play a role in the cardiovascular system, including myocardial remodeling. Because transgenic mice that overexpress 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (11HSD) type 2 in cardiomyocytes have been shown to spontaneously develop cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis, we investigated whether changes in the cardiac metabolism of glucocorticoids accompany remodeling of the heart under physiological conditions. In the present study, glucocorticoid metabolism and 11HSD2 were explored in the hearts of rats exposed to chronic intermittent hypobaric hypoxia (CIH), which induces hypertrophy and fibrosis of the right and less of the left ventricle. We first demonstrated that adaptation to CIH led to a significant increase in 11HSD2 transcript levels and activity in the myocardium. In contrast, neither 11HSD1 activity and mRNA level nor the abundance of mineralocorticoid and glucocorticoid receptor mRNA were up-regulated. The adaptation to CIH also led to an increase of 11HSD2 mRNA in isolated cardiomyocytes, whereas 11HSD1, glucocorticoid receptor, and mineralocorticoid receptor mRNA levels were not changed in comparison with the cardiomyocytes of control normoxic rats. The changes in cardiac metabolism of glucocorticoids were accompanied by inflammatory responses. The expression levels of the proinflammatory markers cyclooxygenase-2 and osteopontin were significantly increased in both the myocardium and the cardiomyocytes isolated from rats exposed to CIH. These findings suggest that myocardial remodeling induced by CIH is associated with the up-regulation of cardiac 11HSD2. Consequently, local metabolism of glucocorticoids could indeed play a role in cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Klusonová
- Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, 142 20 Prague 4, Krc, Czech Republic
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17
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Actions of aldosterone in the cardiovascular system: the good, the bad, and the ugly? Pflugers Arch 2008; 458:231-46. [DOI: 10.1007/s00424-008-0616-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2008] [Accepted: 10/30/2008] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Frias MA, Somers S, Gerber-Wicht C, Opie LH, Lecour S, Lang U. The PGE2-Stat3 interaction in doxorubicin-induced myocardial apoptosis. Cardiovasc Res 2008; 80:69-77. [DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvn171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
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Qian JY, Harding P, Liu Y, Shesely E, Yang XP, LaPointe MC. Reduced cardiac remodeling and function in cardiac-specific EP4 receptor knockout mice with myocardial infarction. Hypertension 2008; 51:560-6. [PMID: 18180401 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.107.102590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
We have shown previously that cyclooxygenase-2 inhibition reduces cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis postmyocardial infarction (MI) in a mouse model and that prostaglandin E(2) stimulates cardiomyocyte hypertrophy in vitro through its EP(4) receptor. Because the role of cardiac myocyte EP(4) in cardiac function and hypertrophy in vivo is unknown, we generated mice lacking EP(4) only in cardiomyocytes (CM- EP(4) knockout [KO]). Twelve- to 14-week-old mice were evaluated using echocardiography and histology. There were no differences in ejection fraction, myocyte cross-sectional area, and interstitial collagen fraction between KO mice and littermate controls. To test the hypothesis that EP(4) is involved in cardiac remodeling after MI, we induced MI by ligating the left anterior descending coronary artery. Two weeks later, the mice were subjected to echocardiography, and hearts were removed for histology and Western blot. There was no difference in infarct size between KO mice and controls; however, KO mice showed less myocyte cross-sectional area and interstitial collagen fraction than controls. Also, CM-EP4 KO mice had reduced ejection fraction. Because the transcription factor Stat-3 is involved in hypertrophy and protection from ischemic injury, we tested whether it was activated in control and KO mouse hearts after MI. Western blot indicated that Stat-3 was activated in control hearts after MI but not in KO hearts. Thus, CM-EP4 deletion decreased hypertrophy, fibrosis, and activation of Stat-3. However, cardiac function was unexpectedly worsened in these mice. We conclude that cardiac myocyte EP(4) plays a role in hypertrophy via activation of Stat-3, a process that seems to be cardioprotective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Yong Qian
- Hypertension and Vascular Research Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Henry Ford Hospital, 2799 W Grand Blvd, Detroit, MI 48202-2689, USA
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Guo Z, Xia Z, Jiang J, McNeill JH. Downregulation of NADPH oxidase, antioxidant enzymes, and inflammatory markers in the heart of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats by N-acetyl-l-cysteine. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2007; 292:H1728-36. [PMID: 17122189 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.01328.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the effect of N-acetyl-l-cysteine (NAC) on the expression of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase, antioxidant enzymes, and inflammatory markers in diabetic rat hearts. Metabolic parameters, free 15-F2t-isoprostane level, protein expression of NADPH oxidase, superoxide dismutase (SOD), heme oxygenase (HO-1), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) were analyzed in control and streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats treated with or without NAC in drinking water for 8 wk. The cardiac protein expression of p67phox and p22phox was increased in diabetic rats, accompanied by increased NADPH-dependent superoxide production. As a compensatory response to the increased NADPH oxidase, the protein expression of Cu-Zn-SOD and HO-1 and the total SOD activity were also increased in diabetic rat hearts. Consequently, cardiac free 15-F2t-isoprostane, an index of oxidative stress, was increased in diabetic rats, indicating that the production of reactive oxygen species becomes excessive in diabetic rat hearts. Cardiac inflammatory markers IL-6 and COX-2 were also increased in diabetic rats. NAC treatment prevented the increased expression of p22phox and translocation of p67phox to the membrane in diabetic rat hearts. Subsequently, the levels of cardiac free 15-F2t-isoprostane, HO-1, Cu-Zn-SOD, total SOD, IL-6, and COX-2 in diabetic rats were decreased by NAC. Consequently, cardiac hypertrophy was attenuated in diabetic rats treated with NAC. The protective effects of NAC on diabetic rat hearts may be attributable to its protection of hearts against oxidative damage induced by the increased NADPH oxidase and to its reduction in cardiac inflammatory mediators IL-6 and COX-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhixin Guo
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Div. of Pharmacology & Toxicology, The Univ. of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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21
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Naito K, Anzai T, Yoshikawa T, Maekawa Y, Sugano Y, Kohno T, Mahara K, Okabe T, Asakura Y, Ogawa S. Increased Body Temperature After Reperfused Acute Myocardial Infarction Is Associated With Adverse Left Ventricular Remodeling. J Card Fail 2007; 13:25-33. [PMID: 17339000 DOI: 10.1016/j.cardfail.2006.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2006] [Revised: 09/14/2006] [Accepted: 09/28/2006] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fever is frequently observed in patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI); however, its prognostic significance remains to be determined. We sought to determine the prognostic significance of increased body temperature (BT) after AMI. METHODS AND RESULTS We examined 156 consecutive patients with reperfused first anterior AMI. Axillary BT was serially measured every 6 hours for a week. Patients were divided into quartiles by peak BT from the lowest to highest levels. Peak BT within the first week showed a significant positive correlation with peak C-reactive protein level (P < .0001), but not with peak creatine kinase level. There were positive correlations of peak BT with the incidence of pump failure (P = .022), left ventricular (LV) aneurysm (P = .029), and readmission for heart failure (P = .006). Higher peak BT was associated with greater LV end-diastolic volume (P = .031), greater end-systolic volume (P = .008), and lower LV ejection fraction (P = .014) 2 weeks after AMI. Multiple logistic regression analyses revealed that peak BT quartile was an independent predictor of in-hospital cardiac events (odds ratio = 1.61/quartile, P = .008). Furthermore, peak BT quartile was a significant predictor of readmission for heart failure by Cox proportional hazard model analysis (P = .048). CONCLUSIONS Increased BT after AMI was associated with a worse clinical outcome and infarct expansion, suggesting a relationship between systemic inflammatory response and LV remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kotaro Naito
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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Botros FT, Schwartzman ML, Stier CT, Goodman AI, Abraham NG. Increase in heme oxygenase-1 levels ameliorates renovascular hypertension. Kidney Int 2005; 68:2745-55. [PMID: 16316349 DOI: 10.1111/j.1523-1755.2005.00745.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The heme oxygenase system (HO-1 and HO-2) catalyzes the conversion of heme to free iron, carbon monoxide (CO), a vasodepressor, and biliverdin, which is further converted to bilirubin, an antioxidant. HO-1 induction has been shown to suppress arachidonic acid metabolism by cytochrome P450 (CYP450) monooxygenases and cyclooxygenases (COX), and to decrease blood pressure in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). The Goldblatt 2K1C model is a model of renovascular hypertension in which there is increased expression of COX-2 in the macula densa and increased renin release from the juxtaglomerular apparatus of the clipped kidney. We examined whether HO-1 overexpression, as a prophylactic approach, would attenuate renovascular hypertension and evaluated potential mechanisms that may account for its effect. METHODS 2K1C rats were treated with cobalt protoporphyrin (CoPP) or tin mesoporphyrin (SnMP) one day before surgery and weekly for three weeks thereafter. We measured systolic blood pressure, HO activity, HO-1, HO-2, COX-1 and COX-2 protein expression, heme content, and nitrotyrosine levels as indices of oxidative stress. Urinary prostaglandin excretion (PGE2), plasma renin activity (PRA), and plasma aldosterone levels were also measured. RESULTS CoPP administration induced renal HO-1 expression by 20-fold and HO activity by 6-fold. This was associated with a reduction in heme content, nitrotyrosine levels, COX-2 expression and urinary PGE2 excretion, and attenuation of the development of hypertension in the 2K1C rats. There was no decrease in plasma renin activity; however, plasma aldosterone levels were significantly lower. In the 2K1C SnMP-treated rats, blood pressure was significantly higher than that of untreated 2K1C rats throughout the study, and the difference in the size of the smaller left clipped kidney compared to the nonclipped right kidney was significantly increased. CONCLUSION These findings define an action of prolonged HO-1 induction to interrupt and counteract the influence of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) to increase in blood pressure in the 2K1C model of renovascular hypertension. Multiple mechanisms include a decrease in oxidative stress as indicated by the decrease in cellular heme and nitrotyrosine levels, an anti-inflammatory action as evidenced by a decrease in COX-2 and PGE2, interference with the action of angiontensin II (Ang II) as evidenced by an increase in PRA in the face of a decrease in PGE2 and aldosterone, as well as the inhibition of aldosterone synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fady T Botros
- Department of Pharmacology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595, USA
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