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Wang Y, Sun Y, Yang B, Wang Q, Kuang H. The management and metabolic characterization: hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism. Neuropeptides 2023; 97:102308. [PMID: 36455479 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2022.102308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism are common diseases resulting from thyroid dysfunction, and are simple to diagnose and treat. The traditional treatment for hypothyroidism is thyroid hormone replacement therapy. The traditional treatments for hyperthyroidism include antithyroid drug, iodine radiotherapy, and surgery. Thyroid disease can be fatal in severe cases if untreated. Current statistical reference ranges used for diagnosis based on relevant biochemical parameters have been debated, and insufficient treatment can result in long-term thyroid hormone deficiency, which is associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease and persistent symptoms. In contrast, overtreatment can result in heart disease and osteoporosis, particularly in older people and pregnant women. Therefore, under- or over-treatment should be avoided and treatment regimens should be monitored closely. A significant proportion of patients who achieve biochemical treatment goals still complain of significant symptoms. Systematic literature review was performed through the Embase (Elsevier), PubMed and Web of Science databases, and studies summarized evidence regarding treatment and management of hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism, and reviewed clinical practice guidelines. We also reviewed the latest research on the metabolic mechanisms of hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism, which contributed to understanding of thyroid diseases in the clinic. A reliable algorithm is needed to management, assessment, and treatment patients with hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism, which can not only improve management efficiency, but also providing a broad application. In addition, the thyroid disorder showed a lipid metabolism tissue specificity in the Ventromedial Hypothalamus, and effect oxidative stress and energy metabolism of whole body. This review summarizes an algorithm for thyroid disease and the latest pathogenesis that would be useful to generalist and subspecialty physicians and others providing care for patients with this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangyang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Basic and Application Research of Beiyao (Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine), Ministry of Education, Harbin, China
| | - YanPing Sun
- Key Laboratory of Basic and Application Research of Beiyao (Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine), Ministry of Education, Harbin, China
| | - Bingyou Yang
- Key Laboratory of Basic and Application Research of Beiyao (Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine), Ministry of Education, Harbin, China
| | - Qiuhong Wang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Haixue Kuang
- Key Laboratory of Basic and Application Research of Beiyao (Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine), Ministry of Education, Harbin, China.
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2
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Incerpi S, Gionfra F, De Luca R, Candelotti E, De Vito P, Percario ZA, Leone S, Gnocchi D, Rossi M, Caruso F, Scapin S, Davis PJ, Lin HY, Affabris E, Pedersen JZ. Extranuclear effects of thyroid hormones and analogs during development: An old mechanism with emerging roles. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:961744. [PMID: 36213288 PMCID: PMC9540375 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.961744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Thyroid hormones, T3 (triiodothyronine) and T4 (thyroxine), induce a variety of long-term effects on important physiological functions, ranging from development and growth to metabolism regulation, by interacting with specific nuclear or cytosolic receptors. Extranuclear or nongenomic effects of thyroid hormones are mediated by plasma membrane or cytoplasmic receptors, mainly by αvβ3 integrin, and are independent of protein synthesis. A wide variety of nongenomic effects have now been recognized to be elicited through the binding of thyroid hormones to this receptor, which is mainly involved in angiogenesis, as well as in cell cancer proliferation. Several signal transduction pathways are modulated by thyroid hormone binding to αvβ3 integrin: protein kinase C, protein kinase A, Src, or mitogen-activated kinases. Thyroid hormone-activated nongenomic effects are also involved in the regulation of Na+-dependent transport systems, such as glucose uptake, Na+/K+-ATPase, Na+/H+ exchanger, and amino acid transport System A. Of note, the modulation of these transport systems is cell-type and developmental stage-dependent. In particular, dysregulation of Na+/K+-ATPase activity is involved in several pathological situations, from viral infection to cancer. Therefore, this transport system represents a promising pharmacological tool in these pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Incerpi
- Department of Sciences, University Roma Tre, Roma, Italy
- *Correspondence: Sandra Incerpi, ; Jens Z. Pedersen,
| | - Fabio Gionfra
- Department of Sciences, University Roma Tre, Roma, Italy
| | - Roberto De Luca
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | | | - Paolo De Vito
- Department of Biology, University Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Stefano Leone
- Department of Sciences, University Roma Tre, Roma, Italy
| | - Davide Gnocchi
- Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine, University of Bari, School of Medicine, Bari, Italy
| | - Miriam Rossi
- Department of Chemistry, Vassar College, Poughkeepsie, NY, United States
| | - Francesco Caruso
- Department of Chemistry, Vassar College, Poughkeepsie, NY, United States
| | - Sergio Scapin
- Department of Cellular and Developmental Biology, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Paul J. Davis
- Department of Medicine, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, United States
- Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Albany, NY, United States
| | - Hung-Yun Lin
- Department of Medicine, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, United States
- Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Albany, NY, United States
- Taipei Cancer Center, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Cancer Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Traditional Herbal Medicine Research Center of Taipei, Medical University Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- TMU Research Center of Cancer Translational Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | - Jens Z. Pedersen
- Department of Biology, University Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
- *Correspondence: Sandra Incerpi, ; Jens Z. Pedersen,
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3
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Kapri D, Fanibunda SE, Vaidya VA. Thyroid hormone regulation of adult hippocampal neurogenesis: Putative molecular and cellular mechanisms. VITAMINS AND HORMONES 2021; 118:1-33. [PMID: 35180924 DOI: 10.1016/bs.vh.2021.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Adult hippocampal neurogenesis is sensitive to perturbations in thyroid hormone signaling, with evidence supporting a key role for thyroid hormone and thyroid hormone receptors (TRs) in the regulation of postmitotic progenitor survival and neuronal differentiation. In this book chapter we summarize the current understanding of the effects of thyroid hormone signaling on adult hippocampal progenitor development, and also critically address the role of TRs in regulation of distinct aspects of stage-specific hippocampal progenitor progression. We highlight actions of thyroid hormone on thyroid hormone responsive target genes, and the implications for hippocampal progenitor regulation. Given the influence of thyroid hormone on both mitochondrial and lipid metabolism, we discuss a putative role for regulation of metabolism in the effects of thyroid hormone on adult hippocampal neurogenesis. Finally, we highlight specific ideas that require detailed experimental investigation, and the need for future studies to obtain a deeper mechanistic insight into the influence of thyroid hormone and TRs in the developmental progression of adult hippocampal progenitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darshana Kapri
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai, India
| | - Sashaina E Fanibunda
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai, India; Medical Research Centre, Kasturba Health Society, Mumbai, India
| | - Vidita A Vaidya
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai, India.
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4
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Thyroid Hormone Induces Ca 2+-Mediated Mitochondrial Activation in Brown Adipocytes. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22168640. [PMID: 34445344 PMCID: PMC8395422 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22168640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Thyroid hormones, including 3,5,3′-triiodothyronine (T3), cause a wide spectrum of genomic effects on cellular metabolism and bioenergetic regulation in various tissues. The non-genomic actions of T3 have been reported but are not yet completely understood. Acute T3 treatment significantly enhanced basal, maximal, ATP-linked, and proton-leak oxygen consumption rates (OCRs) of primary differentiated mouse brown adipocytes accompanied with increased protein abundances of uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) and mitochondrial Ca2+ uniporter (MCU). T3 treatment depolarized the resting mitochondrial membrane potential (Ψm) but augmented oligomycin-induced hyperpolarization in brown adipocytes. Protein kinase B (AKT) and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) were activated by T3, leading to the inhibition of autophagic degradation. Rapamycin, as an mTOR inhibitor, blocked T3-induced autophagic suppression and UCP1 upregulation. T3 increases intracellular Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) in brown adipocytes. Most of the T3 effects, including mTOR activation, UCP1 upregulation, and OCR increase, were abrogated by intracellular Ca2+ chelation with BAPTA-AM. Calmodulin inhibition with W7 or knockdown of MCU dampened T3-induced mitochondrial activation. Furthermore, edelfosine, a phospholipase C (PLC) inhibitor, prevented T3 from acting on [Ca2+]i, UCP1 abundance, Ψm, and OCR. We suggest that short-term exposure of T3 induces UCP1 upregulation and mitochondrial activation due to PLC-mediated [Ca2+]i elevation in brown adipocytes.
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Kumar A, Kaushik P, Incerpi S, Pedersen JZ, Goel S, Prasad AK, Rohil V, Parmar VS, Saso L, Len C. Evaluation of the Free Radical Scavenging Activities of Ellagic Acid and Ellagic Acid Peracetate by EPR Spectrometry. Molecules 2021; 26:4800. [PMID: 34443388 PMCID: PMC8399592 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26164800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 07/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to examine the free radical scavenging and antioxidant activities of ellagic acid (EA) and ellagic acid peracetate (EAPA) by measuring their reactions with the radicals, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl and galvinoxyl using EPR spectroscopy. We have also evaluated the influence of EA and EAPA on the ROS production in L-6 myoblasts and rat liver microsomal lipid peroxidation catalyzed by NADPH. The results obtained clearly indicated that EA has tremendous ability to scavenge free radicals, even at concentration of 1 µM. Interestingly even in the absence of esterase, EAPA, the acetylated product of EA, was also found to be a good scavenger but at a relatively slower rate. Kinetic studies revealed that both EA and EAPA have ability to scavenge free radicals at the concentrations of 1 µM over extended periods of time. In cellular systems, EA and EAPA were found to have similar potentials for the inhibition of ROS production in L-6 myoblasts and NADPH-dependent catalyzed microsomal lipid peroxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajit Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, SRM University, Delhi-NCR, Haryana, 39, RGEC, Sonepat 131 029, India; (A.K.); (P.K.)
- Department of Biochemistry, V. P. Chest Institute, University of Delhi, Delhi 110 007, India; (S.G.); (V.R.)
| | - Preeti Kaushik
- Department of Chemistry, SRM University, Delhi-NCR, Haryana, 39, RGEC, Sonepat 131 029, India; (A.K.); (P.K.)
| | - Sandra Incerpi
- Department of Sciences, University of Rome “Roma Tre”, 00146 Rome, Italy;
| | - Jens Z. Pedersen
- Department of Biology, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, Via della Ricerca, Scientifica 1, 00133 Rome, Italy;
| | - Sanjay Goel
- Department of Biochemistry, V. P. Chest Institute, University of Delhi, Delhi 110 007, India; (S.G.); (V.R.)
| | - Ashok K. Prasad
- Bioorganic Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi, Delhi 110 007, India; (A.K.P.); (V.S.P.)
| | - Vishwajeet Rohil
- Department of Biochemistry, V. P. Chest Institute, University of Delhi, Delhi 110 007, India; (S.G.); (V.R.)
| | - Virinder S. Parmar
- Bioorganic Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi, Delhi 110 007, India; (A.K.P.); (V.S.P.)
- Department of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Medgar Evers College, The City University of New York, 1638 Bedford Avenue, Brooklyn, NY 11225, USA
| | - Luciano Saso
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology “Vittorio Erspamer”, Sapienza University, P. le. Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy;
| | - Christophe Len
- Institute of Chemistry for Life and Health Sciences, Chimie ParisTech, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR8060, 11 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, F-75005 Paris, France
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Schiera G, Di Liegro CM, Di Liegro I. Involvement of Thyroid Hormones in Brain Development and Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:2693. [PMID: 34070729 PMCID: PMC8197921 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13112693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The development and maturation of the mammalian brain are regulated by thyroid hormones (THs). Both hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism cause serious anomalies in the organization and function of the nervous system. Most importantly, brain development is sensitive to TH supply well before the onset of the fetal thyroid function, and thus depends on the trans-placental transfer of maternal THs during pregnancy. Although the mechanism of action of THs mainly involves direct regulation of gene expression (genomic effects), mediated by nuclear receptors (THRs), it is now clear that THs can elicit cell responses also by binding to plasma membrane sites (non-genomic effects). Genomic and non-genomic effects of THs cooperate in modeling chromatin organization and function, thus controlling proliferation, maturation, and metabolism of the nervous system. However, the complex interplay of THs with their targets has also been suggested to impact cancer proliferation as well as metastatic processes. Herein, after discussing the general mechanisms of action of THs and their physiological effects on the nervous system, we will summarize a collection of data showing that thyroid hormone levels might influence cancer proliferation and invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriella Schiera
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche, Chimiche e Farmaceutiche) (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, 90128 Palermo, Italy; (G.S.); (C.M.D.L.)
| | - Carlo Maria Di Liegro
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche, Chimiche e Farmaceutiche) (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, 90128 Palermo, Italy; (G.S.); (C.M.D.L.)
| | - Italia Di Liegro
- Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics (Dipartimento di Biomedicina, Neuroscienze e Diagnostica avanzata) (Bi.N.D.), University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy
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7
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Candelotti E, De Luca R, Megna R, Maiolo M, De Vito P, Gionfra F, Percario ZA, Borgatti M, Gambari R, Davis PJ, Lin HY, Polticelli F, Persichini T, Colasanti M, Affabris E, Pedersen JZ, Incerpi S. Inhibition by Thyroid Hormones of Cell Migration Activated by IGF-1 and MCP-1 in THP-1 Monocytes: Focus on Signal Transduction Events Proximal to Integrin αvβ3. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:651492. [PMID: 33898447 PMCID: PMC8060509 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.651492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Interaction between thyroid hormones and the immune system is reported in the literature. Thyroid hormones, thyroxine, T4, but also T3, act non-genomically through mechanisms that involve a plasma membrane receptor αvβ3 integrin, a co-receptor for insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1). Previous data from our laboratory show a crosstalk between thyroid hormones and IGF-1 because thyroid hormones inhibit the IGF-1-stimulated glucose uptake and cell proliferation in L-6 myoblasts, and the effects are mediated by integrin αvβ3. IGF-1 also behaves as a chemokine, being an important factor for tissue regeneration after damage. In the present study, using THP-1 human leukemic monocytes, expressing αvβ3 integrin in their cell membrane, we focused on the crosstalk between thyroid hormones and either IGF-1 or monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), studying cell migration and proliferation stimulated by the two chemokines, and the role of αvβ3 integrin, using inhibitors of αvβ3 integrin and downstream pathways. Our results show that IGF-1 is a potent chemoattractant in THP-1 monocytes, stimulating cell migration, and thyroid hormone inhibits the effect through αvβ3 integrin. Thyroid hormone also inhibits IGF-1-stimulated cell proliferation through αvβ3 integrin, an example of a crosstalk between genomic and non-genomic effects. We also studied the effects of thyroid hormone on cell migration and proliferation induced by MCP-1, together with the pathways involved, by a pharmacological approach and docking simulation. Our findings show a different downstream signaling for IGF-1 and MCP-1 in THP-1 monocytes mediated by the plasma membrane receptor of thyroid hormones, integrin αvβ3.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Roberto De Luca
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Roberto Megna
- Department of Science, Roma Tre University, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Paolo De Vito
- Department of Biology, Tor Vergata University, Rome, Italy
| | - Fabio Gionfra
- Department of Science, Roma Tre University, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Monica Borgatti
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Roberto Gambari
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Paul J Davis
- Department of Medicine, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, United States.,Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Albany, NY, United States
| | - Hung-Yun Lin
- Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Albany, NY, United States.,Taipei Cancer Center, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Cancer Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Traditional Herbal Medicine Research Center of Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,TMU Research Center of Cancer Translational Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Baksi S, Pradhan A. Thyroid hormone: sex-dependent role in nervous system regulation and disease. Biol Sex Differ 2021; 12:25. [PMID: 33685490 PMCID: PMC7971120 DOI: 10.1186/s13293-021-00367-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Thyroid hormone (TH) regulates many functions including metabolism, cell differentiation, and nervous system development. Alteration of thyroid hormone level in the body can lead to nervous system-related problems linked to cognition, visual attention, visual processing, motor skills, language, and memory skills. TH has also been associated with neuropsychiatric disorders including schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, anxiety, and depression. Males and females display sex-specific differences in neuronal signaling. Steroid hormones including testosterone and estrogen are considered to be the prime regulators for programing the neuronal signaling in a male- and female-specific manner. However, other than steroid hormones, TH could also be one of the key signaling molecules to regulate different brain signaling in a male- and female-specific manner. Thyroid-related diseases and neurological diseases show sex-specific incidence; however, the molecular mechanisms behind this are not clear. Hence, it will be very beneficial to understand how TH acts in male and female brains and what are the critical genes and signaling networks. In this review, we have highlighted the role of TH in nervous system regulation and disease outcome and given special emphasis on its sex-specific role in male and female brains. A network model is also presented that provides critical information on TH-regulated genes, signaling, and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shounak Baksi
- Causality Biomodels, Kerala Technology Innovation Zone, Cochin, 683503, India
| | - Ajay Pradhan
- Biology, The Life Science Center, School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, SE-701 82, Örebro, Sweden.
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Venugopalan V, Al-Hashimi A, Rehders M, Golchert J, Reinecke V, Homuth G, Völker U, Manirajah M, Touzani A, Weber J, Bogyo MS, Verrey F, Wirth EK, Schweizer U, Heuer H, Kirstein J, Brix K. The Thyroid Hormone Transporter Mct8 Restricts Cathepsin-Mediated Thyroglobulin Processing in Male Mice through Thyroid Auto-Regulatory Mechanisms That Encompass Autophagy. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22010462. [PMID: 33466458 PMCID: PMC7796480 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22010462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The thyroid gland is both a thyroid hormone (TH) generating as well as a TH responsive organ. It is hence crucial that cathepsin-mediated proteolytic cleavage of the precursor thyroglobulin is regulated and integrated with the subsequent export of TH into the blood circulation, which is enabled by TH transporters such as monocarboxylate transporters Mct8 and Mct10. Previously, we showed that cathepsin K-deficient mice exhibit the phenomenon of functional compensation through cathepsin L upregulation, which is independent of the canonical hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid axis, thus, due to auto-regulation. Since these animals also feature enhanced Mct8 expression, we aimed to understand if TH transporters are part of the thyroid auto-regulatory mechanisms. Therefore, we analyzed phenotypic differences in thyroid function arising from combined cathepsin K and TH transporter deficiencies, i.e., in Ctsk-/-/Mct10-/-, Ctsk-/-/Mct8-/y, and Ctsk-/-/Mct8-/y/Mct10-/-. Despite the impaired TH export, thyroglobulin degradation was enhanced in the mice lacking Mct8, particularly in the triple-deficient genotype, due to increased cathepsin amounts and enhanced cysteine peptidase activities, leading to ongoing thyroglobulin proteolysis for TH liberation, eventually causing self-thyrotoxic thyroid states. The increased cathepsin amounts were a consequence of autophagy-mediated lysosomal biogenesis that is possibly triggered due to the stress accompanying intrathyroidal TH accumulation, in particular in the Ctsk-/-/Mct8-/y/Mct10-/- animals. Collectively, our data points to the notion that the absence of cathepsin K and Mct8 leads to excessive thyroglobulin degradation and TH liberation in a non-classical pathway of thyroid auto-regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaishnavi Venugopalan
- Department of Life Sciences and Chemistry, Focus Area HEALTH, Jacobs University Bremen, Campus Ring 1, D-29759 Bremen, Germany; (V.V.); (A.A.-H.); (M.R.); (M.M.); (A.T.); (J.W.)
| | - Alaa Al-Hashimi
- Department of Life Sciences and Chemistry, Focus Area HEALTH, Jacobs University Bremen, Campus Ring 1, D-29759 Bremen, Germany; (V.V.); (A.A.-H.); (M.R.); (M.M.); (A.T.); (J.W.)
| | - Maren Rehders
- Department of Life Sciences and Chemistry, Focus Area HEALTH, Jacobs University Bremen, Campus Ring 1, D-29759 Bremen, Germany; (V.V.); (A.A.-H.); (M.R.); (M.M.); (A.T.); (J.W.)
| | - Janine Golchert
- Department of Functional Genomics, Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, Felix-Hausdorff-Str. 8, 17475 Greifswald, Germany; (J.G.); (V.R.); (G.H.); (U.V.)
| | - Vivien Reinecke
- Department of Functional Genomics, Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, Felix-Hausdorff-Str. 8, 17475 Greifswald, Germany; (J.G.); (V.R.); (G.H.); (U.V.)
| | - Georg Homuth
- Department of Functional Genomics, Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, Felix-Hausdorff-Str. 8, 17475 Greifswald, Germany; (J.G.); (V.R.); (G.H.); (U.V.)
| | - Uwe Völker
- Department of Functional Genomics, Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, Felix-Hausdorff-Str. 8, 17475 Greifswald, Germany; (J.G.); (V.R.); (G.H.); (U.V.)
| | - Mythili Manirajah
- Department of Life Sciences and Chemistry, Focus Area HEALTH, Jacobs University Bremen, Campus Ring 1, D-29759 Bremen, Germany; (V.V.); (A.A.-H.); (M.R.); (M.M.); (A.T.); (J.W.)
| | - Adam Touzani
- Department of Life Sciences and Chemistry, Focus Area HEALTH, Jacobs University Bremen, Campus Ring 1, D-29759 Bremen, Germany; (V.V.); (A.A.-H.); (M.R.); (M.M.); (A.T.); (J.W.)
| | - Jonas Weber
- Department of Life Sciences and Chemistry, Focus Area HEALTH, Jacobs University Bremen, Campus Ring 1, D-29759 Bremen, Germany; (V.V.); (A.A.-H.); (M.R.); (M.M.); (A.T.); (J.W.)
| | - Matthew S. Bogyo
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, 300 Pasteur Dr., Stanford, CA 94305-5324, USA;
| | - Francois Verrey
- Physiologisches Institut, Universität Zürich, Winterthurerstr. 190, CH-8057 Zürich, Switzerland;
| | - Eva K. Wirth
- Berlin Institute of Health, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Hessische Str. 3-4, Germany and DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Berlin, D-10115 Berlin, Germany;
| | - Ulrich Schweizer
- Institut für Biochemie und Molekularbiologie, Medizinische Fakultät, Universität Bonn, Nußallee 11, D-53115 Bonn, Germany;
| | - Heike Heuer
- Klinik für Endokrinologie, Diabetologie und Stoffwechsel, Universitätsklinikum Essen (AöR), Universität Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstr. 55, D-45147 Essen, Germany;
| | - Janine Kirstein
- Fachbereich 2 Biologie/Chemie, Faculty of Cell Biology, Universität Bremen, Leobener Straße 5, D-28359 Bremen, Germany;
| | - Klaudia Brix
- Department of Life Sciences and Chemistry, Focus Area HEALTH, Jacobs University Bremen, Campus Ring 1, D-29759 Bremen, Germany; (V.V.); (A.A.-H.); (M.R.); (M.M.); (A.T.); (J.W.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-421-200-3246
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10
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Giammanco M, Di Liegro CM, Schiera G, Di Liegro I. Genomic and Non-Genomic Mechanisms of Action of Thyroid Hormones and Their Catabolite 3,5-Diiodo-L-Thyronine in Mammals. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21114140. [PMID: 32532017 PMCID: PMC7312989 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21114140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2020] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Since the realization that the cellular homologs of a gene found in the retrovirus that contributes to erythroblastosis in birds (v-erbA), i.e. the proto-oncogene c-erbA encodes the nuclear receptors for thyroid hormones (THs), most of the interest for THs focalized on their ability to control gene transcription. It was found, indeed, that, by regulating gene expression in many tissues, these hormones could mediate critical events both in development and in adult organisms. Among their effects, much attention was given to their ability to increase energy expenditure, and they were early proposed as anti-obesity drugs. However, their clinical use has been strongly challenged by the concomitant onset of toxic effects, especially on the heart. Notably, it has been clearly demonstrated that, besides their direct action on transcription (genomic effects), THs also have non-genomic effects, mediated by cell membrane and/or mitochondrial binding sites, and sometimes triggered by their endogenous catabolites. Among these latter molecules, 3,5-diiodo-L-thyronine (3,5-T2) has been attracting increasing interest because some of its metabolic effects are similar to those induced by T3, but it seems to be safer. The main target of 3,5-T2 appears to be the mitochondria, and it has been hypothesized that, by acting mainly on mitochondrial function and oxidative stress, 3,5-T2 might prevent and revert tissue damages and hepatic steatosis induced by a hyper-lipid diet, while concomitantly reducing the circulating levels of low density lipoproteins (LDL) and triglycerides. Besides a summary concerning general metabolism of THs, as well as their genomic and non-genomic effects, herein we will discuss resistance to THs and the possible mechanisms of action of 3,5-T2, also in relation to its possible clinical use as a drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Giammanco
- Department of Surgical, Oncological and Oral Sciences (Discipline Chirurgiche, Oncologiche e Stomatologiche), University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy;
| | - Carlo Maria Di Liegro
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche, Chimiche e Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF)), University of Palermo, 90128 Palermo, Italy; (C.M.D.L.); (G.S.)
| | - Gabriella Schiera
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche, Chimiche e Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF)), University of Palermo, 90128 Palermo, Italy; (C.M.D.L.); (G.S.)
| | - Italia Di Liegro
- Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics (Dipartimento di Biomedicina, Neuroscienze e Diagnostica avanzata (Bi.N.D.)), University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-091-2389-7415 or +39-091-2389-7446
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Toral M, Jimenez R, Montoro-Molina S, Romero M, Wangensteen R, Duarte J, Vargas F. Thyroid hormones stimulate L-arginine transport in human endothelial cells. J Endocrinol 2018; 239:49–62. [PMID: 30307153 DOI: 10.1530/joe-18-0229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Thyroid hormone activity is associated with L-arginine metabolism and nitric oxide (NO) production, which participate in the cardiovascular manifestations of thyroid disorders. L-arginine transporters play an important role in activating L-arginine uptake and NO production. However, the effects of thyroid hormones on L-arginine transporters in endothelial cells have not yet been evaluated. The following methods were used. We measured L-arginine uptake, mRNA expression of L-arginine transporters, endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) mRNA and NO generation after the administration of T3, T4 and the T3 analog, 3,3′,5-triiodothyroacetic acid TRIAC in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). We also analyzed the role of αvβ3 integrin and of phosphatidyl-inositol-3 kinase (PI3K), mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs: ERK1/2, p38 and SAPK-JNK) and intracellular calcium signaling pathways as underlying mechanisms. To this end, αvβ3 integrin was pharmacologically inhibited by tetraiodothyroacetic acid (TETRAC) or genetically blocked by silencing αv mRNA and PI3K, MAPKs and intracellular calcium by selective inhibitors. The following results were obtained. Thyroid hormones and the T3 analog TRIAC increased L-arginine uptake in HUVECs, the sodium-independent y+/CAT isoforms, except CAT2b, sodium-dependent y+L system and sodium-independent system b0,+L-arginine transporters, eNOS mRNA and NO production. These effects were suppressed by αvβ3 integrin inhibition with TETRAC or αv integrin downregulation or by PI3K, MAPK or intracellular Ca2+ signaling inhibitors. In conclusion, we report for the first time that activation of L-arginine uptake by thyroid hormones is related to an upregulation of L-arginine transporters. This effect seems to be mediated by activation of αvβ3 integrin receptor and subsequent PI3K, MAPK and intracellular Ca2+ signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Toral
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Farmacia, Granada, Spain
| | - Rosario Jimenez
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Farmacia, Granada, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria GRANADA, Hospitales Universitarios de Granada, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
| | | | - Miguel Romero
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Farmacia, Granada, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria GRANADA, Hospitales Universitarios de Granada, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
| | | | - Juan Duarte
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Farmacia, Granada, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria GRANADA, Hospitales Universitarios de Granada, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Félix Vargas
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria GRANADA, Hospitales Universitarios de Granada, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Granada, Spain
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12
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Synthesis and Evaluation of the Antioxidant Activity of Lipophilic Phenethyl Trifluoroacetate Esters by In Vitro ABTS, DPPH and in Cell-Culture DCF Assays. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23010208. [PMID: 29351214 PMCID: PMC6017616 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23010208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2017] [Revised: 01/14/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyphenols are natural compounds showing a variety of health-promoting effects. Unfortunately, due to low lipid solubility, their applications in the pharmaceutical, food, and cosmetic industries are limited. With the aim of obtaining novel lipophilic derivatives, the present study reports the synthesis of a series of phenethyl trifluoroacetate esters containing up to two hydroxyl groups in the aromatic ring. Experimental logP values confirmed a greater lipophilicity of the novel compounds compared to the parent compounds. The radical scavenging capacity of all phenethyl trifluoroacetate esters was evaluated by in vitro assays (ABTS, DPPH) and in cultured cells (L6 myoblasts and THP-1 leukemic monocytes) using 2′,7′-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate. These data revealed that the esters showed a good antioxidant effect that was strictly dependent on the grade of hydroxylation of the phenyl ring. The lack of toxicity, evaluated by the MTT assay and proliferation curves, makes these trifluoroacetates attractive derivatives for pharmaceutical, food, and cosmetic applications.
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Bloise FF, Cordeiro A, Ortiga-Carvalho TM. Role of thyroid hormone in skeletal muscle physiology. J Endocrinol 2018; 236:R57-R68. [PMID: 29051191 DOI: 10.1530/joe-16-0611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2017] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Thyroid hormones (TH) are crucial for development, growth, differentiation, metabolism and thermogenesis. Skeletal muscle (SM) contractile function, myogenesis and bioenergetic metabolism are influenced by TH. These effects depend on the presence of the TH transporters MCT8 and MCT10 in the plasma membrane, the expression of TH receptors (THRA or THRB) and hormone availability, which is determined either by the activation of thyroxine (T4) into triiodothyronine (T3) by type 2 iodothyronine deiodinases (D2) or by the inactivation of T4 into reverse T3 by deiodinases type 3 (D3). SM relaxation and contraction rates depend on T3 regulation of myosin expression and energy supplied by substrate oxidation in the mitochondria. The balance between D2 and D3 expression determines TH intracellular levels and thus influences the proliferation and differentiation of satellite cells, indicating an important role of TH in muscle repair and myogenesis. During critical illness, changes in TH levels and in THR and deiodinase expression negatively affect SM function and repair. This review will discuss the influence of TH action on SM contraction, bioenergetics metabolism, myogenesis and repair in health and illness conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavia F Bloise
- Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas FilhoLaboratory of Translational Endocrinology, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Aline Cordeiro
- Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas FilhoLaboratory of Translational Endocrinology, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Tania Maria Ortiga-Carvalho
- Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas FilhoLaboratory of Translational Endocrinology, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Rossi M, Caruso F, Kwok L, Lee G, Caruso A, Gionfra F, Candelotti E, Belli SL, Molasky N, Raley-Susman KM, Leone S, Filipský T, Tofani D, Pedersen J, Incerpi S. Protection by extra virgin olive oil against oxidative stress in vitro and in vivo. Chemical and biological studies on the health benefits due to a major component of the Mediterranean diet. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0189341. [PMID: 29283995 PMCID: PMC5746230 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0189341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2017] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
We report the results of in vivo studies in Caenorhabditis elegans nematodes in which addition of extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) to their diet significantly increased their life span with respect to the control group. Furthermore, when nematodes were exposed to the pesticide paraquat, they started to die after two days, but after the addition of EVOO to their diet, both survival percentage and lifespans of paraquat-exposed nematodes increased. Since paraquat is associated with superoxide radical production, a test for scavenging this radical was performed using cyclovoltammetry and the EVOO efficiently scavenged the superoxide. Thus, a linear correlation (y = -0.0838x +19.73, regression factor = 0.99348) was observed for superoxide presence (y) in the voltaic cell as a function of aliquot (x) additions of EVOO, 10 μL each. The originally generated supoeroxide was approximately halved after 10 aliquots (100 μL total). The superoxide scavenging ability was analyzed, theoretically, using Density Functional Theory for tyrosol and hydroxytyrosol, two components of EVOO and was also confirmed experimentally for the galvinoxyl radical, using Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) spectroscopy. The galvinoxyl signal disappeared after adding 1 μL of EVOO to the EPR cell in 10 minutes. In addition, EVOO significantly decreased the proliferation of human leukemic THP-1 cells, while it kept the proliferation at about normal levels in rat L6 myoblasts, a non-tumoral skeletal muscle cell line. The protection due to EVOO was also assessed in L6 cells and THP-1 exposed to the radical generator cumene hydroperoxide, in which cell viability was reduced. Also in this case the oxidative stress was ameliorated by EVOO, in line with results obtained with tetrazolium dye reduction assays, cell cycle analysis and reactive oxygen species measurements. We ascribe these beneficial effects to EVOO antioxidant properties and our results are in agreement with a clear health benefit of EVOO use in the Mediterranean diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Rossi
- Vassar College, Department of Chemistry, Poughkeepsie, NY, United States of America
| | - Francesco Caruso
- Vassar College, Department of Chemistry, Poughkeepsie, NY, United States of America
| | - Lorraine Kwok
- Vassar College, Department of Chemistry, Poughkeepsie, NY, United States of America
| | - Grace Lee
- Vassar College, Department of Chemistry, Poughkeepsie, NY, United States of America
| | - Alessio Caruso
- Vassar College, Department of Chemistry, Poughkeepsie, NY, United States of America
| | - Fabio Gionfra
- Department of Sciences, University Roma Tre, Roma, Italy
| | | | - Stuart L. Belli
- Vassar College, Department of Chemistry, Poughkeepsie, NY, United States of America
| | - Nora Molasky
- Vassar College, Department of Chemistry, Poughkeepsie, NY, United States of America
| | | | - Stefano Leone
- Department of Sciences, University Roma Tre, Roma, Italy
| | - Tomáš Filipský
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology in Hradec Králové, Charles University in Prague, Heyrovského, Czech Republic
| | - Daniela Tofani
- Department of Sciences, University Roma Tre, Roma, Italy
| | - Jens Pedersen
- Department of Biology, University Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Sandra Incerpi
- Department of Sciences, University Roma Tre, Roma, Italy
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15
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Thyroid hormones derivatives reduce proliferation and induce cell death and DNA damage in ovarian cancer. Sci Rep 2017; 7:16475. [PMID: 29184090 PMCID: PMC5705594 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-16593-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Ovarian cancer is a highly aggressive disease and novel treatments are required. Thyroid hormones binding to αvβ3 integrin produced growth-promoting activities in ovarian cancer and we hypothesized that natural thyroid hormone derivatives may antagonize these actions. The effect of three antagonists, tetraiodoacetic acid (tetrac), triiodothyroacetic acid (triac) and 3-iodothyronamine (T1AM), on cell proliferation, cell death and DNA damage was studied in two ovarian cancer cell lines (OVCAR3 and A2780), normal hamster ovary control cells (CHOK1) and αvβ3-deficient or transfected HEK293 cells. A differential inhibition of cell proliferation was observed in ovarian cancer cells compared to CHOK1. In OVCAR3, an induction of cell cycle regulators was further shown. Apoptosis was confirmed (annexin-PI, SubG1/cell-cycle, apoptotic genes, caspase-3 and poly ADP ribose polymerase-1 (PARP-1) cleavage) and was reversed by a pan-caspase inhibitor. Induction in apoptosis inducing factor (AIF) was observed, suggesting a parallel caspase-independent mechanism. Integrin-involvement in triac/T1AM apoptotic action was shown in αvβ3-transfected HEK293 cells. Lastly, in ovarian cancer models, key proteins that coordinate recognition of DNA damage, ataxia-telangiectasia mutated (ATM) and PARP-1, were induced. To conclude, the cytotoxic potential of thyroid hormone derivatives, tetrac, triac and T1AM, in ovarian cancer may provide a much-needed novel therapeutic approach.
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Groeneweg S, Peeters RP, Visser TJ, Visser WE. Triiodothyroacetic acid in health and disease. J Endocrinol 2017; 234:R99-R121. [PMID: 28576869 DOI: 10.1530/joe-17-0113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Accepted: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Thyroid hormone (TH) is crucial for development and metabolism of many tissues. The physiological relevance and therapeutic potential of TH analogs have gained attention in the field for many years. In particular, the relevance and use of 3,3',5-triiodothyroacetic acid (Triac, TA3) has been explored over the last decades. Although TA3 closely resembles the bioactive hormone T3, differences in transmembrane transport and receptor isoform-specific transcriptional activation potency exist. For these reasons, the application of TA3 as a treatment for resistance to TH (RTH) syndromes, especially MCT8 deficiency, is topic of ongoing research. This review is a summary of all currently available literature about the formation, metabolism, action and therapeutic applications of TA3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Groeneweg
- Department of Internal Medicine and Academic Center for Thyroid DiseasesErasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Robin P Peeters
- Department of Internal Medicine and Academic Center for Thyroid DiseasesErasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Theo J Visser
- Department of Internal Medicine and Academic Center for Thyroid DiseasesErasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - W Edward Visser
- Department of Internal Medicine and Academic Center for Thyroid DiseasesErasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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17
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Davis PJ, Leonard JL, Lin HY, Leinung M, Mousa SA. Molecular Basis of Nongenomic Actions of Thyroid Hormone. VITAMINS AND HORMONES 2017; 106:67-96. [PMID: 29407448 DOI: 10.1016/bs.vh.2017.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Nongenomic actions of thyroid hormone are initiated by the hormone at receptors in the plasma membrane, in cytoplasm, or in mitochondria and do not require the interaction of nuclear thyroid hormone receptors (TRs) with their primary ligand, 3,5,3'-triiodo-l-thyronine (T3). Receptors involved in nongenomic actions may or may not have structural homologies with TRs. Certain nongenomic actions that originate at the plasma membrane may modify the state and function of intranuclear TRs. Reviewed here are nongenomic effects of the hormone-T3 or, in some cases, l-thyroxine (T4)-that are initiated at (a) truncated TRα isoforms, e.g., p30 TRα1, (b) cytoplasmic proteins, or (c) plasma membrane integrin αvβ3. p30 TRα1 is not transcriptionally competent, binds T3 at the cell surface, and consequently expresses a number of important functions in bone cells. Nongenomic hormonal control of mitochondrial respiration involves a TRα isoform, and another truncated TRα isoform nongenomically regulates the state of cellular actin. Cytoplasmic hormone-binding proteins involved in nongenomic actions of thyroid hormone include ketimine reductase, pyruvate kinase, and TRβ that shuttle among intracellular compartments. Functions of the receptor for T4 on integrin αvβ3 include stimulation of proliferation of cancer and endothelial cells (angiogenesis) and regulation of transcription of cancer cell survival pathway genes. T4 serves as a prohormone for T3 in genomic actions of thyroid hormone, but T4 is a hormone at αvβ3 and more important to cancer cell function than is T3. Thus, characterization of nongenomic actions of the hormone has served to broaden our understanding of the cellular roles of T3 and T4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul J Davis
- Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, United States; Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Rensselaer, NY, United States.
| | - Jack L Leonard
- University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States
| | - Hung-Yun Lin
- PhD Program for Cancer Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | - Shaker A Mousa
- Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Rensselaer, NY, United States
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18
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Gnocchi D, Steffensen KR, Bruscalupi G, Parini P. Emerging role of thyroid hormone metabolites. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2016; 217:184-216. [PMID: 26748938 DOI: 10.1111/apha.12648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2015] [Revised: 07/28/2015] [Accepted: 01/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Thyroid hormones (THs) are essential for the regulation of development and metabolism in key organs. THs produce biological effects both by directly affecting gene expression through the interaction with nuclear receptors (genomic effects) and by activating protein kinases and/or ion channels (short-term effects). Such activations can be either direct, in the case of ion channels, or mediated by membrane or cytoplasmic receptors. Short-term-activated signalling pathways often play a role in the regulation of genomic effects. Several TH intermediate metabolites, which were previously considered without biological activity, have now been associated with a broad range of actions, mostly attributable to short-term effects. Here, we give an overview of the physiological roles and mechanisms of action of THs, focusing on the emerging position that TH metabolites are acquiring as important regulators of physiology and metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. Gnocchi
- Division of Clinical Chemistry; Department of Laboratory Medicine; Karolinska Institutet at Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge; Stockholm Sweden
| | - K. R. Steffensen
- Division of Clinical Chemistry; Department of Laboratory Medicine; Karolinska Institutet at Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge; Stockholm Sweden
| | - G. Bruscalupi
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology ‘Charles Darwin’; Sapienza University of Rome; Rome Italy
| | - P. Parini
- Division of Clinical Chemistry; Department of Laboratory Medicine; Karolinska Institutet at Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge; Stockholm Sweden
- Metabolism Unit; Department of Medicine; Karolinska Institutet at Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge; Stockholm Sweden
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Lin H, Chin Y, Yang YSH, Lai H, Whang‐Peng J, Liu LF, Tang H, Davis PJ. Thyroid Hormone, Cancer, and Apoptosis. Compr Physiol 2016; 6:1221-37. [DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c150035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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20
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Lin HY, Glinsky GV, Mousa SA, Davis PJ. Thyroid hormone and anti-apoptosis in tumor cells. Oncotarget 2016; 6:14735-43. [PMID: 26041883 PMCID: PMC4558111 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.4023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The principal secretory product of the thyroid gland, L-thyroxine (T4), is anti-apoptotic at physiological concentrations in a number of cancer cell lines. Among the mechanisms of anti-apoptosis activated by the hormone are interference with the Ser-15 phosphorylation (activation) of p53 and with TNFα/Fas-induced apoptosis. The hormone also decreases cellular abundance and activation of proteolytic caspases and of BAX and causes increased expression of X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis (XIAP). The anti-apoptotic effects of thyroid hormone largely are initiated at a cell surface thyroid hormone receptor on the extracellular domain of integrin αvβ3 that is amply expressed and activated in cancer cells. Tetraiodothyroacetic acid (tetrac) is a T4 derivative that, in a model of resveratrol-induced p53-dependent apoptosis in glioma cells, blocks the anti-apoptotic action of thyroid hormone, permitting specific serine phosphorylation of p53 and apoptosis to proceed. In a nanoparticulate formulation limiting its action to αvβ3, tetrac modulates integrin-dependent effects on gene expression in human cancer cell lines that include increased expression of a panel of pro-apoptotic genes and decreased transcription of defensive anti-apoptotic XIAP and MCL1 genes. By a variety of mechanisms, thyroid hormone (T4) is an endogenous anti-apoptotic factor that may oppose chemotherapy-induced apoptosis in αvβ3-expressing cancer cells. It is possible to decrease this anti-apoptotic activity pharmacologically by reducing circulating levels of T4 or by blocking effects of T4 that are initiated at αvβ3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hung-Yun Lin
- PhD Program for Cancer Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei, Taiwan.,Taipei Cancer Center, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | - Shaker A Mousa
- Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Albany, NY, USA
| | - Paul J Davis
- Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Albany, NY, USA.,Department of Medicine, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, USA
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Abstract
The nongenomic actions of thyroid hormone begin at receptors in the plasma membrane, mitochondria or cytoplasm. These receptors can share structural homologies with nuclear thyroid hormone receptors (TRs) that mediate transcriptional actions of T3, or have no homologies with TR, such as the plasma membrane receptor on integrin αvβ3. Nongenomic actions initiated at the plasma membrane by T4 via integrin αvβ3 can induce gene expression that affects angiogenesis and cell proliferation, therefore, both nongenomic and genomic effects can overlap in the nucleus. In the cytoplasm, a truncated TRα isoform mediates T4-dependent regulation of intracellular microfilament organization, contributing to cell and tissue structure. p30 TRα1 is another shortened TR isoform found at the plasma membrane that binds T3 and mediates nongenomic hormonal effects in bone cells. T3 and 3,5-diiodo-L-thyronine are important to the complex nongenomic regulation of cellular respiration in mitochondria. Thus, nongenomic actions expand the repertoire of cellular events controlled by thyroid hormone and can modulate TR-dependent nuclear events. Here, we review the experimental approaches required to define nongenomic actions of the hormone, enumerate the known nongenomic effects of the hormone and their molecular basis, and discuss the possible physiological or pathophysiological consequences of these actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul J Davis
- Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Albany College of Pharmacy &Health Sciences, One Discovery Drive, Rennselaer, New York 12144, USA
| | - Fernando Goglia
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie, Università degli studi del Sannio, Via Port'Arsa 11, 82100, Benevento, Italy
| | - Jack L Leonard
- Department of Microbiology &Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 368 Plantation Street, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, USA
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Chin YT, Hsieh MT, Yang SH, Tsai PW, Wang SH, Wang CC, Lee YS, Cheng GY, HuangFu WC, London D, Tang HY, Fu E, Yen Y, Liu LF, Lin HY, Davis PJ. Anti-proliferative and gene expression actions of resveratrol in breast cancer cells in vitro. Oncotarget 2015; 5:12891-907. [PMID: 25436977 PMCID: PMC4350334 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.2632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2014] [Accepted: 10/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
We have used a perfusion bellows cell culture system to investigate resveratrolinduced anti-proliferation/apoptosis in a human estrogen receptor (ER)-negative breast cancer cell line (MDA-MB-231). Using an injection system to perfuse media with stilbene, we showed resveratrol (0.5 – 100 μM) to decrease cell proliferation in a concentration-dependent manner. Comparison of influx and medium efflux resveratrol concentrations revealed rapid disappearance of the stilbene, consistent with cell uptake and metabolism of the agent reported by others. Exposure of cells to 10 μM resveratrol for 4 h daily × 6 d inhibited cell proliferation by more than 60%. Variable extracellular acid-alkaline conditions (pH 6.8 – 8.6) affected basal cell proliferation rate, but did not alter anti-proliferation induced by resveratrol. Resveratrol-induced gene expression, including transcription of the most up-regulated genes and pro-apoptotic p53-dependent genes, was not affected by culture pH changes. The microarray findings in the context of induction of anti-proliferation with brief daily exposure of cells to resveratrol—and rapid disappearance of the compound in the perfusion system—are consistent with existence of an accessible initiation site for resveratrol actions on tumor cells, e.g., the cell surface receptor for resveratrol described on integrin αvβ3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Tang Chin
- Taipei Cancer Center, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Meng-Ti Hsieh
- Taipei Cancer Center, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Huei Yang
- PhD Program for Cancer Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Po-Wei Tsai
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shwu-Huey Wang
- Core Facility, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Chiung Wang
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yee-Shin Lee
- PhD Program for Cancer Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Guei-Yun Cheng
- Taipei Cancer Center, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Chun HuangFu
- Taipei Cancer Center, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan. PhD Program for Cancer Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - David London
- Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Albany, New York, USA
| | - Heng-Yuan Tang
- Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Albany, New York, USA
| | - Earl Fu
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, National Defense Medical Center and Tri-Service General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yun Yen
- PhD Program for Cancer Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan. Department of Molecular Pharmacology, City of Hope National Medical Center and Beckman Research Center, Duarte, California, USA
| | - Leroy F Liu
- Taipei Cancer Center, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Yun Lin
- Taipei Cancer Center, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan. PhD Program for Cancer Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Paul J Davis
- Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Albany, New York, USA. Albany Medical College, Albany, New York, USA
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Thekkiniath J, Zabet-Moghaddam M, Kottapalli KR, Pasham MR, San Francisco S, San Francisco M. Quantitative Proteomics of an Amphibian Pathogen, Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis, following Exposure to Thyroid Hormone. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0123637. [PMID: 26046527 PMCID: PMC4457425 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0123637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2014] [Accepted: 02/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd), a chytrid fungus, has increasingly been implicated as a major factor in the worldwide decline of amphibian populations. The fungus causes chytridiomycosis in susceptible species leading to massive die-offs of adult amphibians. Although Bd infects the keratinized mouthparts of tadpoles and negatively affects foraging behavior, these infections are non-lethal. An important morphogen controlling amphibian metamorphosis is thyroid hormone (T3). Tadpoles may be infected with Bd and the fungus may be exposed to T3 during metamorphosis. We hypothesize that exposure of Bd to T3 may induce the expression of factors associated with host colonization and pathogenicity. We utilized a proteomics approach to better understand the dynamics of the Bd-T3 interaction. Using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS), we generated a data set of a large number of cytoplasmic and membrane proteins following exposure of Bd to T3. From these data, we identified a total of 263 proteins whose expression was significantly changed following T3 exposure. We provide evidence for expression of an array of proteins that may play key roles in both genomic and non-genomic actions of T3 in Bd. Additionally, our proteomics study shows an increase in several proteins including proteases and a class of uncommon crinkler and crinkler-like effector proteins suggesting their importance in Bd pathogenicity as well as those involved in metabolism and energy transfer, protein fate, transport and stress responses. This approach provides insights into the mechanistic basis of the Bd-amphibian interaction following T3 exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Thekkiniath
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06520, United States of America
| | - Masoud Zabet-Moghaddam
- Center for Biotechnology and Genomics, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, 79402–3132, United States of America
| | - Kameswara Rao Kottapalli
- Center for Biotechnology and Genomics, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, 79402–3132, United States of America
| | - Mithun R. Pasham
- Department of Cell Biology and Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, United States of America, and Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, United States of America
| | - Susan San Francisco
- Center for Biotechnology and Genomics, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, 79402–3132, United States of America
- Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, 79409–3131, United States of America
| | - Michael San Francisco
- Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, 79409–3131, United States of America
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Kapoor R, Fanibunda SE, Desouza LA, Guha SK, Vaidya VA. Perspectives on thyroid hormone action in adult neurogenesis. J Neurochem 2015; 133:599-616. [DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2014] [Revised: 02/18/2015] [Accepted: 02/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Richa Kapoor
- Department of Biological Sciences; Tata Institute of Fundamental Research; Mumbai India
| | - Sashaina E. Fanibunda
- Department of Biological Sciences; Tata Institute of Fundamental Research; Mumbai India
| | - Lynette A. Desouza
- Department of Biological Sciences; Tata Institute of Fundamental Research; Mumbai India
| | - Suman K. Guha
- Department of Biological Sciences; Tata Institute of Fundamental Research; Mumbai India
| | - Vidita A. Vaidya
- Department of Biological Sciences; Tata Institute of Fundamental Research; Mumbai India
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25
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Thyroid hormone and P-glycoprotein in tumor cells. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:168427. [PMID: 25866761 PMCID: PMC4383522 DOI: 10.1155/2015/168427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2014] [Accepted: 09/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
P-glycoprotein (P-gp; multidrug resistance pump 1, MDR1; ABCB1) is a plasma membrane efflux pump that when activated in cancer cells exports chemotherapeutic agents. Transcription of the P-gp gene (MDR1) and activity of the P-gp protein are known to be affected by thyroid hormone. A cell surface receptor for thyroid hormone on integrin αvβ3 also binds tetraiodothyroacetic acid (tetrac), a derivative of L-thyroxine (T4) that blocks nongenomic actions of T4 and of 3,5,3′-triiodo-L-thyronine (T3) at αvβ3. Covalently bound to a nanoparticle, tetrac as nanotetrac acts at the integrin to increase intracellular residence time of chemotherapeutic agents such as doxorubicin and etoposide that are substrates of P-gp. This action chemosensitizes cancer cells. In this review, we examine possible molecular mechanisms for the inhibitory effect of nanotetrac on P-gp activity. Mechanisms for consideration include cancer cell acidification via action of tetrac/nanotetrac on the Na+/H+ exchanger (NHE1) and hormone analogue effects on calmodulin-dependent processes and on interactions of P-gp with epidermal growth factor (EGF) and osteopontin (OPN), apparently via αvβ3. Intracellular acidification and decreased H+ efflux induced by tetrac/nanotetrac via NHE1 is the most attractive explanation for the actions on P-gp and consequent increase in cancer cell retention of chemotherapeutic agent-ligands of MDR1 protein.
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26
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Leal ALRC, Albuquerque JPC, Matos MS, Fortunato RS, Carvalho DP, Rosenthal D, da Costa VMC. Thyroid hormones regulate skeletal muscle regeneration after acute injury. Endocrine 2015; 48:233-40. [PMID: 24798447 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-014-0271-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2014] [Accepted: 04/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
We evaluated the effects of hypo- and hyperthyroid statuses during the initial phase of skeletal muscle regeneration in rats. To induce hypo- or hyperthyroidism, adult male Wistar rats were treated with methimazole (0.03%) or T4 (10 μg/100 g), respectively, for 10 days. Three days before sacrifice, a crush injury was produced in the solear muscles of one half of the animals, while the other half remained intact. T3, T4, TSH, and leptin serum levels were not affected by the injury. Serum T3 and T4 levels were significantly increased in hyperthyroid and hyper-injury animals. Hypothyroidism was confirmed by the significant increase in serum TSH levels in hypothyroid and hypo-injury animals. Injury increased cell infiltration and macrophage accumulation especially in hyperthyroid animals. Both type 2 and type 3 deiodinases were induced by lesion, and the opposite occurred with the type 1 isoform, at least in the control and hyperthyroid groups. Injury increased both MyoD and myogenin expression in all the studied groups, but only MyoD expression was increased by thyroidal status only at the protein level. We conclude that thyroid hormones modulate skeletal muscle regeneration possibly by regulating the inflammatory process, as well as MyoD and myogenin expression in the injured tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Lúcia R C Leal
- Laboratório de Fisiologia Endócrina Doris Rosenthal, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, CCS, bloco G, Cidade Universitária, Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro, 21949-900, Brazil
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Davis PJ, Hercbergs A, Luidens MK, Lin HY. Recurrence of differentiated thyroid carcinoma during full TSH suppression: is the tumor now thyroid hormone dependent? Discov Oncol 2014; 6:7-12. [PMID: 25292307 PMCID: PMC4309911 DOI: 10.1007/s12672-014-0204-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2014] [Accepted: 09/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Well-standardized primary treatment and long-term management of differentiated thyroid carcinoma (DTC) include lowering or suppression of host thyrotropin (TSH) with exogenous L-thyroxine (T4). This treatment recognizes the trophic action of TSH on DTC cells. Suppression of endogenous TSH with T4 is continued in recurrent disease. However, T4 can induce proliferation of follicular and papillary thyroid carcinoma cell lines and of other human carcinoma cells. The proliferative mechanism is initiated at a cell surface receptor for T4 on integrin αvβ3, a receptor by which the hormone also inhibits p53-dependent apoptosis in tumor cells. In recurrent DTC with satisfactory suppression of endogenous TSH, we discuss here the possibility that the tumor is no longer TSH dependent and that T4 has become a critical growth factor for the cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul J Davis
- Department of Medicine, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, USA,
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28
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Liu X, Zheng N, Shi YN, Yuan J, Li L. Thyroid hormone induced angiogenesis through the integrin αvβ3/protein kinase D/histone deacetylase 5 signaling pathway. J Mol Endocrinol 2014; 52:245-54. [PMID: 24532656 DOI: 10.1530/jme-13-0252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Thyroid hormone is reported to induce angiogenesis, which is mediated by the membrane receptor integrin αvβ3, but the precise signaling pathway is still not very clear. Recently, studies have shown that protein kinase D (PKD) regulates the recycling of integrin αvβ3, which is required for cell migration. Moreover, phosphorylated PKD stimulates histone deacetylase 5 (HDAC5) phosphorylation and nuclear export in endothelial cells. As a potent pro-angiogenic growth factor, basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF (FGF2)) is a downstream target gene of HDAC5. Therefore, we examined the hypothesis that a novel signaling pathway through integrin αvβ3/PKD/HDAC5 might contribute to thyroxine (T4)-induced angiogenesis. We selected human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) for treatment. Angiogenesis was assessed using wound-healing and tubulogenesis assays. Signaling molecules, including phosphorylated PKD and HDAC5, were measured by western blotting. bFGF mRNA was analyzed by real-time PCR. Our results showed that T4 (100 nmol/l) stimulated the migration and formation of tube-like structures of HUVECs, whereas tetraiodothyroacetic acid (Tetrac, 100 nmol/l) inhibited T4-induced cell migration. Importantly, T4 promoted the phosphorylation of PKD and HDAC5. These effects were inhibited respectively by Tetrac, PKC inhibitor (2.5 μmol/l) and PKD siRNA. Meanwhile, T4 could promote the cytoplasmic accumulation of phosphorylated HDAC5 in HUVECs. In addition, bFGF mRNA expression in HUVECs significantly increased within 2 h of T4 treatment, but was decreased by Tetrac. Our findings indicate that T4 increases the expression of bFGF mRNA via the integrin αvβ3/PKD/HDAC5 signaling pathway, which plays an important role in angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Hormones and Development (Ministry of Health), Metabolic Diseases Hospital and Tianjin Institute of Endocrinology, 2011 Collaborative Innovation Center of Tianjin for Medical Epigenetics, Tianjin Medical University, 300070 Tianjin, China
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29
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Fanti M, Singh S, Ledda-Columbano GM, Columbano A, Monga SP. Tri-iodothyronine induces hepatocyte proliferation by protein kinase A-dependent β-catenin activation in rodents. Hepatology 2014; 59:2309-20. [PMID: 24122933 PMCID: PMC3979513 DOI: 10.1002/hep.26775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2013] [Accepted: 09/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Thyroid hormone (T3), like many other ligands of the steroid/thyroid hormone nuclear receptor superfamily, is a strong inducer of liver cell proliferation in rats and mice. However, the molecular basis of its mitogenic activity, which is currently unknown, must be elucidated if its use in hepatic regenerative medicine is to be considered. F-344 rats or C57BL/6 mice were fed a diet containing T3 for 2-7 days. In rats, administration of T3 led to an increased cytoplasmic stabilization and nuclear translocation of β-catenin in pericentral hepatocytes with a concomitant increase in cyclin-D1 expression. T3 administration to wild-type (WT) mice resulted in increased hepatocyte proliferation; however, no mitogenic response in hepatocytes to T3 was evident in the hepatocyte-specific β-catenin knockout mice (KO). In fact, T3 induced β-catenin-TCF4 reporter activity both in vitro and in vivo. Livers from T3-treated mice demonstrated no changes in Ctnnb1 expression, activity of glycogen synthase kinase-3β, known to phosphorylate and eventually promote β-catenin degradation, or E-cadherin-β-catenin association. However, T3 treatment increased β-catenin phosphorylation at Ser675, an event downstream of protein kinase A (PKA). Administration of PKA inhibitor during T3 treatment of mice and rats as well as in cell culture abrogated Ser675-β-catenin and simultaneously decreased cyclin-D1 expression to block hepatocyte proliferation. CONCLUSION We have identified T3-induced hepatocyte mitogenic response to be mediated by PKA-dependent β-catenin activation. Thus, T3 may be of therapeutic relevance to stimulate β-catenin signaling to in turn induce regeneration in selected cases of hepatic insufficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maura Fanti
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine, USA,Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Italy
| | - Sucha Singh
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine, USA
| | | | - Amedeo Columbano
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Italy,Address correspondence to: Satdarshan Pal Singh Monga, MD, Endowed Chair, Vice Chair and Division Director of Experimental Pathology (EP), Professor of Pathology (EP) & Medicine (GI, Hepatology & Nutrition), University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 200 Lothrop Street S-422 BST, Pittsburgh, PA 15261; Tel: (412) 648-9966; Fax: (412) 648-1916; ; Amedeo Columbano, PhD, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Unit of Oncology and Molecular Pathology, University of Cagliari, Via Porcell 4, 09124 Cagliari, Italy, Tel: +39-070-6758345; Fax: +39-070-666062;
| | - Satdarshan P Monga
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine, USA,Address correspondence to: Satdarshan Pal Singh Monga, MD, Endowed Chair, Vice Chair and Division Director of Experimental Pathology (EP), Professor of Pathology (EP) & Medicine (GI, Hepatology & Nutrition), University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 200 Lothrop Street S-422 BST, Pittsburgh, PA 15261; Tel: (412) 648-9966; Fax: (412) 648-1916; ; Amedeo Columbano, PhD, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Unit of Oncology and Molecular Pathology, University of Cagliari, Via Porcell 4, 09124 Cagliari, Italy, Tel: +39-070-6758345; Fax: +39-070-666062;
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30
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Incerpi S, Hsieh MT, Lin HY, Cheng GY, De Vito P, Fiore AM, Ahmed RG, Salvia R, Candelotti E, Leone S, Luly P, Pedersen JZ, Davis FB, Davis PJ. Thyroid hormone inhibition in L6 myoblasts of IGF-I-mediated glucose uptake and proliferation: new roles for integrin αvβ3. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2014; 307:C150-61. [PMID: 24808494 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00308.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Thyroid hormones L-thyroxine (T4) and 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine (T3) have been shown to initiate short- and long-term effects via a plasma membrane receptor site located on integrin αvβ3. Also insulin-like growth factor type I (IGF-I) activity is known to be subject to regulation by this integrin. To investigate the possible cross-talk between T4 and IGF-I in rat L6 myoblasts, we have examined integrin αvβ3-mediated modulatory actions of T4 on glucose uptake, measured through carrier-mediated 2-deoxy-[3H]-D-glucose uptake, and on cell proliferation stimulated by IGF-I, assessed by cell counting, [3H]-thymidine incorporation, and fluorescence-activated cell sorting analysis. IGF-I stimulated glucose transport and cell proliferation via the cell surface IGF-I receptor (IGFIR) and, downstream of the receptor, by the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase signal transduction pathway. Addition of 0.1 nM free T4 caused little or no cell proliferation but prevented both glucose uptake and proliferative actions of IGF-I. These actions of T4 were mediated by an Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD)-sensitive pathway, suggesting the existence of crosstalk between IGFIR and the T4 receptor located near the RGD recognition site on the integrin. An RGD-sequence-containing integrin inhibitor, a monoclonal antibody to αvβ3, and the T4 metabolite tetraiodothyroacetic acid all blocked the inhibition by T4 of IGF-I-stimulated glucose uptake and cell proliferation. Western blotting confirmed roles for activated phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and extracellular regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) in the effects of IGF-I and also showed a role for ERK1/2 in the actions of T4 that modified the effects of IGF-I. We conclude that thyroid hormone inhibits IGF-I-stimulated glucose uptake and cell proliferation in L6 myoblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Incerpi
- Department of Sciences, University Roma Tre, Rome, Italy;
| | - Meng-Ti Hsieh
- Taipei Cancer Center, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Yun Lin
- Taipei Cancer Center, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Cancer Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Guei-Yun Cheng
- Taipei Cancer Center, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Paolo De Vito
- Department of Biology, University Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | | | - R G Ahmed
- Department of Zoology, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
| | - Rosanna Salvia
- Department of Sciences, University Roma Tre, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Stefano Leone
- Department of Sciences, University Roma Tre, Rome, Italy
| | - Paolo Luly
- Department of Biology, University Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Faith B Davis
- Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Albany, New York
| | - Paul J Davis
- Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Albany, New York; Department of Medicine, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York
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31
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Abstract
Wnt/β-catenin signaling plays key roles not only during development but also in adult tissue homeostasis. This is also evident in liver biology where many temporal roles of β-catenin have been identified during hepatic development, where, in hepatic progenitors or hepatoblasts, it is a key determinant of proliferation and eventually differentiation to mature hepatocytes, while also playing an important role in bile duct homeostasis. β-Catenin signaling cascade is mostly quiescent in hepatocytes in an adult liver except in the centrizonal region of a hepatic lobule. This small rim of hepatocytes around the central vein show constitutive β-catenin activation that in turn regulates expression of genes whose products play an important role in ammonia and xenobiotic metabolism. Intriguingly, β-catenin can also undergo activation in hepatocytes after acute liver loss secondary to surgical or toxicant insult. Such activation of this progrowth protein is observed as nuclear translocation of β-catenin and formation of its complex with the T-cell factor (TCF) family of transcription factors. Expression of cyclin-D1, a key inducer of transition from the G1 to S phase of cell cycle, is regulated by β-catenin-TCF complex. Thus, β-catenin activation is absolutely critical in the normal regeneration process of the liver as shown by studies in several models across various species. In the current review, the temporal role and regulation of β-catenin in liver development, metabolic zonation in a basal adult liver, and during the liver regeneration process will be discussed. In addition, the probability of therapeutically regulating β-catenin activity as a possible future treatment strategy for liver insufficiency will also be discussed.
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32
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Davis PJ, Lin HY, Tang HY, Davis FB, Mousa SA. Adjunctive input to the nuclear thyroid hormone receptor from the cell surface receptor for the hormone. Thyroid 2013; 23:1503-9. [PMID: 24011085 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2013.0280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
At thyroid hormone response elements on specific genes, complexes of nuclear thyroid hormone receptors (TRs) and 3,5,3'-triiodo-L-thyronine (T(3)), coactivator or corepressor nucleoproteins, and histone acetylases or deacetylases mediate genomic effects of the hormone. Nongenomic effects of the hormone are those whose initiation does not primarily depend upon formation of the TR-T(3) complex. Among the nongenomic effects of thyroid hormone are a set of actions initiated at a cell surface receptor on integrin αvβ3 that are relevant to a) intracellular trafficking of proteins, including TRβ1, b) serine phosphorylation and acetylation of this nuclear receptor, c) assembly within the nucleus of complexes of coactivators and corepressor, and d) transcription of specific genes, including that for TRβ1. These actions initiated at αvβ3 are reviewed here and appear to be adjunctive to the genomic actions of the TR-T(3) complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul J Davis
- 1 Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences , Albany, New York
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33
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Davis PJ, Mousa SA, Cody V, Tang HY, Lin HY. Small Molecule Hormone or Hormone-Like Ligands of Integrin αVβ3: Implications for Cancer Cell Behavior. Discov Oncol 2013; 4:335-42. [DOI: 10.1007/s12672-013-0156-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2013] [Accepted: 07/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
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Probing antioxidant activity of 2'-hydroxychalcones: crystal and molecular structures, in vitro antiproliferative studies and in vivo effects on glucose regulation. Biochimie 2013; 95:1954-63. [PMID: 23851195 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2013.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2013] [Accepted: 07/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In order to better understand the antioxidant behavior of a series of polyphenolic 2'-hydroxychalcones, we describe the results of several chemical and biological studies, in vitro and in vivo. Single crystal X-ray methods elucidated their molecular structures and important intermolecular interactions such as H-bonding and molecular stacking in the crystal structures that contribute to our knowledge in explaining antioxidant activity. The results of experiments using the 1,1-diphenyl-2-dipicrylhydrazyl (DPPH) UV-vis spectroscopic method indicate that a hydroxyl group in position 5' induces the highest antioxidant activity. Consequently, 2,2',5'-trihydroxychalcone was selected for further study in vitro towards ROS scavenging in L-6 myoblasts and THP-1 human monocytes, where it shows an excellent antioxidant activity in a concentration range lower than that reported by most studies of related molecules. In addition, this chalcone shows a very selective activity: it inhibits the proliferation of leukemic cells, but it does not affect the normal L-6 myoblasts and human fibroblasts. In studying 2,2',5'-trihydroxychalcone's effect on weight gain and serum glucose and insulin levels in Zucker fatty (fa(-)/fa(-)) rats we found that supplementing the diet with a 10 mg/kg dose of this chalcone (3 times weekly) blunted the increase in glucose that co-occurs with weight gain over the 6-week treatment period. It is concluded that 2,2',5'-trihydroxychalcone has the potential to serve as a protective agent for some debilitating diseases.
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35
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Wu SM, Cheng WL, Lin CD, Lin KH. Thyroid hormone actions in liver cancer. Cell Mol Life Sci 2013; 70:1915-36. [PMID: 22955376 PMCID: PMC11113324 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-012-1146-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2012] [Revised: 08/06/2012] [Accepted: 08/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The thyroid hormone 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine (T3) mediates several physiological processes, including embryonic development, cellular differentiation, metabolism, and the regulation of cell proliferation. Thyroid hormone receptors (TRs) generally act as heterodimers with the retinoid X receptor (RXR) to regulate target genes. In addition to their developmental and metabolic functions, TRs have been shown to play a tumor suppressor role, suggesting that their aberrant expression can lead to tumor transformation. Conversely, recent reports have shown an association between overexpression of wild-type TRs and tumor metastasis. Signaling crosstalk between T3/TR and other pathways or specific TR coregulators appear to affect tumor development. Since TR actions are complex as well as cell context-, tissue- and time-specific, aberrant expression of the various TR isoforms has different effects during diverse tumorigenesis. Therefore, elucidation of the T3/TR signaling mechanisms in cancers should facilitate the identification of novel therapeutic targets. This review provides a summary of recent studies focusing on the role of TRs in hepatocellular carcinomas (HCCs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Ming Wu
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Chang-Gung University, 259 Wen-hwa 1 Road, Taoyuan, 333 Taiwan
| | - Wan-Li Cheng
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Chang-Gung University, 259 Wen-hwa 1 Road, Taoyuan, 333 Taiwan
| | - Crystal D. Lin
- Pre-med Program, Pacific Union College, Angwin, CA 94508 USA
| | - Kwang-Huei Lin
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Chang-Gung University, 259 Wen-hwa 1 Road, Taoyuan, 333 Taiwan
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36
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Lin HY, Su YF, Hsieh MT, Lin S, Meng R, London D, Lin C, Tang HY, Hwang J, Davis FB, Mousa SA, Davis PJ. Nuclear monomeric integrin αv in cancer cells is a coactivator regulated by thyroid hormone. FASEB J 2013; 27:3209-16. [PMID: 23640055 DOI: 10.1096/fj.12-227132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Thyroid hormone induces tumor cell and blood vessel cell proliferation via a cell surface receptor on heterodimeric integrin αvβ3. We investigated the role of thyroid hormone-induced internalization of nuclear integrin αv monomer. Physiological concentration of thyroxine (free T4, 10(-10) M), but not 3,5,3'-triiodo-l-thyronine (T3), induced cellular internalization and nuclear translocation of integrin αv monomer in human non-small-cell lung cancer (H522) and ovarian carcinoma (OVCAR-3) cells. T4 did not complex with integrin αv monomer during its internalization. The αv monomer was phosphorylated by activated ERK1/2 when it heterodimerized with integrin β3 in vitro. Nuclear αv complexed with transcriptional coactivator proteins, p300 and STAT1, and with corepressor proteins, NCoR and SMRT. Nuclear αv monomer in T4-exposed cells, but not integrin β3, bound to promoters of specific genes that have important roles in cancer cells, including estrogen receptor-α, cyclooxygenase-2, hypoxia-inducible factor-1α, and thyroid hormone receptor β1 in chromatin immunoprecipitation assay. In summary, monomeric αv is a novel coactivator regulated from the cell surface by thyroid hormone for the expression of genes involved in tumorigenesis and angiogenesis. This study also offers a mechanism for modulation of gene expression by thyroid hormone that is adjunctive to the nuclear hormone receptor (TR)-T3 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hung-Yun Lin
- Institute of Cancer Biology and Drug Discovery, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wu-Shin St., Taipei, Taiwan.
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Lombardo E, Sabellico C, Hájek J, Staňková V, Filipský T, Balducci V, De Vito P, Leone S, Bavavea EI, Silvestri IP, Righi G, Luly P, Saso L, Bovicelli P, Pedersen JZ, Incerpi S. Protection of cells against oxidative stress by nanomolar levels of hydroxyflavones indicates a new type of intracellular antioxidant mechanism. PLoS One 2013; 8:e60796. [PMID: 23637768 PMCID: PMC3630532 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0060796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2012] [Accepted: 03/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural polyphenol compounds are often good antioxidants, but they also cause damage to cells through more or less specific interactions with proteins. To distinguish antioxidant activity from cytotoxic effects we have tested four structurally related hydroxyflavones (baicalein, mosloflavone, negletein, and 5,6-dihydroxyflavone) at very low and physiologically relevant levels, using two different cell lines, L-6 myoblasts and THP-1 monocytes. Measurements using intracellular fluorescent probes and electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy in combination with cytotoxicity assays showed strong antioxidant activities for baicalein and 5,6-dihydroxyflavone at picomolar concentrations, while 10 nM partially protected monocytes against the strong oxidative stress induced by 200 µM cumene hydroperoxide. Wide range dose-dependence curves were introduced to characterize and distinguish the mechanism and targets of different flavone antioxidants, and identify cytotoxic effects which only became detectable at micromolar concentrations. Analysis of these dose-dependence curves made it possible to exclude a protein-mediated antioxidant response, as well as a mechanism based on the simple stoichiometric scavenging of radicals. The results demonstrate that these flavones do not act on the same radicals as the flavonol quercetin. Considering the normal concentrations of all the endogenous antioxidants in cells, the addition of picomolar or nanomolar levels of these flavones should not be expected to produce any detectable increase in the total cellular antioxidant capacity. The significant intracellular antioxidant activity observed with 1 pM baicalein means that it must be scavenging radicals that for some reason are not eliminated by the endogenous antioxidants. The strong antioxidant effects found suggest these flavones, as well as quercetin and similar polyphenolic antioxidants, at physiologically relevant concentrations act as redox mediators to enable endogenous antioxidants to reach and scavenge different pools of otherwise inaccessible radicals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jan Hájek
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Veronika Staňková
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Filipský
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | | | - Paolo De Vito
- Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Stefano Leone
- Department of Sciences, University Roma Tre, Rome, Italy
| | - Eugenia I. Bavavea
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Athens, Greece
| | | | - Giuliana Righi
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, National Research Council (CNR), Rome, Italy
| | - Paolo Luly
- Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Luciano Saso
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology “Vittorio Erspamer”, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Paolo Bovicelli
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, National Research Council (CNR), Rome, Italy
| | - Jens Z. Pedersen
- Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Sandra Incerpi
- Department of Sciences, University Roma Tre, Rome, Italy
- * E-mail:
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Cordeiro A, Souza LL, Einicker-Lamas M, Pazos-Moura CC. Non-classic thyroid hormone signalling involved in hepatic lipid metabolism. J Endocrinol 2013; 216:R47-57. [PMID: 23297113 DOI: 10.1530/joe-12-0542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Thyroid hormones are important modulators of lipid metabolism because the liver is a primary hormonal target. The hypolipidaemic effects of thyroid hormones result from the balance between direct and indirect actions resulting in stimulation of lipid synthesis and lipid oxidation, which favours degradation pathways. Originally, it was believed that thyroid hormone activity was only transduced by alteration of gene transcription mediated by the nuclear receptor thyroid hormone receptors, comprising the classic action of thyroid hormone. However, the discovery of other effects independent of this classic mechanism characterised a new model of thyroid hormone action, the non-classic mechanism that involves other signalling pathways. To date, this mechanism and its relevance have been intensively described. Considering the increasing evidence for non-classic signalling of thyroid hormones and the major influence of these hormones in the regulation of lipid metabolism, we reviewed the role of thyroid hormone in cytosolic signalling cascades, focusing on the regulation of second messengers, and the activity of effector proteins and the implication of these mechanisms on the control of hepatic lipid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline Cordeiro
- Biophysics Institute Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Avenida Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, Bloco G, Cidade Universitária - Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro - RJ 21941-902, Brazil.
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Crupi R, Paterniti I, Campolo M, Di Paola R, Cuzzocrea S, Esposito E. Exogenous T3 administration provides neuroprotection in a murine model of traumatic brain injury. Pharmacol Res 2013; 70:80-9. [PMID: 23313345 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2012.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2012] [Revised: 12/12/2012] [Accepted: 12/26/2012] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) induces primary and secondary damage in both the endothelium and the brain parenchyma. While neurons die quickly by necrosis, a vicious cycle of secondary injury in endothelial cells exacerbates the initial injury. Thyroid hormones are reported to be decreased in patients with brain injury. Controlled cortical impact injury (CCI) is a widely used, clinically relevant model of TBI. Here, using CCI in adult male mice, we set to determine whether 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine (T3) attenuates posttraumatic neurodegeneration and neuroinflammation in an experimental model of TBI. Treatment with T3 (1.2μg/100g body weight, i.p.) 1h after TBI resulted in a significant improvement in motor and cognitive recovery after CCI, as well as in marked reduction of lesion volumes. Mouse model for brain injury showed reactive astrocytes with increased glial fibrillary acidic protein, and formation of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). Western blot analysis revealed the ability of T3 to reduce brain trauma through modulation of cytoplasmic-nuclear shuttling of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB). Twenty-four hours after brain trauma, T3-treated mice also showed significantly lower number of TUNEL(+) apoptotic neurons and curtailed induction of Bax, compared to vehicle control. In addition, T3 significantly enhanced the post-TBI expression of the neuroprotective neurotrophins (BDNF and GDNF) compared to vehicle. Our data provide an additional mechanism for the anti-inflammatory effects of thyroid hormone with critical implications in immunopathology at the cross-roads of the immune-endocrine circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosalia Crupi
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Italy
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40
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Abstract
Administration of chemotherapy during pregnancy may represent a big risk factor for the developing brain, therefore we studied whether the transplacental transport of doxorubicin (DOX) may affect the development of neuroendocrine system. DOX (25 mg/kg; 3 times interaperitoneally/week) was given to pregnant rats during whole gestation period. The disturbances in neuroendocrine functions were investigated at gestation day (GD) 15 and 20 by following the maternal and fetal thyroid hormone levels, fetal nucleotides (ATP, ADP, AMP) levels and adenosine triphosphatase (Na(+), K(+)-ATPase, Ca(2+)-ATPase and Mg(2+)-ATPase) activities in two brain regions, cerebrum and cerebellum. In control group, the levels of maternal and fetal serum thyroxine (T4), triiodothyronine (T3), thyrotropin (TSH), and fetal serum growth hormone (GH) increased from days 15 to 20, whereas in the DOX group, a decrease in maternal and fetal T4, T3 and increase in TSH levels (hypothyroid status) were observed. Also, the levels of fetal GH decreased continuously from GD 15 to 20 with respect to control group. In cerebrum and cerebellum, the levels of fetal nucleotides and the activities of fetal ATPases in control group followed a synchronized course of development. The fetal hypothyroidism due to maternal administration of DOX decreased the levels of nucleotides, ATPases activities, and total adenylate, instead, the adenylate energy charge showed a trend to an increase in both brain regions at all ages tested. These alterations were dose- and age-dependent and this, in turn, may impair the nerve transmission. Finally, DOX may act as neuroendocrine disruptor causing hypothyroidism and fetal brain energetic dysfunction.
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Wilhelm A, Lopez-Garcia LA, Busschots K, Fröhner W, Maurer F, Boettcher S, Zhang H, Schulze JO, Biondi RM, Engel M. 2-(3-Oxo-1,3-diphenylpropyl)malonic Acids as Potent Allosteric Ligands of the PIF Pocket of Phosphoinositide-Dependent Kinase-1: Development and Prodrug Concept. J Med Chem 2012; 55:9817-30. [DOI: 10.1021/jm3010477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Wilhelm
- Pharmaceutical and Medicinal
Chemistry, Saarland University, Campus
C2.3, D-66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Laura A. Lopez-Garcia
- Department of Internal Medicine
I, University of Frankfurt, Theodor-Stern-Kai
7, D-60590 Frankfurt a.M., Germany
| | - Katrien Busschots
- Department of Internal Medicine
I, University of Frankfurt, Theodor-Stern-Kai
7, D-60590 Frankfurt a.M., Germany
| | - Wolfgang Fröhner
- Pharmaceutical and Medicinal
Chemistry, Saarland University, Campus
C2.3, D-66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Frauke Maurer
- Organic Chemistry, Saarland University, Campus C2.3, D-66123 Saarbrücken,
Germany
| | - Stefan Boettcher
- Pharmaceutical and Medicinal
Chemistry, Saarland University, Campus
C2.3, D-66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Hua Zhang
- Department of Internal Medicine
I, University of Frankfurt, Theodor-Stern-Kai
7, D-60590 Frankfurt a.M., Germany
| | - Jörg O. Schulze
- Department of Internal Medicine
I, University of Frankfurt, Theodor-Stern-Kai
7, D-60590 Frankfurt a.M., Germany
| | - Ricardo M. Biondi
- Department of Internal Medicine
I, University of Frankfurt, Theodor-Stern-Kai
7, D-60590 Frankfurt a.M., Germany
| | - Matthias Engel
- Pharmaceutical and Medicinal
Chemistry, Saarland University, Campus
C2.3, D-66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
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De Vito P, Balducci V, Leone S, Percario Z, Mangino G, Davis PJ, Davis FB, Affabris E, Luly P, Pedersen JZ, Incerpi S. Nongenomic effects of thyroid hormones on the immune system cells: New targets, old players. Steroids 2012; 77:988-95. [PMID: 22414628 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2012.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2011] [Revised: 02/06/2012] [Accepted: 02/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
It is now widely accepted that thyroid hormones, l-thyroxine (T(4)) and 3,3',5-triiodo-l-thyronine (T(3)), act as modulators of the immune response. Immune functions such as chemotaxis, phagocytosis, generation of reactive oxygen species, and cytokine synthesis and release, are altered in hypo- and hyper-thyroid conditions, even though for many immune cells no clear correlation has been found between altered levels of T(3) or T(4) and effects on the immune responses. Integrins are extracellular matrix proteins that are important modulators of many cellular responses, and the integrin αvβ3 has been identified as a cell surface receptor for thyroid hormones. Rapid signaling via this plasma membrane binding site appears to be responsible for many nongenomic effects of thyroid hormones, independent of the classic nuclear receptors. Through the integrin αvβ3 receptor the hormone can activate both the ERK1/2 and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase pathways, with downstream effects including intracellular protein trafficking, angiogenesis and tumor cell proliferation. It has recently become clear that an important downstream target of the thyroid hormone nongenomic pathway may be the mammalian target of rapamycin, mTOR. New results demonstrate the capability of T(3) or T(4) to induce in the short time range important responses related to the immune function, such as reactive oxygen species production and cell migration in THP-1 monocytes. Thus thyroid hormones seem to be able to modulate the immune system by a combination of rapid nongenomic responses interacting with the classical nuclear response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo De Vito
- Dept. of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy.
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Jahagirdar V, McNay EC. Thyroid hormone's role in regulating brain glucose metabolism and potentially modulating hippocampal cognitive processes. Metab Brain Dis 2012; 27:101-11. [PMID: 22437199 PMCID: PMC3348399 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-012-9291-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2011] [Accepted: 02/08/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Cognitive performance is dependent on adequate glucose supply to the brain. Insulin, which regulates systemic glucose metabolism, has been recently shown both to regulate hippocampal metabolism and to be a mandatory component of hippocampally-mediated cognitive performance. Thyroid hormones (TH) regulate systemic glucose metabolism and may also be involved in regulation of brain glucose metabolism. Here we review potential mechanisms for such regulation. Importantly, TH imbalance is often encountered in combination with metabolic disorders such as diabetes, and may cause additional metabolic dysregulation and hence worsening of disease states. TH's potential as a regulator of brain glucose metabolism is heightened by interactions with insulin signaling, but there have been relatively few studies on this topic or on the actions of TH in a mature brain. This review discusses evidence for mechanistic links between TH, insulin, cognitive function, and brain glucose metabolism, and reaches the conclusion that TH may modulate memory processes, likely at least in part by modulation of central insulin signaling and glucose metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Jahagirdar
- Office of Outcomes Assessment and Institutional Research, Excelsior College, Albany, NY 12203, USA.
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Del Viscovo A, Secondo A, Esposito A, Goglia F, Moreno M, Canzoniero LMT. Intracellular and plasma membrane-initiated pathways involved in the [Ca2+]i elevations induced by iodothyronines (T3 and T2) in pituitary GH3 cells. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2012; 302:E1419-30. [PMID: 22414808 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00389.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The role of 3,5,3'-triiodo-l-thyronine (T3) and its metabolite 3,5-diiodo-l-thyronine (T2) in modulating the intracellular Ca(2+) concentration ([Ca(2+)](i)) and endogenous nitric oxide (NO) synthesis was evaluated in pituitary GH(3) cells in the absence or presence of extracellular Ca(2+). When applied in Ca(2+)-free solution, T2 and T3 increased [Ca(2+)](i), in a dose-dependent way, and NO levels. Inhibition of neuronal NO synthase by N(G)-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester and l-n(5)-(1-iminoethyl)ornithine hydrochloride significantly reduced the [Ca(2+)](i) increase induced by T2 and T3. However, while depletion of inositol trisphosphate-dependent Ca(2+) stores did not interfere with the T2- and T3-induced [Ca(2+)](i) increases, the inhibition of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase by LY-294002 and the dominant negative form of Akt mutated at the ATP binding site prevented these effects. Furthermore, the mitochondrial protonophore carbonyl cyanide 4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenylhydrazone prevented the increases in both [Ca(2+)](i) and NO elicited by T2 or T3. Interestingly, rotenone blocked the early [Ca(2+)](i) increases elicited by T2 and T3, while antimycin prevented only that elicited by T3. Inhibition of mitochondrial Na(+)/Ca(2+) exchanger by CGP37157 significantly reduced the [Ca(2+)](i) increases induced by T2 and T3. In the presence of extracellular calcium (1.2 mM), under carbonyl cyanide 4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenylhydrazone, T2 and T3 increased both [Ca(2+)](i) and intracellular Na(+) concentration; nimodipine reduced the [Ca(2+)](i) increases elicited by T2 and T3, but inhibition of NO synthase and blockade of the Na(+)/H(+) pump by 5-(N-ethyl-N-isopropyl)amiloride prevented only that elicited by T3; and CB-DMB, bisindolylmaleimide, and LY-294002 (inhibitors of the Na(+)/Ca(2+) exchanger, PKC, and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, respectively) failed to modify the T2- and T3-induced effects. Collectively, the present results suggest that T2 and T3 exert short-term nongenomic effects on intracellular calcium and NO by modulating plasma membrane and mitochondrial pathways that differ between these iodothyronines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adelaide Del Viscovo
- Dipartimento di Scienze per la Biologia, la Geologia e l'Ambiente, Università del Sannio, Piazza Guerrazzi 1, Benevento, Italy
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Gnocchi D, Leoni S, Incerpi S, Bruscalupi G. 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine (T3) stimulates cell proliferation through the activation of the PI3K/Akt pathway and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in chick embryo hepatocytes. Steroids 2012; 77:589-95. [PMID: 22366194 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2012.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2011] [Revised: 01/30/2012] [Accepted: 01/31/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Thyroid hormones (THs) have a wide variety of essential roles in vertebrates, ranging from the regulation of key metabolic processes to cell proliferation and apoptosis. The classical mechanism of action of THs is genomic; 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine (T3) binds to specific nuclear receptors (TRs) and modifies the expression of specific genes. Recently, a new category of mechanisms, termed nongenomic, has been discovered for T3. These mechanisms include, among others, the rapid activation of signal transduction pathways, such as PI3K/Akt and MAPK, which eventually lead to cell proliferation. These effects are mediated in some cell types by a plasma membrane receptor, identified as integrin αvβ3, and in other cell types by cytoplasmic TRβ1. The aim of this work was to analyze the effect of T3 on the cell growth of chick embryo hepatocytes at two different stages of development, 14 and 19 days, and to determine the activation of the signal transduction pathways, focusing on the potential involvement of a plasma membrane receptor and the possible participation of PI3K/Akt and reactive oxygen species (ROS). Our results clearly show that T3 stimulates cell proliferation at both stages of development through the activation of the PI3K/Akt pathway and the production of small amounts of ROS, which operate as effective second messengers. Moreover, we prove that these effects are not initiated at the plasma membrane receptor for T3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Gnocchi
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology Charles Darwin, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
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Mousa SA, Yalcin M, Bharali DJ, Meng R, Tang HY, Lin HY, Davis FB, Davis PJ. Tetraiodothyroacetic acid and its nanoformulation inhibit thyroid hormone stimulation of non-small cell lung cancer cells in vitro and its growth in xenografts. Lung Cancer 2012; 76:39-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lungcan.2011.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2011] [Revised: 09/19/2011] [Accepted: 10/01/2011] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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Brunetto EL, Teixeira SDS, Giannocco G, Machado UF, Nunes MT. T3 rapidly increases SLC2A4 gene expression and GLUT4 trafficking to the plasma membrane in skeletal muscle of rat and improves glucose homeostasis. Thyroid 2012; 22:70-9. [PMID: 22136156 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2010.0409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) is highly expressed in muscle and fat tissue, where triiodothyronine (T(3)) induces solute carrier family 2 facilitated glucose transporter member 4 (SLC2A4) gene transcription. T(3) was also shown to rapidly increase glucose uptake in myocytes exposed to cycloheximide, indicating that it might act nongenomically to regulate GLUT4 availability. We tested this hypothesis by evaluating, in thyroidectomized rats (Tx rats), the acute and/or chronic T(3) effects on GLUT4 mRNA expression and polyadenylation, protein content, and trafficking to the plasma membrane (PM) in skeletal muscle, as well as on blood glucose disappearance rate (kITT) after insulin administration. METHODS Rats were surgically thyroidectomized and treated with T(3) (0.3 to 100 μg/100 g body weight) from 10 minutes to 5 days, and killed thereafter. Sham-operated (SO) rats were used as controls. Total RNA was extracted from the skeletal muscles (soleus [SOL] and extensorum digitalis longus [EDL]) and subjected to Northern blotting analysis using rat GLUT4 cDNA probe. Total protein was extracted and subjected to specific centrifugations for subcellular fractionation, and PM as well as microsomal (M) fractions were subjected to Western blotting analysis, using anti-GLUT4 antiserum as a probe. GLUT4 mRNA polyadenylation was examined by a rapid amplification of cDNA ends-poly(A) test (RACE-PAT). RESULTS Thyroidectomy reduced skeletal muscle GLUT4 mRNA, mRNA poly(A) tail length, protein content, and trafficking to the PM, as well as the kITT. The acute T(3) treatment rapidly (30 minutes) increased all these parameters compared with Tx rats. The 5-day T(3) treatment increased GLUT4 mRNA and protein expression, and restored GLUT4 trafficking to the PM and kITT to SO values. CONCLUSIONS The results presented here show for the first time that, in parallel to its transcriptional action on the SLC2A4 gene, T(3) exerts a rapid post-transcriptional effect on GLUT4 mRNA polyadenylation, which might increase transcript stability and translation efficiency, leading to the increased GLUT4 content and availability to skeletal muscle, as well as on GLUT4 translocation to the PM, improving the insulin sensitivity, as shown by the kITT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Lia Brunetto
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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48
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Lin HY, Davis FB, Luidens MK, Mousa SA, Cao JH, Zhou M, Davis PJ. Molecular basis for certain neuroprotective effects of thyroid hormone. Front Mol Neurosci 2011; 4:29. [PMID: 22016721 PMCID: PMC3193027 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2011.00029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2011] [Accepted: 09/19/2011] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The pathophysiology of brain damage that is common to ischemia-reperfusion injury and brain trauma include disodered neuronal and glial cell energetics, intracellular acidosis, calcium toxicity, extracellular excitotoxic glutamate accumulation, and dysfunction of the cytoskeleton and endoplasmic reticulum. The principal thyroid hormones, 3,5,3'-triiodo-l-thyronine (T(3)) and l-thyroxine (T(4)), have non-genomic and genomic actions that are relevant to repair of certain features of the pathophysiology of brain damage. The hormone can non-genomically repair intracellular H(+) accumulation by stimulation of the Na(+)/H(+) exchanger and can support desirably low [Ca(2+)](i.c.) by activation of plasma membrane Ca(2+)-ATPase. Thyroid hormone non-genomically stimulates astrocyte glutamate uptake, an action that protects both glial cells and neurons. The hormone supports the integrity of the microfilament cytoskeleton by its effect on actin. Several proteins linked to thyroid hormone action are also neuroprotective. For example, the hormone stimulates expression of the seladin-1 gene whose gene product is anti-apoptotic and is potentially protective in the setting of neurodegeneration. Transthyretin (TTR) is a serum transport protein for T(4) that is important to blood-brain barrier transfer of the hormone and TTR also has been found to be neuroprotective in the setting of ischemia. Finally, the interesting thyronamine derivatives of T(4) have been shown to protect against ischemic brain damage through their ability to induce hypothermia in the intact organism. Thus, thyroid hormone or hormone derivatives have experimental promise as neuroprotective agents.
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49
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Barreiro Arcos ML, Sterle HA, Paulazo MA, Valli E, Klecha AJ, Isse B, Pellizas CG, Farias RN, Cremaschi GA. Cooperative nongenomic and genomic actions on thyroid hormone mediated-modulation of T cell proliferation involve up-regulation of thyroid hormone receptor and inducible nitric oxide synthase expression. J Cell Physiol 2011; 226:3208-18. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.22681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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50
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De Vito P, Incerpi S, Pedersen JZ, Luly P, Davis FB, Davis PJ. Thyroid hormones as modulators of immune activities at the cellular level. Thyroid 2011; 21:879-90. [PMID: 21745103 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2010.0429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 228] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increasing evidence suggests that thyroid hormones, L-thyroxine (T(4)) and 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine (T(3)), are modulators of the immune response. In monocytes, macrophages, leukocytes, natural killer cells, and lymphocytes, a wide range of immune functions such as chemotaxis, phagocytosis, generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and cytokine synthesis and release are altered under hypo- and hyperthyroid conditions. SUMMARY Hyperthyroidism decreases the proinflammatory activities of monocytes and macrophages, whereas enhancement of phagocytosis and increased levels of ROS may occur during hypothyroidism. The expression of proinflammatory molecules such as macrophage inflammatory protein-1α and interleukin-1β increases in hypothyroidism. However, in Kupffer cells, proinflammatory activities such as the respiratory burst, nitric oxide synthase activity, and tumor necrosis factor-α expression may result from increased T(3) levels. Thyroid hormones also affect natural killer cell activity and cell-mediated immune responses. Still, for many immune cells no clear correlation has been found so far between abnormally high or low T(3) or T(4) levels and the effects observed on the immune responses. CONCLUSIONS In this review we outline the contributions of thyroid hormones to different aspects of innate and adaptive immune responses. The relationship between thyroid hormones and immune cells is complex and T(3) and T(4) may modulate immune responses through both genomic and nongenomic mechanisms. Future studies of the molecular signaling mechanisms involved in this cross-talk between thyroid hormones and the immune system may support development of new strategies to improve clinical immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo De Vito
- Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy.
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