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Liu Z, Lu D, Pang M, Li J, Liu Y, Shi H, Liu G, Jin Y. The Effect of Intracameral Triamcinolone Acetonide on Controlling Common Complications following Phacoemulsification in Dogs. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:547. [PMID: 38396515 PMCID: PMC10885903 DOI: 10.3390/ani14040547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 01/28/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The intracameral injection of triamcinolone acetonide (TA) has achieved favorable clinical effects in controlling intraocular inflammatory reactions in humans after cataract surgery. However, the effect of this method remains unclear in veterinary practice. In this paper, 18 dogs with bilateral cataracts were randomly divided into three groups, with 6 dogs in each group. Phacoemulsification and intraocular lens implantation were performed on the 36 eyes of these dogs. A total of 0.1 mL of TA solution was injected into the oculus dexter (OD) anterior chambers. All oculus sinister (OS) anterior chambers of these dogs were used as controls. The results demonstrated that the corneal edema severity scores of the OD (1.5 mg TA) were lower than those of the OS from the 1st to 7th day after surgery, with a significant difference on the 3rd day after surgery (p = 0.033). The corneal edema severity scores in the OD (1.5 mg TA) were significantly lower than those in the OD (0.5 mg TA) on the 3rd day after surgery (p = 0.036). The aqueous humor protein concentration of the OD (1.5 mg TA) had a lower concentration than the OS on the 1st day after surgery (p = 0.004). Furthermore, on the 5th and 10th days, the aqueous humor protein concentration of the OD (1.5 mg TA) was lower than that of the OS (p = 0.038 and p = 0.044, respectively). The aqueous humor PGE2 concentration of the OD (1.5 mg TA) had a lower concentration than the OS on the 1st day after surgery (p = 0.026). The aqueous humor PGE2 concentrations in the OD (1.0 mg TA) and OD (1.5 mg TA) were lower compared to that in the OD (0.5 mg TA) on the 1st day after surgery (p = 0.041 and p = 0.037, respectively). It was demonstrated that TA-based treatment can be safely employed to effectively control common complications after phacoemulsification in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zichen Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Rd, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Di Lu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Rd, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Mo Pang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Rd, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jing Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Rd, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yue Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Rd, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Hao Shi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Rd, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Gang Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Rd, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yipeng Jin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Rd, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China
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Cardiac Hypertrophy and Related Dysfunctions in Cushing Syndrome Patients-Literature Review. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11237035. [PMID: 36498610 PMCID: PMC9739690 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11237035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 11/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The survival rate of adrenal Cushing syndrome patients has been greatly increased because of the availability of appropriate surgical and pharmacological treatments. Nevertheless, increased possibility of a heart attack induced by a cardiovascular event remains a major risk factor for the survival of affected patients. In experimental studies, hypercortisolemia has been found to cause cardiomyocyte hypertrophy via glucocorticoid receptor activation, including the possibility of cross talk among several hypertrophy signals related to cardiomyocytes and tissue-dependent regulation of 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1. However, the factors are more complex in clinical cases, as both geometric and functional impairments leading to heart failure have been revealed, and their associations with a wide range of factors such as hypertension are crucial. In addition, knowledge regarding such alterations in autonomous cortisol secretion, which has a high risk of leading to heart attack as well as overt Cushing syndrome, is quite limited. When considering the effects of treatment, partial improvement of structural alterations is expected, while functional disorders are controversial. Therefore, whether the normalization of excess cortisol attenuates the risk related to cardiac hypertrophy has yet to be fully elucidated.
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Gomez-Sanchez EP, Gomez-Sanchez CE. 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases: A growing multi-tasking family. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2021; 526:111210. [PMID: 33607268 PMCID: PMC8108011 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2021.111210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2020] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
This review briefly addresses the history of the discovery and elucidation of the three cloned 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (11βHSD) enzymes in the human, 11βHSD1, 11βHSD2 and 11βHSD3, an NADP+-dependent dehydrogenase also called the 11βHSD1-like dehydrogenase (11βHSD1L), as well as evidence for yet identified 11βHSDs. Attention is devoted to more recently described aspects of this multi-functional family. The importance of 11βHSD substrates other than glucocorticoids including bile acids, 7-keto sterols, neurosteroids, and xenobiotics is discussed, along with examples of pathology when functions of these multi-tasking enzymes are disrupted. 11βHSDs modulate the intracellular concentration of glucocorticoids, thereby regulating the activation of the glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid receptors, and 7β-27-hydroxycholesterol, an agonist of the retinoid-related orphan receptor gamma (RORγ). Key functions of this nuclear transcription factor include regulation of immune cell differentiation, cytokine production and inflammation at the cell level. 11βHSD1 expression and/or glucocorticoid reductase activity are inappropriately increased with age and in obesity and metabolic syndrome (MetS). Potential causes for disappointing results of the clinical trials of selective inhibitors of 11βHSD1 in the treatment of these disorders are discussed, as well as the potential for more targeted use of inhibitors of 11βHSD1 and 11βHSD2.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Celso E Gomez-Sanchez
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jackson, MS, USA; Medicine (Endocrinology), Jackson, MS, USA; University of Mississippi Medical Center and G.V. (Sonny) Montgomery VA Medical Center(3), Jackson, MS, USA
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Dienel GA. Hypothesis: A Novel Neuroprotective Role for Glucose-6-phosphatase (G6PC3) in Brain-To Maintain Energy-Dependent Functions Including Cognitive Processes. Neurochem Res 2020; 45:2529-2552. [PMID: 32815045 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-020-03113-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The isoform of glucose-6-phosphatase in liver, G6PC1, has a major role in whole-body glucose homeostasis, whereas G6PC3 is widely distributed among organs but has poorly-understood functions. A recent, elegant analysis of neutrophil dysfunction in G6PC3-deficient patients revealed G6PC3 is a neutrophil metabolite repair enzyme that hydrolyzes 1,5-anhydroglucitol-6-phosphate, a toxic metabolite derived from a glucose analog present in food. These patients exhibit a spectrum of phenotypic characteristics and some have learning disabilities, revealing a potential linkage between cognitive processes and G6PC3 activity. Previously-debated and discounted functions for brain G6PC3 include causing an ATP-consuming futile cycle that interferes with metabolic brain imaging assays and a nutritional role involving astrocyte-neuron glucose-lactate trafficking. Detailed analysis of the anhydroglucitol literature reveals that it competes with glucose for transport into brain, is present in human cerebrospinal fluid, and is phosphorylated by hexokinase. Anhydroglucitol-6-phosphate is present in rodent brain and other organs where its accumulation can inhibit hexokinase by competition with ATP. Calculated hexokinase inhibition indicates that energetics of brain and erythrocytes would be more adversely affected by anhydroglucitol-6-phosphate accumulation than heart. These findings strongly support the paradigm-shifting hypothesis that brain G6PC3 removes a toxic metabolite, thereby maintaining brain glucose metabolism- and ATP-dependent functions, including cognitive processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerald A Dienel
- Department of Neurology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 W. Markham St., Mail Slot 500, Little Rock, AR, 72205, USA.
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA.
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Park SB, Koh B, Jung WH, Choi KJ, Na YJ, Yoo HM, Lee S, Kang D, Lee DM, Kim KY. Development of a three-dimensional in vitro co-culture model to increase drug selectivity for humans. Diabetes Obes Metab 2020; 22:1302-1315. [PMID: 32173999 DOI: 10.1111/dom.14033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Revised: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
AIM Insulin resistance is a metabolic state where insulin sensitivity is lower than normal condition and strongly related to type 2 diabetes. However, an in vitro model mimicking insulin resistance is rare and thus screening drugs for insulin resistance severely depends on an in vivo model. Here, to increase anti-diabetic drug selectivity for humans, 3D ADMSCs and macrophages were co-cultured with in-house fabricated co-culture plates. MATERIAL AND METHODS 3D co-culture plates were designed to load ADMSCs and RAW264.7 cells containing hydrogels in separate wells while allowing cell-cell interaction with co-culturing media. Hydrogels were constructed using a 3D cell-printing system containing 20 mg/ml alginate, 0.5 mg/ml gelatin and 0.5 mg/ml type I collagen. Cells containing hydrogels in 3D co-culture plates were incubated for 10 min to allow stabilization before the experiment. 3D co-culture plates were incubated with the CaCl2 solution for 5 min to complete the cross linking of alginate hydrogel. Cells in 3D co-culture plates were cultured for up to 12 days depending on the experiment and wells containing adipocytes and macrophages were separated and used for assays. RESULTS KR-1, KR-2 and KR-3 compounds were applied during differentiation (12 days) in 3D co-cultured mouse 3T3-L1 adipocytes and 3D co-cultured human ADMSCs. Glucose uptake assay using 2-DG6P and 2-NBDG and western blot analysis were performed to investigate changes of insulin resistance in the 3D co-cultured model for interspecies selectivity of drug screening. KR-1 (mouse potent enantiomer) and KR-3 (racemic mixture) showed improvement of 2-DG and 2-NBDG uptake compared with KR-2 (human potent enantiomer) in 3D co-cultured 3T3-L1 adipocytes. In connection with insulin resistance in a 3D 3T3-L1 co-cultured model, KR-1 and KR-3 showed improvement of insulin sensitivity compared to KR-2 by markedly increasing GLUT4 expression. In contrast to the result of 3D co-cultured 3T3-L1 adipocytes, KR-1 failed to significantly improve 2-DG and 2-NBDG uptake in 3D co-cultured ADMSC adipocytes. Results of 2-NBDG accumulation and western blot analysis also showed that KR-2 and KR-3 improved insulin sensitivity relatively better than KR-1. CONCLUSIONS Our 3D co-culture model with/without 3D co-culture plates can successfully mimic insulin resistance while allowing investigation of the effects of anti-obesity or anti-diabetic drugs on human or mouse co-culturing cell type. This 3D co-culture system may accelerate screening of drugs for insulin resistance depending on species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Bum Park
- Therapeutics and Biotechnology Division, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Byumseok Koh
- Therapeutics and Biotechnology Division, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Won Hoon Jung
- Therapeutics and Biotechnology Division, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoung Jin Choi
- Therapeutics and Biotechnology Division, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon Ju Na
- Therapeutics and Biotechnology Division, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
- Graduate School of New Drug Discovery and Development, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee Min Yoo
- Center for Bioanalysis, Division of Chemical and Medical Metrology, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunray Lee
- Cell Engineering for Origin Research Center, Jongno-gu, Republic of Korea
| | - Dukjin Kang
- Center for Bioanalysis, Division of Chemical and Medical Metrology, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Mok Lee
- Biomedical Manufacturing Technology Center, Korea Institute of Industrial Technology, Yeongcheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Young Kim
- Therapeutics and Biotechnology Division, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
- Graduate School of New Drug Discovery and Development, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
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Zhen AX, Piao MJ, Kang KA, Fernando PDSM, Kang HK, Koh YS, Yi JM, Hyun JW. Niacinamide Protects Skin Cells from Oxidative Stress Induced by Particulate Matter. Biomol Ther (Seoul) 2019; 27:562-569. [PMID: 31272139 PMCID: PMC6824628 DOI: 10.4062/biomolther.2019.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Revised: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Niacinamide (NIA) is a water-soluble vitamin that is widely used in the treatment of skin diseases. Moreover, NIA displays antioxidant effects and helps repair damaged DNA. Recent studies showed that particulate matter 2.5 (PM2.5) induced reactive oxygen species (ROS), causing disruption of DNA, lipids, and protein, mitochondrial depolarization, and apoptosis of skin keratinocytes. Here, we investigated the protective effects of NIA on PM2.5-induced oxidative stress in human HaCaT keratinocytes. We found that NIA could inhibit the ROS generation induced by PM2.5, as well block the PM2.5-induced oxidation of molecules, such as lipids, proteins, and DNA. Furthermore, NIA alleviated PM2.5-induced accumulation of cellular Ca2+, which caused cell membrane depolarization and apoptosis, and reduced the number of apoptotic cells. Collectively, the findings show that NIA can protect keratinocytes from PM2.5-induced oxidative stress and cell damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ao Xuan Zhen
- Jeju National University School of Medicine and Jeju Research Center for Natural Medicine, Jeju 63243, Republic of Korea
| | - Mei Jing Piao
- Jeju National University School of Medicine and Jeju Research Center for Natural Medicine, Jeju 63243, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoung Ah Kang
- Jeju National University School of Medicine and Jeju Research Center for Natural Medicine, Jeju 63243, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Hee Kyoung Kang
- Jeju National University School of Medicine and Jeju Research Center for Natural Medicine, Jeju 63243, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Sang Koh
- Jeju National University School of Medicine and Jeju Research Center for Natural Medicine, Jeju 63243, Republic of Korea
| | - Joo Mi Yi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan 47392, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Won Hyun
- Jeju National University School of Medicine and Jeju Research Center for Natural Medicine, Jeju 63243, Republic of Korea
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Dangana EO, Michael OS, Omolekulo TE, Areola ED, Olatunji LA. Enhanced hepatic glycogen synthesis and suppressed adenosine deaminase activity by lithium attenuates hepatic triglyceride accumulation in nicotine-exposed rats. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 109:1417-1427. [PMID: 30551393 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.10.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Revised: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 10/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Reduced liver glycogen synthesis might signify increased glucose flux towards fat synthesis and triggers hepatic triglyceride accumulation and dysmetabolism. Adenosine deaminase (ADA) reduces adenosine content which increases glycogenolysis. In the present study, we evaluate the effect of modulating glycogen synthesis and ADA by lithium chloride (LiCl) on nicotine-induced dysmetabolism. Twenty four male Wistar rats (n = 6/group) were allotted into four groups namely; vehicle-treated (po), nicotine-treated (1.0 mg/kg; po), LiCl-treated (5.0 mg/kg; po) and nicotine + LiCl-treated groups. The treatments lasted for 8 weeks. Nicotine exposure resulted in reduced body weight gain, liver weight, visceral adiposity, glycogen content and synthase. Along with increased insulin resistance (IR), fasting plasma glucose, lactate, plasma and hepatic ADA, XO, UA, and triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), free fatty acid, lipid peroxidation and liver injury markers. However, plasma and hepatic glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase-dependent antioxidant defenses were not affected by nicotine exposure. Concurrent treatment with LiCl normalizes all alterations with exception of hepatic TC. This result shows that enhancement of hepatic glycogen synthesis and suppression of ADA/XO/uric acid pathway by lithium can salvage the liver from nicotine-induced TG accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth O Dangana
- HOPE Cardiometabolic Research Team, Department of Physiology, College of Health Sciences, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria
| | - Olugbenga S Michael
- HOPE Cardiometabolic Research Team, Department of Physiology, College of Health Sciences, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria; Cardiometabolic Research Unit, Department of Physiology, College of Health Sciences, Bowen University Iwo, Nigeria
| | - Tolulope E Omolekulo
- HOPE Cardiometabolic Research Team, Department of Physiology, College of Health Sciences, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria
| | - Emmanuel D Areola
- HOPE Cardiometabolic Research Team, Department of Physiology, College of Health Sciences, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria
| | - Lawrence A Olatunji
- HOPE Cardiometabolic Research Team, Department of Physiology, College of Health Sciences, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria.
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Petrescu AD, Kain J, Liere V, Heavener T, DeMorrow S. Hypothalamus-Pituitary-Adrenal Dysfunction in Cholestatic Liver Disease. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2018; 9:660. [PMID: 30483216 PMCID: PMC6240761 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2018.00660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) axis has an important role in maintaining the physiological homeostasis in relation to external and internal stimuli. The HPA axis dysfunctions were extensively studied in neuroendocrine disorders such as depression and chronic fatigue syndrome but less so in hepatic cholestasis, cirrhosis or other liver diseases. The HPA axis controls many functions of the liver through neuroendocrine forward signaling pathways as well as negative feedback mechanisms, in health and disease. This review describes cell and molecular mechanisms of liver and HPA axis physiology and pathology. Evidence is presented from clinical and experimental model studies, demonstrating that dysfunctions of HPA axis are correlated with liver cholestatic disorders. The functional interactions of HPA axis with the liver and immune system in cases of bacterial and viral infections are also discussed. Proinflammatory cytokines stimulate glucocorticoid (GC) release by adrenals but they also inhibit bile acid (BA) efflux from liver. Chronic hepatic inflammation leads to cholestasis and impaired GC metabolism in the liver, so that HPA axis becomes depressed. Recently discovered interactions of GC with self-oscillating transcription factors that generate circadian rhythms of gene expression in brain and liver, in the context of GC replacement therapies, are also outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anca D. Petrescu
- Department of Medical Physiology, Texas A&M Health Science Center College of Medicine, Temple, TX, United States
| | - Jessica Kain
- Department of Medical Physiology, Texas A&M Health Science Center College of Medicine, Temple, TX, United States
| | - Victoria Liere
- Department of Medical Physiology, Texas A&M Health Science Center College of Medicine, Temple, TX, United States
| | - Trace Heavener
- Department of Internal Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center College of Medicine, Temple, TX, United States
| | - Sharon DeMorrow
- Department of Medical Physiology, Texas A&M Health Science Center College of Medicine, Temple, TX, United States
- Department of Internal Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center College of Medicine, Temple, TX, United States
- Department of Research Services, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, TX, United States
- *Correspondence: Sharon DeMorrow
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Mejía SÁ, Gutman LAB, Camarillo CO, Navarro RM, Becerra MCS, Santana LD, Cruz M, Pérez EH, Flores MD. Nicotinamide prevents sweet beverage-induced hepatic steatosis in rats by regulating the G6PD, NADPH/NADP + and GSH/GSSG ratios and reducing oxidative and inflammatory stress. Eur J Pharmacol 2017; 818:499-507. [PMID: 29069580 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2017.10.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Revised: 10/19/2017] [Accepted: 10/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The disruption of redox state homeostasis, the overexpression of lipogenic transcription factors and enzymes, and the increase in lipogenic precursors induced by sweetened beverages are determinants of the development of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. This study evaluated the action of nicotinamide (NAM) on the expression of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) and redox, oxidative, and inflammatory states in a model of nonalcoholic hepatic steatosis induced by high and chronic consumption of carbohydrates. Male rats were provided drinking water with 30% glucose or fructose ad libitum for 12 weeks. Additionally, 30 days after the beginning of carbohydrate administration, some rats were simultaneously provided water with 0.06% or 0.12% NAM for 5h daily over the next 8 weeks. Biochemical profiles and expression levels of G6PD, tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα), and NADPH oxidase 4 (NOX4) were evaluated together with glutathione/glutathione disulfide (GSH/GSSG) and reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (phosphate)/nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (phosphate) [NAD(P)H/NAD(P)] ratios and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS). The results showed that hepatic steatosis induced by the chronic consumption of glucose or fructose was associated with body weight gain and increased levels of serum glucose, insulin, triacylglycerols, free fatty acids, transaminases, and TBARS. In the liver, the expression and activity of G6PD increased along with the GSSG, TBARS, and TG concentrations. These alterations were reduced by NAM treatment through the attenuation of increases in G6PD expression and activity and in the NADPH/NADP+ ratio, thereby slowing liver steatosis. NAM prevents redox, oxidative, and inflammatory alterations induced by high carbohydrate consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selene Ángeles Mejía
- División de Ciencias Biológicas y de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana Unidad Iztapalapa, Ciudad de México, México; Unidad de Investigación Médica en Bioquímica, Hospital de Especialidades "Bernardo Sepúlveda" Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Ciudad de México, México; Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana Unidad Iztapalapa, Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Luis Arturo Baiza Gutman
- Laboratorio en Biología del Desarrollo, Unidad de Morfología y Función, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Estado de México, México
| | - Clara Ortega Camarillo
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Bioquímica, Hospital de Especialidades "Bernardo Sepúlveda" Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Rafael Medina Navarro
- Departamento de Metabolismo Experimental, Centro para la Investigación Biomédica de Michoacán (CIBIMI-IMSS), Michoacán, México
| | - Martha Catalina Sánchez Becerra
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Bioquímica, Hospital de Especialidades "Bernardo Sepúlveda" Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Leticia Damasio Santana
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Endocrinas, Hospital de Especialidades "Bernardo Sepúlveda" Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Miguel Cruz
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Bioquímica, Hospital de Especialidades "Bernardo Sepúlveda" Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Elizabeth Hernández Pérez
- Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana Unidad Iztapalapa, Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Margarita Díaz Flores
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Bioquímica, Hospital de Especialidades "Bernardo Sepúlveda" Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Ciudad de México, México.
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Ergang P, Vodička M, Vagnerová K, Moravec M, Kvapilová P, Kment M, Pácha J. Inflammation regulates 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 differentially in specific compartments of the gut mucosal immune system. Steroids 2017; 126:66-73. [PMID: 28754259 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2017.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2017] [Revised: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The bioavailability of glucocorticoids is modulated by enzyme 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11HSD1), which catalyzes the conversion of inactive 11-oxo-glucocorticoids to active 11-hydroxy-glucocorticoids cortisol and corticosterone and is regulated by pro-inflammatory cytokines. Our aim was to assess the effect of colitis on the expression of 11HSD1 in specific microanatomical compartments of the mucosal immune system. Using qRT-PCR we quantified the expression of 11HSD1 and cytokines in the colon, mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN) and spleen of mice with colitis. Microsamples of the MLN cortex, paracortex and medulla, colonic crypt epithelium (CCE), lamina propria and isolated intestinal lymphoid follicles (ILF) were harvested by laser microdissection, whereas splenic and MLN lymphocytes by flow cytometry. Colitis increased 11HSD1 in the CCE, ILF, and MLN cortex but not in the lamina propria and the MLN paracortex and medulla. Expression of IL-4, IL-21 and TNFα was increased in both the cortex of MLN and ILF, whereas IL-1β and IL-10 were only increased in the follicles. No positive effect was observed in the case of IFNγ and TGFβ. 11HSD1 was positively correlated with TNFα and less strongly with IL-21, IL-1β, and IL-4. Colitis also upregulated the 11HSD1 expression of T cells in the spleen and MLN. The study demonstrates the stimulatory effect of inflammation on local glucocorticoid metabolism only in particular compartments of the mucosal immune system. The correlation between cytokines and 11HSD1 in the ILF and MLN cortex indicates that pro-inflammatory cytokines may amplify glucocorticoid signals in inductive compartments of the mucosal immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Ergang
- Institute of Physiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Vodička
- Institute of Physiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic; Department of Physiology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Karla Vagnerová
- Institute of Physiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Moravec
- Institute of Physiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic; Second Department of Internal Medicine, Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Pavlína Kvapilová
- Institute of Physiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Milan Kment
- Second Department of Internal Medicine, Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Pácha
- Institute of Physiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic; Department of Physiology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic.
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11
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Bodnar TS, Taves MD, Lavigne KM, Woodward TS, Soma KK, Weinberg J. Differential activation of endocrine-immune networks by arthritis challenge: Insights from colony-specific responses. Sci Rep 2017; 7:698. [PMID: 28386080 PMCID: PMC5428775 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-00652-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2016] [Accepted: 03/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic inflammatory condition with variable clinical presentation and disease progression. Importantly, animal models of RA are widely used to examine disease pathophysiology/treatments. Here, we exploited known vendor colony-based differences in endocrine/immune responses to gain insight into inflammatory modulators in arthritis, utilizing the adjuvant-induced arthritis (AA) model. Our previous study found that Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats from Harlan develop more severe AA, have lower corticosteroid binding globulin, and have different patterns of cytokine activation in the hind paw, compared to SD rats from Charles River. Here, we extend these findings, demonstrating that Harlan rats show reduced hypothalamic cytokine responses to AA, compared to Charles River rats, and identify colony-based differences in cytokine profiles in hippocampus and spleen. To go beyond individual measures, probing for networks of variables underlying differential responses, we combined datasets from this and the previous study and performed constrained principal component analysis (CPCA). CPCA revealed that with AA, Charles River rats show activation of chemokine and central cytokine networks, whereas Harlan rats activate peripheral immune/hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal networks. These data suggest differential underlying disease mechanism(s), highlighting the power of evaluating multiple disease biomarkers, with potential implications for understanding differential disease profiles in individuals with RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara S Bodnar
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
| | - Matthew D Taves
- Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Katie M Lavigne
- Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Todd S Woodward
- Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Translational Research Unit, BC Mental Health and Addictions Research Institute, Provincial Health Services Authority, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Kiran K Soma
- Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Joanne Weinberg
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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12
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Gray GA, White CI, Castellan RFP, McSweeney SJ, Chapman KE. Getting to the heart of intracellular glucocorticoid regeneration: 11β-HSD1 in the myocardium. J Mol Endocrinol 2017; 58:R1-R13. [PMID: 27553202 PMCID: PMC5148800 DOI: 10.1530/jme-16-0128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2016] [Accepted: 08/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Corticosteroids influence the development and function of the heart and its response to injury and pressure overload via actions on glucocorticoid (GR) and mineralocorticoid (MR) receptors. Systemic corticosteroid concentration depends largely on the activity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, but glucocorticoid can also be regenerated from intrinsically inert metabolites by the enzyme 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11β-HSD1), selectively increasing glucocorticoid levels within cells and tissues. Extensive studies have revealed the roles for glucocorticoid regeneration by 11β-HSD1 in liver, adipose, brain and other tissues, but until recently, there has been little focus on the heart. This article reviews the evidence for glucocorticoid metabolism by 11β-HSD1 in the heart and for a role of 11β-HSD1 activity in determining the myocardial growth and physiological function. We also consider the potential of 11β-HSD1 as a therapeutic target to enhance repair after myocardial infarction and to prevent the development of cardiac remodelling and heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gillian A Gray
- University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular ScienceQueen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Christopher I White
- University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular ScienceQueen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Raphael F P Castellan
- University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular ScienceQueen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Sara J McSweeney
- University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular ScienceQueen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Karen E Chapman
- University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular ScienceQueen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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13
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Bocian R, Kłos-Wojtczak P, Konopacki J. Cell discharge correlates of posterior hypothalamic theta rhythm. Recipe for success in recording stable field potential. Brain Res 2016; 1646:551-559. [PMID: 27353451 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2016.06.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Revised: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 06/24/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The theta rhythm discovered in the posterior hypothalamus area (PHa) differs from theta observed in the hippocampal formation. In comparison to hippocampal spontaneous theta, the theta recorded in the PHa is rarely registered, has lower amplitude, often disappears, and sometimes returns after a few minutes. These features indicate that spontaneous theta recorded in the PHa is not an appropriate experimental model to search for the correlation between PHa cell discharges and local field potential. In this paper we present standard experimental conditions necessary to record theta-related cells in the PHa in anesthetized rats. Three pharmacological agents were used in the experiments to induce PHa theta rhythm in urethanized rats: carbachol (CCH), carbenoxolone and kainic acid, which are potent enough to induce well-synchronized PHa theta. However, CCH was found to be the best pharmacological tool to induce PHa theta oscillations, due to its longest duration of action and lack of preliminary epileptogenic effects. It seems that CCH-induced theta can be the most suitable pharmacological model for experiments with the use of protocol of long-lasting recordings of PHa theta-related cell discharges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata Bocian
- Department of Neurobiology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland.
| | - Paulina Kłos-Wojtczak
- Department of Neurobiology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland.
| | - Jan Konopacki
- Department of Neurobiology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland.
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14
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Abramova TO, Smolenskaya SE, Antonov EV, Redina OE, Markel AL. Expression of catechol-O-methyltransferase (Comt), mineralocorticoid receptor (Mlr), and epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) genes in kidneys of hypertensive ISIAH rats at rest and during response to stress. RUSS J GENET+ 2016. [DOI: 10.1134/s1022795415120029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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15
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Li X, Hu G, Li X, Wang YY, Hu YY, Zhou H, Latif SA, Morris DJ, Chu Y, Zheng Z, Ge RS. Metabolic Coupling Determines the Activity: Comparison of 11β-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase 1 and Its Coupling between Liver Parenchymal Cells and Testicular Leydig Cells. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0141767. [PMID: 26528718 PMCID: PMC4631333 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0141767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2014] [Accepted: 10/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 1 (11β-HSD1) interconverts active 11β-hydroxyl glucocorticoids and inactive 11keto forms. However, its directionality is determined by availability of NADP+/NADPH. In liver cells, 11β-HSD1 behaves as a primary reductase, while in Leydig cells it acts as a primary oxidase. However, the exact mechanism is not clear. The direction of 11β-HSD1 has been proposed to be regulated by hexose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (H6PDH), which catalyzes glucose-6-phosphate (G6P) to generate NADPH that drives 11β-HSD1 towards reduction. Methodology To examine the coupling between 11β-HSD1 and H6PDH, we added G6P to rat and human liver and testis or Leydig cell microsomes, and 11β-HSD1 activity was measured by radiometry. Results and Conclusions G6P stimulated 11β-HSD1 reductase activity in rat (3 fold) or human liver (1.5 fold), but not at all in testis. S3483, a G6P transporter inhibitor, reversed the G6P-mediated increases of 11β-HSD1 reductase activity. We compared the extent to which 11β-HSD1 in rat Leydig and liver cells might be coupled to H6PDH. In order to clarify the location of H6PDH within the testis, we used the Leydig cell toxicant ethane dimethanesulfonate (EDS) to selectively deplete Leydig cells. The depletion of Leydig cells eliminated Hsd11b1 (encoding 11β-HSD1) expression but did not affect the expression of H6pd (encoding H6PDH) and Slc37a4 (encoding G6P transporter). H6pd mRNA level and H6PDH activity were barely detectable in purified rat Leydig cells. In conclusion, the availability of H6PDH determines the different direction of 11β-HSD1 in liver and Leydig cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingwang Li
- The Second Affiliated Hospital & Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, ZJ 325000, PR China
| | - Guoxin Hu
- Research Academy of Reproductive Biomedicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, ZJ 325000, PR China
| | - Xiaoheng Li
- Research Academy of Reproductive Biomedicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, ZJ 325000, PR China
| | - Yi-Yan Wang
- The Second Affiliated Hospital & Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, ZJ 325000, PR China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Hu
- The Second Affiliated Hospital & Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, ZJ 325000, PR China
| | - Hongyu Zhou
- Research Academy of Reproductive Biomedicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, ZJ 325000, PR China
| | - Syed A. Latif
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The Miriam Hospital, Brown University School of Medicine, Providence, RI 02906, United States of America
| | - David J. Morris
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The Miriam Hospital, Brown University School of Medicine, Providence, RI 02906, United States of America
| | - Yanhui Chu
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory of Anti-fibrosis Biotherapy, Mudanjiang Medical University, Mudanjiang, Heilongjiang, PR China
| | - Zhiqiang Zheng
- The Second Affiliated Hospital & Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, ZJ 325000, PR China
- * E-mail: (RG); (ZZ)
| | - Ren-Shan Ge
- The Second Affiliated Hospital & Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, ZJ 325000, PR China
- Research Academy of Reproductive Biomedicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, ZJ 325000, PR China
- Population Council, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, United States of America
- * E-mail: (RG); (ZZ)
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16
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Haque M, Wilson R, Sharma K, Mills NJ, Teruyama R. Localisation of 11β-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase Type 2 in Mineralocorticoid Receptor Expressing Magnocellular Neurosecretory Neurones of the Rat Supraoptic and Paraventricular Nuclei. J Neuroendocrinol 2015; 27:835-49. [PMID: 26403275 PMCID: PMC5019266 DOI: 10.1111/jne.12325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Revised: 09/15/2015] [Accepted: 09/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
An accumulating body of evidence suggests that the activity of the mineralocorticoid, aldosterone, in the brain via the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) plays an important role in the regulation of blood pressure. MR was recently found in vasopressin and oxytocin synthesising magnocellular neurosecretory cells (MNCs) in both the paraventricular (PVN) and supraoptic (SON) nuclei in the hypothalamus. Considering the physiological effects of these hormones, MR in these neurones may be an important site mediating the action of aldosterone in blood pressure regulation within the brain. However, aldosterone activation of MR in the hypothalamus remains controversial as a result of the high binding affinity of glucocorticoids to MR at substantially higher concentrations compared to aldosterone. In aldosterone-sensitive epithelia, the enzyme 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 (11β-HSD2) prevents glucocorticoids from binding to MR by converting glucocorticoids into inactive metabolites. The present study aimed to determine whether 11β-HSD2, which increases aldosterone selectivity, is expressed in MNCs. Specific 11β-HSD2 immunoreactivity was found in the cytoplasm of the MNCs in both the SON and PVN. In addition, double-fluorescence confocal microscopy demonstrated that MR-immunoreactivity and 11β-HSD2-in situ hybridised products are colocalised in MNCs. Lastly, single-cell reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction detected MR and 11β-HSD2 mRNAs from cDNA libraries derived from single identified MNCs. These findings strongly suggest that MNCs in the SON and PVN are aldosterone-sensitive neurones.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Haque
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - R Wilson
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - K Sharma
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - N J Mills
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - R Teruyama
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
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17
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Odermatt A, Klusonova P. 11β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 1: Regeneration of active glucocorticoids is only part of the story. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2015; 151:85-92. [PMID: 25151952 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2014.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2014] [Revised: 08/13/2014] [Accepted: 08/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
11β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 1 (11β-HSD1) is an endoplasmic reticulum membrane enzyme with its catalytic site facing the luminal space. It functions primarily as a reductase, driven by the supply of its cosubstrate NADPH by hexose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (H6PDH). Extensive research has been performed on the role of 11β-HSD1 in the regeneration of active glucocorticoids and its role in inflammation and metabolic disease. Besides its important role in the fine-tuning of glucocorticoid action, 11β-HSD1 is a multi-functional carbonyl reductase converting several 11- and 7-oxosterols into the respective 7-hydroxylated forms. Moreover, 11β-HSD1 has a role in phase I biotransformation reactions and catalyzes the carbonyl reduction of several non-steroidal xenobiotics. Recent observations from experiments using selective inhibitors and studies with transgenic mice indicated a role for 11β-HSD1 in oxysterol metabolism and in bile acid homeostasis, with evidence for glucocorticoid-independent effects on gene expression. This review focuses on the promiscuity of 11β-HSD1 to accept structurally distinct substrates and discusses recent progress mainly on non-glucocorticoid substrates. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled 'Enzyme Promiscuity and Diversity'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Odermatt
- Division of Molecular and Systems Toxicology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, 4056 Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Petra Klusonova
- Division of Molecular and Systems Toxicology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
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18
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Hunter RW, Bailey MA. Glucocorticoids and 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases: mechanisms for hypertension. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2015; 21:105-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2015.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2014] [Revised: 01/20/2015] [Accepted: 01/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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19
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Woods C, Tomlinson JW. The Dehydrogenase Hypothesis. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-2895-8_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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20
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Gomez-Sanchez EP. Brain mineralocorticoid receptors in cognition and cardiovascular homeostasis. Steroids 2014; 91:20-31. [PMID: 25173821 PMCID: PMC4302001 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2014.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2014] [Revised: 07/10/2014] [Accepted: 08/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Mineralocorticoid receptors (MR) mediate diverse functions supporting osmotic and hemodynamic homeostasis, response to injury and inflammation, and neuronal changes required for learning and memory. Inappropriate MR activation in kidneys, heart, vessels, and brain hemodynamic control centers results in cardiovascular and renal pathology and hypertension. MR binds aldosterone, cortisol and corticosterone with similar affinity, while the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) has less affinity for cortisol and corticosterone. As glucocorticoids are more abundant than aldosterone, aldosterone activates MR in cells co-expressing enzymes with 11β-hydroxydehydrogenase activity to inactivate them. MR and GR co-expressed in the same cell interact at the molecular and functional level and these functions may be complementary or opposing depending on the cell type. Thus the balance between MR and GR expression and activation is crucial for normal function. Where 11β-hydroxydehydrogenase 2 (11β-HSD2) that inactivates cortisol and corticosterone in aldosterone target cells of the kidney and nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) is not expressed, as in most neurons, MR are activated at basal glucocorticoid concentrations, GR at stress concentrations. An exception may be pre-autonomic neurons of the PVN which express MR and 11β-HSD1 in the absence of hexose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase required to generate the requisite cofactor for reductase activity, thus it acts as a dehydrogenase. MR antagonists, valuable adjuncts to the treatment of cardiovascular disease, also inhibit MR in the brain that are crucial for memory formation and exacerbate detrimental effects of excessive GR activation on cognition and mood. 11β-HSD1 inhibitors combat metabolic and cognitive diseases related to glucocorticoid excess, but may exacerbate MR action where 11β-HSD1 acts as a dehydrogenase, while non-selective 11β-HSD1&2 inhibitors cause injurious disruption of MR hemodynamic control. MR functions in the brain are multifaceted and optimal MR:GR activity is crucial. Therefore selectively targeting down-stream effectors of MR specific actions may be a better therapeutic goal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elise P Gomez-Sanchez
- Department of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA.
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21
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Lowette K, Tack J, Vanden Berghe P. Role of corticosterone in the murine enteric nervous system during fasting. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2014; 307:G905-13. [PMID: 25214399 PMCID: PMC4216992 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00233.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Food intake depends on a tightly controlled interplay of appetite hormones and the enteric (ENS) and central nervous system. Corticosterone (CORT) levels, which are mainly studied with regard to stress, are also increased during fasting. However, the role of CORT in the ENS remains elusive. Therefore, we investigated whether CORT modulates activity of enteric neurons and whether its intracellular regulator, 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (HSD) type 1, is present in the myenteric plexus, using immunohistochemistry and RT-qPCR. Effects of CORT on neuronal activity and expression of neuronal markers in the myenteric plexus were assessed via Ca(2+) imaging and RT-qPCR, respectively, whereas modulations in mixing behavior were measured by video imaging. 11β-HSD-1 was present in enteric neurons along the gastrointestinal tract, and its expression increased after fasting (control: 0.58 ± 0.09 vs. fasted: 1.5 ± 0.23; P < 0.05). CORT incubation significantly reduced neuronal Ca(2+) transients in tissues stimulated by electrical pulses (control: 1.31 ± 0.01 vs. CORT: 1.27 ± 0.01, P < 0.01) and in cultured neurons (control: 1.85 ± 0.03 vs. CORT: 1.76 ± 0.03, P < 0.05). CORT decreased small intestinal mixing (P < 0.05). Incubation of muscle myenteric plexus preparations with CORT induced an increase in cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1, P < 0.05) and synaptobrevin (P < 0.05) but not in 11β-HSD-1 mRNA expression. In addition, fasting induced significant elevations in synaptobrevin (P < 0.05) and CB1 (P < 0.01) mRNA expression. In conclusion, we suggest CORT to be a downstream factor in a feeding state-related pathway that modulates important proteins in the fine tuning of enteric neurotransmission and gastrointestinal motility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrien Lowette
- 1Laboratory for Enteric NeuroScience, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; and ,2Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jan Tack
- 2Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Pieter Vanden Berghe
- Laboratory for Enteric NeuroScience, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; and Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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22
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Abstract
The primary adrenal cortical steroid hormones, aldosterone, and the glucocorticoids cortisol and corticosterone, act through the structurally similar mineralocorticoid (MR) and glucocorticoid receptors (GRs). Aldosterone is crucial for fluid, electrolyte, and hemodynamic homeostasis and tissue repair; the significantly more abundant glucocorticoids are indispensable for energy homeostasis, appropriate responses to stress, and limiting inflammation. Steroid receptors initiate gene transcription for proteins that effect their actions as well as rapid non-genomic effects through classical cell signaling pathways. GR and MR are expressed in many tissues types, often in the same cells, where they interact at molecular and functional levels, at times in synergy, others in opposition. Thus the appropriate balance of MR and GR activation is crucial for homeostasis. MR has the same binding affinity for aldosterone, cortisol, and corticosterone. Glucocorticoids activate MR in most tissues at basal levels and GR at stress levels. Inactivation of cortisol and corticosterone by 11β-HSD2 allows aldosterone to activate MR within aldosterone target cells and limits activation of the GR. Under most conditions, 11β-HSD1 acts as a reductase and activates cortisol/corticosterone, amplifying circulating levels. 11β-HSD1 and MR antagonists mitigate inappropriate activation of MR under conditions of oxidative stress that contributes to the pathophysiology of the cardiometabolic syndrome; however, MR antagonists decrease normal MR/GR functional interactions, a particular concern for neurons mediating cognition, memory, and affect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elise Gomez-Sanchez
- G.V.(Sonny) Montgomery V.A. Medical Center and Department of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
| | - Celso E. Gomez-Sanchez
- G.V.(Sonny) Montgomery V.A. Medical Center and Department of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
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23
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Vija L, Boukari K, Loosfelt H, Meduri G, Viengchareun S, Binart N, Young J, Lombès M. Ligand-dependent stabilization of androgen receptor in a novel mouse ST38c Sertoli cell line. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2014; 384:32-42. [PMID: 24440575 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2014.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2013] [Revised: 01/06/2014] [Accepted: 01/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Mature Sertoli cells (SC) are critical mediators of androgen regulation of spermatogenesis, via the androgen receptor (AR) signaling. Available immortalized SC lines loose AR expression or androgen responsiveness, hampering the study of endogenous AR regulation in SC. We have established and characterized a novel clonal mouse immortalized SC line, ST38c. These cells express some SC specific genes (sox9, wt1, tjp1, clu, abp, inhbb), but not fshr, yet more importantly, maintain substantial expression of endogenous AR as determined by PCR, immunocytochemistry, testosterone binding assays and Western blots. Microarrays allowed identification of some (146) but not all (rhox5, spinlw1), androgen-dependent, SC expressed target genes. Quantitative Real-Time PCR validated regulation of five up-regulated and two down-regulated genes. We show that AR undergoes androgen-dependent transcriptional activation as well as agonist-dependent posttranslational stabilization in ST38c cells. This cell line constitutes a useful experimental tool for future investigations on the molecular and cellular mechanisms of androgen receptor signaling in SC function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lavinia Vija
- INSERM U693 and Univ Paris-Sud 11, Faculté de Médecine Paris-Sud, UMR-S693, Le Kremlin Bicêtre F-94276, France; «Carol Davila» University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Kahina Boukari
- INSERM U693 and Univ Paris-Sud 11, Faculté de Médecine Paris-Sud, UMR-S693, Le Kremlin Bicêtre F-94276, France
| | - Hugues Loosfelt
- INSERM U693 and Univ Paris-Sud 11, Faculté de Médecine Paris-Sud, UMR-S693, Le Kremlin Bicêtre F-94276, France
| | - Geri Meduri
- INSERM U693 and Univ Paris-Sud 11, Faculté de Médecine Paris-Sud, UMR-S693, Le Kremlin Bicêtre F-94276, France
| | - Say Viengchareun
- INSERM U693 and Univ Paris-Sud 11, Faculté de Médecine Paris-Sud, UMR-S693, Le Kremlin Bicêtre F-94276, France
| | - Nadine Binart
- INSERM U693 and Univ Paris-Sud 11, Faculté de Médecine Paris-Sud, UMR-S693, Le Kremlin Bicêtre F-94276, France; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital de Bicêtre, Service d'Endocrinologie et Maladies de la Reproduction, Le Kremlin Bicêtre F-94275, France
| | - Jacques Young
- INSERM U693 and Univ Paris-Sud 11, Faculté de Médecine Paris-Sud, UMR-S693, Le Kremlin Bicêtre F-94276, France; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital de Bicêtre, Service d'Endocrinologie et Maladies de la Reproduction, Le Kremlin Bicêtre F-94275, France
| | - Marc Lombès
- INSERM U693 and Univ Paris-Sud 11, Faculté de Médecine Paris-Sud, UMR-S693, Le Kremlin Bicêtre F-94276, France; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital de Bicêtre, Service d'Endocrinologie et Maladies de la Reproduction, Le Kremlin Bicêtre F-94275, France.
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24
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Chen J, Gomez-Sanchez CE, Penman A, May PJ, Gomez-Sanchez E. Expression of mineralocorticoid and glucocorticoid receptors in preautonomic neurons of the rat paraventricular nucleus. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2014; 306:R328-40. [PMID: 24381176 PMCID: PMC3949076 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00506.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2013] [Accepted: 12/23/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Activation of mineralocorticoid receptors (MR) of the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) increases sympathetic excitation. To determine whether MR and glucocorticoid receptors (GR) are expressed in preautonomic neurons of the PVN and how they relate to endogenous aldosterone levels in healthy rats, retrograde tracer was injected into the intermediolateral cell column at T4 to identify preautonomic neurons in the PVN. Expression of MR, GR, 11-β hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase1 and 2 (11β-HSD1, 2), and hexose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (H6PD) required for 11β-HSD1 reductase activity was assessed by immunohistochemistry. RT-PCR and Western blot analysis were used to determine MR gene and protein expression. Most preautonomic neurons were in the caudal mediocellular region of PVN, and most expressed MR; none expressed GR. 11β-HSD1, but not 11β-HSD2 nor H6PD immunoreactivity, was detected in the PVN. In rats with chronic low or high sodium intakes, the low-sodium diet was associated with significantly higher plasma aldosterone, MR mRNA and protein expression, and c-Fos immunoreactivity within labeled preautonomic neurons. Plasma corticosterone and sodium and expression of tonicity-responsive enhancer binding protein in the PVN did not differ between groups, suggesting osmotic adaptation to the altered sodium intake. These results suggest that MR within preautonomic neurons in the PVN directly participate in the regulation of sympathetic nervous system drive, and aldosterone may be a relevant ligand for MR in preautonomic neurons of the PVN under physiological conditions. Dehydrogenase activity of 11β-HSD1 occurs in the absence of H6PD, which regenerates NADP(+) from NADPH and may increase MR gene expression under physiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Chen
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomical Science, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
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Hunter RW, Ivy JR, Bailey MA. Glucocorticoids and renal Na+ transport: implications for hypertension and salt sensitivity. J Physiol 2014; 592:1731-44. [PMID: 24535442 PMCID: PMC4001748 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2013.267609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The clinical manifestations of glucocorticoid excess include central obesity, hyperglycaemia, dyslipidaemia, electrolyte abnormalities and hypertension. A century on from Cushing's original case study, these cardinal features are prevalent in industrialized nations. Hypertension is the major modifiable risk factor for cardiovascular and renal disease and reflects underlying abnormalities of Na+ homeostasis. Aldosterone is a master regulator of renal Na+ transport but here we argue that glucocorticoids are also influential, particularly during moderate excess. The hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis can affect renal Na+ homeostasis on multiple levels, systemically by increasing mineralocorticoid synthesis and locally by actions on both the mineralocorticoid and glucocorticoid receptors, both of which are expressed in the kidney. The kidney also expresses both of the 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (11βHSD) enzymes. The intrarenal generation of active glucocorticoid by 11βHSD1 stimulates Na+ reabsorption; failure to downregulate the enzyme during adaption to high dietary salt causes salt-sensitive hypertension. The deactivation of glucocorticoid by 11βHSD2 underpins the regulatory dominance for Na+ transport of mineralocorticoids and defines the ‘aldosterone-sensitive distal nephron’. In summary, glucocorticoids can stimulate renal transport processes conventionally attributed to the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system. Importantly, Na+ and volume homeostasis do not exert negative feedback on the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis. These actions are therefore clinically relevant and may contribute to the pathogenesis of hypertension in conditions associated with elevated glucocorticoid levels, such as the metabolic syndrome and chronic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert W Hunter
- University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK.
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Chapman K, Holmes M, Seckl J. 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases: intracellular gate-keepers of tissue glucocorticoid action. Physiol Rev 2013; 93:1139-206. [PMID: 23899562 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00020.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 553] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucocorticoid action on target tissues is determined by the density of "nuclear" receptors and intracellular metabolism by the two isozymes of 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (11β-HSD) which catalyze interconversion of active cortisol and corticosterone with inert cortisone and 11-dehydrocorticosterone. 11β-HSD type 1, a predominant reductase in most intact cells, catalyzes the regeneration of active glucocorticoids, thus amplifying cellular action. 11β-HSD1 is widely expressed in liver, adipose tissue, muscle, pancreatic islets, adult brain, inflammatory cells, and gonads. 11β-HSD1 is selectively elevated in adipose tissue in obesity where it contributes to metabolic complications. Similarly, 11β-HSD1 is elevated in the ageing brain where it exacerbates glucocorticoid-associated cognitive decline. Deficiency or selective inhibition of 11β-HSD1 improves multiple metabolic syndrome parameters in rodent models and human clinical trials and similarly improves cognitive function with ageing. The efficacy of inhibitors in human therapy remains unclear. 11β-HSD2 is a high-affinity dehydrogenase that inactivates glucocorticoids. In the distal nephron, 11β-HSD2 ensures that only aldosterone is an agonist at mineralocorticoid receptors (MR). 11β-HSD2 inhibition or genetic deficiency causes apparent mineralocorticoid excess and hypertension due to inappropriate glucocorticoid activation of renal MR. The placenta and fetus also highly express 11β-HSD2 which, by inactivating glucocorticoids, prevents premature maturation of fetal tissues and consequent developmental "programming." The role of 11β-HSD2 as a marker of programming is being explored. The 11β-HSDs thus illuminate the emerging biology of intracrine control, afford important insights into human pathogenesis, and offer new tissue-restricted therapeutic avenues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Chapman
- Endocrinology Unit, Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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27
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Gathercole LL, Lavery GG, Morgan SA, Cooper MS, Sinclair AJ, Tomlinson JW, Stewart PM. 11β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 1: translational and therapeutic aspects. Endocr Rev 2013; 34:525-55. [PMID: 23612224 DOI: 10.1210/er.2012-1050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
11β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11β-HSD1) interconverts the inactive glucocorticoid cortisone and its active form cortisol. It is widely expressed and, although bidirectional, in vivo it functions predominantly as an oxoreductase, generating active glucocorticoid. This allows glucocorticoid receptor activation to be regulated at a prereceptor level in a tissue-specific manner. In this review, we will discuss the enzymology and molecular biology of 11β-HSD1 and the molecular basis of cortisone reductase deficiencies. We will also address how altered 11β-HSD1 activity has been implicated in a number of disease states, and we will explore its role in the physiology and pathologies of different tissues. Finally, we will address the current status of selective 11β-HSD1 inhibitors that are in development and being tested in phase II trials for patients with the metabolic syndrome. Although the data are preliminary, therapeutic inhibition of 11β-HSD1 is also an exciting prospect for the treatment of a variety of other disorders such as osteoporosis, glaucoma, intracranial hypertension, and cognitive decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura L Gathercole
- School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Birmingham, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Edgbaston B15 2TH, United Kingdom
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Lavery GG, Zielinska AE, Gathercole LL, Hughes B, Semjonous N, Guest P, Saqib K, Sherlock M, Reynolds G, Morgan SA, Tomlinson JW, Walker EA, Rabbitt EH, Stewart PM. Lack of significant metabolic abnormalities in mice with liver-specific disruption of 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1. Endocrinology 2012; 153:3236-48. [PMID: 22555437 PMCID: PMC3475725 DOI: 10.1210/en.2012-1019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Glucocorticoids (GC) are implicated in the development of metabolic syndrome, and patients with GC excess share many clinical features, such as central obesity and glucose intolerance. In patients with obesity or type 2 diabetes, systemic GC concentrations seem to be invariably normal. Tissue GC concentrations determined by the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and local cortisol (corticosterone in mice) regeneration from cortisone (11-dehydrocorticosterone in mice) by the 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11β-HSD1) enzyme, principally expressed in the liver. Transgenic mice have demonstrated the importance of 11β-HSD1 in mediating aspects of the metabolic syndrome, as well as HPA axis control. In order to address the primacy of hepatic 11β-HSD1 in regulating metabolism and the HPA axis, we have generated liver-specific 11β-HSD1 knockout (LKO) mice, assessed biomarkers of GC metabolism, and examined responses to high-fat feeding. LKO mice were able to regenerate cortisol from cortisone to 40% of control and had no discernible difference in a urinary metabolite marker of 11β-HSD1 activity. Although circulating corticosterone was unaltered, adrenal size was increased, indicative of chronic HPA stimulation. There was a mild improvement in glucose tolerance but with insulin sensitivity largely unaffected. Adiposity and body weight were unaffected as were aspects of hepatic lipid homeostasis, triglyceride accumulation, and serum lipids. Additionally, no changes in the expression of genes involved in glucose or lipid homeostasis were observed. Liver-specific deletion of 11β-HSD1 reduces corticosterone regeneration and may be important for setting aspects of HPA axis tone, without impacting upon urinary steroid metabolite profile. These discordant data have significant implications for the use of these biomarkers of 11β-HSD1 activity in clinical studies. The paucity of metabolic abnormalities in LKO points to important compensatory effects by HPA activation and to a crucial role of extrahepatic 11β-HSD1 expression, highlighting the contribution of cross talk between GC target tissues in determining metabolic phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gareth G Lavery
- Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom.
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Kratschmar DV, Calabrese D, Walsh J, Lister A, Birk J, Appenzeller-Herzog C, Moulin P, Goldring CE, Odermatt A. Suppression of the Nrf2-dependent antioxidant response by glucocorticoids and 11β-HSD1-mediated glucocorticoid activation in hepatic cells. PLoS One 2012; 7:e36774. [PMID: 22606287 PMCID: PMC3350474 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0036774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2011] [Accepted: 04/05/2012] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (Nrf2) is a key transcription factor regulating a plethora of detoxifying enzymes and antioxidant genes involved in drug metabolism and defence against oxidative stress. The glucocorticoid receptor (GR) is a ligand-induced transcription factor involved in the regulation of energy supply for metabolic needs to cope with various stressors. GR activity is controlled by glucocorticoids, which are synthesized in the adrenal glands and regenerated mainly in the liver from inactive cortisone by 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase-1 (11β-HSD1). Methods and Principal Findings Using transfected HEK-293 cells and hepatic H4IIE cells we show that glucocorticoids, activated by 11β-HSD1 and acting through GR, suppress the Nrf2-dependent antioxidant response. The expression of the marker genes NQO1, HMOX1 and GST2A was suppressed upon treatment of 11β-HSD1 expressing cells with cortisone, an effect that was reversed by 11β-HSD1 inhibitors. Furthermore, our results demonstrate that elevated glucocorticoids lowered the ability of cells to detoxify H2O2. Moreover, a comparison of gene expression in male and female rats revealed an opposite sexual dimorphism with an inverse relationship between 11β-HSD1 and Nrf2 target gene expression. Conclusions The results demonstrate a suppression of the cellular antioxidant defence capacity by glucocorticoids and suggest that elevated 11β-HSD1 activity may lead to impaired Nrf2-dependent antioxidant response. The gender-specific differences in hepatic expression levels of 11β-HSD1 and Nrf2 target genes and the impact of pharmacological inhibition of 11β-HSD1 on improving cellular capacity to cope with oxidative stress warrants further studies in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise V. Kratschmar
- Swiss Center for Applied Human Toxicology and Division of Molecular and Systems Toxicology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Diego Calabrese
- Novartis Institute for Biomedical Research – PCS – iTox – Molecular Pathology and Immunology, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jo Walsh
- MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Department of Clinical and Molecular Pharmacology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Adam Lister
- Swiss Center for Applied Human Toxicology and Division of Molecular and Systems Toxicology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Julia Birk
- Swiss Center for Applied Human Toxicology and Division of Molecular and Systems Toxicology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Christian Appenzeller-Herzog
- Swiss Center for Applied Human Toxicology and Division of Molecular and Systems Toxicology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Pierre Moulin
- Novartis Institute for Biomedical Research – PCS – iTox – Molecular Pathology and Immunology, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Chris E. Goldring
- MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Department of Clinical and Molecular Pharmacology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Alex Odermatt
- Swiss Center for Applied Human Toxicology and Division of Molecular and Systems Toxicology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
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Oki K, Gomez-Sanchez EP, Gomez-Sanchez CE. Role of mineralocorticoid action in the brain in salt-sensitive hypertension. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2012; 39:90-5. [PMID: 21585422 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1681.2011.05538.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
1. The mechanisms by which excessive salt causes hypertension involve more than retention of sodium and water by the kidneys and are far from clear. Mineralocorticoids act centrally to increase salt appetite, sympathetic drive and vasopressin release, resulting in hypertension that is prevented by the central infusion of mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) antagonists. The MR has similar affinity for aldosterone and the glucocorticoids corticosterone or cortisol. Specificity is conferred in transport epithelia by the colocalization of the MR with 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase Type 2. Coexpression also occurs in some neurons, notably those of the nucleus tractus solitarius that are activated by sodium depletion and aldosterone and mediate salt-seeking behaviour. 2. The salt-induced hypertension of the Dahl salt-sensitive rat is mitigated by the central infusion of a mineralocorticoid antagonist even though circulating aldosterone is normal or reduced in salt-sensitive (SS). Contrary to reports that salt appetite in the Dahl salt-sensitive rat is depressed, we found that it is increased compared with that in Spraque-Dawley rats. 3. Extra-adrenal aldosterone synthesis in the brain occurs in minute amounts that could only be relevant locally. Expression of aldosterone synthase mRNA and aldosterone concentrations in the brain of Dahl salt-sensitive rats are increased compared with Spraque-Dawley rats. The central infusion of inhibitors of aldosterone synthesis lowers salt-induced hypertension in the Dahl salt-sensitive rat, suggesting a role for excessive Dahl salt-sensitive synthesis in the brain. Brain MR, particularly those in the paraventricular nuclei, regulate inflammatory processes that are exacerbated by sodium and lead to cardiovascular dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Oki
- Research Service, GV (Sonny) Montgomery VA Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
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31
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Gomez-Sanchez EP, Gomez-Sanchez CE. Central regulation of blood pressure by the mineralocorticoid receptor. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2012; 350:289-98. [PMID: 21664417 PMCID: PMC3189429 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2011.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2011] [Revised: 05/19/2011] [Accepted: 05/22/2011] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Addition of mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) antagonists to standard therapy for heart failure, kidney disease, metabolic syndrome, and diabetes is increasing steadily in response to clinical trials demonstrating clear benefits. In addition to blocking deleterious activity of MR within the heart, vessels and kidneys, MR antagonists target MR in hemodynamic regulatory centers in the brain, thereby decreasing excessive sympathetic nervous system drive, vasopressin release, abnormal baroreceptor function, and circulating and tissue pro-inflammatory cytokines. However, brain MR are also involved with cognition, memory, affect and functions yet to be determined. Understanding specific central mechanisms involved in blood pressure regulation by MR is necessary for the development of agents to target downstream events specific to central hemodynamic regulation, not only to avoid the hypokalemia caused by inhibition of renal tubular MR, but also to avoid untoward long term effects of inhibiting brain MR that are not involved in blood pressure control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elise P Gomez-Sanchez
- Research Service, G.V. (Sonny) Montgomery VA Medical Center, 1500 Woodrow Wilson Dr., Jackson, MS 39216, USA.
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32
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Odermatt A, Kratschmar DV. Tissue-specific modulation of mineralocorticoid receptor function by 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases: an overview. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2012; 350:168-86. [PMID: 21820034 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2011.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2011] [Revised: 07/03/2011] [Accepted: 07/09/2011] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
In the last decade significant progress has been made in the understanding of mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) function and its implications for physiology and disease. The knowledge on the essential role of MR in the regulation of electrolyte concentrations and blood pressure has been significantly extended, and the relevance of excessive MR activation in promoting inflammation, fibrosis and heart disease as well as its role in modulating neuronal cell viability and brain function is now widely recognized. Despite considerable progress, the mechanisms of MR function in various cell-types are still poorly understood. Key modulators of MR function include the glucocorticoid receptor (GR), which may affect MR function by formation of heterodimers and by differential genomic and non-genomic responses on gene expression, and 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases (11β-HSDs), which determine the availability of intracellular concentrations of active glucocorticoids. In this review we attempted to provide an overview of the knowledge on MR expression with regard to the presence or absence of GR, 11β-HSD2 and 11β-HSD1/hexose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (H6PDH) in various tissues and cell types. The consequences of cell-specific differences in the coexpression of MR with these proteins need to be further investigated in order to understand the role of this receptor in a given tissue as well as its systemic impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Odermatt
- Division of Molecular and Systems Toxicology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, Basel, Switzerland.
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33
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Zhou HY, Hu GX, Lian QQ, Morris D, Ge RS. The metabolism of steroids, toxins and drugs by 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 1. Toxicology 2012; 292:1-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2011.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2011] [Revised: 11/17/2011] [Accepted: 11/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Klusoňová P, Pátková L, Ergang P, Mikšík I, Zicha J, Kuneš J, Pácha J. Local metabolism of glucocorticoids in Prague hereditary hypertriglyceridemic rats--effect of hypertriglyceridemia and gender. Steroids 2011; 76:1252-9. [PMID: 21729713 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2011.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2010] [Revised: 06/06/2011] [Accepted: 06/13/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
11β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11HSD1) is a microsomal NADPH-dependent oxidoreductase which elevates intracellular concentrations of active glucocorticoids. Data obtained from mouse strains with genetically manipulated 11HSD1 showed that local metabolism of glucocorticoids plays an important role in the development of metabolic syndrome. Tissue specific dysregulation of 11HSD1 was also found in other models of metabolic syndrome as well as in a number of clinical studies. Here, we studied local glucocorticoid action in the liver, subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) and skeletal muscles of male and female Prague hereditary hypertriglyceridemic rats (HHTg) and their normotriglyceridemic counterpart, the Wistar rats. 11HSD1 bioactivity was measured as a conversion of [(3)H]11-dehydrocorticosterone to [(3)H]corticosterone or vice versa. Additionally to express level of active 11HSD1 protein, enzyme activity was measured in tissue homogenates. mRNA abundance of 11HSD1, hexoso-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (H6PDH) and the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) was measured by real-time PCR. In comparison with normotriglyceridemic animals, female HHTg rats showed enhanced regeneration of glucocorticoids in the liver and the absence of any changes in SAT and skeletal muscle. In contrast to females, the glucocorticoid regeneration in males of HHTg rats was unchanged in liver, but stimulated in SAT and downregulated in muscle. Furthermore, SAT and skeletal muscle exhibited not only 11-reductase but also 11-oxidase catalyzed by 11HSD1. In females of both strains, 11-oxidase activity largely exceeded 11-reductase activity. No dramatic changes were found in the mRNA expression of H6PDH and GR. Our data provide evidence that the relationship between hypertriglyceridemia and glucocorticoid action is complex and gender specific.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Klusoňová
- Department of Epithelial Physiology, Institute of Physiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic.
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Marcolongo P, Senesi S, Giunti R, Csala M, Fulceri R, Bánhegyi G, Benedetti A. Expression of hexose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase in rat tissues. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2011; 126:57-64. [PMID: 21620971 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2011.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2011] [Revised: 05/06/2011] [Accepted: 05/11/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Hexose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (H6PD) is the main NADPH generating enzyme in the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum. H6PD is regarded as an ancillary enzyme in prereceptorial glucocorticoid activation and probably acts as a nutrient sensor and as a prosurvival factor. H6PD expression was determined in a variety of rat and human tissues by detecting mRNA and protein levels, and by measuring its dehydrogenase and lactonase activities. It was found that H6PD was present in all investigated tissues; both expression and activity remained within an order of magnitude. Correlation was found between the dehydrogenase activity and protein or mRNA levels. The results confirmed the supposed housekeeping feature of the enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Marcolongo
- Dipartimento di Fisiopatologia, Medicina Sperimentale e Sanità Pubblica, Università di Siena, Viale Aldo Moro, Italy
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Odermatt A. The Western-style diet: a major risk factor for impaired kidney function and chronic kidney disease. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2011; 301:F919-31. [PMID: 21880837 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00068.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The Western-style diet is characterized by its highly processed and refined foods and high contents of sugars, salt, and fat and protein from red meat. It has been recognized as the major contributor to metabolic disturbances and the development of obesity-related diseases including type 2 diabetes, hypertension, and cardiovascular disease. Also, the Western-style diet has been associated with an increased incidence of chronic kidney disease (CKD). A combination of dietary factors contributes to the impairment of renal vascularization, steatosis and inflammation, hypertension, and impaired renal hormonal regulation. This review addresses recent progress in the understanding of the association of the Western-style diet with the induction of dyslipidemia, oxidative stress, inflammation, and disturbances of corticosteroid regulation in the development of CKD. Future research needs to distinguish between acute and chronic effects of diets with high contents of sugars, salt, and fat and protein from red meat, and to uncover the contribution of each component. Improved therapeutic interventions should consider potentially altered drug metabolism and pharmacokinetics and be combined with lifestyle changes. A clinical assessment of the long-term risks of whole-body disturbances is strongly recommended to reduce metabolic complications and cardiovascular risk in kidney donors and patients with CKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Odermatt
- Div. of Molecular and Systems Toxicology, Dept. of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Univ. of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland.
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Hepatic reduction of the secondary bile acid 7-oxolithocholic acid is mediated by 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 1. Biochem J 2011; 436:621-9. [PMID: 21453287 DOI: 10.1042/bj20110022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The oxidized bile acid 7-oxoLCA (7-oxolithocholic acid), formed primarily by gut micro-organisms, is reduced in human liver to CDCA (chenodeoxycholic acid) and, to a lesser extent, UDCA (ursodeoxycholic acid). The enzyme(s) responsible remained unknown. Using human liver microsomes, we observed enhanced 7-oxoLCA reduction in the presence of detergent. The reaction was dependent on NADPH and stimulated by glucose 6-phosphate, suggesting localization of the enzyme in the ER (endoplasmic reticulum) and dependence on NADPH-generating H6PDH (hexose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase). Using recombinant human 11β-HSD1 (11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 1), we demonstrate efficient conversion of 7-oxoLCA into CDCA and, to a lesser extent, UDCA. Unlike the reversible metabolism of glucocorticoids, 11β-HSD1 mediated solely 7-oxo reduction of 7-oxoLCA and its taurine and glycine conjugates. Furthermore, we investigated the interference of bile acids with 11β-HSD1-dependent interconversion of glucocorticoids. 7-OxoLCA and its conjugates preferentially inhibited cortisone reduction, and CDCA and its conjugates inhibited cortisol oxidation. Three-dimensional modelling provided an explanation for the binding mode and selectivity of the bile acids studied. The results reveal that 11β-HSD1 is responsible for 7-oxoLCA reduction in humans, providing a further link between hepatic glucocorticoid activation and bile acid metabolism. These findings also suggest the need for animal and clinical studies to explore whether inhibition of 11β-HSD1 to reduce cortisol levels would also lead to an accumulation of 7-oxoLCA, thereby potentially affecting bile acid-mediated functions.
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38
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Wyrwoll CS, Holmes MC, Seckl JR. 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases and the brain: from zero to hero, a decade of progress. Front Neuroendocrinol 2011; 32:265-86. [PMID: 21144857 PMCID: PMC3149101 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2010.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2010] [Revised: 12/01/2010] [Accepted: 12/01/2010] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Glucocorticoids have profound effects on brain development and adult CNS function. Excess or insufficient glucocorticoids cause myriad abnormalities from development to ageing. The actions of glucocorticoids within cells are determined not only by blood steroid levels and target cell receptor density, but also by intracellular metabolism by 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases (11β-HSD). 11β-HSD1 regenerates active glucocorticoids from their inactive 11-keto derivatives and is widely expressed throughout the adult CNS. Elevated hippocampal and neocortical 11β-HSD1 is observed with ageing and causes cognitive decline; its deficiency prevents the emergence of cognitive defects with age. Conversely, 11β-HSD2 is a dehydrogenase, inactivating glucocorticoids. The major central effects of 11β-HSD2 occur in development, as expression of 11β-HSD2 is high in fetal brain and placenta. Deficient feto-placental 11β-HSD2 results in a life-long phenotype of anxiety and cardiometabolic disorders, consistent with early life glucocorticoid programming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin S Wyrwoll
- Endocrinology Unit, Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK.
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Ergang P, Vytáčková K, Svec J, Bryndová J, Mikšík I, Pácha J. Upregulation of 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 1 in lymphoid organs during inflammation in the rat. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2011; 126:19-25. [PMID: 21513799 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2011.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2010] [Revised: 04/01/2011] [Accepted: 04/05/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Glucocorticoids exert anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects that may be regulated in part by the activities of the glucocorticoid-activating and -inactivating enzymes, 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11HSD1) and type 2 (11HSD2), respectively. Previous studies have demonstrated that inflammatory bowel diseases in humans and experimental animals upregulate 11HSD1 and downregulate 11HSD2. We investigated whether proinflammatory cytokines modulate colonic 11HSDs as well as whether lymphoid organs exhibit any 11HSD response to inflammation. Colon tissue explants exposed to tumor necrosis factor α exhibited an upregulation of 11HSD1 mRNA whereas interleukin 1β downregulated 11HSD2 mRNA. Experimental colitis induced by the intracolonic administration of 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid stimulated 11HSD1 activity not only in the colon but also in mesenteric lymph nodes and the spleen. Analysis of mRNA for 11HSD1 in colon-draining lymph nodes and the spleen showed that inflammation upregulates the expression of this enzyme in mobile lymphoid cells similar to the intraepithelial and lamina propria leukocytes isolated from the colon. It is inferred that inflammation stimulates the reactivation of glucocorticoids in lymphoid organs and in gut-associated lymphoid tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Ergang
- Institute of Physiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague
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40
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Latif SA, Shen M, Ge RS, Sottas CM, Hardy MP, Morris DJ. Role of 11β-OH-C(19) and C(21) steroids in the coupling of 11β-HSD1 and 17β-HSD3 in regulation of testosterone biosynthesis in rat Leydig cells. Steroids 2011; 76:682-9. [PMID: 21440566 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2011.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2010] [Revised: 03/15/2011] [Accepted: 03/16/2011] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Here we describe further experiments to support our hypothesis that bidirectional 11β-HSD1-dehydrogenase in Leydig cells is a NADP(H) regenerating system. In the absence of androstenedione (AD), substrate for 17β-HSD3, incubation of Leydig cells with corticosterone (B) or several C(19)- and C(21)-11β-OH-steroids, in the presence of [(3)H]-11-dehydro-corticosterone (A), stimulated 11β-HSD1-reductase activity. However, in presence of 30 μM AD, testosterone (Teso) synthesis is stimulated from 4 to 197 picomole/25,000 cells/30 min and concomitantly inhibited 11β-HSD1-reductase activity, due to competition for the common cofactor NADPH needed for both reactions. Testo production was further significantly increased (p<0.05) to 224-267 picomole/25,000 cells/30 min when 10 μM 11β-OH-steroids (in addition to 30 μM AD) were also included. Similar results were obtained in experiments conducted with lower concentrations of AD (5 μM), and B or A (500 nM). Incubations of 0.3-6.0 μM of corticosterone (plus or minus 30 μM AD) were then performed to test the effectiveness of 17β-HSD3 as a possible NADP(+) regenerating system. In the absence of AD, increasing amounts (3-44 pmol/25,000 cells/30 min) of 11-dehydro-corticosterone were produced with increasing concentrations of corticosterone in the medium. When 30 μM AD was included, the rate of 11-dehydro-corticosterone formation dramatically increased 1.3-5-fold producing 4-210 pmol/25,000 cells/30 min of 11-dehydro-corticosterone. We conclude that 11β-HSD1 is enzymatically coupled to 17β-HSD3, utilizing NADPH and NADP in intermeshed regeneration systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed A Latif
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The Miriam Hospital, Brown University School of Medicine, 164, Summit Avenue, Providence, RI 02906, United States.
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Gottfried-Blackmore A, Sierra A, McEwen BS, Ge R, Bulloch K. Microglia express functional 11 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1. Glia 2010; 58:1257-66. [PMID: 20544861 DOI: 10.1002/glia.21007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Glucocorticoids are potent regulators of inflammation exerting permissive, stimulatory, and suppressive effects. Glucocorticoid access to intracellular receptors is regulated by the activity of two distinct enzymes known as 11 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (11 beta HSD) Type 1 and Type 2, which catalyze the activation or deactivation of glucocorticoids. Although expression of these enzymes in major organ systems and their roles in the metabolic effects of glucocorticoids have been described, their role in the inflammatory response has only recently started to be addressed. In this report, we have studied the expression and activity of 11 beta HSD Type 1 and Type 2 in microglia cells. Microglia, the brain's resident macrophages, initiate and orchestrate CNS inflammatory responses. Importantly, activated microglia are implicated in most neurodegenerative conditions, making them key subjects of study. We found that microglia expressed 11 beta HSD-1, but not 11 beta HSD-2, both in ex vivo FACS-sorted adult cells and in vitro primary cultures. 11 beta HSD-1 expression was increased in LPS-activated microglia. Moreover, 11 beta HSD-1 catalyzed the metabolic conversion of 11-dehydro-corticosterone into corticosterone (CORT), which potently reduced cytokine production in activated microglia. We propose that 11 beta HSD-1 may provide microglia with an intrinsic mechanism to autoregulate and inhibit proinflammatory mediator production through CORT formation.
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Senesi S, Csala M, Marcolongo P, Fulceri R, Mandl J, Banhegyi G, Benedetti A. Hexose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase in the endoplasmic reticulum. Biol Chem 2010; 391:1-8. [PMID: 19804362 DOI: 10.1515/bc.2009.146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Hexose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (H6PD) is a luminal enzyme of the endoplasmic reticulum that is distinguished from cytosolic glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase by several features. H6PD converts glucose-6-phosphate and NADP(+) to 6-phosphogluconate and NADPH, thereby catalyzing the first two reactions of the pentose-phosphate pathway. Because the endoplasmic reticulum has a separate pyridine nucleotide pool, H6PD provides NADPH for luminal reductases. One of these enzymes, 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 responsible for prereceptorial activation of glucocorticoids, has been the focus of much attention as a probable factor in the pathomechanism of several human diseases including insulin resistance and the metabolic syndrome. This review summarizes recent advances related to the functions of H6PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Senesi
- Department of Pathophysiology, Experimental Medicine and Public Health, University of Siena, I-53100 Siena, Italy
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Odermatt A, Nashev LG. The glucocorticoid-activating enzyme 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 has broad substrate specificity: Physiological and toxicological considerations. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2010; 119:1-13. [PMID: 20100573 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2010.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2009] [Revised: 01/12/2010] [Accepted: 01/15/2010] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The primary function of 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11beta-HSD1) is to catalyze the conversion of inactive to active glucocorticoid hormones and to modulate local glucocorticoid-dependent gene expression. Thereby 11beta-HSD1 plays a key role in the regulation of metabolic functions and in the adaptation of the organism to energy requiring situations. Importantly, elevated 11beta-HSD1 activity has been associated with metabolic disorders, and recent investigations with rodent models of obesity and type 2 diabetes provided evidence for beneficial effects of 11beta-HSD1 inhibitors, making this enzyme a promising therapeutic target. Several earlier and recent studies, mainly performed in vitro, revealed a relatively broad substrate spectrum of 11beta-HSD1 and suggested that this enzyme has additional functions in the metabolism of some neurosteroids (7-oxy- and 11-oxyandrogens and -progestins) and 7-oxysterols, as well as in the detoxification of various xenobiotics that contain reactive carbonyl groups. While there are many studies on the effect of inhibitors on cortisone reduction and circulating glucocorticoid levels and on the transcriptional regulation of 11beta-HSD1 in obesity and diabetes, only few address the so-called alternative functions of this enzyme. We review recent progress on the biochemical characterization of 11beta-HSD1, with a focus on cofactor and substrate specificity and on possible alternative functions of this enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Odermatt
- Swiss Center for Applied Human Toxicology and Division of Molecular and Systems Toxicology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland.
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Abstract
The mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) has been called a promiscuous receptor because its intrinsic affinity for aldosterone, cortisol and corticosterone is similar. Since glucocorticoids circulate in concentrations 100- to 1000-fold those of aldosterone, stoichiometry dictates that MR should be activated by glucocorticoids, not aldosterone, yet MRs are expressed in many tissues and regulate diverse functions, many of them under the regulation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. A relatively small number of brain MRs are aldosterone selective and modulate blood pressure. Evidence for possible mechanisms conferring ligand specificity in the context of mineralocorticoid-induced hypertension and the brain are discussed. These include factors (or mechanisms) intrinsic to the receptor, such as alternative splice variants and translation start sites, and extrinsic to the MR, including differential access through the blood-brain barrier, differential recruitment of co-regulators and scaffolding proteins, 11beta-steroid dehydrogenase activity, synthesis of potent acylated aldosterone derivatives and the synthesis of relevant amounts of aldosterone in areas of the brain that modulate blood pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elise P Gomez-Sanchez
- Research Service, G. V. (Sonny) Montgomery VA Medical Center and University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA.
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Gomez-Sanchez EP, Gomez-Sanchez CM, Plonczynski M, Gomez-Sanchez CE. Aldosterone synthesis in the brain contributes to Dahl salt-sensitive rat hypertension. Exp Physiol 2009; 95:120-30. [PMID: 19837774 DOI: 10.1113/expphysiol.2009.048900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The enzymes required for aldosterone synthesis from cholesterol are expressed in rat and human brains. The hypertension of Dahl salt-sensitive (SS) rats is mitigated by the intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) infusion of antagonists of the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) and downstream effectors of mineralocorticoid action, as well as ablations of brain areas that also abrogate mineralocorticoid-salt excess hypertension in normotensive rats. We used real time RT-PCR to measure mRNA of aldosterone synthase and 11beta-hydroxylase, the requisite enzymes for the last step in the synthesis of aldosterone and corticosterone, respectively, MR and the determinants of MR ligand specificity, 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase types 1 and 2 (11beta-HSD1&2) and hexose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (H6PDH). A combination of extraction and ELISA was used to measure aldosterone concentrations in tissue and urine of SS and Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats. Aldosterone synthase mRNA expression was higher in the brains and lower in the adrenal glands of SS compared with SD rats. The amounts of mRNA for MR, 11beta-hydroxylase, 11beta-HSD1&2 and H6PD were similar. Aldosterone concentrations were greater in brains of SS than SD rats, yet, in keeping with the literature, the circulating and total aldosterone production of aldosterone in SS rats were not. The selective inhibitor of aldosterone synthase, FAD286, was infused i.c.v. or subcutaneously in a cross-over blood pressure study in hypertensive SS rats further challenged by a high-salt diet. The i.c.v. infusion of FAD286, at a dose that had no effect systemically, significantly and reversibly lowered blood pressure in SS rats. Aldosterone synthesis in brains of SS rats is greater than in SD rats and is important in the genesis of their salt-sensitive hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elise P Gomez-Sanchez
- Veterans Administration Medical Center (151), 1500 East Woodrow Wilson Drive, Jackson, MS, 39216-5199, USA.
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Zhou W, Bolden-Tiller OU, Shetty G, Shao SH, Weng CC, Pakarinen P, Liu Z, Stivers DN, Meistrich ML. Changes in gene expression in somatic cells of rat testes resulting from hormonal modulation and radiation-induced germ cell depletion. Biol Reprod 2009; 82:54-65. [PMID: 19684331 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.109.078048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Although gonadotropins and androgen are required for normal spermatogenesis and both testosterone and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) are responsible for the inhibition of spermatogonial differentiation that occurs in irradiated rats, it has been difficult to identify the specific genes involved. To study specific hormonally regulated changes in somatic cell gene expression in the testis that may be involved in these processes, without the complication of changing populations of germ cells, we used irradiated LBNF(1) rats, the testes of which contain almost exclusively somatic cells except for a few type A spermatogonia. Three different groups of these rats were treated with various combinations of gonadotropin-releasing hormone antagonist, an androgen receptor antagonist (flutamide), testosterone, and FSH, and we compared the gene expression levels 2 wk later to those of irradiated-only rats by microarray analysis. By dividing the gene expression patterns into three major patterns and 11 subpatterns, we successfully distinguished, in a single study, the genes that were specifically regulated by testosterone, by luteinizing hormone (LH), and by FSH from the large number of genes that were not hormonally regulated in the testis. We found that hormones produced more dramatic upregulation than downregulation of gene expression: Testosterone had the strongest upregulatory effect, LH had a modest but appreciable upregulatory effect, and FSH had a minor upregulatory effect. We also separately identified the somatic cell genes that were chronically upregulated by irradiation. Thus, the present study identified gene expression changes that may be responsible for hormonal action on somatic cells to support normal spermatogenesis and the hormone-mediated block in spermatogonial development after irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhou
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.
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Dzyakanchuk AA, Balázs Z, Nashev LG, Amrein KE, Odermatt A. 11beta-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 1 reductase activity is dependent on a high ratio of NADPH/NADP(+) and is stimulated by extracellular glucose. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2009; 301:137-41. [PMID: 18778749 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2008.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2008] [Revised: 08/11/2008] [Accepted: 08/12/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
To assess the impact of the NADPH/NADP(+) ratio and the influence of extracellular glucose on 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 1 (11beta-HSD1) activity, we applied microsomal preparations and intact HEK-293 cells expressing 11beta-HSD1 in the presence or absence of hexose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (H6PDH). A NADPH/NADP(+) ratio of ten or higher was required for efficient microsomal 11beta-HSD1 reductase activity. Measurements in intact cells suggested that the ER-luminal NADPH concentration is highly sensitive to fluctuating extracellular glucose levels. Lowering glucose in the culture medium dose-dependently decreased 11beta-HSD1 reductase activity and diminished the cortisol/cortisone ratio measured after 24h of incubation. Coexpression with H6PDH potentiated 11beta-HSD1 reductase activity at high glucose. This effect was significantly decreased at low glucose, with concomitantly increased 11beta-HSD1 dehydrogenase activity. In contrast, 11beta-HSD1 reductase activity in H4IIE liver cells and in 3T3-L1 adipocytes was less sensitive to changes in the medium. 11beta-HSD1 dehydrogenase activity was observed in H4IIE cells only at subphysiological glucose levels, indicating a highly efficient supply of substrate for H6PDH and NADPH generation in the ER-lumen. Our results suggest significant cell type-specific differences in ER-luminal NADPH generation that might allow a fine-tuned regulation of glucocorticoid action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna A Dzyakanchuk
- Division of Molecular and Systems Toxicology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
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Balázs Z, Nashev LG, Chandsawangbhuwana C, Baker ME, Odermatt A. Hexose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase modulates the effect of inhibitors and alternative substrates of 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 1. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2009; 301:117-22. [PMID: 19010388 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2008.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2008] [Revised: 10/09/2008] [Accepted: 10/09/2008] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Intracellular glucocorticoid reactivation is catalyzed by 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 1 (11beta-HSD1), which functions predominantly as a reductase in cells expressing hexose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (H6PDH). We recently showed that the ratios of cortisone to cortisol and 7-keto- to 7-hydroxy-neurosteroids are regulated by 11beta-HSD1 and very much depend on coexpression with H6PDH, providing cosubstrate NADPH. Here, we investigated the impact of H6PDH on the modulation of 11beta-HSD1-dependent interconversion of cortisone and cortisol by inhibitors and alternative substrates. Using HEK-293 cells expressing 11beta-HSD1 or coexpressing 11beta-HSD1 and H6PDH, we observed significant differences of 11beta-HSD1 inhibition by natural and pharmaceutical compounds as well as endogenous hormone metabolites. Furthermore, we show potent and dose-dependent inhibition of 11beta-HSD1 by 7-keto-DHEA in differentiated human THP-1 macrophages and in HEK-293 cells overexpressing 11beta-HSD1 with or without H6PDH. In contrast, 7-ketocholesterol (7-KC) did not inhibit 11beta-HSD1 in HEK-293 cells, even in the presence of H6PDH, but inhibited 11beta-HSD1 reductase activity in differentiated THP-1 macrophages (IC(50) 8.1+/-0.9microM). 7-Keto-DHEA but not 7-KC inhibited 11beta-HSD1 in HEK-293 cell lysates. In conclusion, cellular factors such as H6PDH can significantly modulate the effect of inhibitors and alternative 7-oxygenated substrates on intracellular glucocorticoid availability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoltán Balázs
- Division of Molecular and Systems Toxicology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
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Gomez-Sanchez EP, Gomez-Sanchez MT, de Rodriguez AF, Romero DG, Warden MP, Plonczynski MW, Gomez-Sanchez CE. Immunohistochemical demonstration of the mineralocorticoid receptor, 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase-1 and -2, and hexose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase in rat ovary. J Histochem Cytochem 2009; 57:633-41. [PMID: 19255253 DOI: 10.1369/jhc.2009.953059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
An IHC survey using several monoclonal antibodies against different portions of the rat mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) molecule demonstrated significant specific MR immunoreactivity in the ovary, prompting further study of the localization of MR and of determinants of extrinsic MR ligand specificity, 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (11beta-HSD) types 1 and 2, and hexose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (H6PDH). MR expression (real-time RT-PCR and Western blot) did not differ significantly in whole rat ovaries at early diestrus, late diestrus, estrus, and a few hours after ovulation. MR immunostaining was most intense in corporal lutea cells, light to moderate in oocytes and granulosa cells, and least intense in theca cells. Light immunoreactivity for 11beta-HSD2 occurred in most cells, with some mural granulosa cells of mature follicles staining more strongly. The distribution of immunoreactivity for 11beta-HSD1 and H6PDH required to generate NADPH, the cofactor required for reductase activity of 11beta-HSD1, was similar, with the most-intense staining in the cytoplasm of corporal lutea and theca cells and light or no staining in the granulosa and oocytes. MR function in the ovary is as yet unclear, but distinct patterns of distribution of 11beta-HSD1 and -2 and H6PDH suggest that the ligand for MR activation in different cells of the ovary may be differentially regulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elise P Gomez-Sanchez
- Research Service, G.V. (Sonny) Montgomery Veterans Affairs Medical Center and Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, The University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, USA.
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50
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Gomez Sanchez EP. Central mineralocorticoid receptors and cardiovascular disease. Neuroendocrinology 2009; 90:245-50. [PMID: 19590161 PMCID: PMC2826434 DOI: 10.1159/000227807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2008] [Accepted: 11/11/2008] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) is expressed in many cell types throughout the body, including specific neurons, and mediates diverse functions, many of which are just now being appreciated. MR that pertain to the central modulation of cardiovascular function and health are addressed herein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elise P Gomez Sanchez
- Division of Endocrinology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson VA Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA.
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